本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 D0 r$ m | h& w / a, s2 q: X" x7 N& L( }8 x& t转帖6 U9 ?( m' J5 |0 Y% M
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 S! v0 D" f/ t, [2 [9 _9 C* d! G 3 \- A2 v8 v$ @1 M5 [例如: 8 m& G. Q" w/ |1 K$ X' A. G5 V # }, J8 b2 ?4 m( a1 bMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ^! x3 m/ r; O% Q% b$ O
3 p2 [* j" K; s Z5 [, a1 f" YThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' g* C9 N' } a% F% ] P9 ~8 `9 R1 [7 L% I1 ], Y
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 @: g7 I5 j* e1 }; L1 M( M9 J( u3 x
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): F; O" U/ u# m8 o
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 t0 c a3 s7 ?% O; L# O1 X
* S* _; A) p( ?* l# J; u# RMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) W' |) v' N' {. w " _, Y( h8 q4 b2 a$ _2 gWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & g# }" c; W# Q9 C/ P! C: r& ?" x' V' q* A0 k7 M% j# z
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # j) W# y: C6 B 8 @! W4 @2 M5 X+ Y& i' t YWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! p. y/ z% U/ q) {# i% w# p
@; i! {: ^# f$ z5 t9 B% {$ nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' l' B e: X+ ~0 |" i/ v+ l& U, Y- u' k
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 n, V( b1 s/ W, w9 S# _# m
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/ G0 A+ g& _! M" q1 l0 y! t3 V2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * W% |+ Y. d, d( f7 ?4 T; c1 N5 v
例如:4 s- C0 p" Q7 {' Z; g
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ w `) W; Z6 j- z- V
8 w1 u; N( x+ M/ h( M3 B8 WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 u6 Z. T0 J. Z6 c; B& J
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 E- [2 m' U. Q. ^0 f 2 F- _+ p& M' K! |5 M+ UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , j; r* y! b% S: |( H: [" Y! a/ D0 c
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) D! f5 `& k4 B, V
, D6 @! b% U; q+ C1 P% S7 fShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ o9 u. f, I: ~* A % ^$ p9 R/ O2 F1 mI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ I: u6 t( }5 W" C0 a
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 H# l$ t7 ~- t4 i
6 C" `! N. Y% s/ xThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + W4 J2 F, a2 \( x( [$ l- `- a % I; o5 |$ V2 I* N/ xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) _: x( w5 ?0 u& b+ c
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 F+ k& `1 }! e4 U2 l5 G1 G) t, J8 j( G5 z( n7 f+ u! Q4 {
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 o+ p( d; e5 V1 b) ?/ c- d2 Y2 E 6 @/ x& p! T# |. lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& W1 t8 n! ^- ~- [; `, h- Z, H
" G4 i- O- f+ V |Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ! o0 `: K# H8 @3 d' x 8 i: l5 u- P! R% v% Z0 ?& | S6 h8 z4 Z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 [, q# L: q5 p) T! }1 d
- {. q9 |' l' _; J2 Z! ]此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; r6 c, \ x8 O2 F% L4 d
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2 y; F/ S% h- M1 x; m8 O- B4 p8 N0 k- y+ D 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & y+ R( P2 ~0 T5 Z2 |& K6 n2 H; `% ?: ^3 k
例如: % n7 D* Q4 B0 u0 e3 v8 L. F' I6 G3 p! }! x) G9 ^) r
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 U$ t }6 c* P( R U
; S+ R1 G& T5 d: d! kManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 n. z0 y2 U$ V' n+ s7 [& O& z* X9 g2 m) {7 T
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 n$ q0 Q( R5 c2 |# X" |, u8 ?# O& u. c/ t
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 }; I6 Z( H$ S$ r; Y
. A0 y% V' o$ Z2 A$ z' K$ S, U! \Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ ~) |3 F# ^" ]" y
$ n4 S' r+ j1 k! vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( p- N$ `/ l6 n/ r4 m2 J8 s) G ! T$ n3 U, A7 ^Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 K; K, c' u u4 \- i! @/ K8 X. E3 N- `+ N& f
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / W7 y1 A5 ~3 Y & }! T/ B' [4 t/ l( S9 I6 A/ o1 K& x同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 f, A9 O. }% a3 O; q3 K6 G( i* N- w3 Q
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 Z2 m& D& G9 Y" Q* \) c* a1 N" k6 J
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 L# s8 E5 R& h* N
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# b" R* [+ `* p3 y: Q
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 k8 W2 E' C! D* ` ' B' y. U! r2 C ^* Q5 z7 X对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 h& c7 W \4 ?3 `* g- E . y# p+ M' F/ ~1 V0 ~至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) B. d. G2 Q! l3 K
; o: n G3 S3 y5 K还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # N# @; W$ r6 R 8 q" i: |7 c- P) Y3 q' [! a有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' `( g+ J5 Y4 x$ f% ^# s, Y% l