本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , v1 ^ h7 I) n 2 \' H! x$ ]& h) h/ S- t% F" u转帖0 r2 r6 V% B+ l) }
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - L0 D' k; K" r5 f+ J$ I$ J1 N4 J0 d0 ^. Y5 w/ v/ O4 X1 {& d
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1 I3 _4 E$ d0 k5 }5 w* L' tMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 ^1 U) O) a& B; t
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- `9 x) E3 C c, T# z
& k J2 p, M- z& P* CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 ~- A& {' Z0 B6 `6 \# ]8 n! ~ ( F0 G! O: R3 ^: IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # d7 D! [. q$ f( K: x$ e8 v' Q" q5 \) P- O
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ N f3 X2 G1 G$ I
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ r/ k8 e" l' r) b
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" d- n% ^6 y7 Z! x* o* o
* C1 W- @1 O! _6 S/ w4 {+ g& J$ Q0 vThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) S1 N# a* Q f, r* } ' X4 l/ k. ]$ l2 V3 \/ V6 z7 d: LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 e( m( k! U0 C$ w/ p2 g( `
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 ]' {' Z' s/ i# Q + _0 t: N- Y$ J% \7 }这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / S5 h9 o# @8 { " Y# n: O, S# }! A7 Z 3 p! t( K/ L0 K0 Q2 _4 y4 R2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- Z2 K0 B: k. |( Q4 p
) P- i; A4 K0 u例如: 2 R4 j0 ]. T& U8 t) O5 d / k/ ~4 u* t2 Q7 kAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' ]! U# B+ r5 j. o/ ?, _4 A3 t9 t: O [, ]- U
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( A3 b9 M T& W$ o6 x) y. \6 F' J. {' Z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 O r4 p5 B. E+ K" h $ w; v4 e+ v' D: E$ Q1 u! THe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / g2 n' T4 q+ Z- K$ i% Y l, F/ K3 g+ ?
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ V4 |8 H2 O7 Y& Q
6 p! E2 |1 _, m3 i5 IShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 l. m1 R: s# Y) I
4 ?2 q; ^1 X% i5 K, [! CI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ T: _ Z* I: V, d) n2 C
( J7 C" m0 ^5 d3 M# N3 {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- n% d; P, L6 Y# w; n
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) o4 S: e! b! ?( }6 p* ` a
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / d4 j4 G% d9 k' t# R. e) E! Y& p( S3 L. l
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' N/ o& D0 h d' _. a " e+ I! A% z" Y1 R! mHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 H* ?1 N! Y* V9 G' J" J- v- U/ K5 B9 o; h& I
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) g% ^8 Q, e% T$ q \7 u' K% A4 ]% n2 W7 K, e
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 f1 A; |5 t7 f0 n# h; G
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), }$ {9 J) x W$ J% D K
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, I1 h; b, m- t) k: `$ g
6 P$ b. ]4 N4 Y! N3 {9 z5 k1 J6 z% f# C5 ]' ]3 B5 z% ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # h' F6 L4 }2 S; {8 c0 d$ {" d
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , C7 O! E0 r7 c/ \% j" Z! s3 [9 T' m9 u% m# `
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - j4 q6 o( q- G2 n8 R7 ?: p- O 3 V" Y+ ~& z9 W' H. g0 K( L3 M4 nThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# D8 L: W m) E W
8 u- s8 X+ z: ~7 d6 `4 _) E3 x+ cHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 k. M" z% L8 ?+ V3 I
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! b+ q2 y6 i' s3 A4 Y; F: f# j2 l! `/ u5 F' g
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : H* j6 b2 y/ P9 {) M1 n7 Y/ p4 t+ i& p" i4 `6 d- J
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ S( v) r& I! y3 p% I: ?3 H
% }/ ~. Z6 V! }" r# FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - f1 b/ \! F! P0 D5 k. | 1 X) g7 i- S6 o3 h9 W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 o" F. L! s+ z! \- r8 `) f. I B& ?- |
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( H6 x( x/ t1 V/ n % d& p& o& J8 f: v/ S3 C对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, L1 N. n0 E( r7 o* E) e3 |
) g# m e4 b) k ^对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % J3 R" @$ L1 r3 w- M* M" g # N6 ]2 ^( [6 ~5 Q8 I对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- z- P0 D1 ~9 b7 l) T: b8 c
+ U0 q. K4 |! Y$ L {对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* G! f" U5 Y. T
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 t5 _; Q) f( G 4 z9 u" U0 F* _# u# Y; J' x还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ) d: q6 R# A; V/ U% p4 V 2 K. m( R* l* K- M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 n! t4 r; K% H0 i! {