L8 w& a, g# E/ A" {8 Q例如:* _5 s% U( o* o' E
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + u: p$ b' l3 |, D; _- z, [5 H: j/ @+ ^, u
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 P- y. B, f0 t ) Z' u' R0 x x4 v8 oThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) r3 B" C# {9 p- L' @0 h
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 f* b+ g* f9 P6 P' h8 { % T+ [1 c) w) X9 [2 ]$ \I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( c7 }5 y6 j5 Q: t4 y r4 U" Y0 X
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 b: ]& I" r7 s# r
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , s/ k' S3 h7 k( s2 |, x# @ O3 O; G. G8 y2 D1 Y1 d3 T7 V
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 ?7 t1 I, v" H$ @* [1 [- q) I, [( V! {/ O+ W
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 Z# I6 t3 F) q" u$ G7 n1 H+ L
2 W( Z! }8 [5 B5 O2 QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 F" |& W4 r* A9 Z) ^3 v( B4 g' B$ N) I- s) l5 X
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 U+ f8 G; i3 A7 h) O
0 r' n) A* ~% u& A2 l `- K! ]. u5 N6 ] 1 X% o9 a* _: d% n2 F1 ?. p2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. O3 Z6 h4 }3 R1 f
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例如:) Q' s- ^, p$ g* }# [8 I
+ c& g! j* `$ j& ?) S# }At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) P( @5 s/ t- p% n8 Z
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 c, q5 C/ l4 _2 i
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 R' U$ L% Z; Z5 q3 y) v
) E: c1 q/ R- b9 ?He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 @& J* @/ q, Z; Z5 y: S% e5 `- t( _4 W/ w# z" N1 T
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ `( _; u% t7 m5 Z- |
( c, \; G6 S4 ~4 O0 Y q5 aShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 o; s% g! S5 X4 V$ A) R $ a4 Q* j3 i# A UI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); @5 ` G% W5 M5 M: J
/ g* I/ [! U3 e, W如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& ]) n6 J c, ]' I$ N
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 s9 N, r2 e8 |1 g- Q" i * ?0 \$ Y4 C9 B( u8 [The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 D) F! }7 d: t9 Z7 Z4 i+ N# y; O& |0 w. g b+ h' |9 `
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# ? e" U, d3 T! m
9 M2 g) {5 K* _( CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 U6 e9 a& O H4 u6 \! {+ |# B) D0 V9 m+ B
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 Z; K4 q# \: i ) z: Q) D9 M2 @, n5 QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 S8 O1 [4 {) L1 X1 S/ E' N7 L. V/ w( f- }( Z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 V: D- t$ r9 I3 l q; b9 f x+ k8 w
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" ?2 X5 j) k& ~ a
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7 N% F/ v9 Y9 K8 `' K x* q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / ^5 X9 D; } ^2 g' o0 R O5 M* p: g+ e* }; v$ V" m" C4 a. N3 B" C
例如:" j: N J3 I; _% E/ c& h" o
" P! f# @, P- ]1 u$ y8 RMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 W4 q9 ^9 T& O2 O: Y& ? 8 t1 H5 W" B; o8 C# x' AManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( y9 W: [0 z8 v7 e2 z' y
6 n, N8 p K: X2 a( y5 VThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ U4 l- o8 B- d
" V# _$ U) _! d8 NHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + r3 F, b1 E9 ^) I. S) q: ~* _2 G& [2 \ r8 f
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' h: p5 D5 }* w& V% d* s8 d5 h- b2 h, B) q- F& A6 l) H) y9 N7 @
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 D3 F2 `- z& M+ D; g4 D: k5 i& {$ ~( i
! S6 L: q, p: |- a' {Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) X# V o0 q6 y q3 q8 O 1 Q4 w: f- g/ ^, U. p; zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) w C( j4 C6 W# V' [9 t3 b, w& c' r0 n
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 O$ A5 N" T' Y" ]4 p " N4 c9 a# O3 t( P( I+ a当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - u! t" M) T1 N" W; c4 Q ) l# I4 u' R6 r6 a0 i! {. m对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' d; g4 Y: \( t" X) {9 p" D ) j* B: z4 L7 O对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 l, E a& E' X0 C# o7 h7 Z1 P
b$ D) h/ R7 l6 t) j" E5 ]* P对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& w$ b8 v( r S% o/ e9 g$ N
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;2 G g; J. }+ v- Z
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , E2 Q0 ~" b- n" e- {* S m- \9 A. ^" j! i' Y& ]
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! m, k) u) s8 z4 G [0 Z v9 z
1 L" B. S0 x/ v5 m; T有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# _: K# r- j/ e. t4 ^7 b