* { f1 U: }0 ]' D7 w1 gMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 F% ^, @2 H# c) a! B$ F, l/ K
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 C0 P5 q1 N; g2 A, k
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). ?2 v' ?# K6 J8 L4 o' Q9 U' u) H
- X1 z8 x% h& V7 D5 ]9 cThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ R$ C! a; ]0 R3 D
3 ^, z: N* @2 T, b: p% rI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; z+ I* \# @; l7 U' f' W2 v 6 H4 U4 {" B; e# GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* Q% K9 G% h3 s2 B4 r
h* |: E4 s, n$ p9 @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - _- b: k9 p: k$ E" J ' d7 s$ T# h2 B" ~ c4 M3 P0 n8 `The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 K) n4 I& U0 ?' n + I9 M; C0 S9 U2 a% tWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 [& w0 Z% M6 q* E. s+ X' u2 k$ U/ d6 f. K; r8 `/ M2 x0 }
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " u: _: i- n+ C$ b, g7 @) U( R0 g
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : P' v' @* x/ M1 C2 T) f5 s0 i% a3 r 4 H- t: d) y2 d! k% e 6 Q# X1 `2 W. G e2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% P1 r: v% h: D: C6 Q
8 u! c8 W$ T3 b& k例如:( m: o7 D4 O2 j5 m6 a# Y$ W
! C" L# q, v) A. s. @* eAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 N4 i& F8 L1 T- t# u6 X7 c ( ~1 r5 ?: j. `5 `+ [2 `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 A. }0 ?: k& F5 z4 m4 P( Q1 I+ @ f! H
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( A9 c9 `, B& T% i
* A: z* ?, {2 |+ t9 X+ D0 VHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ Y0 O, D( C5 {; ~. _
8 x" g# i: \" s5 g; AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - X% s+ Z1 F |9 ^. w9 e) E) `/ Y1 l
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 X. F A- `4 \5 p# Z+ g
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 H+ y' I2 h" v0 f/ }6 N @ 6 R8 Q1 Q' c8 i" N1 _如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 _2 ^: X! p8 k, X3 R `9 P1 s, }7 S: Q) t) i% B ?. G
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 H) @) x- Z6 C+ I; y7 ?7 d
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ V( B; v5 @1 z
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 a! r# H* c7 C5 \1 u 0 q9 Y9 Q; R# i5 {: r- h4 bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), W$ b7 |, k" S
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) p3 c( Z/ H: U: i4 [
2 G( [( h! ?, c6 o) b% l2 a% q0 o9 }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% X. f+ A# w0 K
' h u- l5 e3 [+ b/ ?写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), h& J! Q3 [+ _7 R
. _6 r7 O' {& M% N# z% a此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 r4 E7 p7 O) V) _9 ~1 ~7 D
0 K0 Q6 h9 f' @* g q; n, f2 z. v8 o) |. I 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; H8 H D% d' N7 x7 _0 j) D% C
: X4 t& I! |8 @# ]( s7 B6 |例如:% m7 A+ g! t. q5 n: N
2 h9 @. J! D' p( jMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* ?- ^( U2 D6 H1 }8 f
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 Z3 g2 L' m. B2 ]2 z5 O% p' x4 |& q8 D
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 W0 J: f2 l6 B' Q8 i4 w7 g7 W% @9 _ R. x
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( |% y9 {" @; Q9 Q, w 3 P6 _4 [5 \, o2 `5 bMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % Q0 Z f8 z X" W4 `* L ) e9 i4 V$ B Y+ d; `0 xPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ G1 r3 L$ S- Z, m$ O
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 a$ J+ V% X9 E7 o* r3 q0 X7 y, b- b
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). K+ ?( S0 w% Q n
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , O) @3 i$ ], I / ? z$ p T3 Q P* [9 S8 W当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 x' i+ i( {+ d3 D- j* N& i7 U
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ` Y, x* e, Y' {1 Y1 |
7 e) q5 b+ Y9 F2 \2 U% W+ e+ \对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; O+ m& I$ w) [1 y [( T0 X9 l! U& G+ U; Q! ~
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 i, F' Z6 j, u% [) F; m5 z
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 z5 M; H4 L" p9 P2 l
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 X% }1 x9 R- Q/ ^5 I/ b
$ m0 y; {( @& f还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 R' @, @$ L$ y! f! J) ?, e
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 C$ }9 j/ _9 Z0 _' }" L