本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + Z' y5 g* T( t. z1 T - E: `+ n* R- U2 f1 Q转帖& E* A# D1 T2 w6 W, P
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 Z ~, l# ~( \, T* q, n, V2 c 4 V% |" ?& p7 J1 H6 f; r1 `& s例如:9 M$ C+ Q* ^9 E
0 e* r6 z7 w+ U# ?3 AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : B1 ~' N! x3 A0 I' c! Y9 q8 ^3 V$ Z$ b% |: A! @
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 |+ G$ ~* m- ] I! M: r- o" p* `, m3 M; uThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( G6 I2 x$ F% _8 b, b4 _ 6 [9 N0 e5 R. y1 q& FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 N; c1 I F4 p4 d6 i' d4 T, P* ]. m9 {# n7 I
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# F, Q# h% m7 g6 W1 N
0 t! B! C- C1 V4 IMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) Q: f/ n; |' @) {+ {! j) @* q2 D
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 g; v9 |7 j" M$ G9 c 1 S# L: G! l; d5 XThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) s) _) v2 O8 P- f: a
! E8 T3 W5 i: G* G: [We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 W: \7 M, v# X" v+ W% A , k0 Z3 v7 h' S8 N yPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& t" \! M% k* `# n
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 \' W7 W' b& O; F8 |
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& E1 }. [' E r2 a 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 @9 S9 a3 m9 \* e: n" ~* K, n, p& _& k+ t3 w$ {. f7 Q
例如: % P# l; h/ z: K+ U9 @ - c, u( U/ T* V+ O3 HAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' Y; B+ j% ?, b; X6 `
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' r/ y' y0 s% E% i! Z1 C: Q! y$ M
: P% P1 k0 Y) W+ L. PI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 M- m7 p* v$ @1 G
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - p' T. V3 Y0 e! ~$ p& ^1 f, s+ R1 `- D2 a% a2 |
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* K$ P. {7 @' y x& O# ]( A
7 \( {' m& o2 I: f5 {She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & \& H# K( b5 X3 }, N 3 {" E! O1 a; s2 N+ Z q3 pI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ p1 x& s6 }4 w0 a. B 8 y, o. s6 I( X6 Q. ^- u2 z b* H; \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ K( `0 j2 h. d" L C: @$ B+ P6 e7 h! |+ R: }
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 r* v0 V! [' |8 Z' `) m" E1 b6 s. {/ t. ~, a
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 O& N$ e1 v- E3 k( X) z" Y% F# x3 } P3 ^* X- T
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 A) ?$ ^# b' Z$ d4 f
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 w4 S g- @5 h, ]% H2 i
2 y* {6 ]9 K) ?( Y" R3 [We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ s2 [) w; r2 z0 r M" Z3 _9 f# @1 n3 v& b4 |
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . Q3 L" z0 n* _! G0 { ; I9 u S3 [) K% m2 n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- l$ U0 a( p. ~4 L
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : _! q; s5 C3 A. G9 C4 x! g6 F+ u" q, I" \# v
0 ^6 J4 u6 A) Y9 J' Q! A3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 {+ X2 L! A. c7 F: Y
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) N+ L# I+ U3 H N& ^4 t2 }9 W
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( i5 v* ?, `" s4 @. V# g) i: C3 _1 S
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; O8 [/ t: J2 t: n! C : x4 q% ^2 B ?( x: Z& j4 s- gHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) Z/ D, x6 r G6 _; y! o- a! k8 K
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ P1 i. z/ [( q4 a
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ D$ e+ E8 g, M. G
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 Z4 i1 ]" w8 @3 L! f) C
; \0 s/ ^2 L( I6 i' {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 K: c* ?1 R8 G2 Y* {1 E 3 h# i: T- y6 m8 C同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 ?- i5 ^9 h6 \' F! U6 c3 d % w5 h& s( B9 A+ ~当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 R5 D$ d' W1 v% a1 G1 C; S
3 Y9 n: j6 z7 j. d6 l对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & P8 k% Z. L) p) e' W2 f: N9 H) a7 e* z, k3 w+ J. o w
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- o, V% X8 ~* _: C+ @) S
& x5 r P( h; L' X& |至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! d5 Z7 n% `1 N8 G7 ]- D5 w( m* L. Y4 f% a/ p
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: A7 H- m# p% j3 r3 `! N5 I9 i
, C( e6 v$ u" q& E) ]6 W有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ^4 `0 M" c: a& W9 b5 S$ Y