本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 k4 M2 P z. ?2 g6 x# x
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 C0 {8 L3 f. a x+ N$ g7 Z: F! D' p4 ]9 e
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 r1 t0 h9 u: q" ^3 M8 u
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + ~( g$ J( a8 D5 J4 G , i7 C* c& d5 tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 _! S# @) W) e3 O: `9 b0 [( C: `' O3 F
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! _5 q: J; A( q& a. H4 V1 H, ]- |7 |1 k. n# L
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" r. p$ r2 Q$ f; l3 |& T1 j
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ m5 H# P; Z p0 Q( V @5 Z
) V" a; y4 J I L; a! MWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 B3 |% ]4 C* ~+ U0 r1 t" [' ]/ O' ~
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + i# b+ _' y8 n. G5 p' ^- A$ G( o/ f6 ^) i
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 g' r* K" {" z7 j# { 1 Y3 W. C! K% Z0 ^) D2 rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 U* P1 e' e/ D1 a: J9 Y1 e" U
& ?; Y( Q. [) S这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 B, O( Z' f. R
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1 `: V( ] u/ m 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 `8 n) w8 x1 \7 z) r# P - d% E9 j% ^4 ] J例如:7 d( ?8 c/ T3 \* R t3 w% \
, a7 C' Y; _ I+ i, Y: yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * {# P* Y3 j% m! X. Y7 u; l0 z: M& D$ S+ k9 k3 N' L
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 k% J+ J3 H% o1 U5 ]" X
8 b5 w: [2 g5 JI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) ?8 C7 e, Y* u g# k / G6 w8 q9 p$ S A" }) L( N2 MHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * _+ s0 S4 X" w, T4 [/ | - Q- Y7 q% J6 dIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 C) ~) m/ B- v3 e 1 m x) R' k7 Q+ b& wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 ?. ]" s2 R) Z& X- c
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! G7 M$ u+ U. h ! F' m/ v ~% \& r; f如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : E' f' z/ I# z5 m # l) Y; r$ P7 v# _ JThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ R3 g4 W0 v t7 p% Q$ S" ? S
3 J e" |* {7 n9 _4 K; Q0 t3 m `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% {( m ~, E4 d: q( k3 Z7 F) n& J
" F, A1 ]5 v# M% V' l. W) u* ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ L B2 B( b/ F" n 5 y& u& b' n- w8 rHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! m5 ]5 ^0 y$ z1 T; f; {1 o' ^
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + I8 e# ]& W/ Y/ A8 [- W: B3 R' q8 l5 ~ ^( L H8 j! ?
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 {! c2 g7 N' }+ K) X4 K
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) [% K4 h1 L# ^) U, G' V% I! U8 G# e7 Q0 {7 f$ u7 N$ P
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 T H n/ m0 x3 J" i
$ J2 D! i! y; L0 a* W5 F! n1 \) c! o+ M: I% r4 d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 X6 B, N" Y7 r V( b5 o }
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例如: % W1 a, T- U/ x& q- f R3 n9 Z' D: J1 ^& Z
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 ^6 X8 O: O( [2 N" D# Y5 p0 S, [% z' h% P
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / z7 P5 L5 O& V9 S4 O7 h1 R8 ` % Z4 F5 d$ X( O' f4 U% T) rThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# a/ J3 z2 t, I2 L; D, ]
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 ?! U7 c; Y5 R1 h5 l
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 \3 O3 H$ w: L. f. p0 S5 M$ x
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- h, O. n* p- y4 h# o4 f0 O8 }3 m8 k
! ?( L- N% ]& H5 G8 ^Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & F! B1 E7 e# d3 o$ Z * Q8 u9 q, K$ Q" U/ ^# o" O% tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 @' ~+ Z% e% Q% P7 D9 k/ p5 Z
1 K* F8 s( G0 e4 R i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! D H. H' F4 w1 E : o2 e8 Z* L) p# G P. n当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# f! j' d* i1 Q. g2 s; h! d
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 L& R: w) |. |+ x$ r1 X6 p L# k/ R6 I
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 W' X* L$ R1 {8 B' u 2 r2 x& C e: T. F2 @* R对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) o! Y+ W& H6 c) e4 ?; A! `4 y