本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - D; b, h! ~- z* P( m3 t* I: i5 [6 \" w+ S; c4 m; I' A5 _2 }, [ 转帖8 F3 g7 Q; _. a; Z1 f6 o: N9 ^
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * c& o8 U6 O$ ]1 T/ Q0 u , D% o" z; K& C5 ~* U! T' l( F: _例如: ?2 A p- [+ R8 [' Y4 y2 }' ^4 b 8 T- \% Q9 j/ ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % B& i, f; g/ ~2 k* Y 0 o3 t( B Y# W+ _8 xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ M4 P8 ~0 s0 o8 H( _
4 [& k7 T6 l8 ]. i/ \0 u6 ]/ ZThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" X9 t" g% b# \; V$ H% `
4 H2 H6 }9 Q5 i6 Z3 p/ q0 m4 KThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# Z6 Y% K3 M9 T9 I9 s
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : k$ U a. B* f* g3 D $ g- \, D( E% ]6 G+ i5 W, ^. H$ sMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " c& i6 E* b% x I H: ?+ |. O5 J" KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : E; u# R3 D- M3 t0 Z7 Q$ C3 g& m3 c. C
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " G( s% y( m" t! d$ q+ j7 i) ?( D' f: r
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 T& N9 z+ r& j6 Z9 N
) T2 [) y @ h7 GPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 D; Z4 f; k: k" m: Z/ K% g& `- d
; l- }3 x& i N7 ?4 M) H这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , V' W E: { x: B - X+ L; X8 o2 L8 m7 i# a* o- f$ V" M, c" L 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 R" D" G6 g3 `# c7 U3 D& m2 L! T- R( C+ |) Z; J
例如: 2 s- s0 \# R+ G% s5 t* w' \6 K ?8 X: s5 M1 E, P" A$ K1 l
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 k) z' t% ?( [& \7 r 0 X S, c( ^# J7 v nDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ h, g, u/ H4 Q& g3 J$ t7 M
1 w2 L9 i3 ~( y- ~/ u8 EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; D' I: `+ U* r+ W/ W: U% B# e3 \ 3 S1 {. E1 w8 ]* b* I" y3 m! \: fHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 P% }% k% x. p 1 ^# G: W- W- d9 G( a% Y/ c& h' I, bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 I; g* G" }2 l1 W1 L
2 E, R( A1 q& ^ j6 NShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 A, j4 D+ |) Q$ l
. @1 X7 G! H" H0 W" ~) x4 LI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / d% Y' V+ X8 P0 {& |$ E. S2 d/ @* B x2 e
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 o y: K4 E0 [$ H- B% _) ~- z$ U; g$ a0 Z
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# M6 O0 H8 {% M) W
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 c# {; }( ]- z6 A5 l5 c
3 [! Z3 ]2 S/ |( ]! i) PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 [$ ?) ]6 {- ~: e. Z 5 E; L$ ^* D* `: Z/ |1 Y0 O$ FHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 A/ X. \" K, N: M6 I( C
* f! y( L9 W$ M. H, O4 A3 S$ yWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * @. H+ B, q) h2 }2 F3 v; `' g X3 m" F1 l4 i
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" q/ e# y2 O0 q0 s/ F
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 ~. }0 V" R* T4 \& }
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 ]( W0 i0 F/ Q, n! O& [" A
( i* Q/ _9 N c+ a, m; i6 ? f 7 Z' b+ t9 e) j0 s+ M# H/ h& [7 ^6 Z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 W' j+ L' }% f4 }% R+ V ! m3 o* r( w, c( Z9 o/ L! v例如: 5 n+ n. T/ N. i: ~& f k) D7 _4 a0 X8 }% G+ [Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & R. n7 Z. B/ ` # M" K3 x$ g( b' f4 }Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 ]$ q" S0 x: K, ^9 a' _6 v # U# x+ h* _5 F7 KThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 E4 o+ X( \( m# a/ F6 w5 P7 m
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 f3 c# M1 v$ j$ T1 f+ @
5 W' k* h# R* J4 Q7 RMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 a7 C7 a7 }5 ~4 ^; \
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 u# m& f; [: J# {
. w5 V$ R/ R% PCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * w5 |* ~& t3 ~" u# g/ e, C) q8 B : _+ K% }' H& u! E! wStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - e& f& Z3 q& ~; R" c4 \! H% h 9 D5 Z* S9 l+ w, G4 p5 R& ]! H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; f8 f. h' H* J3 y" Z . V2 s% i0 b$ y, i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ K9 r# ]% Z; r4 c5 U
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ w. Y1 F( E; m
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . j0 Y: U. _8 M2 g: _ 9 M4 s, J5 [: o1 M对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: b' p' k, T# Z0 s% h
2 W9 Z) ^& s, S0 i( \8 `对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) u# M& m) p7 N& o* W5 u 1 @ v6 F! `% Q9 q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 F# K( u0 X' F" O2 I
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) w+ S& ]- x+ s. D+ ?0 l
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . X/ a/ [5 L# i$ w3 {- t0 T5 w9 k' \