5 V8 a( {9 }3 y W2 ?& f例如: 9 [% D) A7 Y8 ~8 N3 ?7 b ; i0 X+ U- y" ?# Y( c+ E$ |3 qMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 [# d; |* H& F
. f7 f$ _9 J" D9 y. A& x
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% Y" K' B4 G& b; Y1 \) D1 L
- p8 A7 @! l' X# w# J& B
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 U% _1 K8 P/ Y: q
5 Z- N0 N4 Q( H) n! h% R
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ }1 H2 V4 S# K8 v
, e8 h. S' |$ [) K8 k
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 w0 z/ r! Q5 `6 O3 S1 A3 d j& x% W1 O7 C+ S
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). s6 G$ @& q/ ?# q) i
1 ~( o/ C/ u( _- ^5 z% O* r
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 s% D" [; w6 G# }
: f6 Q2 j) R8 T% c% o ?' i$ J: CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): r ]5 l1 e! n$ l0 }8 o
. T$ ^7 C% i5 m9 A# X" m- t [
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 W# b2 S9 B2 K m- M* `7 Z
) J4 l& n; A& E7 o1 e) n7 QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 h1 H' X# n; o& g l( y% N, P7 y* A1 E( D这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) u3 ~& F' ~% ~& j( x. L2 z
* o- d) C6 H! E. |2 d
1 }" g h$ k1 O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。6 P: L* v; P, }+ `6 O' H% o/ X
8 d4 J& t U# R' I9 n4 ?) s8 H
例如:1 s3 w! i! I7 O5 B4 Q. D
7 b9 ^: Y0 f# NAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 G% a9 B. s3 Q& }, l* D0 S: A* }% a) a3 |, N6 ?8 c3 w: \
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - @) S1 k0 }+ M W h; ]7 d2 l2 gI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); K" |! Y7 d* T( m$ y0 o
- @! P+ Q& P( r; X" n$ Y/ dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 P3 h# a. {: o; g* x( V
. m; ^; ?% l gIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . j9 `. y3 W4 O$ R7 H+ d- h+ \1 @7 r3 u* \- y& j1 ^, V
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - w7 Z# t% m8 F! A; @, ]3 \+ l5 O7 @6 ?
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% @1 F4 K* g1 K$ I3 M+ ~
' G6 O- P* B3 p7 G4 Q
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 J) r x# E* y9 [+ {6 ]; u" [
# \7 b. _( h# Y: t2 H' I9 |
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ o' I% m( j7 q- U
( \' Y0 _$ |1 D( _& t( O
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : r( F7 B; H4 a. I ) d5 R; y0 B- N" v2 ?# yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 2 H I( C7 m6 b' I % L; R" p+ Z! Y$ x, Q3 M% S) ^He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # q/ x3 d, B$ ]- c6 o$ \) U! T+ \: z5 ]! e! C. ~/ ^ N6 m0 Z9 g c$ i
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + m# k+ D. g+ i2 [+ p( q- v ' X! }7 O0 r: F$ {5 x; t9 [Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + U E/ ^, V% F8 _2 r- x: u 2 M, d7 a. t) F5 F$ ^( j写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + a$ D E9 C! c Y' ]' R. t3 ?5 I & d0 r! n/ f# F+ [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. o% a( d) w6 W6 K8 Z1 \" G
4 R4 b3 k6 ~3 z; V2 k* `5 w 0 l) U+ b7 D7 C2 P* w* s C+ a3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# _9 I u& h9 i8 [) y) v1 L
+ q) s; F: r2 t! K) SMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& O" P4 F& ?* e- l
8 Y* j# e2 V: a1 W; N. \
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , g0 ~* R& p2 }/ U# s# l5 q* a + g2 o: n: u/ p+ s0 T0 v% v: gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): L0 D0 M9 G" ]3 g8 V
5 @9 n9 R. ?% g6 E0 t% lHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 w4 h2 |) x( }% { R( Y3 _; D. A2 z0 y) ^' r
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ X2 l2 q4 p; z H7 K$ a* x* k9 q! z
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! d+ ~1 l4 U- n! k; A8 x8 V/ L: S. j X' M$ H
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). S0 f: ?6 y7 W" k
6 Q5 v% `7 k$ F7 _3 H/ ]4 M4 h1 YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 R# O/ w8 V' r* b8 r4 ?; { p/ [6 S( U! J0 R* t
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; p0 s2 n* w, X2 A) E+ S* v3 S8 \, C, R2 m
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 U1 q. d# H+ l4 k# {" c$ a- @! q
% j' v; N4 i, \ ^/ {对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % T$ q, t( S7 v7 e0 @& R) k$ `4 m: D6 C
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 x' d9 r# V& P, v+ ~0 s2 \% R! e5 q' Q* j7 T, q0 ^) l
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; M; q7 `4 N2 D
8 g4 j0 |3 @" B! [! C( e
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - A0 s7 W0 b9 }2 s3 l & J. k" r `( Z6 H- |至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # e5 R( d' z5 R- O: K ! C7 r K8 m2 Y1 x还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- a1 y7 C2 d4 e% V$ b+ n
, O$ }/ Q/ v, L8 }8 z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 P) r6 Z5 a: V0 T