; J/ t! } f) F, YMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 s X) R( E: L7 f1 P7 d( M- R
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & E' F* j- C1 y5 T4 Y* v $ ]* S3 X, Y8 zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 r" N# g* \1 s 3 R* g/ ^' r3 M1 K3 |The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ R; m) W5 J3 V0 V
6 e0 V. g2 o; ?" H& A. lI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' M5 z# d C: ?0 `$ v, Q5 N9 n! n% Y( S) n
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . ?; |( ^& e$ O& q & t) q, k. Y7 \1 G+ @2 k' lWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 |, t/ k9 |* s' F- ^
" w( ~7 w% h: i5 _* GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- L( u" R. B f) E
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): l9 q& K% X6 n, K0 ]0 ^7 G
* |8 @% i) H) f0 l" c, nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - u# s" W" \: e$ q 3 E! m: _9 w2 m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- S- {6 M! q+ j0 u6 ]+ F+ b6 {( D& l
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7 j8 [& O# e1 \* m4 a2 b5 T4 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 P$ M N3 _) J" W. V
b0 R! V; ?0 T2 ^" u" a" t例如:& _, E ~* t$ n+ D! ~* f, U7 a
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 l! {0 Z' C% H" \, r+ y; m8 K' H+ t2 J* F
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 O3 {" V0 P8 r) T; Z% k( K 4 b! X7 d F9 R" J; oI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 p* K/ s7 n8 o3 J2 N8 ~3 k # _! ^2 n s- J$ e) N. gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % c0 c4 v* _% {! M" e* I( K 8 `+ Z$ Q& B% F2 r" sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # ~9 U" N: e" U& v , U9 q4 K# b" `9 f; TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ f6 N3 u# ?2 }3 V) r
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 m) H' D- ?' t8 f% Q) Q - }6 B4 L1 Q6 ^, Y5 h) ^如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 a4 j7 @- |# x, F8 @. w+ Z$ k9 i9 Q8 r e4 `5 y2 ~# {
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& _3 C! N0 u' n( v/ h. n
; @# W; B$ m ~+ `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% I+ n) k$ L. X- b# ]
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 2 g& G) h9 R T% _3 r& a- x4 t 7 \; Y {# u0 a: m9 IHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 M2 A) d4 X6 Y6 p6 U( p" p. Y, p1 B& w$ o! Z4 K
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' c- L1 c, b C! C# I! y! F5 {- z" [1 w+ e E
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( G* n* {* Y8 I/ Q( s0 }) G8 a
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 n) K2 y# e* i6 |7 J9 x5 V( g
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) k8 j" t; B8 q1 T' F # X& w& `, A) L& } 9 P/ z! N6 o2 Y$ x. e- y6 D' o3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; _& S9 K! g! a+ S% n% ^/ t5 J! Y7 U Q" E4 A
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & R8 Y8 G) O2 J6 d0 }6 Y! j1 H2 ~" A* e
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! Q, z" s/ T }6 H7 W/ n) u3 P) g7 U0 V# Y, @5 u! L. R
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) v" ?# _8 B" r" o+ ^ W' l o8 h 7 g k( f4 Q) P* g8 H7 V4 @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& Y; }. C5 @4 p( B9 Q3 d6 i9 H
% b6 v, z+ m8 B9 q+ Z$ `Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( k" [# e- M: I4 s2 @& k+ H/ y5 b4 B( U4 V0 n1 x8 _6 a! g. t
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" a- |4 ?7 ]7 A9 e* o7 D# A! _6 ~0 K
( r# q* s) p+ b: s; V, K) BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 z7 q* h7 h1 K+ o4 M+ l! L# F: S
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ f/ N1 J. L! t: d$ @
9 T# ]! \. `! {3 q# i( Q5 j% [同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 f( U) o4 a& s+ U5 L/ W% y B
: p- y: Z8 u2 P; e# N, _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, ~* P2 K1 i$ V+ ^3 M& V: f
- m+ E& p r- \2 `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , \$ A) Y) x; h4 a+ X' M5 H) C6 k3 @$ ? ! o; G0 B/ Z8 c2 D9 Q% C7 H: h5 _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 N- N$ }+ \; D; d$ u
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& a5 P; g' h5 m/ [8 Z* C% F
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " q# L6 s; r7 D/ a6 h+ J, O4 R. X; Q8 Y _2 k1 G2 j0 j
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * ^! k1 a2 M" D% p# s' Z3 q4 m3 r2 s3 q: j/ V
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 v3 m3 C. K2 P) z5 y9 b9 I0 n) ]; {6 C4 G4 c, P8 t
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 f) R2 a: D, N8 t; C- U" E4 V