本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 j/ T5 ^! X" \8 [. g) Q0 X/ r- s" S7 m) L 转帖& @( L; k' A! Z( O) {9 e7 O$ H8 k; D
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 P/ K x0 a: D( q3 r5 T
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" v% y% I3 ?) q: _! |- v
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ v5 n6 t- q. [ G+ ?( v: a+ t0 x
) A$ i$ O) b& N. A5 v JThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" W* Y* \+ G8 m4 }
- r( H9 P- A) u4 rThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 g1 J; R0 h; d( l P. t
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) G% L: ?3 X7 ^, b0 d$ p
0 v% p+ l; l7 v: _# aMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! {# w6 }% K% K8 O% @
6 n( F P! w3 K1 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% k3 x$ g$ e7 P$ L. u* i& x7 G
7 S+ Q1 j! `6 j, I; R: v ]The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 F& o% d0 B n1 I v3 b& s2 L
" N6 D9 B9 A3 e3 }! IWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) p. E, Y4 J( O: U' \ # k) C- |# k; \; |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 J( V! d% B; }7 f' @( C& L2 d/ G4 ^/ [9 W" w4 U: D5 c
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 `0 }, A n% ]5 X9 A" j
; [/ V0 x3 Y4 R4 g+ y( D' ^" Q1 n; a4 U2 @ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 C" j9 e5 X' H2 ]: T ( M% h, b# } x- g例如:3 J! o2 l2 {6 t- G' Q% ?
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' D1 i9 {) {$ \9 u; M1 c* S$ I( R z! u. e$ ?9 J
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 G. {) ^: V1 ]! J1 s$ U! C% L. i5 g+ ?: G' n
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 m2 {5 y) V, Y; F
% m) Q7 ~0 a/ f5 QHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): h* H1 u+ C4 S) {8 f" c
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! l" u% i- u; [ U
& }+ q0 j9 p( ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 Z# }; C: s; O* Z R) C1 ]' k 0 Y V, Y' e. S$ w1 lI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 g- Q) Z4 x2 Q$ A, ^1 m! C) f8 } 7 I; x" Q7 Y4 X+ X如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) L, Q% S, k6 T) K- K - a! |) O% i% k. aThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& R* b% }0 ]1 A
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # C; Z0 c$ @) ]2 v' w$ K# P: V& ]3 [. ]- i0 e2 t+ ^
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * D5 U4 y, o1 [1 X O. e% b. ?8 t6 `6 I' a$ K& A7 Y' A
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 X! i2 E9 F) _
& k8 B5 }6 M5 Y5 v+ \We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( z( j8 r4 S4 Y. S
: U! t! s3 P. D$ H e' ~' |+ |% eEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' m. h' r' m: B
$ r% Y# A: L4 `" z' o$ S5 R写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 {) i5 F6 z( s9 s5 W4 o: y# n 4 o N# [! `+ _5 Q! h! g此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 u1 C8 F2 n i9 `4 k
6 I, b7 G* S; a" g9 ~2 s0 u. }& d+ L$ t N: F# ]" y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) t V- n5 ]+ T& x4 p
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& l2 l. F7 g; v
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( Y: W+ q$ I2 o7 _& U8 s& w7 X* q" l* z- `$ g; y% @
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 `% g1 v3 G$ {& v, c9 J) l: Q3 P/ I* u' E
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 F" `2 L6 I0 ?! L0 C $ m8 t2 i$ M o0 A s5 X; WMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 C/ S/ F! W X& ?7 u
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 p$ W( M. t# Z1 ]* i: e2 B; A2 ^2 t- X* O
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- p& n/ I, ^6 }4 `! o; M
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 H ?* d) V( r& o2 [# L : i6 N$ X3 o' {同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 o4 O7 ~7 {: E5 x& F6 M
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * S% L: i. `- S5 a% w8 f) _0 D* u2 z4 G/ C' B5 d
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 S5 |9 ~; u9 c9 n" P9 ?/ e
6 [* s4 R, G) N( m2 I对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 r. V4 V6 H. P) V/ \
4 R+ _9 Q% m( `对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ h0 n+ w9 }( f, w
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( J( a9 I' H' E: O' W% k2 D) n5 w/ Y / | T4 g! _) {2 q1 p0 C7 a/ m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) O6 v" w4 `2 r. V
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . d" {! E) ~5 A4 k( W+ c* P7 y) l
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% Y) i C, n- W& f1 l- P: h8 P' w