本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . K3 A0 t- ]1 y8 r7 a9 ]& q* u3 D9 Q5 B# {% f. f 转帖 " s, s8 D: h |& H1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 C. z% M1 X1 W7 e8 Q/ d: t : |& T8 ^2 q2 G8 x. r9 \例如: / l# o( c; L% D3 C) d- J# u" R' x3 b4 \, \! B
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 [2 J1 R8 f# R1 ?: z/ z- C5 p
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ l) a. t0 z& q- `; l0 M I l/ T 3 A9 t" N$ d7 o# m* rThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& w! H( T8 R* C( Y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ s" _! ]6 v1 v6 z$ S
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* |0 G4 m4 g! A; e$ g
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( |* n3 v8 ^. a5 l/ j& u6 x$ v
8 k% T' A7 t; T% e0 yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / h2 t5 v9 d: L p5 x# t # a- h2 ]# q) P5 zThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" [! e% s$ S" i+ {8 p5 _8 C
( z( @) Q5 ?7 s! MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 M! D4 B: O) T/ |( D' z: h, D( `2 v: G) D
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ @: B" t8 x9 y9 O
* M2 C& l6 w! t% n" T这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 r0 g, e& `# f+ {
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9 l; U' D1 L4 w9 o$ K" R% U& F! o) c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ q$ E6 ~/ T$ e' w
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例如: - F0 A3 O! r7 Q; K( z4 E/ E 6 {8 ^; \) H0 @) A) sAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): p" q4 \2 k# Y' R* q) T
/ `, |2 W8 n c, UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& ?# |4 J7 J& t/ \0 {, y
. D# @3 Z! i8 {, C. j, `I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ?3 N5 G, _: k/ {( l& e& c
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ M! H( C$ |; |4 t4 q* x: n
" F0 k! j- ~! O, @6 aIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # R0 J' C3 O- R/ U% C/ }4 R, R ! Y* v7 P! y) s9 i) W8 Z- f( vShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 S9 G. s5 Y' `8 T) @" Q# |3 q" _
. O+ j8 y8 L! |$ F5 }I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) `( S9 y2 b! W- D- w0 V
, b n8 C) r/ m) l) X如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# ]( B: {3 J- w
: J" k: ~, }1 z ]- a( X* ~% Q) gThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 y8 Y8 U2 D u. j
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), ~, I- g9 k9 K1 m% H2 ?
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* l9 T3 a9 o7 M# Y+ O* X# y
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! n2 ?/ I4 X+ H" x. X( A9 F
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 u- h8 C6 D" {+ F3 C3 _1 L) L4 l9 O- B* p e* ?
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 j6 {/ c9 J q0 t1 ?( u- Q - }% W' Y1 b9 a, z0 c! O写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 P8 |+ V: y3 V& P" N" y. a" M+ S, @0 _ |5 ^" K
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 ^! I( j5 E6 J* ]2 J5 r1 V5 i. v v$ Q1 l
! v( [* z5 \: Y$ l3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ i( Z, A- l9 _) `) [& Z
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例如: , _& ^# x& y: m ~7 x/ W # }+ k7 _! T3 B8 {( N* O* V( I; kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 S6 g$ ^# |% M- a3 J9 v- J1 z: E ! F! n& f! Z! {( nManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); g0 o$ [! G/ c, v9 N6 [
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) u) ~7 v" A# E5 ]
8 u& g U2 W' @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) N$ e" F: R) p; o5 v, Y
/ m( z' }" }- r. y/ PMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), h+ A5 b% [) |/ X* N2 M2 v# ^2 _
! c7 F4 C2 _/ ?3 x- f# HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 W. q+ r9 {6 ]$ T; Q8 v
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " h( x0 c/ ?9 Z & m* S) j% @0 A6 bStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& _8 ^: F/ h N9 `2 H
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 E# T; N4 R' A+ @/ V2 ~0 y ; U- C: X; O& H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 g7 x g& u# x ) y: Z) T7 X! }" R; T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - q- ?9 _- [8 H+ T g$ o, Z: w$ k! K# o7 o( e对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 A8 U1 m; b w/ \
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + w& x" \: A* G% X! Z) a9 m" q2 S, k( h+ Q4 `6 ~( u6 y
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + {: j6 W0 H8 h1 { / B6 w, x0 ?+ H* D至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - f: p9 u9 a4 ?) v" H( \ - j, n, U7 S0 p$ u# S还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 P( R1 j& Y1 S; Y0 G6 l& \0 N# E% f$ |" O i; \8 Z7 X
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) u: _& J+ b3 K