* ~, |# X+ p% M$ b' zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- `% K* e4 M: S
6 t( x# \: \1 {: \0 R. xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* j6 c. Z- W4 J
+ b2 r$ |& a3 pThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! p6 g+ z2 b4 t* l( u" r% M1 Z- p; T4 x8 h6 e' M! K( y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 c% r& p2 _0 [( N. j. a" `
" S7 M: g1 a' ^% i2 {; b# |I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( s% W& O. r& q/ K
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% }0 N* }& j9 l g5 T, `
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); W3 w4 u- t8 @/ Z+ f
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" J$ {! y6 Y. w+ N2 ~! e5 G
d% M. l% r8 G- ~We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) W: q S( R$ d
: z) h9 h( S! K4 B# s# K1 GPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " _3 A, ]7 K* ?0 s2 L3 ?3 O, g( |2 \+ D Z
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( }; |" g* h w. f. n
* a/ g% a/ Q% u; \3 M# p例如: ' b, G/ Q% _ K4 E9 N* n7 n 3 p' @1 l, V: y: T4 f" B' F9 NAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # n2 Y- |+ X2 | , [" _4 q' l' J. f# T- D. MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ v8 N# u) [8 j" A2 E
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / C) S7 F5 b- y7 S / |- t9 s: ~& tHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) D$ v& B; O' ^( V. F, R
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * N* X6 N6 P, b7 }. }: `& X! _$ y! ~
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 e, k+ q6 D' X+ \! S! o2 P
! g$ ?3 S1 w9 ~1 JI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 n+ i* i* C. G7 d3 d2 u6 ~
6 G1 x6 u5 r' N/ t' [# r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 t. v& U, R+ c/ E% W7 u# ]( k }' d: L
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! ?$ [! y4 W- \+ Z0 K) j* R( m- A) q- K" Y, l
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# u+ \! w _- N4 v) q5 w
) k# _- s7 p/ cHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . A& [ P$ F* K" ^ \0 R- b: e' D, D& D: |! J1 @; F5 y
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). |+ B( N- t5 }5 K8 C6 \3 K9 Y* F
; ^2 Y1 f e7 u# l9 xWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & |( U# r) `: p2 e# M ! n/ r4 x8 i$ H! rEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 w0 E- Y A4 q2 _ Z6 d+ S0 [" a - j* t/ P7 _/ c$ ?写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 _+ H# m3 W& N. [1 s4 p* O
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # X: z7 Q) [: n4 P H5 p! x) b2 h6 m: p6 U9 I5 f/ K1 C
: J" U7 |( h) B2 @' s1 k/ X' y9 S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 G! v6 ]! |- G( ~9 E
! P/ h& j% |6 I& k$ T) V/ q3 b例如: , \5 i. U( J2 g3 Y# c9 x( N 3 E5 s8 \, Q9 V1 v% J# ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ k9 w$ D7 W, O$ A( Q + O2 V2 q5 h' f! p" nManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " Q5 f& e0 u# u* P* ?: ?0 Z% w# c2 {8 ?6 s4 M" h. v$ o
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); T2 A9 U7 Y: K' @
1 l) z5 \5 B/ V4 K. N+ z$ uHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( s! \4 j6 P3 N: x0 {3 U
# K2 y7 |0 _, W- ~- m& T; _Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 Y2 d6 F4 H9 j! w: y. h( S. ^' s1 o' B# {
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! m7 W1 v, i) `2 p6 m
8 ]5 a$ L6 R8 H8 qCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : f; P* @0 i- t! f! H2 B+ H) _0 O3 K. M/ d$ ?8 N; C# a" M
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & x2 H* C4 \: U5 R" T( P& D) y0 D6 `! @* e8 p1 g# D" M
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + h% G. _9 Y+ b8 Q & B2 l, B/ H( {' x7 C当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:$ z1 }, W7 a q& z. u6 j; \/ F* K
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 j5 N+ q3 e$ b& f
7 C( e' c8 b8 S对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' @- \9 I1 t; `7 p0 p 1 P% }2 D: v) ~/ D# N, J对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 H+ H% \, ^6 }! n8 j& K
) p! o$ A1 }5 @3 N. q r, l, @+ b5 I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 R0 S$ N) i' {" V; V ) G; C s: _; i* W" z) I6 s至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; W) L/ V1 n5 Z& A+ u, W" m+ U" T! q' f( Z, f' F
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & J# M2 K1 A t* f2 }) m+ A 0 n5 w5 u' p1 `5 V5 |有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) Q( f/ m9 S/ Y+ `' A# U- `