, `/ k. u/ d% H6 Q. F* ~: Q6 j例如: 1 t% f# ~$ A/ g2 E8 K: Y! V4 d$ t( _2 Y. C6 @! N/ ?7 f
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) W6 x' }$ ?4 ~2 |) p : k' ]+ ?2 A( x9 A- E$ Y E% {Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & F! u% g% {/ N5 v3 P ' r$ Y- K+ f& J( |0 wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) C3 y2 z" \3 p% z) T9 F; L; {& X
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( N7 ^/ `/ s9 ~, E6 h8 P' A
+ f* O+ w( @( z& o& NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) P9 m4 ]; i; X* f6 e4 e ' ?& d& m2 I' Y( |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! l2 V8 w0 P. ~1 q, I o! D
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 `+ h9 x3 Z$ ^' E- F+ K
9 r" C9 N3 p+ S( BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' D0 k& Y9 r! p$ E, `' i+ Z* L* p) S+ ]
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " p) w7 |0 i' e4 c9 o0 Y4 Q( J: Y8 a6 P z# M' ~2 Z
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 Y- Z, \0 ?# O1 A, R b1 E, c" p) w4 M% f* }# m# z! b, s
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% k2 C# r$ M' h" g% m8 A9 M' h
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5 l1 w; Q |6 j+ S( D9 k 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ e9 M/ Q3 B3 T: k" x, l- p7 `. y! r, E, o4 Q1 _9 _4 @' B
例如: - w! \! V& j1 q% {& O+ j 1 W ^+ w; {$ W, s4 AAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 U5 I# v F1 m! Y- \5 H% X. N" N! a! ~' t. V. {+ n
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % }. T( I( F! `- N+ M+ [ C 7 Q" W% J6 }% K) [* ^, dI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / g/ O/ z, W$ o4 K0 _! G# `1 `( T9 {
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): b: ]; j5 P6 J8 ~8 y5 g
/ }- X" M5 |; d2 BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& ^ V5 q) O3 o) @
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) Y& W0 a" X9 r, h }" B4 R' I$ |: ]; Q! J: i: a( I/ y. e
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 X2 {, f+ {' v! @1 Y( y8 Y; k
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% W8 M% K2 o! S. o7 g9 s: Z% x
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 z+ R0 k( E$ N* c0 }8 f+ U" T6 K* ~( L) Q. B c& Z6 i- L
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" N- K5 M& ]) c6 q: j: p
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 l8 a8 ~1 U- O3 [2 o. X9 n0 A , R M* `" A1 r. \% ^9 i$ VHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). i# m- c+ Q% R+ E' J* ]
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): |0 [ } I; f& c
! b3 b! ]) d4 c7 X& j4 JEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) G% d- z# G, }* E3 A |; w% [: b% Y/ G, ~; N0 U6 u
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 Z# J6 T2 x/ I! U# a
+ g9 F# @8 `/ M# V+ }7 M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 j+ K W, O8 ]1 j! g
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- U$ i- v' G; W8 _+ x" S. h7 E 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 Q7 C4 k( v, p( |0 u, P8 B
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例如:. \& M7 B* h4 g/ J9 d8 t( `3 L+ w
* k, i. X M- z6 XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 ~5 i5 H# M( J2 @2 ]6 s3 F 5 ] _" N- V5 e; B& ZManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) o# x/ o, K; `: j4 B I' S/ |& t6 o, Q; }, _% z$ u
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 G# v6 D! E4 D/ z; S2 k9 a: C ; r$ ]5 n5 b3 m) W$ O6 a7 rHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " o0 C7 r- v6 Z' a+ \% Y, t - _6 @3 l( E4 u6 K# wMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 f& H9 v7 P1 K: [: e! m8 Q
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 V! }9 b4 ?8 H4 \$ [, M& J' u
/ J0 F$ T) `7 N4 O! D$ `% n& sCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 w, K$ s: P. K/ H \" S( x" q1 X4 t. |- `0 ^: z
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 K: X7 u5 I7 P8 g9 G1 V5 e5 y% C7 ^4 [' x7 h, c) {7 R
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 j: w6 H. l. O: m* r3 k 4 U2 I4 M- D5 V0 ]. u当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / y7 t; I- W$ H+ G) n* j+ f0 C$ o4 E- h( p, ?0 d0 u' ^3 n7 h! m
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / ~+ L& J' T" y. N ! Z0 {( W( m4 Q3 n8 j1 k对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; B7 C$ D6 X* P2 q3 T" m0 G9 |: n' r. G$ }* ~
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % @3 ]8 x! S, d/ L' \& z7 D, Q+ T6 E. r6 X: p0 m
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% V$ a$ _; _( z) P
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 v: R; B& a* L! x* ~2 Q
0 J3 D @0 E; v# G* h还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* P# u* ?8 [- e
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。$ {# ~7 p; L" a