本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 M/ d( \) C+ {! D6 x, \- D; t4 v' N & E; J- d" D; b# q4 U转帖& C9 U& \7 o9 v e2 g
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % ]; l! r4 H4 t! ]; H4 M$ C' m/ r0 `8 K- t
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : d4 Z- t( ~" o2 w# B* h9 s" F( w* Q S9 V1 u- f7 U0 v! \. b: ~
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 l# @, x. c3 i# P* t2 |* e
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / j9 h! F4 g( T J& @. } ; P* n, F6 H( `) m2 C' R, fThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) j' o1 Q! J/ g8 a8 V) M0 H0 C( x/ j % Q* r7 D+ q6 GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 P- n& N0 b7 y1 d- A& i' x
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + ?7 s/ [' g8 Z 6 Z: i8 t3 s) s7 @$ ]& J" }We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 [! X% i5 ~* [! Q0 Z9 G
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * b+ T$ Y/ T+ a ]1 r# X : j7 q$ Z3 {) R4 S; MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . j- `/ {/ n* W. v- X3 R, p x/ U- H3 y0 W4 B1 EPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 Z; @6 X# a) N- n. M7 {8 [( X1 ]4 y% ^
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ G0 w, v! P! D! f + b) [7 m8 ?' W; \% L5 s) o( P: ~6 c3 r- g: \. R! k8 [8 P 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 m6 u1 E; L3 ~1 s3 _5 }5 k9 I, l9 |3 v9 G0 b" x7 K
例如:2 ~0 n, \; d: ~+ G' D8 e; ^* k# S
4 l5 m5 y5 {( U7 R; a/ oAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 S! v- R9 r. @6 }0 y' _
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! u$ D( {# }; Q! {9 D4 f- d
) m1 s( G- a+ d9 K& oI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ t7 [8 @1 ~6 \( d# L) l$ t
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , H% S! \3 ~- Q+ G: _$ [3 T. ~/ ]+ X$ N! F! Q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). K8 O& k' i0 L2 S# H2 n; p
6 @) j" T+ w+ \( I) DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- t% t6 @' ~6 a1 u! i4 W! H
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % c7 l& T' c C- s2 `% G4 z% u1 C* s/ h) s# B9 W$ K
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. H& [3 z2 F$ Z+ g! I7 g/ j6 K% V& D
( B( I1 D! V T& M: r. IThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " b6 U! |, r8 f! ^2 o 8 ]. {2 R7 v- V' d Z0 p$ CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" A, ^, s/ i1 k- x. @3 z: b
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / Y: E2 X5 a( p6 F4 M3 m* Z# M ( H+ T* b `+ n) JHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 g5 E: z% N( v
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 a) \' U- @0 @5 w) a ?( q, U1 W; Q; O$ YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 ^$ j& r+ r4 T, ` v1 Z
* Q, G) _% `8 c0 Z4 F$ E- O写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % z: j/ V7 \8 @0 V0 T; @. u' D, e( c+ G% R4 q
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( p! a3 r, M" s3 o- a$ X( e H( P. b; `0 g: R9 e
0 ~1 o3 }) i( @! [3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 s$ R ?* _5 N2 q" e+ E1 ^. f" [- P# r0 p" X3 T
例如:0 C r/ v1 Y! _% s0 v
# |( h# k/ `7 V# pMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 \7 b( j# K# p% x" b6 j; l
v3 n: G. H# Q3 B/ a! a% m1 ^Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), ~" x7 c Q' j
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' w$ B: s; c6 Z5 |' v0 G7 _6 D7 M
+ B8 {! m% G' ZHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 \% i/ h6 L: D5 d: T+ r6 K1 S7 ]' U1 V- _3 O/ M& E7 j
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' t* h5 G9 j/ o/ D1 A$ n. n& ?
; ^. Y9 [7 L! B. v; KPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) P6 n: Q# b1 V
1 U( P$ `: T* pCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 v; E: x& s, a2 V
- ?/ N. J# ~6 f ~9 }( }Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % t8 \) U7 @8 W$ z- `* o: m% L5 P' y0 C& P4 J$ [
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% \' ~3 {9 B3 B b
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" Y2 f- d' h* R2 N6 X0 J! S
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ f/ O, g0 z: z