本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - @2 G2 j* d- E" m' F+ E5 x. G1 F W
5 h' K _% g. q* \转帖 ! P S7 r8 i. [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)' c5 G; |+ P! K5 ]+ U
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - i H% Z$ @7 t+ l9 b9 F, f 5 P6 a" r) l! @( HThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : P) S+ ~5 h( T0 p/ {. @2 e) X $ A" x: z1 C5 L- X7 h5 NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; e; O- N) o: f/ F" L6 \ , u4 h# [( {' B! LThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! @+ p6 G) z: Y6 h" W* a & E5 G; f% t, dI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 [3 X2 l# q. z. G# g7 s : H* h/ Z, V5 _ wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) l$ r h# m$ ^8 Y9 s0 W/ I/ T& F6 z, o) h
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) M' E |/ y/ C. I( d }1 H4 ?$ P3 U8 a$ a: j2 p
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* i4 \& V& w* x+ K* k. x: u7 N; |9 P: P
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ `2 q7 Q1 \7 t/ Y6 t* f% ^
, Z! R4 X: ^7 q; L4 P9 a9 i3 HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! G0 Y2 O( L% A/ r* r% C1 z 3 @3 q$ c/ p- U8 C5 x R这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 W2 _. F6 f# A0 o* P9 j
+ z) W8 z: |# O5 `5 G. ?# }2 x' o* ]' e# I; D2 ~1 @# L 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - l- N0 i8 \5 Z$ k+ h9 [ % }, W+ v8 b! d3 N8 l# e4 w U例如: - { h4 D1 w4 j M * e j" v' x, {) n/ n5 bAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( @* n8 d6 n8 u5 m# j1 l4 [/ K1 \
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ N# G% D+ p: l1 l; _# O
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): `9 U* I. a/ \
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 s0 [& N' n; |0 X- x7 n1 b; x! u! c. e/ f1 w) Z, x2 g* S
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 ~( n; _+ O8 k e0 W# T/ S% E , o* S- L& Z' e; Z6 W' @% }She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" ~8 N5 K1 Q% _ _0 M# u/ v
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 I9 e. l; P3 _/ w$ l1 p$ }7 f8 W/ ?9 }0 O. ?
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 d: Q* x2 ~& L6 a" v1 m, J 1 }- g. @- T7 ?" ^" p9 a. s4 zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; X( r. _ G# ?) { ?7 m, E 2 _1 o$ [$ }) q. ^6 E+ E4 @The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 v; W4 t' i. ^
2 }* P: K" H& a/ S- CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) p1 M7 K) ^ P m$ q
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" j: a" W# F* ~* g+ p
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # M8 o' l; ?5 j% M% b9 E% y# k6 E5 i' [2 q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; u$ `; j: D4 h$ W- ? - l! X5 D" ?4 n9 g1 P( U写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 g2 i3 w+ s# A) \- ?& i
# `5 @, ]# I8 \7 d1 m9 F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ Z' B. ]# Z) Y; l: V
/ a# f& c! }/ C+ r. } . F: o3 f" O; r6 V2 S3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 _' x) Z) F" S/ \
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " ?, c2 c5 u Y) B3 x% G& t ; C# [6 s8 b: ?, ^" UManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): }$ r7 p _6 ]' l7 x. @3 i
+ M: A1 ~) K- Y% MThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' s( }0 N1 R8 k$ Y9 H 1 x; O% o) @: e. d' w/ ~. oHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) [' N1 a. y, T9 P( Q$ x9 P2 z. E
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 |% y3 r5 C7 H, `1 x# A2 I) t
6 e% _* d) Q& a0 tPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 Q& ]+ ~. m+ O R* U: T
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & U9 N: y* I# |7 o$ F$ O- o% Y9 |0 J; g7 f% t0 H* ~
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % n, X( z) U+ v. S3 k* t; \ % A% n: c2 | ]+ h同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; f: @1 W# H* h4 A" J/ V3 |, u( R4 Z1 f' R
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 H9 ^, ^/ H4 q6 c) z. g% m Y( H 0 r C: Y4 }1 H- L对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 I" ~9 e3 u2 G# i: I0 r4 k- I$ D1 B; P" E) p! L
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) b7 Y) @3 V; b5 G( w) W/ C) i o& r9 y' U7 B . P8 d0 o0 i, c" a n) S0 R6 p对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 b5 U/ g2 k5 R" m) T' t/ Z; a $ l2 |5 Y. _' _/ ~: E3 h对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( ^. E- d8 r9 w* f$ z8 s2 W
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & K/ v& y" Y4 G5 o- C) T 5 b4 m7 ^2 u9 q2 b; ~0 O还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * r c# o9 z, {1 `- z, g6 _- Q- O9 O W* Q5 s
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & q( d9 |; [' X- [# [6 {, B, N7 Q