本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ d. n. w# p/ m, A4 \4 P9 W5 u# @* E. e 转帖 D) i. v. J V, P
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( L/ D8 q; l9 G
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * L6 H( V$ L! ?# D- g* l$ L! e& `! `! A
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) i' n: t3 ?: a4 G% x3 W3 [% U$ x% R9 `
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) e: Z$ P0 _& c- q
( j) G3 C; Z+ X) dThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 }* s6 Z+ w/ S5 X 3 u( N, I7 c8 F6 k+ f( o+ rI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 [( [! |6 ?& a- P8 B- C+ a
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! P/ P+ v) g' {4 m7 m0 x- L) N. i4 b: |$ H4 v' Q: |( X/ b( }
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) R* F$ ~5 i4 n5 u: N/ Y% \& [" j
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * w& s$ S, `0 F! P! P0 I+ D g- C: p' ~0 |7 a4 F$ h, x
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " x" o. F% X9 k/ ~ $ d9 l. J: S6 t2 LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 s1 {$ g% _' p* H ' N$ p9 r4 l ^; `+ {6 d这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 B b, \1 b' j4 P0 n D3 A; F ( [' z; ^1 T7 Y9 M0 @9 T- n 1 ? K$ E) Y0 X; _) i* R. }2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * _- w; o/ [* Y4 l1 q: f4 q1 n! ?; ~) B( `- ^. Z' ~, @+ p$ Q
例如: % e% S; y. a* h8 Y 6 j, I4 a3 F! C. b SAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) x5 g" {8 C- j4 a, [ I5 }; g8 V- s4 b: D5 w7 B
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; y. M* Z3 O, ?6 ^" |! o6 Z, n2 e( D( {9 ` @% i4 S0 V6 b% U
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . y+ P% h# ^8 b) B- F/ { d e. W ' c5 w: p% {, q- b: {He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). U& m! ~: H# n" U
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ z6 g1 X9 l& q) c
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 y. |1 o; a/ O) A0 r5 C
! r* i0 w% t+ H) FI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 E @: B1 W: H3 c2 i7 ]
7 _+ X2 f/ N; W- q+ M如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; }! f* M' h7 _ + u8 E+ x+ N2 ]: K9 v- `% p- {The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). E$ q9 Y; S) q8 j2 c- W
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 C! p" ^4 u# l; ]* R# y( |( |/ A) n. o9 X
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) h9 j8 z7 c. y |) R2 Z9 f5 k, C! j2 W9 |' wHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 c, Q6 B/ s+ v, S, T ( M1 e( A! U5 r) Y$ MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% O, m% e& u6 F! t( a& v. q! @
9 g$ @0 p" g5 G7 CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); c2 H5 g2 E1 E, w
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): |# |' X4 L; _+ h' i; j5 Q
% q* L3 e7 e7 S$ J1 W. W1 m4 g+ I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " Q, A+ r+ ^, v5 g% B& [; ?/ p# x4 ]5 K( M
; K( s; m; Z) g: ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / W% _' d8 l* l( E& w# t $ k* q5 E+ I) B# [例如:9 O4 F0 k+ w1 d! B9 K1 k
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 u6 D/ F) [& B2 D( t( W; r$ j- V! G; p9 `- q2 a
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 [( J& d7 `. c X" U & Q# F3 g* S9 SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 f) ^0 [2 C5 C: I0 B) A6 O1 s. R9 G5 s- ] @
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 [/ l! A# L- J7 {. D2 c" o : b8 x, H8 @/ q: kMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' R I! `& @% b0 H8 A* v, S }2 Z3 m* R2 P5 N
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! h# o- _/ ~/ A1 O 3 z6 A4 y' e0 r' m/ ]4 XCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " D( b' ^/ B! V+ ^2 N4 P' C ; I, e6 t A4 u% |" f, nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' W4 y2 p4 q/ [2 c! I1 T0 f I9 }; |* t. G+ ~
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' k1 K! k( X3 Q* T1 T8 A. U$ i! O' K
6 Z7 W: D4 Q0 w8 z3 _3 Z8 @0 e, z) g当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 B2 \5 l6 G0 b5 a2 ]1 \ 1 t* \* F+ F2 V8 G- u! @# Z& B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 w; m5 Z' C, r0 n$ V' R+ W7 C
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 f/ v; q* l l W$ N% Z* e/ W. ~/ o0 _( n- W- N1 q/ l5 V
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % d# V2 K% ~6 E. d & V6 U. N. s0 O0 }* d4 \: O N( n对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' a) v, ?: G& T; d4 V. ~# a/ X
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 u4 m' {3 S8 @7 c& Q0 |% f2 {% p+ S: @
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' o) r+ j+ z& t- k% n8 O
4 _! }9 o3 ]' x4 T有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 x7 P/ b; W* A$ r0 |6 F