本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 l) M) z$ Z6 l* R
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! P" m. Z# S8 h4 @7 ^: O( n
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ z) V6 M! ~1 `0 K2 ?$ {' N 6 V( ?/ L2 |, a8 _" Q/ b, f( NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) J+ g/ o3 X! g1 I' \: {3 r2 x% _( M& t9 Q+ ?4 c( B$ P- N
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 a) g; w% Z6 a/ L9 F' J
N% `2 d! L! h& n( ~. uThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 C# F3 B7 t* @) f9 O/ O6 q% Y4 @9 _* M# h% ~/ N
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 e9 C7 Y1 k2 d) S& X3 f 0 f% U# T% ~! V0 m SMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* |% o% q+ e- e8 R* p. w
' P% W! y+ h+ G1 n2 C6 [We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , P; r6 F; M- Z5 Z P0 W+ Q: F3 p8 s* r) f
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! E& w" \! U, y 2 K9 n; V! j; k. e" d sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # X D/ ]( ]/ F5 }( |4 F1 k& g: c7 w% K
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 z% N. ]8 t) w1 Z0 p% {# x 4 }: ~/ y5 v, d这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 {" A0 {$ y7 y( C8 X
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; \7 A$ M0 a( R: l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 L! q# w# w p; I% T3 @" M0 S' U+ l4 s + j1 v3 e4 o: ~' \; u* C5 y" D例如: $ Y: y/ q+ Y4 w# v1 M# I , ]# o3 x b8 j! s% b- w3 J0 _At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ S- R4 u: q, S/ ?% s
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 O% M0 {! n" V% Y; `: g8 s; h: u6 J7 ?1 |
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) p9 H$ \ O. s# k/ a5 x$ P
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ t: n1 W, h, t* o2 B, _
2 \6 M' B. W; UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) e% M9 L* P# E, E; j
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . t& W* Q' u8 n2 I4 { 2 J/ G7 k/ [7 i, B7 G$ P. GI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); b. g, D \& D
: c! i. S. f: G! Z, w' e ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 e0 C8 a' P' d( h / A: } t0 c: H8 U7 K& [The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & H( z2 s- C7 `, z3 e8 B- o3 k" W
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 p; b) h: d* W; I! Q2 a: f P% C
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ F: C, n& j0 J& y; Z- G
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% f7 ?) ^( Z. t ^ C
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ T7 k7 p, S: I, x9 B
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% T" ?0 {; f$ U2 q! G
0 ^4 G+ `* ?$ S% L0 ?写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 i" g: Y+ Z" F: ]' y7 L5 q i. V$ z- \% T% @$ g1 n4 u3 ]8 {) }$ l
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) M5 }2 g& n% G5 S/ ]5 y% @% u) X, ]5 }# \2 i" o# x
9 O# H! ^& \% m' D% c' f* A例如: / E! B3 W+ G5 `4 [) W1 D: ] 3 ]$ Q+ z1 r# |; t4 A, kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) a- ~, G. G& l# } 0 k8 V: H* p& J2 `" E7 bManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! m$ h' P- `% C
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 f% Z2 q# Z) t, F. ~) m7 {6 G2 b6 z4 c4 p
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 `/ U( @: Z; ^- a6 l4 O8 x" q7 ~- V( k$ R& n5 n
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 z4 r# h; a9 P
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 s% Z. ]5 s! S8 U1 P; c& E
$ M' D* }' l/ X b) S. g$ ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); V% ^# r( g" `% E X! |! a7 X- K
7 o6 s* D: m1 H. @Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ K# \% n/ M) V* \8 ^% _7 l / X$ x' I2 s; V8 H+ R/ q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 U* _8 u$ |' l ; |& T, m+ i1 {当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:2 `* v7 e, F% B" \- R1 H: g" s
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 m1 {! `2 w# s# G( G: z7 m1 V, s0 L
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; Z: s, S! Q3 s! s9 j9 A
& }" _0 B+ B8 u8 y# P+ y, ?0 d1 f0 n对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 Q; ~3 | u1 g/ ?9 Q; _" S9 X }2 X3 v) c- B! @9 U c5 O8 h6 g
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 C) }; U9 v$ z8 L7 }" Z, K. ?; G( m& i4 N" I
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& e/ D N. j7 p% l! ^$ i, I8 ^0 b% u1 N
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! a# }' P' y3 D8 O( v2 @ D
" f$ |, q/ J* q! b! |有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 l" x1 ]# I8 r0 c" v