本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - u2 q' z6 l0 s' W7 Q' l6 Y. h) B2 S; z+ z 转帖) l% u1 T6 R5 h9 s/ Z
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 v3 V# b0 C6 {4 t% F" Y) u) U7 q
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例如:: |. P4 i3 h& T6 j/ ?$ \0 }2 Q/ y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% J5 W6 |* H, _* ]$ }1 K8 m
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" X; X+ o7 c0 X+ U
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 V9 k4 l; o3 O" g
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), Z% y( X+ h7 C: u
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : L0 d+ k' I7 b m0 U6 z9 ^ ) j: N# H. P4 A! u1 I; A+ _Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / k6 `# R9 g" ?- o/ B4 t0 N9 Q7 D8 ?
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) b4 [/ Y3 }, @& B 1 W, j# s. |/ m0 F0 A: ^The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 x1 m7 k; x8 F- T! o& t6 r8 J! y% Q/ q; a+ P" Q+ ?
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ D! L0 Q+ J' b0 r5 H' F' s
' x5 @" G2 `8 @3 I1 B) s: kPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& U, I7 L h- f3 A; O$ ?
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / J9 d7 X. R- W& e* e 4 C# C- c% Q. ?, z/ ]) J+ |0 {7 _8 ^1 O 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ C" l/ ?" L' S- I( K
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例如: 6 D: y0 T0 { ]! \$ F+ [ p: p4 U0 s( \2 c9 L- o5 P" c/ t" B/ K
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ M1 _. b. `! b
& ~- g/ T* K( m9 u( s, b9 y* {5 a9 rDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / |& R+ U* d7 `$ S' A _" u ) R) P H3 r$ N! @I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 V" q. x3 g& j3 J. f' t7 w$ c! u9 P+ L! X+ V" C
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + x& b1 }8 S# z: J8 L, G* z) Z6 h5 @* u7 _4 c2 P6 l9 K/ ]
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 V6 M5 K+ o6 M+ R' ]5 p; K( M B
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 e7 X+ w- m* y/ U0 @( X 3 d! ]/ z: m; q+ b. AI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* w5 p3 |) l" p2 y& T3 X
8 }( g+ O1 L7 f( v0 ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' N- C \, \" m5 x \, K+ {! i
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 {: b0 _8 b0 t' u& n# j+ I1 ?* F# ]& z7 H, n
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) w6 k) y& ?5 A3 J+ S
) a H1 `: F" p( gHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 B1 \1 s2 H, T; f: F' _# n" O5 L- q$ Z+ p9 p+ p
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 H: \+ F1 b: b. G6 H& w7 J! t( @( h
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 S- i" c" ~, T 7 S _( l1 `+ A8 a; NEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # T1 R, n, k1 G! i% Q( ]& Y V) |; e' K$ ?" [" o& X- o
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , q4 K, p% ~5 {8 A0 A; a$ y0 R n7 [) r! n& j3 g T8 I6 n
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ \/ V4 k0 z8 o; b8 d) J* N- y" I7 f3 K2 j4 D
$ S P5 N) L1 P: [2 n& x 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ Z/ P0 C* m* s! A 2 r( x2 ~' k' Y) L7 l8 m6 C4 l例如: , p; t! U, c) o( F# w0 d1 J( i8 D% e1 K$ L: v, [
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 p+ V7 e+ j. M6 Z0 g
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; E/ B B# j+ ~2 E, d 3 Y, ]3 @2 X8 i6 _" T3 lThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ ?- X B% F, K' ?4 E% O
. m) b6 Y9 J$ }8 d; A% j; A uHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 @' l1 e' \8 t1 K! G2 W6 T + L5 S" h! I- bMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) @6 M4 h% J5 D5 W* ~ i4 j* a7 I1 ~/ P
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # J9 y- y9 J7 g: m; z2 p7 o- e. Z/ t9 `: O! o% ]1 ~ _1 |% L* v# Y
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 F% Z1 F( Z: {- X5 ]" e6 r3 d! J, V4 R
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), d v' u( D: q- }3 W
# F$ N% f' {) W& Q! i7 |0 I同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; p4 \" E9 {6 S1 X+ R# T
_8 c" a1 D" D. `: m4 }; j当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 v# R: `: I3 f* t% R- g
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) Z- ?4 U+ _, d/ a, p2 l' O ; m# ?: c# V- U2 i1 ^! ~% [6 R对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , D+ o! c# ], w/ N0 g7 v ( l' O) c1 t% X$ l4 \' U A对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + z$ X; `5 E) _ @- A( V4 N1 E. Q5 X/ X9 J# M" A
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 R5 G7 D3 Z3 R- W
# D% I T- q* f& V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 \5 I* g. s% m5 r/ o$ V5 U# v# _9 I E) o d. V
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , h6 u# e) @: N3 r z2 @+ g7 Y6 y4 A$ b
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& a- g: }8 d7 x2 F4 X! J