# E, Q0 Z; ]! h2 j4 J9 F7 z: V7 @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ z: W; u. {. Q. X4 l . Q3 t. _6 {$ c7 e& G- E+ hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , i" W7 B F& r* F; [6 W; I2 f6 q1 f& t; \5 a% K8 k
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & I* r9 c! U$ D( B& T . Q. R9 n- y4 W M5 [: w2 QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * |# v( i7 [5 [' ]! N: m 1 {% }( ], L6 J6 HI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 ?) \( E% U1 Y7 e
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 r* u. p' a0 r) t- m# g8 d
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" U4 _* [, v& L5 n/ |9 U w2 @
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 k. M& b1 c1 T9 k1 i
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' `* W, S1 R( x) d) Z( b. j0 z; h
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ [& w5 Q! O! c4 S! f& ?, n/ A
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ j1 H$ ?+ N/ c) Z9 \1 S7 S/ V
" @8 o6 J' G# X2 m' G 1 Q* J5 t ]$ N K4 m1 }0 d6 w4 K! T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; ~9 g7 u7 r/ {: A% c; G 9 Z \' v' Y* |" e例如:4 ?/ o6 O6 C( H2 e, \. g
/ R+ e) Y7 B% U% h7 ~4 Q3 K1 UAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 d$ u2 Z5 v! @" L $ i" Q7 d7 B9 Q9 u! `/ EDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , u. ]7 @4 k- O& y + r% U, `- _ z+ ~) ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! R" o% F7 v0 B( f
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ _# I, @5 r* n+ D6 |/ i/ e7 o7 B
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( N5 S& B# B: n
4 m! a. `! s$ F }She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 e7 Z: D) z4 E, u6 o% f1 T' B6 k
- }* o3 ]- q9 B/ T2 z4 N O+ wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ L8 `+ e9 B9 _+ {& V4 _# |
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: M7 J) O( }. o
" u* i3 c7 i8 c9 _The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & v, h- F7 X: ~ y* N" m, e2 ^$ K& S
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 P$ I& q$ F2 b3 ? 8 g6 S2 T7 Z0 @/ U2 n( [9 JHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , l" g& v* w3 t8 F& l% b% R1 l: m
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! f, n6 Q3 }0 [( y ) J8 k, g% ~; E1 SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& ?" @% R' u1 s# f* Z3 b
1 E1 S2 N% {; A" ~Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- W5 z: X" m4 \! T/ E) u. ?- w. A
5 p' P! f; D F% y5 L+ x8 X. h& V写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( u! M' c! Q& h) ~! N6 a+ }$ D. ]3 y8 G0 i: U
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& c& b% H1 l: t& ~1 R! q5 h
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$ w `' d; o4 T7 {. \ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - [& I' o: @5 S& o8 O) O- P7 c ~! F9 [4 o* h U" a
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 X; ?. ^" E5 `" L+ Y% Y; n8 j
5 b1 Z* `& F, J: T% Y& QManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), ^ X8 s6 {- S' ?
* a# V$ z9 l/ x* h% q# V6 vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 T1 D6 S3 }# B% c. M8 G& d0 n " z9 X0 T3 }1 C! E# w! ]He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 O& _& @- P# L0 Q+ Y/ |
. D) G/ v: l) L# t( T6 R0 yMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 @" `0 Y1 l1 H9 A+ `: m, t' E7 e+ C- o h9 Z# E: `( x% Q
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% ]6 ~% Y m; J+ i- v$ \
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ?/ t; D& @0 F b; z4 M
) t7 K% R! ]8 L# r& ^4 QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , J2 c9 b/ F0 G2 h0 m 7 Z. R. F6 c3 E1 O7 M& a9 H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! q8 G0 [# E2 F+ |8 y/ N
- n0 h* i. f0 N! C& Q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& |! D, X7 f& E: ?0 `
0 q8 c; ]4 [$ J& B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ D( U8 A% _& H2 N+ L4 E
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 D \2 q8 `9 v$ V9 Q' R8 R1 p/ h6 ?% _6 _/ k
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . g, ^5 w5 g( C; r# W& [: X5 ^4 g& I! [% r! _2 I% D
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# l6 w/ x6 M% T4 @; T ]4 c: F
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / C7 m- }; M% C7 ]9 A9 u/ s/ J' F* S9 L& m/ V$ W8 h: v, T9 D
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 a$ q/ T* R. ?% ]0 |7 J% s1 e! ~5 L; T p4 |3 `) f
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) C; L2 y+ b# v+ ?- ?4 r