本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / r6 T+ U- d# Y. m$ l) _ $ \% K; T' j6 v" ]' X" G$ k5 J转帖 3 \5 v, w9 p& r9 e1 I$ q4 Y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # A* {8 V3 M4 Y% O7 e* c & a3 z+ T! J+ ~& K3 Q例如: % w$ z9 O8 c- Z: ^2 }5 G 4 i( W3 t2 b* Q% G( f% t5 oMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : L% e7 W$ N! ^- C" [) P" E3 U0 L S x0 [" |
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( {5 g& J( r) p) H # W4 }' z8 P% M2 J+ f! Q; zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 m- @) l' U3 o3 p - J; M; Y6 m/ m+ r( jThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ z& ]' F! N5 ^0 K. C1 c6 c5 N D' f Q5 y
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % {, e) X4 {) X4 q! W4 ^# k( ^$ M# G$ i6 l# J
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 w5 |/ Q2 k5 K
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 Z1 O8 N1 L& W" ~# G# Q- Q
2 y, h, H3 l6 b, {The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" K6 p! U& c+ x7 A9 v1 `# E* I
2 Z9 |, x1 y0 c# Y" dWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % \# d2 d" y* i6 Z# n5 v( u) j! f1 G% S4 i
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / t" q- w. p x5 a" E# l5 R* u/ o5 O- g: H# N) e
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' a' V, h% Y/ n6 b# H4 n$ x
' o" u2 G- O; _3 G+ I& f$ ` / t4 ]0 o) q8 N% l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 e4 @; d! Q4 n3 W; U0 _/ ? ; Z9 h" F7 S$ T3 }6 D例如:% a' {/ W. K) Y9 r+ x
1 `$ n! m: O5 _ j) H4 E% {/ vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 e5 @! O7 Q: a4 g L' V- C- V( S; C
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 h/ D2 @: U" o6 C3 B. e' @8 w4 C! d7 U* O7 x2 C0 \
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 W0 l4 n/ j: Z3 D
6 r+ e: @7 } R9 AHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 ?4 F" d" i x: V7 _) o2 @- l) r6 M8 l
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% Q5 [- W& v( r
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) W3 g% y$ ]1 {8 @4 o u/ O0 q5 W1 I$ l, {7 t
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 g' [5 j. c9 p4 X1 m
) c, R5 d: C1 ?+ b F* G如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 i3 T' ^6 g, ^ `8 T/ q
8 C/ X; F1 Y* j$ C8 H4 f* V* RThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & q/ U2 z5 P6 E# |+ |0 w: ` u) y2 a5 r( N
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' e4 ?/ H3 G. ]9 e t
$ `3 ~, C: e0 l0 ], a* YHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - |7 F5 s) t$ w# K7 Z; U/ ]" J# N# ?7 o
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% ]3 B2 V5 C" `# y* h- z
# r: a& V" \% r1 D+ D4 @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % b6 r' F- _2 f1 d- i8 Z $ ?8 \; [8 G9 f+ j# pEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) b' t* W4 N9 t . V. [' h/ k8 O+ ?: K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 s7 u+ W$ D3 [' E* m- h9 ] . Y, c3 Q# |( P U6 u. D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! y- O9 s z, C+ e
# s6 V; t: E2 z5 M! y" m " D/ G$ |. n* G3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! J8 Z& v2 }$ i8 G# Q
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例如:' I9 l } m+ U5 V7 r+ H* a
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 w9 A8 o# P2 I" f U " I* G; L+ Q6 CManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 m5 u7 V. j% B0 e. g6 H
& P6 d5 [1 v. n8 HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' N5 } ]3 |8 Q
3 h. R9 J% z1 R f1 p- eHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 t$ U5 O3 ~: r3 A7 y6 {# |* k 6 @' [7 I1 f R; P& O# Q( S- }Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 N; d/ j/ J1 v5 l6 o
& m3 O8 ^' t, ^7 mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; F7 y; p9 |) Z4 a' { $ {) V* Q( M( p2 ~" f5 q3 o# aCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ q( r" g7 W& G: u7 G; M4 }
0 d Q8 ^6 w5 J ^+ U, BStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 ?" W4 K( [/ _0 K, b" D' n8 z* P( A0 u+ \: T5 I8 o
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 R. W; \6 I$ I
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( b6 K* U' \% h/ o) M # a; k* N f9 a7 `$ y C0 c* T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" n" ~% T7 v1 N+ `& u2 Z
! Y* k# \, }& ^- s% ]6 I对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 D# i- t$ w7 ?: n3 e1 f0 f
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 G# I8 `+ D) ?. m* w- t# i ) u2 }# U, L: `* O& [. `对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& K& Z j# b- t; Q4 M V
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 k+ k) T- w ]5 A3 [( I
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 Z2 B5 T1 v, _7 I$ ^8 Z0 Z0 W5 i5 H
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 ?8 C- k7 ` {* d