本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 P6 e$ B+ I0 _3 @9 c4 `. x4 o0 k* u# N# ? 转帖 9 Z+ }' B% U% q& N" K6 {1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 F3 z# s1 r4 x; v& c9 j! y/ a , o2 @* w1 @4 Z. v例如: 1 c0 [: t; g7 Q. I: C ] Y9 z7 r5 }2 |
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 y( F7 D- f1 P1 ]0 n
7 h! A$ ?& @" ZThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 A: M5 L7 l# S! K5 W1 I$ _% H. x3 t9 W8 v7 ~' V- b
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! E1 G2 Z6 K) w' s5 t/ x1 B : Z& t' O$ o* R6 A0 K' vThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 U" L) @+ f5 Z% y
4 o3 }+ Q) T' S9 @0 qI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# H8 z( ]% G1 q3 Y2 S
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - a! A! \* {$ T) ` & K* K0 {3 `7 n# T# ~, N/ kWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 s9 X; b$ n8 z% {, r! I: s9 x
5 k& [3 ~$ H" o G9 F5 @We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) K3 \: w4 g2 F: H4 p2 S" m; x% |5 |0 v6 W* b; v9 l/ d! e: |
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 f" D9 C; [& k" c ! E& D/ j2 v, I3 J/ \/ v" k这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 I5 t, Z) }5 I$ r* W
5 M+ r8 }) ?6 Q" [+ {& M ) S+ Z; [. ^7 O6 g8 @5 E1 p& k2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 M2 L' X* _. p/ s9 G# O7 b) j
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); _% Q# I. M" y# {* Q: U/ p+ U6 H
5 C) S& p* M+ V2 X: D: T0 pDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); [9 N0 ~& o3 U7 i. F
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" f _( y! C/ V2 R! x
) I* V2 s1 [3 f4 X8 S& ^He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); R! e+ ?1 h+ j e9 P& v3 D
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 y) m9 ^' h- w3 ?- ^ * g" v0 D5 w+ u. B3 W. a1 j: CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) R, s& D: H" \' ?3 X v7 J5 f" C* n2 z% W7 u3 i' j" t
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " j& F s+ ]- L& S. f # m0 p1 _1 n, y" v$ q4 x如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( E2 m) E: x* O# |2 L5 d7 a8 R# V- S8 N3 d$ U5 w8 c% I
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; \& J! F u# w9 g: c1 \ 7 |" i8 K8 ], T# `/ L& f9 j4 fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ _) L4 ^' S/ Y
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ t8 A" @# [4 p# @% Q# e
. B0 y7 J: V7 Q5 ~* g" _He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" }# ~8 r' l2 P- D, y3 `/ Z* \. k
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / Z4 U" [: }" Y0 O ) [( l; \5 @- FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , N' x1 i/ @9 C- Z6 `2 ~$ P5 R
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 L3 e+ j6 W) ?3 M4 g
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % R! i" T5 U9 b) Z6 q- [7 f1 ?- U) [( H% H# m- q% X
J# V: b5 D9 t) G 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. `5 Y' w* q5 t5 ~! v
6 Y( a/ J! k; T8 I) Q7 w# |( z* Z例如: 8 k( J% z7 m1 q, O/ p+ G8 [: j. ~$ G" h; ]+ b7 j5 H* J& u- m- d0 W
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) N( E& u N2 C/ p ) W1 q" c& H, D2 i* o; ZManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ k- L: ^/ Z2 _. o
- _6 C, W: U6 UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 g0 n7 e4 w; D/ D% ] % E+ U% l2 K4 I5 B7 I/ iHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): I8 `+ d: B! [/ F: X
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! m- l3 W( w+ Q' O9 s! A) ?4 I9 u9 T7 }; l3 s. F2 ?
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* v1 b- M( N& W
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ M. j8 ?5 m6 i$ u6 e5 l! W; s
5 _8 A J- m$ o% V, xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : L3 o1 n7 ^9 F, m: ?: M, d: W# U( t! h4 D) \% }
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 r3 o5 x4 v0 e# Q3 O# ^1 L i: Z8 Q; D! `
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. D8 y) V# u7 o; c! |$ _, _# A
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 Y, U6 O: Z+ e( X) J2 E
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 S/ w, n f7 @) i/ Z9 F& O4 J& G- D% i4 |' v# K, r' M- d3 U
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! B! r" s9 i- x B, Y
4 j$ f6 X# }3 L/ W0 D: h9 b对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 q0 h: O, A7 }3 i3 a
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 ~8 w3 O& i# w6 W7 [ I3 L / l0 Z* P# K% u9 ~( h& I还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 r; m- c: _1 n, U3 J, c! y/ q3 g, |: Q
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 I- n% {( T) N* U% Y