本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 \. G4 o1 h3 p! B3 H
* }# X( K/ ~ T0 A 转帖 5 B M) K2 A7 G; [ B% l1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + A% g! a+ t Y- \" k+ I. B; [$ B3 c
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 ?+ E$ s5 y- M, _9 `: |0 p4 i/ V4 o1 Q! _4 v. @0 n1 B8 k$ q$ N0 v* L
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ C7 k* K! m, p( u N 0 y/ P4 Y. ~) W4 [5 S! S) tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 T2 u8 W* g3 G# p3 B
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 X2 u4 e- A2 b" m* s7 e 6 G; S: {) A- {3 ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 o ?9 f' ~4 b6 F: s3 d* Q$ i& d4 X
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . q$ I# A9 g' E% I2 N1 n% d% r" a! Y5 M3 i& z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) H$ F4 H0 U( i& Y7 Q& Z4 [' n# s9 O9 v% ^
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & e5 K7 f" z6 D8 F$ R' f, a7 U" t' v4 G$ k
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( S7 d' e5 x! c" w1 o/ r! ]% w ! h9 N$ s% \1 v0 H( h( c. A4 aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): t& m5 Y9 a* I" n2 l/ U
, v l8 r! \& e+ N- m( U9 l- I" o这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 L- G& Q+ V" _- v7 Q5 D; }7 e; m0 P9 J1 P* v
/ j* s6 z: I6 L) l* N% Q0 Q d2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 Z6 Y ?- M8 b! G) d& w' b' W% S, ?
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% u* i6 s5 k/ W
, M" v8 B( r) [/ `' o& V( aDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " u' V8 M f2 {* d- f2 z 6 _( \6 ?4 J+ i% g% b2 tI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# ?5 v. v5 q, x
, g- J4 N* B* [ W T3 eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % s2 q( K* a P5 j$ ^0 [( k* S$ R3 F" u
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ q. I9 ?( a# n% c7 K; A
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 H. o2 Z( g9 a: k' V
, s$ o M; k) UI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% R7 Y# r' u+ l
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + a1 x7 y9 o+ U# n5 d! X8 H1 u; E4 `9 Y5 V
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , D* i% s: D" y& [. G z) a 0 v E2 }/ R9 e* X4 r# L: \" IThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 q7 c5 ~: ^3 R " u, b1 ~) u2 r- e7 I1 hHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). D- x1 U1 I- x. K; v- o5 P7 m
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 p( u7 m2 E+ [/ v- q# M# h
8 ^% R$ D" X) M% S* O& SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ _8 U9 C1 f6 A1 o. m4 q; y. M
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' X" m+ ~3 ?8 R0 K4 y
, c) Z; d; f: G& x; c; I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , u0 h. q6 R. c0 k0 I0 r2 f# D! ^! Z& N1 d7 Y8 N
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ F0 I- G! b2 q/ W& J5 j0 _
) w" z: t/ @) m9 p+ h& H7 e. u z' ~ S7 c+ E$ P5 E' r 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ k0 C7 v+ E) F( y- C7 s
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ x/ P& S( ?- O, K1 b$ t1 k) r5 X4 W% P
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 k+ {1 d9 R4 ?4 i/ E- A H3 j/ c
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 }( n5 J4 i# v( E9 Z
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % _& F" o& u Q/ J" I8 a% M' H0 F' D# |7 k- W
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + n4 z- R7 R+ T6 g8 Y0 m0 C4 T4 G% k7 c0 j3 |, K8 S! ~
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 D; X/ C/ G: D6 { 2 o/ F9 x3 Y" F D3 W/ a* m6 aCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# R; j c8 A! a: S( K3 o
3 W# n% z) z1 Y& {: A6 F( P% nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& L/ V* H9 L5 J; r3 j
9 V$ S0 q) {* O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) s8 @* i0 D7 D
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: |8 J5 p* T+ T& K$ R, t$ L" d
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. n4 m# `6 W" ~% v4 ?4 Y
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 \3 b; M( q1 n. Y : k* `0 Q% } @, b对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ d2 C; |. X" }# h0 h/ y. s
2 X- j( Z" p; y( s; \) t* e1 b对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( M, u- {! t2 o! ]# D: f
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : d* ^! [3 s. L; y8 {% {$ t8 |/ k, _) u# c4 M/ I, l( ]) j" T
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: v7 y! i7 M3 U' N
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 m5 ?- o: j. o, i `7 c6 P; y