本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % i7 q* y z( H. i3 R0 w
2 {6 D5 H% y8 a. m, A 转帖 , B2 p3 I" |( e7 c9 l4 O1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ C, s2 H" S9 o0 s9 m
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - F0 n' i+ ]- ^/ M2 J. w6 X 3 G2 P1 N9 p( KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % `" e" o- ~9 H9 h ' d' W0 P& w, NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) n! u' Y# z, }# B
1 ?7 {- k9 O) D* w% M- @# jThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 E/ @5 t7 s# k( t 9 `) Z7 }6 B7 M* A3 E7 VI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % o; I2 }6 G1 }( l* H4 `- }5 U+ T* I ^$ V! M% T; Y7 g. ^+ a% S
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * p/ I% ^7 B* \ . z9 B% N# q- W% J, QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! {, K, p5 ?0 H$ G0 u5 z* @: G) t. ?. L
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) a2 ~2 B$ }9 g) p 6 E, [% M J% h* ^- BWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " r& E; Y7 S5 O9 K3 f, W. d! s! e l) V
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" I, `4 M% N8 N1 o/ u5 u3 V- n
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 X! m* p/ K, A2 \
' S# Q: D3 y! @$ _ 3 q0 K. n0 z2 _" ]9 ^2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; Y4 i+ E, N# p
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 P+ N+ c6 [3 t* ~3 C( X7 i0 L 7 u4 K) u( v J" wDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( D* \4 w5 J! h P# ? N2 v3 R# k+ l% ^' X- H0 P5 L) o
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 p* B+ Z4 G: y+ I$ c2 J8 d( a5 V# R6 b, ~
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 T, _# a, j' A# J9 ^2 I- R+ L8 [2 c. {+ K7 R* I& @
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / c3 ]3 c8 |) S) D% W( l' [0 v# G3 |& {1 t! i* q6 k" u% S
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ L5 Y7 \; L1 D. l$ E
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' j9 @3 X2 v5 p/ ]% _- B. Z; W
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % K) A( e8 h* O5 ? ' E8 e- H k, |5 j1 I# J1 [The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 N h) U; b3 a2 L8 u0 W$ l8 g6 S: T7 a0 P! k
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 x) c; `: D6 H: K8 x/ I A; r . _1 [0 k* @1 }2 EHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( J: }# H# o- d6 t$ ~1 L3 l! a9 ]) N$ ^
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- j e% D' a/ ~+ V8 ~
; Z- I6 ^# A% [# w& z5 A: UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 F4 ^: D! P- R% e- C3 R: A5 x" \$ F" O6 o( W; ]# f' q+ \
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 H3 ^, o8 v, z8 h9 Q' ^6 a( T) V$ J4 [& O+ W
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! E0 \! B) v! q; b4 Z) E8 `4 l' M4 ? + _9 ]: \1 ]2 \2 ` E3 J' }% T此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ X9 O( D+ _$ W% |8 d' Z& { X; G+ |6 n: w+ Z
$ k0 c/ r8 R: R/ m* S& V1 o- ~4 _ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; V! j9 u8 F/ X' p4 k, j" ~, o& q1 P( z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 X( _5 ] a8 J5 [7 M; d$ m
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); E2 G5 D0 L/ J Y, x! ]
- Y: A- V+ {& [0 D8 \2 yThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & r+ |3 _9 H$ O/ O, n9 I' u3 ^% a# z4 f Y/ d) Q' W
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ g4 i$ ]# r% d# I8 Q3 G# C" c2 ^' b* f
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 `- ?& m i; k: L0 g( i 2 r) {6 M! N$ ZPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ X: f v1 e; j; s3 g( t Y T& Z
0 F. @/ J+ y, D8 W$ }$ c: W" l5 zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): A1 |5 O- V$ ^1 n. M( H4 Z
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + j* M$ M0 L5 k- }3 j ; B4 H( Z5 z5 ~* @8 H' b) x同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # w2 _* B, r2 f; [0 E( G2 m0 e4 s' B
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) y2 `8 m% w- e3 O, f3 u
. O. ?9 N0 j0 V4 x+ g) f对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. Y P5 {- ?5 o' l+ P9 e( @
) C8 s+ d. J7 m5 X8 X( m& h* Q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 |, X* ^5 L* k. }+ ]2 p, \- M5 y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ z) G5 m9 u2 n6 h4 P0 R [
) I4 P, a$ g: { T; i# @对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 U" n. ?9 D; u. h+ _ & n2 A$ l( m) N8 Q% z, M至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , w: H. j+ t* q2 Q 0 @5 ?, Z8 R6 Y/ w& r4 z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) P& D' H( g1 ], A+ C1 x
! f ]% s- A0 K) K有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 n* v; }1 i: z: E2 E( G3 A