1 g5 x* l+ k* x5 AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 y6 ^. e% u! Z& j0 j6 ~; M4 K; L# d
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 o0 f0 f5 k ]1 A" i$ w- [- X
* h6 C8 Y' x. b1 W- g7 d' qThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 r* D' z) f+ N. L% c. r2 P, X% K4 w+ i9 n
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 W3 l& z5 f0 K% W
: y3 a! P: ]" v* ~1 t; {! QI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 O& D1 S. K2 D; w8 `9 r
$ l) V, [" y. W! i( XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) \+ o8 m4 U% k) U x6 W6 i / n4 E" A8 q" K. HWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ \: b; d* g) w/ I& w. P' r0 A
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( g: H! e# t& X; I" q0 V/ P" U- W9 k: r
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # e: j% p# J3 Z) e' t1 G; R$ }- ?7 w# g8 ^4 E. J
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " b0 W% b* c6 J$ x2 L4 H. h. b1 p, X# c8 n t6 d% y% c
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * `9 D) v d1 [9 T7 `0 R/ Z6 F- O7 U S0 x
; j: c1 |* A4 y! C7 {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! u8 M- n5 x/ U0 I; x
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例如: * ~9 d2 h/ Y _. ]3 F1 b) x- l8 K/ {. p# i. f- \2 X
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 l1 l% ?! U& c8 H) x7 _1 A
3 M- ~) { H& a' d- A: f0 N2 @Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ w9 }3 G3 U; D* `- [3 T0 C8 @, X X2 E+ u
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; {: b. ^. X8 I3 V; U P s6 K' N4 V+ X `2 h8 G
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# W; P) j% I: |% c1 n$ J2 f
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( y) K$ l$ K; D- L+ R
6 m a! @1 u3 }8 W% TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& N' D% ?* I3 b" G
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 F5 ]1 D- u% N5 ]7 h9 Y+ ] ! q6 z/ A7 g( |' D如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! V7 }8 p. X0 h* R$ R# v- D$ I/ i5 | K' F. s+ Y
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 ^: [" h# B1 |& a
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). z$ u8 W3 z( `3 N
* c: y. Q0 u5 V( dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . T( J4 d' G% g. X. y8 s3 a' J1 o) J; ]) r# q: E% O& b3 h
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 i0 o- g( Y+ f' M+ |
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - C3 M; J- s. m* s4 M8 [& Z0 x7 r
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 C6 y( i7 e8 c+ J$ Q- |. {5 Q' ` W) t% _
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . R+ \; p1 F/ {+ R. z; g2 y / d% x6 U9 T' q: X此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 @ v% O& h% P* `6 U1 Y$ h
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' o# Z; y% v8 R- a; B( s2 q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ ?% U# ~4 U0 ?/ y' d* ^! r) P! R2 F/ _7 S
例如: 6 I$ r$ ~: D% e2 k' I8 G5 e" F & ~- ?( u6 |0 O" I0 a L: x* k7 ZMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! z" r+ N& A% Y 0 | L0 h7 f4 a2 s/ gManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! M5 f6 @0 \+ Y2 n8 I
/ Z, D( x- c% Q4 @1 j; W; wThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & A9 ?7 q9 Z% |. e) r5 B; @/ c9 w $ I8 ]6 D0 J' I! d/ C4 ^( wHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) x7 u( y9 n. R V* |' Q6 M
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! z! G) U+ H G: r6 h ( b; M3 p& R( L) e/ H6 a4 e/ HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% U6 _0 ?& S, i- }- Z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 o+ i1 z Q! \5 H4 c0 K
( z+ U/ g' I# ^% H: v" E% [; uStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 u/ U5 K. X3 V8 u$ q0 C6 |. y" p1 N/ E% H
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( w0 n4 f9 N }* k0 _! C7 {) B0 Z
5 {6 S$ H; P& g$ o" q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- M0 n! U" B3 E3 S
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; O6 F7 q+ f n1 b6 |8 D
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * ]. Z( S& ^2 e* c8 a. o; c/ a R/ Z
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 L; ^) ]6 ?$ k9 ?4 @3 R
# @9 s) }- Z9 p8 X; b# r对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) k2 e3 M3 y1 n q" O
/ F' ]% B; L+ ?: l6 j1 E8 p至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 B `- L9 F4 i" \$ S; [4 E# G7 Q 8 n; F9 L( W! }! f! d还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' t$ m# d& p& L7 l8 E6 i7 _" W
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) v. p) g- u& C9 e