本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( [+ J" X/ z/ V& G% h3 h M8 G7 Z# X5 g l2 s3 |6 E) \ 转帖5 V: s# m# Q, R. E, R
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 `$ b }5 A2 L5 k) E- |) E+ |
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( [& E1 H' Z0 }1 g6 z
( g( B$ i' O$ O) y ]' R, IThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 k; l- o/ Z- P1 J- _
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ K5 X( j: J2 O/ _( `- A5 k
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . ^: i: W7 [7 Y/ C! g U 5 y; O+ }! W' j2 W$ RI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 G: ^8 [; [* d# C% K* J2 q& ?. l; p; L; q- E% \% h+ c$ I. ~# N9 C4 d
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + _/ V( u/ ]3 b% Q8 K& _; |& c* b! I0 {& `% I8 [3 h5 r
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) o6 N6 T L0 `! l3 }% G. \0 _
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ @( v" @' O* ^6 Y # C% _, M% v, s# u+ @We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 [. p3 ?5 w- c s; i/ f1 } 6 n# U4 W" {* }8 U4 ]- xPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* Q- ~1 ~# z/ x% m7 V
$ X1 @* q. d. q" r# d* y. _" c$ J这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ R& `+ }# E, X: e* T0 m. y4 k1 p$ V `
0 s% S2 f# f( y, W4 h: H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 Q# s4 v6 [" e) D & l0 P4 g7 @, _: Z8 |! Z/ T/ E例如: B y+ `0 K) j; p
) a# q' d- X& kAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- g7 c" Y4 M6 _3 g
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % r. J( ~, n! ]" ^! K* r ! L' e8 c8 u3 V) g0 D7 U' t' TI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 G7 p0 v! D8 r; ?& r
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ n3 ]8 s, }; Q& |* ^8 k6 N
' y# n1 E* L6 Y$ p. x UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 S5 A/ @7 Q: b5 J3 G& g' x4 _; |- X- W: h# L, K6 M
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 M1 l. w/ P; y
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; l& J7 _% E) I( T( l 8 L) i6 D3 q' s) a* b3 l t如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ ^% B& u, w& V
/ f6 W# |8 Z1 |The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); K7 V3 j1 y* m( O1 k+ D! h
W2 c- i5 E' j. u' `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 X) G S; ? a" _6 a1 [) Y6 G! J# v1 S
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ Z+ ^) y+ F& ^- ]% h! K# s
1 j# L Y$ u$ r+ A4 e0 `+ qHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* A1 _1 Y; u' i# s0 w6 A) G
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : \6 a- v3 i. Y# Q' j5 W & {. R1 D! f9 V& o% S9 n* YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # B2 @% ~: i# `3 e( Y% y+ L, [1 D/ l/ w/ z; [) f( R, Q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : G- J1 O& J) E. W' k7 Q 9 h; t6 S% d8 u: x- B# Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # r# p4 S; }1 w: c0 C( h3 D1 x# P
3 F1 E# R) A0 `5 i4 T; g 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 t! Z% \" `6 F' z& l2 N8 F" p7 t- G) N5 e! I) v! S( m1 F% V$ Z4 E
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). p) O* _8 L: X8 x4 u: ]
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- ?7 S. Y- M+ w" g4 Q# c$ T) H+ J
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , s- ]2 n% R; o' M' B4 q% J L3 _, _' q rHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) R4 p" x! {) N% q1 U7 {; V% H6 l! {8 Q+ H! P5 @6 M7 C8 x1 u7 ]
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + }3 z8 Q; |7 J & Z7 B; g7 Y0 U; x4 g- g9 G9 aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 S0 h' P' m! x9 {& `3 ~- I: R: H! L& }2 y- j/ u
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 W2 ^+ A% ?9 F! L" ?
) r4 z, I) a3 J! ]; n1 M8 xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " }, q! q% h( V1 P" I" p4 a7 C" W 0 D8 d$ `6 G1 c! i7 Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % n. K5 A" H; _1 [5 ]4 }+ {0 t' X4 T; k4 ]
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& {, q9 `; Y4 Q- `/ ?5 V/ t4 x
& B7 A0 m* \9 E/ M c% X$ g对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# K7 { p9 c# [) z [
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % P: Z8 g6 f2 [( [& e7 ` ! X' m( ?9 C' T对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: ]+ b( w& k! K1 y* o1 o3 z9 A
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 \/ c, K, ~3 M
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 B8 q+ [* @* Q
! f. @* V3 b9 J' E. O还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 x4 |0 Y; J1 C5 ^' B# H
' g/ n1 s' O/ M4 m有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* N' i/ o- a/ S: a/ J/ ^9 B; A8 _