本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 \( ?8 G- U B2 J: T+ J
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! d0 v- |4 }0 i- d' U0 Q/ K; Z1 \6 m0 C7 D
例如: # P( [+ q; \( N' @& S& C, g6 U % U" Y* N; \1 x3 aMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % J; n9 m6 Y8 @- ?: P. T8 b! B8 l
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). M+ H$ ^# j$ a
% K% e4 T, x& k, ` xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) g! h; P' W$ e# s
6 }+ ^1 i0 s" i, R! eThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 J1 E. i- U& k( P
! u& I( f5 O/ R; q& xI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" \: S: o& p9 J2 n
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 \$ v& } _; j2 g; v/ W; b% S8 Y! M
. l4 Z4 L0 q" g! E2 s4 VWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& W) |9 C2 {8 A6 `2 `5 S
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 o* r' X ~9 n, t5 G! B3 | Y# ]$ g 2 K2 Q* p6 w( B7 A' W. LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % b7 u4 [ q% W2 H7 E7 v7 q% F' d4 Q D
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 `5 C" J1 \* [ N4 H& Y2 t! h/ Q7 L. L& H9 ~
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 q& R) i9 V( Z- y+ x
0 m; i% V% \* v4 Q " y8 }6 C( z8 L( v1 s( |; s; Z( }2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : |, Z+ C7 E/ b! U- u # U9 ~4 I6 A# X$ p2 j( |例如:" E2 p$ C: A1 l/ Y) C+ y, E
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 U/ ]( k6 S/ ?& ~ v) }+ o5 `) `2 ^
$ w& Q: B" F2 ^ j( L7 n1 oDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; i6 h& i% ^) q, H$ U; D- t8 A: S+ |
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 x! F- k! x! A. d% D2 g5 b: e $ t$ j% }) C: S; Q, w; x8 B0 UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 P' M& `. Z- s+ ?6 s% o # V1 J. M, k. Z2 p9 n6 T u. [$ x$ ~In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # E* S4 k1 h& X- q1 |" \ {& l. h1 _! `* Y) [ q4 r9 Y
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); c% y/ c$ \0 N) @4 F
# J, x0 {5 d% S" p) nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# r( \* K( a" a/ a+ s3 @
8 P% w8 r2 X' G6 g如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' ?0 I4 s0 b; n+ @; `4 p4 K 5 m2 o, l( K6 w- BThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" {0 {& j. @$ N( W
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" o( S. q' Y( F5 T! x& g
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 X" L3 {- i' T" F2 l 4 Z3 n; a/ p nHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * w" l, C0 I1 b - R/ `' G: h7 CWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 Q' x! f& y5 \0 {' {/ p6 v
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ m) Y8 [ m6 ?. x" d. x& n+ ^. N8 w+ [5 ]
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & G! D: \" k% g" J/ A! w9 r5 B3 D/ R" o
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 f" R; v3 V& m& W# J. K5 \
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0 l9 O5 F8 d0 j6 w3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : ^8 c6 D% K2 X) |' i3 m + ~' h5 y3 b# X' G# c* q例如: ' z6 g$ y- _8 O5 l: @ ; R ^5 @- j4 p% FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): A. K+ ^, N3 f4 B( I; m/ Z
1 c" U8 j0 Z5 [$ |3 }- e0 `Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ D: ` U( ~: D- G& |% h. @6 _$ F
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 E8 t$ p1 F2 c8 Q6 G) J9 R 4 x- i6 T9 i. f0 J' }He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ J5 }0 r! f/ N- Y6 x" k
5 Z; w1 u( H! \) QMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & B2 h2 M- ]3 x8 m7 u2 ]1 h ! I7 J1 [# y# C, m; m' i' m: t& HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! ^, W5 Z6 N( o% ` L9 v ' L' w. Y r8 sCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( s ^% k1 x5 } Z1 O9 x; R( ~
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . {( A8 A# F U, k( c0 j3 ^4 r* l* L; m" Z$ Z: i, i: M
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 O5 \& u% A$ B' S2 e$ D! O: e# j: e, m6 J
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& X+ W% T- k2 o( T9 P
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 s' a. L! n1 l7 Z$ N
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% z! Y" T2 q2 G7 b: B0 t
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + U; w& n u) l1 {. p) Z$ {4 q$ F8 V/ |5 U& s% M
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 P9 R. d, W5 B4 l) y
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 H% C: k' |0 i! g% | 7 a8 N' Q) I% Y h. q. r, n还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; m0 F" ?' D' s- ]! S $ y1 D; j, L$ }- s; x有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! n. {1 l s0 V1 c' h/ N* r: G