本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 \1 N) P- F4 o( X& W1 J+ }
' F" j0 e w: r" m2 ~6 V# w 转帖 / b% G% e0 a' c0 k" l, e. A! U: H1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! u" L2 \( c- m s i1 J0 y% S! B B7 y% |. L0 C2 x$ @: u9 U
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , I# P& i( p7 {3 w, T7 D4 e7 m/ x9 X& p( \) j" _0 c: r. |; s7 q
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- E6 C6 P0 y% \0 l3 W
0 F" U T! n( @' h3 Y R: fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( A2 S, }1 I, v, g' f
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ s4 q4 t' p% p1 Y
$ b+ {% W: @8 X4 d+ X bI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 }! _: g) H. ?% {
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ b0 |5 j$ W- z, |3 H
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) U+ H2 r& L$ [& K% { 5 ^% m5 s) W2 I+ u1 T6 v# S) a1 V4 I# g" [The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 c% F) J9 M4 X1 B5 w7 x" z% {. { O. O6 I8 k# V# P/ G
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), I# G0 ] Z# B: k, {' [* U
# Z M- ?2 _' Z) K( ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# G( C# V9 [0 m# W, O
9 R$ E+ ]$ A, P) B4 b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 ~3 |0 {' P8 S% I% f8 M" F: o
) M1 I5 _; Z! Y9 \$ D3 h- I P/ l6 j, I! L0 C4 c$ Q5 Y) C; @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / k! W0 t0 g- F2 s8 F 7 B8 }$ l1 W: H% v9 @0 F3 W! N例如: . Q8 y. T' [) P+ i0 \8 D' Z( z; o8 ? B
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % \% O+ R7 u& S& V& ^* J% x, n* Q* H9 [, v9 K! @ o( o% z
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# l( g# [0 J" r8 u& r6 H5 i# f
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). w r" J+ q; N8 Y
/ }7 j9 N2 Q' B8 T+ L( k7 C, S0 wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " p* S2 l' t0 J8 T& I8 V$ {: {' ?
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / s1 W- i7 k$ V# k# P$ O7 V# c& K# M1 Q3 n0 H3 m* \$ T/ \4 J" f
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 N6 V5 r% g% | ?* c: A0 j1 { " w6 R, B2 u* t, I9 g/ r+ @# u' QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) R: ? Q1 t7 @; G, Q 5 e2 e s- C' B5 \' I如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 B2 t# l" a3 T+ ^, M" F8 ? # S0 ^" b& h) FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 T6 e j9 K( ~8 O7 u3 g' ~# w* ?. d
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 d! `; t7 Z! D6 n, t0 |" Q! I
( c3 K5 @, v8 S S% M; v* ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 \# Y/ z; P) _0 c
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 {# F* ]. ?8 Z1 N, o& r
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 n1 n. `% O$ E/ v f3 y 4 ]4 s9 A0 g, J4 d5 ]/ w. w/ tEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & X( d6 m& C; T ?% I5 C9 N% ~* K) C. ~7 Q6 B# Z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * l5 C- v5 O6 r) k5 Z2 { s! m& p3 @0 `( F, Z- j' C
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 q; J7 j6 t7 z; L5 Y" b p
/ B N0 t( s( v; Q3 w2 W3 L例如: 3 M0 q8 y& }6 i ( ]/ n* n9 P; Z& ZMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 S% a: L$ @, Y. J/ o $ u+ S: Z& J: l9 `. nManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' }. ~5 o1 V- k% k. w, N5 D
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , U; T4 j- O; B% `7 `0 e- z' Z D6 q, k4 P% V: E, y7 n
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; H4 M" ~ o( l& l! V M8 Z5 l- H" |& G5 V; |; `
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' O( B1 |, X9 {
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 T4 W: _5 i( e6 }9 f: v' u; n & @/ _) z: l( V' [" pCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). m) l) \: ^% G. S* `6 R
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) G5 k( p P8 A0 a0 S/ w
" ^/ t( X1 D" J& h A9 }) ~& ]同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 D" E9 q. T! F0 T* n! e4 _" z# ], S4 t7 n
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; F" f0 Z4 a7 I $ |! r: o$ g2 O0 m9 F& y7 ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ^$ V6 ]# R, K) F) f7 x# l# w! L$ t9 m |: m! a
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# ~8 _7 \% T3 a6 z1 r4 U8 j/ j
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' n- [' }1 K0 E: P/ k
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 X) H5 K' W0 R- ]$ j: E , b/ S8 j% _- b$ L; m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ r, J8 m7 V2 j) E& @ : }5 f: H: `1 t5 H% [还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 A& i V# f1 o9 W # Y( s& e9 m9 V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! H+ D- \7 @+ v T