本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + c4 g% u3 a' m* |8 L# S
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , w/ d. F+ i! V- E& V7 H& g h0 K/ M0 k: c5 q
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " A- m) W8 l, o* ^, F* q0 S7 b e% v# D; [3 y2 ^- _" E* V
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# }2 b4 P& ?- o; F% H |0 H
9 h4 V1 @% W9 P. X' sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) [* V. y8 r7 U
# W/ {- k. }5 L& r2 T' W! f2 KThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ V+ O' X- r6 k0 x! R# a% |
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ T7 ~% `0 }; j+ |4 M6 P' x$ A
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! C8 R+ N' ?, h! W ) D! E- ?( O4 k" C6 V1 W7 s; Q- P- xWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): s' Z& W- B# T
- F v! K) |1 l( o- eThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 `$ Q& [5 R8 d! j* I7 a( n
& F* X2 T- ?9 bWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & t- v6 }/ d F: i+ J ) ?8 A% K$ O# L3 t/ ~Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ K1 R( q/ N: j7 e
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 v. q& x0 g) w" h: k2 H
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! J- t$ p$ g/ B2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) q" T* e8 Z2 w% m
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例如:$ T' _ \, R( `, |
& {( H$ T h3 s" O$ w% L) y4 I9 gAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) O# R+ R* y9 C' a4 o* l& O' |9 E6 b) G W' m% R8 A% e! s
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* j' q: F* j. f/ F/ Q7 f
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) K; q7 f- M1 } * U- r' W6 m! p' O. U% e' o* lHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - o8 g. r- g' v+ C / k0 x. |, U+ b9 f5 sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 J6 h$ ^3 N4 A+ H p. B$ l8 K" d5 s& a G9 C. ]* L; y2 ~
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 m/ J- W, h1 ^. G 5 o$ O4 x- C8 `0 M# p# ]I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 [+ ~% r4 _- J) R/ f' o % f+ Z' m' P, Q1 x8 |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" q- v6 V q& ^2 m) a8 H7 S
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); w, K; `/ }- n/ S+ @; x }
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . e, J! ?$ I: Y5 ]9 S& Y( {$ b1 e8 Q, F: f. K0 g6 \7 T. r% L
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 B# A4 m. _ E1 C
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 c- O* X$ F- m G' }7 ]/ | " f# Z, d' v0 G* XWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 Z8 S; @( r. J2 x ( g2 W* N, x1 P Y3 G+ VEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 }1 x; s# `/ [9 F' x
0 o/ `* C: k" @; u% V, `写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & O$ T8 A! n, F# d* Q I( u2 G $ n$ I0 `* C5 C: z( p此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 }4 Q' f% ]/ F0 X7 T) F" F, K' e+ p& H) Z4 ]
+ c& h% p, y! I; F% z2 @% R3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# K7 r. W" _ S2 N
0 L9 h+ K- q; y. y( m+ q5 s hMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . p3 F C) J( G5 e' I; J9 v 8 A1 X' m! h/ K+ [/ Y, g- ^+ AManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' B7 ?/ e- i% _4 m: f9 A A3 r) c: @8 ~2 X" A4 H, y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 m) ]$ F" p/ o: E* L/ H# [1 c
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 V5 Q2 T |# F' w, O
; f8 w" P, ~- K) F% D+ d; r! w0 E" HMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) G: V9 V+ c' m2 g5 v! l8 j A! R0 h( z8 O' V! e- T4 H5 QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 H% }5 B) U& L+ i) d$ L 6 {- I* h5 P0 o; J: dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 j* ~8 K2 q) J$ q/ `8 Q4 G" w2 y2 w7 @; d" C5 \. c3 _
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); x3 `; b8 Z* U8 u t
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! k2 ]" x6 t+ V' ]" x0 c+ p% Q; R8 q/ A& E; e
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) L- p& ~* Z; u0 M) K; _8 z& \; w6 C; [ o( x
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 F! [1 O$ k6 w* G5 T% A% Y
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* ~9 j) @# x* j2 E0 t! b
& F5 N% a4 k" J8 \- ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! m. Z" Z0 \* J4 v
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& I* \7 O! Z2 A9 G6 ^& F+ l6 Q8 G
! ]/ b) [" ?8 L2 Q) c& S4 Z) q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ P9 w# C3 D9 R1 V, ?+ c0 ~+ ~ @
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! L6 _0 D/ V! N! k J1 D+ h5 h j) b$ D3 t$ h5 J0 i7 n+ \: R
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; e5 [% O% V" i2 a. u- Z2 }4 b