本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 ?0 ^& i5 a g& f: w
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 j# @$ c- M8 @% x8 m4 m) _ D8 H3 D" q8 G c& ]* E2 G例如:& M( ?2 o% m5 K/ Z: R" B4 W
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 m' ]5 G3 x5 H% @
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; C# X6 m2 f3 M) c m; Q& U / B$ Z z$ ^3 V0 L6 SThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) s/ B& @( d3 B3 B: M
& M. D- s9 _3 @+ e, CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); V/ v+ L$ e3 D2 Q1 X
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; i0 i$ _5 u ]' g4 {8 p( I% l0 M( w! B+ U& j& S- R
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 u, ^- D/ r' k) A2 E- P) C. q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), T. C2 e! o" v `& X+ O/ a: h7 a
9 {$ d7 W% J5 ~0 c1 ?The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * Z" O7 g" e- z' t8 L: s$ \: V* I/ \. Z% ^4 `
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! W' f; f* Z0 L/ M- l
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - }- _1 o0 h! {4 ^+ J, h' ` - q5 ~0 K$ r I5 b) O/ f2 N这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 `4 z7 {, y- N: Q- C! g6 a% Z; _8 h+ M
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" t' S3 B) a+ B; S; [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 G* a% o1 W* M9 `: G$ E1 g0 [% Z) i0 F5 p) q6 ^' z8 k
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( ^* U( W, @# A# D9 @At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 [( I8 h! w) v, @6 G% M/ ^7 O6 D9 K! I
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , y ^& f [& D% c; `. F* O& ^8 G. }6 i
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 L; s' S2 s0 W" d+ @& x2 u" p7 B, c
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& ~9 P9 u- H' W
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! G: h+ e" b0 E/ _2 V( N" }$ h, ~- e/ I M1 \2 ^' s
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 p8 k/ ~# T. J) e' m; N) ~: q7 m7 U
6 G1 j; ^$ N# y6 OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # T+ }" z% S) z- V/ b. |2 e8 q% k' z( ~+ s0 C, q! s e2 z$ D
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 m! ]* t5 U( T E: A2 A' M& }( }1 H& w& ~( c
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- b, W0 F. l" f! t4 H6 D, \+ h7 g6 |
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 M. E4 e+ D) G9 Y3 x3 a8 [
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& Q% [% H ?) R# n& _4 l
4 l- e/ N F5 i4 c' K& L gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 Z" F3 O$ K1 G; H' \% X& y. u$ A ) W8 A$ p2 P/ l/ ]# }6 XWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 ^; i5 g( C3 s$ t! E+ _% }& C: |7 l/ S; X
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : \% s: g* x/ b7 b* C 8 T5 D' e* u1 o4 M写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 W Y$ I9 Z: i/ i( d; R * [; F# H& l0 J) d9 m" i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 b! e9 d; o2 y3 x8 w
" n& R) g$ K) M3 Y( M- A* d ! `/ a2 ^ M* `, v2 `7 O3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 ], k; ~. Y9 v/ q . D& f( E( S2 N7 g例如: 1 g# y2 F" I( ~. E- Q# Z5 P! Z. P/ u( W% f0 \' i7 D/ d6 a/ Y
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , L$ ^: j- {* o: p4 i, g$ r4 t) F$ E7 P# S# F5 b
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& s N \; R- @9 a
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 b' P9 ] z; i- J& d# T& @ : d+ _6 W. E& }" tHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " W$ N! n9 u4 d$ F p# i) o% S- S9 R& e
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : S" q ]$ W# O) z. a) z, Z* r' J: G) ^" D5 C4 F4 z2 A
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" K% Q; V( f: X& C, ~2 a
( g6 I1 I# y$ v2 b5 |, X+ V/ s. N6 ?Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# F e+ U/ {9 h3 b
% f. D6 L5 I2 w+ oStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% Y {7 P% x8 b
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, L. t, ?6 C6 R! O. o% B$ L
5 D7 p9 h$ H, K: m# P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: b) f: m* t" t5 ?
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 U% L3 _8 ^/ Q0 u+ g- }- O
' {. k2 L0 O* c0 z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( S' a }5 q7 n5 U2 V+ B; E 3 S( c* ]0 M. ^9 L对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; x( b$ k/ _8 _: }( ^2 I5 n. A# H
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # \+ B& ~; l( \1 H! t- B- k$ [ 7 B2 g* w5 y7 p0 X& P1 d至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 g8 w) f; ^9 `: S+ p: R$ [
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 p+ n j5 L4 q7 G- U0 p* ]7 K; e" b# M+ w' }
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 V* G% [$ O& ^# y