本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . } I+ h6 g A9 L
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 [7 @8 Y5 A: J
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) L) z- i$ R0 E eMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 E1 Y$ j1 D; ^7 N" P, C1 s; K9 E% `: r8 z, {0 E, {$ g
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . e9 ^# {3 `& R8 W% r7 c, B" i3 V% N6 g
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* d. _5 U) u, I+ Z. ]
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * M: L: N8 D7 m; W% t. y8 n- f # R4 U0 `- g. F7 z3 cI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ n- i( T( j0 i$ {" a# I8 z 1 `) m& N% q$ B) yMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 x2 D; N( b: m. G3 z
7 y1 ~7 y2 `. \9 h0 XWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! Y: U1 }6 H9 \& q! G7 Y: k+ A" a. v$ C
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 R7 s& _! K/ s3 j* X ) }# q' P0 m# V0 J8 m8 sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* ~& }0 u8 i7 `2 Q7 p$ G
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% ~2 J) ~/ m3 F7 i: J
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : r) \6 |# |9 _# Q3 w' Q8 P( X [; n) ]: N
: [# V: C: z' C6 w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ Z" s) {* u# l$ A' i+ Y. s' D, b
( |# P. j; g; {+ V例如: / E# b+ P7 V: `0 v9 Y) b, n' o8 ?1 v+ a2 j6 U$ H
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) @( Z( z! G% j# S; K& k" p/ ] N7 {' K( F' g( T9 v/ q8 p3 cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , o$ Q$ ]9 i d) R7 ~- g" s) p8 o k& ~- O; f0 d& S' d
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : v. j4 e4 L% X6 w) z4 d+ S0 t8 ^. A
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - o0 e# C6 i0 z3 @. J% I. n+ F4 X3 y n. Z9 H! W' n
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 u) A& M" R2 o+ f: a6 {
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 ~$ ^; V1 S6 I* ]/ I C# E+ V" Z* n
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 [8 ?5 _1 @( e) \6 Z3 u) ~
% [: h8 V2 q5 Z6 t/ q( l如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 ], N9 `' _- Q9 a" ?- z" e5 o# x4 k8 U. h! ]; b7 J8 n3 u
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & d1 m- P1 M+ t- H: M0 w; j9 _8 b" u& }
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 Y$ z0 g5 S S) q* D
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ M9 C+ I, x0 [3 G$ |7 O6 M
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 W9 e4 E& W! c 4 q7 J5 Q' q5 L4 Z1 r( d* bWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), B4 D! v: f' P2 p6 J2 _! o
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 ` q7 ?, ^+ L" _3 |3 p5 S: C9 O2 L, i* _* [( W" Y- a
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 U& r' g+ y L4 a( r5 P* J' r$ m5 w ! k$ u2 u' m2 }; i* [2 z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % M" [- @1 O, ~ ~- D! ?, r # q# W) F9 E3 R( Y0 _8 f& Z" ~% P! J 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 h) `2 G/ Z+ d/ w( |+ t 7 d9 r7 A o7 J' v例如: & z+ _9 N6 f4 l# b6 k - ]- _: v$ j/ y9 i: sMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 z& s5 j! f9 ?. w# F5 e ( R: V, q1 U# N( nManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& E$ d& M6 a# a# g+ X3 F2 [
4 k, Y+ l3 c5 d& A1 |8 y* [7 EThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* ]7 Y8 _% j3 S8 I6 [
$ b7 N9 x }' Y, ]; Z) t* bHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & r$ `2 @" p. q I/ Z; K. u - e* u5 v% B6 I1 p; \5 L* U' JMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# {' o% q9 S8 E$ a6 N
, M' _) `9 A# k/ E. APolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! y+ u) y0 y9 P) o' c + y4 X7 P' k0 w/ \7 R! M* DCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 ~8 P f: n. }3 l. z
$ T( R/ P7 s9 R9 T$ @Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 s/ K+ U' q4 o9 C
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' I+ o6 m7 d Q: w" F% h6 j6 G6 @" l, l& M1 N8 h
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ |/ L8 [7 g& t
% D5 T9 q7 r; D" h+ `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ e! D r- @; m5 k7 X+ G: M
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 O- Q) p' L* t) Y9 j9 J4 z8 c/ u: m+ B% P6 |9 V4 d' [6 G
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 V! a, U( t0 p. n2 ~
, O/ [* m3 \6 ]& S0 u# _对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) n1 q. v: }# w. y% x* O3 I* V/ t7 e/ X6 X( a0 P2 l: @/ X
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. I: K6 K' O T* U" @8 ^
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; X6 d C6 Y; Y
1 w! W: p. Q z, w. d有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; [9 L: R+ B5 e: ^/ i7 x