本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; `+ e; g) ? v1 n- o2 P5 W% s
8 g" \' O9 t. B- P/ J' P& S$ L转帖 ! v. H. O3 F- t! j; ~& V1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ T8 O1 _1 q' a7 S q! D) E
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0 S2 g0 @- @5 q% ^) M1 Y8 x" rMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % j' J+ T* T9 Q d& ?3 W , V4 h& W4 D6 B6 z. B( ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' {% @) j0 J6 |# X' ~/ |, U
k8 _5 x# v+ R( Z* AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 R# {! T7 R ^6 N ' S5 t% t- g: `$ j8 V% k8 sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ [6 X1 J8 ]- r
# Y4 v/ m! r; A5 L7 JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 ?5 `5 f7 J* P# Q5 }' H5 }; S
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! ?: O) }& j9 l0 }5 U7 B5 C& J * h' @1 X1 I, V( _# bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 L" T7 c0 M+ P+ _! q) `* |$ \' q
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 _- S5 |4 D O: M$ t) N/ I7 M * s, w: b8 p* A) l% O, w, E/ zWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) @$ F" V; e+ @5 J0 c' G
' L) E& h. ]( ^, o* ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; y. T9 d/ ]3 c& s2 ? H2 K ; G" `- |9 A0 q7 _5 _5 v这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) z$ W, f* ^( ?/ Q% @* c5 O+ c & L, p1 u$ I! r, G/ @, E+ D 6 P9 m1 s7 X! _" t! m1 e7 v: O& ~2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. C8 r; s, p7 b- X8 e* J
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9 X q: K8 X/ j3 g) QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% u% y( Y9 s$ ^3 K. d% {+ s
- I F6 x. |( w( p T7 ]; CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . l2 D( g% Z9 @ 0 f( n' G$ q* ]& qI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- {! f, l6 s* i+ p; m$ N; y
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 y6 V$ G6 f1 J
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" C+ t0 [' t% e" U
1 A' `% J# I h/ F8 W1 JShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 ]3 m6 ^+ w2 Z. K * e1 |2 G8 O3 F( l! ZI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 `6 X/ `# X; e 2 P0 o3 H) w+ }& i1 O Q9 M如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 G0 w: |9 s. W/ f, b9 @* y
* e8 U+ K+ y6 x9 V; E3 @The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 X& n+ i3 I' K
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& e' _4 I1 Y1 g, R0 K8 h4 j( p1 W
( R$ x# X* \! k) s7 EHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , ^% V0 @6 \5 L8 ^/ D , i' D( d; W, B. E3 ^He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( M6 Z; P/ {4 M5 X: R. Z* v
$ g. S7 M( x; @, b2 rWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . E9 e& D. r" X/ F* ` . Y9 J; c; K9 M8 a/ cEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 ^& P) n& |; Z1 M- x) F! g% @, S6 [3 [
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" X; ]% q5 D$ f
, U* ^- z+ q( G此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 @7 R% P4 L& X% q3 {8 Y a$ _+ o" S' S. B( U
0 u3 d* ~/ t! W3 v7 q+ K3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # b1 T/ O) t% o. n: i! a ; V4 M! x0 x6 l* x例如: ; w! r& a2 P& c! Q1 G * k+ r; a; a+ g' K$ oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 Z+ k" C0 Z( y. U( F% e3 D) @. F2 Z, o: c- D
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! T6 h% w& H8 n; V+ ]& \1 k4 F7 V" ^& G2 M, @/ p% L% H6 Q6 i
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' Q2 j% f5 q2 J
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % F0 `2 I9 O9 A/ N% ^) f! `$ K ' t7 {/ T1 C% C( j3 x/ UMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# ~$ K w2 k# X' L4 ?$ t2 U ?
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) v# J8 V+ i2 d1 j) i2 |& y2 r 1 ^* L7 u8 n2 Y+ |' ZCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & m- _0 F5 h3 j8 w 4 K, g, l0 R1 }1 UStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ z8 n0 B8 I- F2 ^6 d5 d, U. g3 n0 c
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! Q* A9 c0 j+ K& j, m8 G* n. S* i2 ?8 Z: d
/ i9 U# n I/ l1 Y6 G当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . t3 ]: l) o! \" U! l6 t2 P `8 W& y, z% Y& R' R
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 ` Z3 Z, `+ p& s* f
! t- l$ j. n% H) f对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + [3 r( w5 a& v4 n , [8 g8 X1 g- _至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & S ^8 s' o( y: X% o3 @9 Q& Q & |; e% u7 R$ Z' x8 d还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. S p" u, y( W, G6 J
6 Q- ^& Y3 [" W/ y. O有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 G9 N1 l0 E* F5 o4 Z