本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . ^, F) E! G A0 g, m
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) D5 `' P# ^, a# x! j8 o8 s2 [6 x; ~& Y: d' C
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 j6 ^ ~/ a6 V# L
: t7 u: n7 h( x) g1 sThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 f$ a$ J' T' [. y# m/ p
, O9 X9 I B$ G0 y1 R& t) @This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . L2 u2 a2 H e) j# \! `- Z " z. u7 o& ]8 h* A- \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! l& G& v( d; ?1 q1 j3 S0 a- k2 ?( K" V$ v9 A
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 y( T# [! R0 ? . B+ `$ P" s R! ^2 i" O" a- tMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ \ s- ~' n! Z- v- `
`) X( ~) S5 QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 c' |& b) v* N. s5 Y+ K
" y% r p) O: Z. \) j6 KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& P2 P- w, X# R
* V. w9 l0 g% ^) GWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) ?* X2 w8 Z: k' A* c2 O9 u
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 c" ^8 A. d$ c) L* D. e# K# J4 T3 A$ w
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , @6 X6 O1 n: ?( b 6 a! {1 ?, C7 [1 Z, @% y5 _ . t( g1 X- ?3 M, z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 s3 }$ I0 @1 ~* G# R, f# n; W' Z7 X% n( ?! x+ h# L; o
例如: & f9 F9 W7 c7 I* m1 i& _2 R) D * ^& F& A8 J* c/ _At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 m8 U* m% `2 |( O6 a 8 r" M+ _9 C H' xDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# E, [$ G' J# e6 G, L. d( i$ g
7 P$ ]( u3 n. z/ J5 k# qI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' d$ ]) l7 p6 S( d$ B9 h/ _+ q0 r
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / y' Y& H7 {6 s7 z7 }: ]3 K% E$ o" q* `% K
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) M" g4 Y/ z( [0 z: J% @
4 O, q7 Q" N3 d* oShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : K5 a7 s% U) J! {4 g/ K& k0 i, T
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " Z1 w$ y& J7 n9 |% N8 W* E! N, z9 K * H$ V+ ~7 J7 R- ?如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * Y! h+ C3 y- Y% T% |) I2 n% i5 t# \% U3 I
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : i# v. ~3 P' U$ l# e& Q. Q % l; t% C8 w A* jThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + p5 K6 O/ i& H) q $ X" g$ F, {1 a7 OHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) I3 n! p5 z! n) v - [ [! n' y5 `5 P4 vHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( v5 ]+ ?1 O/ C$ R7 G+ N4 H- i s- t5 \
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 F5 S' g% \5 B1 } ]
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' J" K1 k5 o' T. C& x# ? : P3 p( p4 \6 B/ j4 {8 j2 J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% Y5 r; e7 o; r- l
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ ?8 v: Q. ~2 {: T" _
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0 T5 I# ?/ n4 y5 R3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 G6 J0 v6 S* T& D; Y( a# f c0 h F$ @1 [
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 j+ E L% q" {0 V . B, ], {/ P4 j! `3 P, YManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) R ?; Y8 l5 Y6 r9 N1 y1 z
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + E- `" r& g& B- K1 k1 o; {; A6 e$ W
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# ~1 O' b: L- J% A( F( x0 L
, r, M- F! I* i$ R, ~. J' N5 `Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ?! S. J: m' t' _( }% ?2 g1 K& X8 {( R
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 W; R4 N$ o/ n9 j6 z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ P; V' Q! [% Q: D' u) {8 j( `9 ?; S0 S
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& ^7 c6 p; M- B6 e3 N' \
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. w) \5 K" U2 e; d
1 M/ S/ `# i! {" z$ Q2 n& H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , ?, ]( d2 D1 t2 f' f' I" p$ t- } & A; C' I0 N; @0 H& O# s7 w; t0 S对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / R$ k! |" k0 C' ~: h3 p% L4 e; X# D! D# w
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 C0 ~9 A8 V7 D7 v3 L2 Y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * i4 g8 R& k1 _9 P9 K6 r$ n+ A5 q. x8 M) G4 r/ M
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 C+ d' W' E% @! G( p# A, {0 x7 l2 k% O' A
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 N" }+ }; r0 x8 {- ?6 ^7 o7 p7 G* X# L) M( \
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 W. S2 S7 x: b9 J * u; D# g( v/ |6 q1 O m/ j9 g有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 [% x# T' ]' p4 T, \