本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * ]3 g% R- a7 D2 l* Y, n
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)5 ]& N4 p; C i; }
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# t9 ?% S8 e8 B- d. D6 y- l
# f6 b" I$ C4 Q9 e+ h' rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); k/ Z* u0 X+ B2 X4 y& D @8 G
7 @; v6 r: Z+ @2 M W9 L1 vThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 l: Z) L+ e- u) m: N* w! R j4 \5 y: @; E
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 M' K3 d. g) \6 J8 N( k- S* P4 l5 I* W) ~% c
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / K4 ^8 i' ?) ^, A' v2 E / D5 G, k; Z [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 R7 ^+ z2 W# g+ ]7 x% R9 e" J3 q
! Y# z- H2 |3 u- `4 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 K: j/ k& U3 I* J3 V
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 O' B' j" ?/ m1 a; o7 y9 C
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), o" _+ N! J* e5 Z/ ^3 `
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 I$ D% G; Q/ g% }0 K $ Q+ J2 E6 c# G这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ F* W: B$ m2 v( K3 a
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! |! \9 |! \$ q+ c) t1 [4 H$ s 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 B: {" R+ p% ~
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& G0 e9 |8 G: T3 a# F, `7 w; T. k9 B# \
- d: ~; ]. X, H0 ^6 }) b% TDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) }3 H% p) ` }
7 z* R8 V @4 r" BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + ]/ |- k8 F; k8 g; ^8 o: @# F% S' r. t1 t% x1 w; t$ x% I2 ^! \" @4 J
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) o! ?$ {) ?. }4 e3 f6 c [+ A: U % K$ t( P# k' d# aIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 G7 s9 n7 S! a. }
, b$ N2 T# r# c! O/ B% U& ~; DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 ^. c/ u/ P" h, V! z) }4 X
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! P3 O1 c$ I: {7 J" {" M7 v4 v3 E6 y6 U% S
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" ?5 k5 r. J/ k8 d6 `& V- p P$ m
W: B$ ^) ~) h: r" cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ w+ S& f$ K/ P $ Y. g- _" R* p/ a; v# [, U3 m; vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). _1 h4 z) X1 M z! T: E
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) U( A' }+ O7 y% P5 u B/ I$ a6 u; e4 Z: `
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): J) i' B9 o z
Q: X6 b$ s0 vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); E7 J9 u( Z, R; a: m) C- x
, W" q4 i4 @& U/ WEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; C2 ~: n4 I: `! \$ b ~7 N5 [' J; X0 N# C
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): t. f6 L3 R: ^3 Q
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 v: I; r3 K) r6 Y; {! g' S# I1 {, O" Q2 f0 h9 S% T
0 D3 S9 e+ _2 L7 s9 Y例如: 3 H3 [3 `( P7 z: I7 q , d' P0 l6 d. B* \0 ~# NMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ j5 y+ O& N% E) P5 X7 k/ m6 x5 d% z9 R( ?. O
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 U$ ^0 _1 N; E# K
, V) J' k2 m& w' m9 t, I% pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 X: I) X- s. _2 w0 a6 H 6 ^0 _) K( W. xHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' h5 i# C' A* A. y" e. H! b! R: W5 c/ ~! P! w/ `8 N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 ?8 l9 E9 }5 r
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 v! A5 z) x3 g 3 T1 `9 v1 X( g2 }7 O; I) HCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 m- u, D4 h- V. C0 y+ w2 _% a
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& p q0 |$ Y/ s4 z
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" j, f0 j# C$ s7 n' {* ?8 _
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ |9 a3 p V1 E0 y" f7 O% W2 X
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " E% |. ^: H3 W( E7 k/ I. M( P8 g% S; U6 l' o
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# t) m: Z. {) G: a$ x
, W+ u( _0 R$ Q* F对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 W. y/ l4 L* r! B. n, |- O
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # l" g+ m# i9 R* J2 _9 z* T: [1 w0 r2 u, U8 ]5 c
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ) G, ~3 z9 e( i! J3 Y* q8 o8 x* p9 Q% m! o
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) W" }9 n7 B$ P. ~6 T0 c
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( Z; C5 ?" B/ K% G; ^; t