本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 N* f0 i% m, ~% [- ^6 N" } |0 p' r( q4 O4 _! W 转帖 ( B8 z# o5 R) H4 B2 _0 S1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; v2 u6 l( E j+ C0 e# \8 U & L: O6 v/ L6 d. }* u- }( l4 W1 W7 W/ s例如: " S1 u8 @1 D0 ]' } 3 ^- N! X! d @" a0 t+ N2 eMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ q! J G' Y2 |* j/ C p
' U' `3 I3 R/ s0 O* F9 rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 b; k, w) J3 i. v7 k+ }5 A2 v b 9 x4 i( t A `4 pThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread), N! V* \( m/ y7 e" B X/ L8 F$ @
; @1 d+ o# T0 g5 J2 ]' e9 ~The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), A8 ^6 _; C) {* K+ _
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + L2 H9 O- N, n2 }1 Z- t! s4 s$ A' H% d% |0 n! {
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % N1 d( P+ j6 j/ _3 V4 G7 l8 | + W. b. b' a EWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 j' }# f, ^3 S" r, ^& G4 R2 l& d( G/ T" ^, Y# }& D# B3 L. }
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / L: Y, |$ L! V C, M& t9 t" o# q+ B' c) N
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# D* [& k* F5 n7 R6 q
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 m6 ^! s: g- ~! |. x2 W1 m7 v9 V, L* p1 }0 E- [; _ w
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 D, E5 ?" b& {# B1 T) L+ V1 k3 |+ ?
1 j5 ~* G; _) A: V& ] ( |6 {- X8 ]! a! a" f/ k. F, O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * { }3 w" I3 t' h t/ g ; A* d8 K- U2 L8 q* h0 p+ ?! j0 a2 S例如: $ A0 r8 X+ i7 ]# j & l7 _- L1 F2 [0 r& ]. [% NAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 u( o" I5 \" i# [0 [ u& G
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 u8 b! ~, j r; t6 c' V X- g
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 X3 I( ` k1 ?9 V# e& P0 p1 S& F! Z9 q0 S
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 G5 ~9 ~6 a% w* [+ H# w4 ^+ l( l5 d# A% C
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& D% F; Y( k6 u+ i: p* P* d/ N" `# P
" Q# U4 h6 c; G+ n" VShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( N5 N$ L; E2 Z2 z
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ m4 B* K: a2 L5 u# A* E- D 1 O8 \8 n$ D, `8 o; r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" `3 U$ v6 j( }9 r* L0 N* i
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! i' c: e: Y! Q* t3 l: x, P5 |4 q/ _
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & Y8 s' y; J( g# U& E3 F" ~1 U 5 c9 g6 Q, Q# S3 o2 kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( ]9 d9 }' T& _6 ?
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 Z) X8 B& D* _- }; `. W1 `/ M3 v/ k; }9 C, X+ J% I
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ p) ~( j. l1 g* ]. Y- F
$ E! n/ j. ~ z8 v% A* SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 l! [; Y3 d0 z! d( f8 v & x; O0 ^" u9 {; s( f写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 w+ p* h' l0 ~% [# r) f " k1 p2 P' j2 z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 I" A5 R$ [6 ~+ o# r3 r' ^# r' a# S! O @( n4 [
% M9 y- i- i6 {4 w+ U- s5 ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 D9 E9 _" U# B5 Y& }; C5 i# y! w
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例如:3 L7 r8 l3 Y+ f& @& E7 t0 w5 i5 B7 c
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 a/ s8 d8 V3 V; M, m2 {( L
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 [$ E: S1 i/ j2 H* Y4 i+ o3 |
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* |- t7 m" K% \! \
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " X4 }6 E( o3 n. a l" g% S$ I' u6 A# I
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 S( N. h# L# f/ E, ~3 B
# P& f. y7 Q. b6 N0 VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 r/ r& x, R$ F4 _# @ ) S! Z- y5 r) D6 A6 \1 A; \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % j# s U1 q1 Y- m$ P! V7 N9 s4 p * |0 f: y# A& VStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 T& l2 c+ e/ L9 o8 q) n7 e. ~7 O" L
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( i' ]% P* D' y# b ' E1 m* S" @$ n, X1 d当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 i) x' f9 M- U, m# F: G6 Y
+ K W3 E9 b: b. f对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 y" \8 k- N3 Y; L
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 l" @$ z( h$ A4 D
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, m: M# V) s, C2 C: c
- Z9 E, c. y) u) C$ N+ N1 b对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 d# Z( V) g( C& w8 ?
4 f3 m: q2 [3 h至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / N- t' z3 r- f8 }6 G% `4 j7 p* C) j e! T! l- K* C D" Y% L! G
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! U, n `$ s9 }% |
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ P- i; i& z2 R' ?) z