本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & P$ n/ d/ j- X& l( I' [' w9 v+ d
$ x1 y4 M: w; Z W" i转帖 8 `. g0 E7 ^' Y+ ~; g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ | U6 j% M a
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+ L5 v: T# ^. k1 k% M& e- oMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 I* T, _% ^7 J0 F- M) z+ Z9 }( R 9 _* M1 I* O8 KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ~( ^8 Q( P- y" X
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) h3 c# b5 z4 ~9 `& f( |, I8 K1 j/ H/ Y# Z) d4 e
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 Y# L8 Z+ G" Z& h1 C7 S; R
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 |; V- p7 S$ u, F/ z0 S; n) L% z C7 H' b) _7 n: u
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " z/ c+ q- G% S# X- |2 E @# M7 V6 M/ L4 c& A) R
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! I, ~& s) K/ ^9 b: k0 [ - z( \: n; r3 Y$ f! sThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 o. |0 U9 C+ W' u- c5 J- ?2 t, S* o1 K4 B6 w
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 `+ Z* j* W8 K& V$ T! R/ `
- T0 R6 A5 o( W" S) C" jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , u: ^ p* p# @' S $ }5 s+ t; O: z9 A/ }这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 r/ {0 P1 Z# `
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7 F- G9 i6 S( X. X! ` 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + s6 f$ J v9 N . X7 l& E" h$ E; Z0 f! S7 ~+ B例如:/ Y8 G% u: L5 n, E
* D# u( E- e6 O7 ^( n% H$ YAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 D; L% J% _$ ?5 v! Y. d6 a
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 d5 t0 J4 k9 b& P( r8 a
) Y0 ?: G2 l" w& TI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 }" y( U! w2 b% | }( z' i" _6 n( o7 z! c% L, ?0 I
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 M" K6 I. z- f$ l7 Q7 g1 ` ; {9 {' F/ g$ {1 t, {" D) `% ]1 rIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 I% y# M ~/ R4 c& X. o8 w
* u1 P3 P: V7 P" m8 c lShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& J: H) |' i c- W8 z! {
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - J4 C+ f7 D1 e. m8 \ 5 Z6 D9 x) {$ L. d- ]- b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ M- w# L5 C: T
: A9 \7 f% j: @+ `) M: K, AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - }$ T5 o8 g7 P( S5 | A. _, }1 S8 w, `( {
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 e) `! H, S' X" \8 X* C( P7 u
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 r* }, }6 v D- x
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& _8 z8 r! N; S1 n$ T
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * I' T8 C4 F/ z" k* }! w5 W, m& w* ?1 T: i( P4 c, A' M6 d: w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 f6 k: Z, E J7 w" b6 Y
, @ y0 A% j9 i/ R: H( L6 c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # d4 B* n; c. @5 z7 c. J# W% k! i# d( K$ ^+ {7 n/ `! d) d: O
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' c, y9 t& c8 f& f9 T3 s& c/ X
1 U! D6 K, m2 q/ z. g. ~6 g5 m3 p7 r7 N0 l+ @7 z8 f) { 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 M# ^& i7 u. O, Y* i( h8 R/ v3 S
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& |4 N; ^: `) m
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( f+ O; ]7 P2 m2 J' X 1 p" R. f& U1 ]) h: E7 XThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 M3 W3 x9 e$ S6 i3 I$ n! x
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! @: Z' n; C5 C! b& q: @" S# A4 P' e a* b
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 }5 H2 f6 R# X: C( ?* J8 |2 f* P. ?% q0 k0 y8 y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" v" B0 @$ X, M* Z) V7 O
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! }9 S7 I6 E1 N: y" _- C , }2 C# G4 a' v9 N8 E4 bStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) U, }7 l* b8 @! {* F. P" D; A$ B
4 S3 Q, G% q* D5 p" _& G8 F b O, W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( v0 U2 ~* _& I1 P- F
, b2 J" S) w6 c( s当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, H: M& T; O1 J5 }" L