本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( s( C# l+ Q$ ?
( N$ H9 L9 C! R. ^0 l, M 转帖 % [1 U- \( @! M# n1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), j& }8 r& X1 v
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 M' d3 a |' P+ h) k7 ^3 O- U
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) g1 `* o2 F& N% ? " L. V z+ q2 X2 O7 HThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 e' f' L! Z( Q$ `/ e$ Z$ g
, \9 t/ h P1 V, {The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 B; h2 l7 }5 J3 i% d7 ~; Q: Y& I
8 k: _1 ]' y- Q) SI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 E" `) i" Q& H" x
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! s; K) m5 _% y/ t
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 l) `. w& x6 S
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; ]6 M* G, A- `# k( O5 o/ r6 P" }+ B, ? ! }: c7 m( b' I& U: J. OWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 Q6 F z" V7 z7 U
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! `9 t, e6 r$ ?$ I2 p0 ?5 T* H 0 s9 @; @: J6 G2 G" V$ {这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 F& _: _' h; N7 V
7 U! m. [! M0 V2 y/ ? {' ?/ D & x& h5 L# @; d! ?2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 Y" A4 h& D$ V) b
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例如: # a' J. [+ a' i8 \$ X 1 R% o: {7 y0 b" IAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 |8 h# G4 J4 N) ], X5 o5 M& q5 D ; Z0 S3 W) T9 kDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! j. ^ o* o. K, N# v7 q
1 J/ h) N% M& o: b% E( fI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 N# `6 W9 D. k- b% }2 X
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): U0 a8 c- B, Q: Y+ |
/ N, J4 |$ y7 a5 l1 Q; r9 }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * D3 T/ @3 ~, ~1 m' G* j! N6 j9 e3 L5 y( L
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 v4 U z% }/ y$ P1 L! c6 p; g3 e5 b* {0 ?4 d* o2 b9 z
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( m' A; y7 l# Q: c3 k3 p8 J
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! g7 j8 z, W, J7 _* R0 u6 Q. Y
- F$ p$ v$ m6 r! S4 Z# Q' d% A4 N8 gThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 ^" l! | Y% N# w0 h
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 S3 t: O; M4 y, M, n( [( d ?5 B 3 [" C4 p+ m6 I! T" B; v# S1 XHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) W4 t$ u3 @$ W, S* X
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - \( k9 U1 {6 R* L& {% F8 c- v' G 1 t, U. B% O, p, e( D5 s& ^We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 `7 K2 |+ c* S- Y
6 m) o: P, B4 B/ |$ y; b6 YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) U$ V. X; A5 p+ H j9 G ; F! L, I. e$ E6 e& u写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 |( W% A) u. i* u7 l4 ^6 p; Z5 i# j
( R, d1 h3 C+ |2 M& s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 [ J7 V! H+ v, z* u7 M' I* |. `- t2 V; [
) F- n' ?9 j' e0 ^' l# F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % j' v/ L1 i) b) c 6 ^; L7 d9 D* R! [2 B8 H( `例如: . j+ _+ I/ Z1 w$ X 3 X% r8 _' v+ _" U wMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . x% w! v* p. s6 X8 b4 H! v$ p, ]4 l# Z5 d* f# j
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* z( p9 \) _/ [2 K3 F6 V
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* B6 a, z: c! |: J$ q. O/ x
3 S: n: U" q) K7 \9 I& o0 IHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ g3 I4 P7 e+ |2 r3 C: H% `4 A# F1 C
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & P+ y* H5 C9 z9 c+ d% ?0 D ) V7 H0 a4 {+ ~1 D9 U9 qPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . t4 @4 P8 D- }) h1 U' S2 {- I7 q M, Q) c) ^# ?
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 ^. F- }5 P" w$ Y$ |0 \
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 b1 x" C/ U* z: w; W+ ]1 ~- [' v7 g9 j
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ T5 i$ Q9 w. a8 U1 g9 p$ v
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. G2 T7 G. }& E% d
' A/ S4 I7 @; ]3 \对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 S: h& \- E( k% j9 O/ b
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% x1 U+ J1 n+ `' Y5 p5 y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 `- o- Y* ^) N# E: k
0 M R! j( E z V2 {1 k8 ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! W% E2 _2 s8 s5 d
0 v5 w( i, t" c- [: h5 _至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( ^) X4 e6 w( ?1 B; O: h1 [& p3 }6 r1 `9 S" m4 D
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: ^: S) z% v" g( T q7 A7 K# [! K
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 c+ M, i8 o5 {