本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - Z9 s7 \( P' j0 L, k1 o3 k+ `1 c1 V: K L/ U1 x j+ h 转帖 0 `; z4 _3 b+ K$ f! F1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 _1 b q5 Y* }% Y( R6 D2 h+ x# g% o' ^$ o, _
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * ~+ q+ Q7 l8 {8 K7 X5 V 8 T9 Z/ I& `% B* V5 n* Z6 EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), |0 c- R8 y8 P. i1 z% ]
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- ]+ {1 n) C* l0 z
* `, w& |. r4 A/ i! pThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # j- t# k3 D% Y9 I( o' }0 N0 r9 v 8 `6 u" V. H' @9 J' p3 ~* eI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 { J: y+ V) @% ~
: U' _ w0 _9 k. MMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( j& t _* f) I
q' Z- n' j" F! S* |3 uWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 O% i O, e) s
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " i# @2 A, u$ Z' i6 I, N9 v7 k& J8 ]. |; K' }+ ~4 q2 C% r
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' g# Y! M. Q7 x C, H( Q + l) L* y( o! t2 z. _0 JPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# ?4 i3 H0 ?, R2 h6 Y
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# B6 {/ J7 a% ?, b& G2 n
! k2 e9 n: ~0 K" Z* ^! r ' B; Q* ]% G: z$ G5 Z4 l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 L6 T+ D! l' c/ p6 X2 u' C9 w! ?- \' V) s- F# t
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / C& C7 b) T9 h; L6 K6 j* Z) p7 E1 F9 n2 v) Y( E+ n( r
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' y0 C! i3 W9 @* e* A' [. d 9 H: ]+ {/ Y! V# Z4 ^( k4 YI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), H+ Y8 N; G2 p
7 f- G9 r; q% b3 BHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 d8 A6 p- x" n% Y5 R
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 Q4 a# G% X' t4 H' ]
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ d) q: K( g* R 7 t( P5 h4 p' ] x b4 mI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & o8 m) M% i4 }) b9 c' g: }7 n/ m- F( `6 Q+ ?; K9 I& [) s5 V
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 o* ~. O8 {- R/ H0 H ( B- q3 Z# t9 ^* ^, o) `. z8 ?The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): C6 l6 G( C# J: Z1 y' T* X% t/ Y. p
' [+ Z' f) y( B+ GThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 ^6 \( D. v$ q" R3 {7 x ; k# [4 E7 }3 U6 S4 QHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 ^6 @+ H. x: P4 e
0 N; c' Z' S j+ |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - Q" X6 b& z. M3 S3 z$ m6 d - _6 o( I4 n# F& b9 UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 U) K1 c. }) w) e0 z! i
4 |* C k V- o ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / F( r1 y* _5 K* q- T , f2 C7 Z) t( e$ x* h3 [写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # x' C1 F" ]0 V# {$ B9 l7 b# f " N* p6 r: ~! O; L( @* n$ U8 r此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ `) t ]1 _8 K( Y! M1 `+ }
/ Y% D# }2 g3 K0 c5 A% l0 m1 X7 m) v4 @, H- y+ `& c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 O7 }' E- g3 F0 n" A, l: R: R
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) R! S) n/ Y5 ~: m m
& m2 @3 Y2 N; X3 I, GManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 a; B/ x$ T4 D- A* D5 ~ + Q* K$ v9 z$ r' Y* G1 jThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + Y: C' g m4 G; B ) ^7 c/ k! }8 M& M$ P9 w |He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 ]- r9 T( X- o$ o
. n2 Y v; j8 hMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! g2 Y# q# K, w" m! V" m: @( o+ I6 B
7 W7 t0 ]4 t% F& g0 m# ~$ P6 a: o0 bPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 u5 r' W) b- r+ `
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 B$ ?9 r6 H$ \4 N1 ^ 3 H" F2 _1 G# H- KStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + D3 c; \1 h1 j7 f | ; W: \! B1 n! {; Y s, c3 g5 k) S$ |同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: U* [ n) ^3 D/ O# c
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 ~1 U/ U. X' M
' ], R$ a: H/ R, a. a T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , v+ _" {9 {. r# @* {9 |+ F/ V) `) n1 }$ J- O
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 v. K O8 E: a0 g
% ^6 d/ U% w3 F对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : R/ ~3 u6 _ J" b4 H3 P! O. S % d7 g/ y E2 C1 q8 B: n; s+ S对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! A( y, k A9 I ! t8 }! a, v4 b5 _* Y$ T3 J" E至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: L& X; O: m$ V8 ?2 S: F7 Z% c+ @+ R6 [3 V
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( d* D! ?7 E( c. e; [6 g" F- w
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& H) o& Q7 a R$ I% S: t- o: @