本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : U. Z2 g2 q3 i L7 ~- U1 a8 [4 [) |$ y& N0 M" I4 M 转帖) X1 J& J9 F3 n. e# F" r
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- N! e: L3 x7 q/ `, n& I( p
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & ^+ O# q, s/ E$ V1 f0 a U+ |* K+ d' n/ l$ _+ L
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . Z+ w" X: z1 C0 n& u8 ]0 r% ]& F7 Q
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , V. q2 b7 N& x8 b* A9 A" ~" H h; I+ h; W L2 \& M; \% @
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ W, c0 e Q0 _3 }
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" E! O4 h8 s# R/ k
& q! b1 q/ f/ ]. W2 AMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 V; t& \8 |3 u- U2 \: X
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 I3 u6 d7 a, W9 A1 Z; ~2 X% O5 P7 U: `/ e
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). I& j |+ j5 @2 p% p5 o
- h0 w1 ?) S% K5 J- t: _We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 Q7 P) ?( X" e9 I
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 h+ w7 i# S" Y5 E* i9 Q, O& R' u0 x' y6 P: K9 f1 l
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 t: j3 G$ C8 f9 O6 P6 A 4 ?4 d% F, l+ T6 s6 N" s/ c \! \2 M' p+ ~8 {! e. D k 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: ?: \; ~( b1 L
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) P( G7 Y4 m7 I& d) K
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 ?$ o4 z" S! a4 e
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / e* Q; @% n# p& b7 |! M5 c4 g) X& U7 |) j3 a" a" e e
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): e6 l) _; ~5 K6 l6 g+ v
2 k( u; l! z4 C" ?" ]0 \; p* n9 e8 ~In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / p, X7 Z$ g! l9 x/ T 0 q# Q0 w$ J- O: E/ o6 DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" p) d( F5 @# L: v4 {7 ^
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 F7 w4 |. {, K! r % J, N3 Y. `7 L" f如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' k4 C6 F3 O' P' T+ {+ }
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 ~# Z. A0 Y4 t( h& A ^+ A# U % C9 t* M# n$ d9 k3 m7 X7 o7 M5 ~The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 y4 L) {7 ^( M( z& e' q+ V2 i' v2 v( M& \
% F$ E, Z5 \- R# f: D/ [1 JHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 N! O$ N$ b8 S T( k1 i6 s
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % d5 }( U$ I( i6 ^8 C: F# C7 ^" {2 {6 l2 m7 p+ z3 C' u7 @
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * B$ c2 c" F8 { j( |9 w6 o2 K3 I4 S' `7 a* j
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); H1 r+ h1 }) V: M) `6 V
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 S b0 k7 D4 L9 q5 G& L3 i- A
' I% F( r) t- X0 s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& X- s, N* G# b* W0 g+ j
* J2 E2 w$ n0 W0 n% V% A0 g2 L. z; V. j- x% }' c+ K 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( P% k& i% i7 S% Z' A9 T- \4 _* y
例如: 3 i4 O4 z& e/ ?& N' E+ | ! {% E4 S( [4 ]* h1 b" RMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - ^# _7 ~: e8 B: G7 E/ A4 Y/ O2 p/ F2 o! c
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : [( ]/ w& {+ C5 ? . F/ q* `0 M, kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % D1 E# P# F, \6 s6 A& [9 i4 F! b/ K' }: z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" M; O: f( O" H$ J/ [$ r) _; H
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , t7 @7 e( n0 }& v7 J6 M# R ' I% t% {; ?+ q4 z9 x5 ePolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # d0 m% R' {. G! S* W$ y ! \( [& Z8 s; ]' H5 n- s8 SCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ p; {' j4 e- t- t0 v
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) E( `" m4 O" v5 Z