本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; v! ^0 F" }7 j \" g% G4 Q& O8 w& f/ Z, f2 _0 k 转帖8 K5 H5 c4 [5 i _! C
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 F& m9 s# [& K7 n4 A5 Z B1 C) B
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! f* @6 {/ O, h' c. J. k5 DMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). r% U+ O- s/ b1 G+ a. t6 h6 a$ N
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), r0 f0 u9 V9 B. r. f. y8 m% m. l
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - D, \3 ]. I+ {7 Z' k! t* O: X: n7 K- h
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 f4 c" A J, ^1 \
1 ?8 ?- r2 a/ _0 ~( _I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! O1 H' |+ l* ~! P
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 p: l& s' W R O' a4 s- @1 I0 f+ E9 b( C1 F( q0 `
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 h+ h( C/ w7 k- j" e5 L0 c 6 N2 h& r+ m4 A+ b+ T6 LThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # X4 ~4 y# |& g: _( @/ k 1 T' t: K/ U3 A; z9 a# MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# G2 S( O+ N- G) j F' j
2 w/ h( `( y% HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # ~$ }0 O4 D% Z+ X& @) |" ~ r( R9 u0 i+ u. |: q. ]2 p
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 f) \6 U& {# J' l+ b& j7 P' d
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' M$ n4 L/ U# X A0 x: q% K% Q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' |0 L- l4 f/ l. [6 T: ~/ S% o& J7 M5 k/ x
例如: 4 S( Y3 {" D/ r+ M5 u5 n 0 L4 b5 p5 Q9 YAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" ?8 ~' L6 q$ p0 ^- H" ?
3 [: n* X( l; y! d: wDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# V7 ^7 {. T9 I( c5 k; j
2 v* y, _5 z4 z: z& N4 DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * ^$ S: l; H' R4 m4 G* R . T" ^4 Q4 F" t" zHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ U. j) B! D; z H6 l' B) y! q( ~
8 @) M) ^5 u0 V9 K% w! o$ IIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 o2 Z0 a" {) s! T+ {8 x + ~8 H" a1 a' [ U" V' n" ^0 mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 I H; X1 V' o7 Y& n8 ^ 7 q; C: r/ L& [; F' Z$ Q, }; gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ ?' a( h) R6 z1 F3 O
v- Q, S2 z6 U" ?* {! p* K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 M. q- B2 _3 r) m
4 s) L Q I, qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) M D/ V/ s3 U1 a$ \7 V; c/ k
1 k9 ] Z1 H2 v& T2 E( B" KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& u, y h- }. k0 _3 k
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 k' i+ |1 Q0 |8 X6 k) V% _8 N" }' n; `7 n
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % Z8 f# S6 n+ a! J% } / N- u5 e; X( k' RWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : ?' u; F. n* g8 K1 E: S ; V' T4 t q$ _2 V3 t+ n' FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 k' s) P6 W \1 h$ ~
" u, m6 {: o: X4 l- ]写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " |! ~8 \$ N9 t! L* m3 S! Q 5 j4 e$ o5 i" ^6 C* y4 @* @此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# Z" X9 ~5 h2 e5 K( O
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, T4 l# I0 {1 i 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; |3 B4 H1 r9 t: z9 l( U2 R! h+ k! Y) R: E; o- p$ U& v
例如: 9 O9 @; p, n- N+ V" \ _& H4 v! Z5 n0 V, e3 y3 H! V5 t$ `
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ }3 q d9 b, I" S) O( z
" `$ ~9 x9 }4 k0 _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 q; S0 B/ G" w0 P- K 6 [* z+ c* `& D6 x$ `1 H4 g- dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + k, C6 e+ I# D E! U8 ^7 A4 ?7 ~5 V
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ Q( k1 y' Z( L
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( V/ S) q: h0 B2 Y. X
* U- L* h& B( S5 r; F# y3 f/ O7 [Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 S( f( F- k. t' \2 F. z) \7 o. p8 q7 d
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 a! \7 n4 v8 ?3 z/ X& D. u9 v7 e8 G" Z9 B( l
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' q% S3 G# A" E- ]7 x( T, T
& j1 p0 Z7 Z9 a- C! ]1 K" j同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 M/ [5 E, U) P+ v
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; l3 ]) `7 i: V8 N; F7 ^) ?( R 3 i; p2 y+ a: j5 s, ]2 X& ^对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: o/ w* T+ ^9 s' u5 G
& [4 s! X1 ^! `- H* z: i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 x" _7 R3 H! b, F: l7 y 7 t* x1 ]0 `% P' x; ~/ W2 ^- f对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' E G/ `- `' T1 I. @' @1 ~0 z6 _ h3 F+ K6 r9 y
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 O; X: E/ L2 r) {2 C# \7 e$ t$ L: p9 Y! l% d# y6 H
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % [# P$ ^! L( | & `* I7 s. X& f还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! |- @9 d, _: {$ f' O& u
" i; @# S7 J5 W) B! Q6 [1 w+ G. O3 h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( z1 e! l) o' T+ i& E$ R