本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / @& |. h: B; q% w. x5 } . Z a+ z- S, A0 |转帖" \2 L. X, O& D: D' E4 g* F
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . }: p' u& M. I# Z; s" M" K5 P - A. g0 Y% Q. x8 g2 V例如: 8 U7 B! u; @+ J. S: v7 I% t* h8 G4 Z: K4 Q6 m# m$ }
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " Q4 f" j. h; U; e8 _ 7 {+ X) m7 f' ?1 z! [% O2 rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" n T9 J1 |8 M* ~' |
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) q" ?) A7 X- X
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 i) z0 E" `, X& [# a2 s4 L; m& ^: ]4 k3 y
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 X1 C3 ]7 j6 `
% C% Z9 U5 b: ~' PMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' M( L' l3 w2 u% h$ O/ O ! R) s" y7 b1 A7 f; ^$ O$ tWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 q) p, a5 _$ e; Q! f5 y: l
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" G* J2 s8 `$ Z+ g
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' s% }: ?! x, C! U+ F* q7 q x1 |- y7 N. X
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 l: b0 J8 ~* a8 r9 J 1 P- S* ?8 O$ [0 S7 \9 S- y+ j% C这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ {: |- E7 h3 K 9 J- }. r) r. {7 o. }1 U- f- i8 W3 E' {# c' l+ l" c5 r T3 k 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) l" S& H6 X2 j9 e& r0 E" [+ y" { % \ ]3 M# X0 F P0 f例如: % S7 O% @8 v! N9 y! W ! N! r8 i) A' V3 h1 G$ bAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " b. i/ }+ \" m0 k) [/ p* G: a# P& \. ~' j
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) j; b/ z) n4 F7 h7 @% X9 [9 |! \
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ f0 t# }3 M' m
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' u4 L. T4 F) r# i1 U4 G# w5 ]& r0 h& w* @2 F
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 n: E8 z+ B7 Z; G, ~! l1 J, F% {6 ` x' f5 `4 k D& G
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( D7 O6 t# X2 c, n / X# S1 G. ]( GI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " T, @) o5 a3 T: h g5 }' {; C, c: M/ X" C) L8 _
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! a; G3 v0 h- F# K
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 l+ x5 r4 Z$ X2 Y8 n6 f
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 B4 ]5 L: z) _1 \5 _/ ^ . N' K4 D' W3 Y/ nHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + X N5 L7 X! P6 U, y( y' P( \2 P0 T- {$ t8 U6 P2 C% o2 L
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ q9 I9 w6 l$ O# X# x. l( H: `+ k+ x1 V3 @0 I$ i& q
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " w/ s6 X0 K* m3 U$ K8 o1 {$ }" U$ H# L! F
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 @5 z: Q" b' ~& q# Q+ S 6 x" r, x" w! b+ s% S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( U. ]0 c; f- V5 H' T6 Z/ K' f* z2 ]" h+ V# r& d0 t0 r* t
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ g* W( T2 y& w! p/ W& S* p
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( X+ b$ D* d$ _- D, a 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 `5 J3 G# M, B1 u9 J7 X 0 n: }* t$ s! k$ j- f例如:3 x( `- z5 r& y& V% ^
; p! E: S# V3 f9 [2 jMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ V9 Y+ o% D# `' f) y# H2 f
3 \! N, [. k& m, ZManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" U* t- K% R1 z/ `3 h$ p
0 e& A% K( G6 wThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 F1 ^* e, V. O' U
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " |+ G9 p7 `" W5 n; D/ g' E0 r ` E
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / \- a8 r0 `3 Y2 v5 `: g9 ?( D1 K& s& C$ w: H* \) W1 c' e
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' N1 ]9 Q8 w5 e6 k- A
1 W) ~/ X& v7 b gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 n( t* b+ c5 u# y/ ]: [
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& X$ {3 z: l2 j- W
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % S4 W7 y' v4 N + N7 g, q- x. h% C# ^# _( _' z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# c2 E% {& \ g- A+ R
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , }3 a9 S) K" I: }8 ]+ ?; U9 Q& R1 L* f
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % b' x0 z0 g) C0 j- i, h2 d5 Y* X0 O9 {; G
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 d4 A% g8 M1 O$ n+ S/ _
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , a4 w9 B/ c. ~0 A8 q0 C) w' `# ? # m. H( c4 H6 U+ R6 V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( _- L4 G" I/ j+ A8 y d8 _8 F& u- S- N/ Z! \8 b0 B/ f# V8 ^
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 o' m/ w0 ?6 r+ T
# Q8 z, e; l; T3 r6 ^+ K+ `/ J有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# I$ I% ?( K2 t7 F