本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' A( V( c2 m, s8 }8 A* F5 I/ E6 D1 F; l6 Q! r 转帖 ; J4 a8 Q0 R9 y( k5 y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). s: C( b2 U9 R+ ]* E6 @0 r
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 K9 E- o( d( ?6 ?& u5 Y ! Z9 M( q' }& ^6 z k9 F( |. FThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ r% e' `5 N: }) o# g1 c# o% d% q
4 Z" M7 E/ U% O1 [' f3 ?8 P \This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " |8 h# Y& K; i2 u" z. C5 ]. o5 k2 b% Q* K4 u# C! j- x h) m: T
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 `/ x/ \! B2 q/ [ g
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 o8 G5 W* w$ r7 K. s9 X" H- O) A! n/ A
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 k& b& p; Y. W7 H. V3 o/ X
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) j- `# k9 A: L @+ N& A / p" u. }* f$ i2 c1 MThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 c6 t) g+ i6 B& H# j / J) ]+ t* {+ x& \# e* Z7 e& ]6 pWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % N. @0 U' f( x$ C3 @/ B) W3 \' L9 g- `0 t8 _
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; {7 j' U% r+ B9 m* `% [9 L # S8 ]# I" m6 K7 X6 Q% X这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 F$ K5 X5 A# h; Y, y- ^5 Y' z4 E- V0 D G
% U/ h2 x$ q1 N/ ]+ {! u9 G y& x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' J+ d1 l* O' O
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' @% `/ z. U2 U/ Y: c
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; m4 v+ E2 n1 R7 d' S% s- T( \; z1 p' e1 {/ I; A- [ z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # u1 ], L; S7 C" g" h4 \ , n; S" G0 N$ I) J* F8 z6 vHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* ^0 N3 V' `: V6 b) N
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) g' u. _/ C2 Z: h: A. K4 f3 A4 }- t s) ?+ I& C3 m4 t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! ], y# s/ |( ^5 X) d& b ( I& i) M6 e" E1 g: q+ }" |I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ Y3 Y* g5 }- C
1 j. q. b8 `( r2 _! [如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / L, i( \7 Q; ]& z A/ o; d & a. M0 N& `! q+ x7 ?6 G! U. nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) Y. I: P* S. H" |, { ' S* U1 u' I( P+ u: K2 KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 J2 ^9 g D2 c9 ]4 |
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) Q. G$ c8 [, `* M4 b, w ; c; n1 m/ y/ ?7 i* k5 q2 ZHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), q) p# J, G& {, m( {, P& g
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ x4 |) P5 A7 g& H F% s w- P
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ q4 n0 `' Q% @
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 F0 a n7 b9 i; [- S" m( ? % B+ W- E6 y6 U/ W& L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 I9 s0 ]# k6 Z' z
+ ^- P1 `7 x" X+ g, K : v, p; p2 O7 r& L3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 D; `. \6 f' e3 Q
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ m1 N" O3 @4 f/ i6 U' o. \9 F) F+ T- j7 { 9 |+ t& X" @3 RManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& C) S% [: @8 m* W. ?
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , p5 s3 _$ }$ ^7 ^- e* @/ A6 E k- k$ k- E. h/ e0 z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), |, N# { N% M0 a, d
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 f- m0 N0 @( B% `; Z- Z. C 3 x( U# s4 R# p+ b: L" ]; a! [" s, uPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): \7 L- j/ ~/ i- N+ G! [ G6 w4 N" y q
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# z, l* I4 A( Z- V
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 O3 b5 C+ Q6 j+ w: h6 n
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 ^6 L. C. K) Y* x; ?& p- u. c* F" E; Y; \: S, f
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% q3 N) n# u3 \& ^( ~" v3 U. \
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% }. v! s& z" x5 ~1 E+ d0 C
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ N1 a& }# ]1 E$ n; L# r: D- p0 x7 h( @9 [( B
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + o8 G6 O* q8 `% `! u+ g- K1 T6 v2 L- @" t6 K) j
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% ~6 }& k" [% @+ u s( V
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 Y1 B$ {" B, U* z* s' P
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ Z4 m" G1 }3 r5 t% ?
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 a: n& w/ J$ \* I