本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , M# s' z2 `# Y6 @0 U* a* f " C6 j) ]2 h3 z& b转帖 3 g( u; V' q7 P6 e+ A8 E1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 F* h, \4 a; {" H+ k% t+ }2 C" P' H% \- O: M5 [
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 q7 T9 Q+ @% S
) y1 k1 v6 [2 w7 mThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 B+ n: x" @6 J# N$ U2 F9 B
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % n2 l5 P5 R: }' C' f6 B7 @ . P6 o/ D6 [3 j4 k3 ~The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / N- r/ s! O( T [8 n7 d ( X$ T7 z B+ pI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# r/ m! y3 D3 w- }
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 \) e( h0 {+ U5 }4 D% n0 E# ?! ~6 @* L, ~2 V7 y* G# N$ x
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! I- P3 g1 L1 {' ~7 T
* _% u$ Y7 ?: a( i* c7 [, \5 P, _The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " v2 ] P% d, P: z9 ?0 u" h' V0 W; Z$ y: Z. L! g9 Y9 D" m+ I! d
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- d# p; O4 Y/ M7 B9 m# t9 q+ o$ u
# v6 Z- d2 P& h$ \. c0 MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! m. n4 b, B% G6 L% F9 X- m
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& G: v$ K7 u+ }2 _
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- b+ a$ H1 A, B; R- f* F9 }8 w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 j4 D$ `$ }2 y) c/ g D- K$ r3 `& I- `) T; \/ q
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) _% |* [$ _3 L1 g8 h4 l8 M
4 P$ B& Y/ c) d% f6 HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " z8 A+ Q/ h. w8 _! c- K) O 8 ?. b# c' B, O( V5 s$ q" L2 u0 eI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 j/ S" y- m% ^) H0 I+ `* p9 l% l3 U& @
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) Z9 s3 \9 x$ q5 A8 v) K) T2 T/ [* O* k$ G( w0 q7 P
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 k( L9 a d9 m: o2 j4 F/ t 9 O1 |3 {4 r* l4 v* aShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% Q$ T/ z3 D0 @7 M6 y J
; {3 O" A" g, J+ }6 `3 n3 Z5 QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* H" r) s. B* f, X+ Z0 l- b6 ?7 j) v
4 ~# i2 B+ |$ z9 ?+ X如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! o7 T: ~* i3 @# X" {- ~8 b) y% D1 F+ a& _% t
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) b$ o! i: ^# r# [' R4 O f
) d2 a) y3 T+ d. q1 r. m3 k e8 p8 eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 `+ t z" o' I! e! \1 n& r4 S& J' z2 |/ _5 C4 \; D z
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! D; D0 s; b; I3 ~6 w. [, I7 x- k) r
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 e: T) Z, x) b. C! j% J# H5 x - m: U6 T6 A2 L) E: k) |5 JWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 Q6 {* K! `4 l2 M
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); G( M/ a2 |" C! y5 v
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* s% E( h& G. E* ?, S$ ]
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# O8 u" j$ c0 B1 w: v z0 k
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# g; b6 ]" s `) v0 J3 V 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 O7 J9 F& y6 U
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ H: B1 ]8 V- b- v3 D
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 b* W' D- m. C+ \
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 R/ s5 n) m- l" @- K$ d y
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 A. S5 j7 b0 X+ ~9 N# J3 E- g# C" q0 R8 J* [
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! A4 ^ [8 E0 i: J% A) Q- b: [6 ]
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# f6 b; V" ~6 Y" I1 R; P
2 U! }0 J$ H- C/ Q3 e# ECongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 q2 I: s- X& @. X0 j2 N7 P0 B: u! ^2 m" e! A8 Z" B
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 K8 d4 l' a6 \0 d+ j" L3 O2 k" L2 [
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- z: [% _/ [( W/ \
, \' A; E T- k3 r当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 M- x6 h0 U% D: r , X! h5 H7 ]. |( V6 ^8 w. I( v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + O, b! T/ {& J5 c' N. }6 s& |1 q: v* ]/ f3 J0 b# E
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 t/ d& E2 t) D8 M5 p! l0 m# a' T' d/ K, _% |& P) O4 I S
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # v# c; W& J) |' o9 I3 |2 K, l 0 P( Z2 S/ |0 M: B4 M$ L对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 x/ I& |4 f4 v * \5 t% i5 ^7 t9 d至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' i, I, Q. I+ g( A* G; }) V
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . _* v# C" u; m4 @$ O, i2 A# @, m7 n; X$ E1 o2 E6 o5 c1 ?# s
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 z1 x" v$ |6 r+ M6 F