本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; S$ P C, z0 O; P& h* m; f- t0 o- Y) x! P7 ^, R 转帖 ~0 q4 ?0 l( V) g/ V" k( P. E1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 p' C" E0 m: S4 L b
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - Q! H' d- e- T) S# |- _6 d+ K, M" X
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& w, b8 ? D( a, o
6 M* Y1 ?+ t& T& O! a" }. pThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 U x$ y" W8 k, J1 C: [! ^8 d; N8 u
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); ^: g. P3 [* G/ B- k- d
0 d& x& s+ B9 U' s! oI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 x; J5 q0 j' R8 J# b r, i
- }! u! E! ~* YMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ d% m$ R+ J$ U! X$ l6 y% O O! A( x- s+ g
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 ]. C3 z1 [& b W 2 D: X# S6 t! u: N4 b" xThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* E ]1 O+ q7 O$ x% P b& p
: G" r) v* F5 \( j& R3 U' ~) J. h( `We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - C6 d7 k; ?4 l2 S3 \9 E9 f! n0 M- l3 ~- R* L; K9 v+ I5 U [
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) a2 h8 P: J/ m4 Z! l8 X a6 i9 x8 Z% \( A
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 d- y: c- [3 h9 f. P7 a, ]5 Z 3 t/ n( A2 u' [4 H- Y# u7 j2 d! u+ v, @; ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. F5 \! E+ m: u7 [; c- c
$ ]- ^5 b2 E+ \- Y0 {6 b例如: 0 C% S/ w& C7 {& D5 `3 q9 l+ K; Y0 y/ }5 F
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! D0 k% R$ A' [1 L- ]! U
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " t% q0 i: [$ o, ~" R: n0 q) r3 _- e! E
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 e# w9 W8 y" o' e4 }
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : u/ p: }9 Q* S 7 x, T7 Q# F9 u3 N# f5 jIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): X2 ~5 l1 o: [
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ E, k- R6 S, z- x' X
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 A# D+ ~( V3 U# W9 d8 o) y4 l; M: ]- ~9 {6 v. x' W5 O( V9 u
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 c6 L. J/ W8 @6 s( u 6 `* C6 R: c6 A2 n! NThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 \: z( I" n1 N) Z' x2 R" U& ]% n
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" [" ^. A5 `5 f& s6 T: e
( F9 J" E8 _6 ~5 L; D: E$ D2 uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). b& D R3 I9 H
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) P ^! Z( i( o) f- t Y; v
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 `! G! J) y( C1 y/ C1 R) V6 ]8 p% u$ r; q& a
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 H; e( f; d' b3 f) F
" |( b5 j# a* v# h6 Q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" g& J+ f; j0 N: ~8 e9 d# E7 {
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 O# a! o6 e! c/ y9 F9 y8 G$ N9 ]) y% f- T
8 K& z+ @5 Y. N& n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " @* m5 R6 v+ G f" s6 M2 A. [ r! n. h7 `: i O
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 r7 C- D; Q* Q M' w. l' c 6 T3 f. E9 _3 P \( xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 x1 K4 s* I2 y4 h4 Q ! B1 Z+ O) r# _+ dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 F; ~) z* i3 o
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- f6 a/ {2 ^! A" q5 W, W
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* g0 K9 t& j: c7 B5 Z9 y; H
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; a6 }* L D" E& z: M5 F' O8 a, j' x- V6 V
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* f3 V! _. ]7 A0 p1 G
% j. h- s. R! J: {- a( o# V( VStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ ~9 f5 ?: w# p. N; J* S# j5 { ! Y( ~% a, [1 f) w# z5 d1 [5 k$ F# K- {2 f$ a同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # q/ c/ j! V2 }1 r, K* a + T2 G9 W: u; Z! a当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* E- a8 U2 {/ b" |% u T7 e- L
; h! }- n1 P4 Y. u对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# W0 k2 ?+ w$ a( e' d I
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! N0 m9 P, q' N3 y- k1 c7 h" v$ g3 D3 C |. c
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 Z# }; ~1 b# s! M! J* x# Q' F
% e' V1 r8 o* h0 D对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # ~( o2 n! N& D/ d / r1 [1 p$ h% d! A9 {0 j至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; M( V' ?$ \# {! U+ s* s% B; E% Z F+ |. T
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" q. H7 h' Q' l( L: e$ A
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. F: T9 k. R( H3 v