* N. `4 d, U/ E3 N5 Q% F3 ]9 C3 MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + ^; x1 V; D O+ c+ u$ I% F; v& w4 d% n' |
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); |3 [1 [2 X9 n' M
: W+ O/ ?" `5 M3 a6 Q- c: uThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ Z E& p7 J0 Q' P' d* t& T- J- u/ t
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , }) _) _: k, E, ^# u0 ^ $ m# @9 V# M3 a5 \/ t2 ] W! wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); B4 ^9 a0 b1 r
, |- H& x( t; I# ZMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . {! C0 ?! x% F0 q. o5 ` % G) b* @% w3 ?. s. }We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' I5 M9 n" F# Z" m A# i% D
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& R! Y) F4 x4 t1 a5 Q& U
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! e; [5 t1 d3 w7 o/ B
" j+ Z3 u1 _) Y& APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 Y0 J. F J( g. S, T
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 C7 ?' S" W/ B1 `. d0 \6 X
@% f) w" l( T4 G! f/ X) {( V3 P+ C 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' b+ e* v% U) S* ]0 d6 G
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例如: ( w, G* y: {2 P k- X t3 E * I) T4 a; r+ F* z- X/ i; tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - I" G0 e. _+ N' W! ~1 _" g2 _' [+ ?4 q8 f, P+ A! ?# p+ o
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); v7 r# f# q4 s( O3 f* }/ X
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). L) s R" N' h: F& G" ?+ L
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) q$ Z4 h5 d, @. Q$ {' S p2 ` 2 W( g' c7 X+ k" G) _- L3 BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ ^8 x: ^3 G5 P7 F0 J, |
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) T! S& `4 c' j
. @ e# \% L! T) _3 K9 eI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * E) N" i% v+ O0 ] ; M4 y( Q' C! M& Z, t9 w% Q$ R如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 J9 c3 E4 X, z @4 x) c, r0 L+ \3 r. ^" Z, CThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- J) e3 D- m; R4 Z% K. t
: l9 ^! @: D8 t5 m N2 MThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 r/ D w8 \* K6 f9 n" v
$ n8 q' V$ T9 ]5 @! VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 ^; P; A" l5 i1 u. Z- `. F `( \ ) Y% _1 @# m0 ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 [& e8 p( M/ I0 q E
+ y% [2 b( K$ `+ n( c- Z2 `( X$ WWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 ~, V, J; g; o' [9 \! R
1 i2 l) J/ O' D4 l2 ^' e' u8 }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' {( \1 ]' W. B9 l& y6 w0 f, H9 C
% T% {" g+ _; s& K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * j, J/ X# s9 J' H w& u+ Z. k5 O' S1 B2 S
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ _0 K, n6 }# J& d7 q
Q9 {7 T% V. U$ \例如: , f) y8 P% V$ s5 ]% L$ n/ R ! l+ E) k9 c$ E1 E# d* QMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)6 q0 Z% M0 c$ K$ H' K5 V
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 h2 c, M8 R5 \* R" }1 C8 z * `- Z: D6 y4 _5 U. [/ AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( d* r( K, {: h* ?+ z
! F. [- \& `/ Q# L! c) m- l, ?He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ f# A( r% m: I7 D' o8 [9 @0 C8 F, `+ u4 W% v, |
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), c' R. O4 W, W, d7 {# @
- D m. B: E1 {2 n% J4 u! MPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 J7 @/ s& j9 q+ `4 e! f5 V, x6 I. T
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), u& V, ?" x6 } O2 l$ I; v
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 ^9 x5 N' J8 }. y. j6 U9 _ $ }- V% m, A1 ^# B9 X+ |$ C5 Z" ~6 n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 P/ L7 [, t3 V5 S1 R. \- J& X! R2 P8 @; d. r) O
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" B. O1 T l+ V4 q' U$ p
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; n9 [* H- v Q7 m' e ; [; W7 m3 E7 ?- K. V1 s# g# i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' x) p7 @1 `5 @/ o, j) A2 R" l3 }0 Z
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- W) j) y% Y* z f2 v5 `8 ]1 e
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; C+ y; K7 {+ u2 G" A X& N8 S, K# Q( P. g/ ]
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * z$ ]2 y/ v2 v( [ 9 \+ W- w8 S) D$ |8 k) |8 T: e0 \还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 ~! t$ M. ^* C 4 i r$ A0 \; c/ h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 J K, @; \$ ?4 q7 v6 n. b# h