本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 v1 f; K* ?5 V; Y
+ t7 v3 S/ P# y9 ^9 b转帖 . n0 R' \' O4 E* k3 {/ g. h% o, O1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 D0 m. i l+ J0 d0 H. X; f ( [" g% J% }0 t9 j$ f8 F+ l7 A例如:( d; j# P }3 D5 W @+ o' L
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( k3 P7 b% g4 R- i
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + ?1 |4 w* v: a5 L. w* Q/ A M n5 ?( B* }( ^
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & @# U3 P! H2 M9 _) ~' L3 ] # O+ w6 z6 t4 R! C2 pThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ M6 \9 M% r3 S . u- M! ]5 C6 M7 r% H; _) {I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( K$ G6 z# d) r* D9 Q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 J" B4 B8 _( G a' j) @! g: {$ \ p) W& i
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 N; p/ M5 d- w) Y( b `, G* h
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % O$ I& j# D1 Z2 ?/ I$ D' r% i$ @. {6 }7 W# a
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) t0 U# E. d6 ]; s5 x3 n$ ^* j, f - Z, e* v& [; A* ~9 i) Y) ]& }Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) e: F8 ]! q5 H) s5 s6 P' V8 m* ]0 Z; j& s% X/ j3 S
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 i. n" c+ k+ |9 ? A
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0 N: }2 b: B* }0 p( H2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: q7 T& D- f H# O5 r. E
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 Q2 {# b1 z) _% X$ m+ C! ]5 U5 h' s: E. [* U4 n+ |: k7 K
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # _) k( _8 D4 J# E7 j( }* q! ] t1 i0 O O, F6 w# r+ ^$ J& L% j
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 V6 L6 ^% _6 y r, k+ M7 r4 P
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 [4 `9 }2 b, f6 N8 b) \8 i. o 9 `( |9 L; E% P% Y3 ^- IIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) O I/ o; W/ t! Q& Y % T$ Y; e; i( wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 z8 Z. `9 b- ~ C) K8 \" K
! A, g: t9 x# _, V$ ?5 K" \I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & ^' N; ~0 T; v+ Z5 B& @ % V. X. a) H7 ^# ^- l) v6 C8 A如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( q$ ~+ d8 A Q$ R# }9 ]0 q/ e3 B( M( H) ?: i
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 [" ]& y7 k- A2 V! e% N* M% h4 f, y0 e
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 A( g. _" G h7 \- V
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 h4 f1 X4 o( Y* P i$ u. A# d, M( J/ c
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 H U0 C& H" n- n7 z# \* \! H' P Z' |# q1 E: G7 ^+ {9 k0 n
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* s& A! Q# R4 u% H& A1 ?4 S0 g5 B
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). Q2 T& } i8 E7 i
n* B* d7 h# J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( x4 @3 b$ A0 G/ `9 Z8 [7 ]3 g4 J* ^% ?* @+ w, p
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' O( j4 v. ^- C* e2 i3 i: _# c
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$ C" o$ Z$ h% ~+ U/ U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- ~9 Q% E+ [! ?- B- i
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ B b* m/ I$ L" o+ L1 w! _% D V0 Z! v, |4 N
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& l; T# F1 z. U
6 O) x* N- N Y$ b y4 ?; mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 U) m/ B* [, l2 e: C
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 L& u' j. d& X, E( ~3 ~3 H A1 F- F7 t- C# D
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " q l: H8 v& Q0 `1 o) g. ~/ d, F* _& W0 o5 x0 n
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' I q8 T! r0 C+ [' Z7 C. ^
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 G+ I1 o8 T* U! a0 O& ~4 b$ e5 E$ k
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 O& ~' k# B6 i1 t7 g
% c7 ]" g# D2 c7 H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & [/ @/ d ?$ m2 ~ 1 z" e+ J$ h1 `2 t9 w" N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + g" e& r9 I$ [ 4 ^; X! e9 {, D6 I! o8 M" m对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ E! q* f1 H6 K* N4 m6 n( k
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 h5 J3 [6 F$ y2 W% e- K- p8 [. |1 U' O. `
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 L- K4 S: A1 D& q8 G( W7 k
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 b8 C# P, P* N2 E 5 @+ l& }2 M0 p( L8 ^0 t) j8 X至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& C2 @% o4 y8 y* U5 j- t9 P9 R$ Z
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 G) S8 Q& X# f* ^7 p
. ^2 L) O4 n$ ?9 k) m有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, M4 C; {2 J; b' B* h