本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; u0 t) k) h% J. R( w; ]0 U9 U, K( F4 u5 m5 d 转帖2 v0 p+ q1 f, w# a
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 q- S) Q5 P. E9 n
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例如: 7 @( T/ s; m, f; K- @* B* ?3 B( F
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% J' I$ k3 B: z1 m' \6 J" B, C
0 m" K) A, T+ n% R' {( |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! K* O* h: e" x. Y5 A3 @ M2 t
5 l0 m; C) {0 a0 I, O( ~6 j1 qThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + d! h2 W- b( p# j! u1 D! c" Q! O, x/ X- {0 G, t
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 V4 j; {- A# f% Z
5 u; {. v: L; e5 xI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - {) A9 ~# `+ [3 c6 d$ k ( P8 _! T* [/ B- ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), ]: S* _4 _) X2 |% \' K
) h7 J2 n/ U# b, @& W; e! FWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' m; }! B; L1 Q2 {+ S
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* \! }- z w/ p) d
) [4 C5 `/ N& s3 T) PWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 t4 t" T# f2 R, v% ^, P! {2 y& ?
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 H; b; E0 R9 }1 V- x/ s' ~ 5 O9 N4 |! ?0 L* `这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' L @1 E, Q4 |6 g+ H. I' B! ^9 j9 v2 T' Z) l: \4 T& f
$ K0 C, `# x( O 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 K( S6 Q' l: O0 ~
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例如: , U) G; L$ c3 Q, f8 H- z7 n* X0 C; j. ?" g4 D/ R
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + m: f) G6 u5 j& \7 [4 K 2 v& D& s0 M. s+ X# c+ WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * V4 b' q% M/ z$ h9 B( g) d+ F$ s, A V" Z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 M! \! Y( \( M8 @+ ^1 K6 ^) L! x4 _1 Q8 O
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # e" x5 o" N( l+ F' {% `3 N8 N( D% f. Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' o: n. ?+ V3 ^* u& W
" J* y. P2 f; d1 R1 P8 BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! Q% u. O+ t( g " m- K5 E% b% {5 r+ H: P, LI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ @3 D% N9 H/ N. s
9 V* \- v" |8 F. \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " m) O( j; X# t& |- ^# o8 V- z. H* P: `4 I6 ?6 S/ }1 d+ G+ B
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + J) {( J+ \$ F: }/ G) P1 e* M0 J$ _) t6 B+ w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ F$ ~$ y' @, N; X D
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 2 R4 |7 S7 G- ?$ ?# ?. {6 ]: E _( S3 n% f; b% d7 {$ Q1 qHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , }( h1 F2 T, n* f 8 `' j2 Y( Y7 }, u- z) ]" o' nWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 `) H+ Y/ i: [! e8 C6 B. N
5 r6 G7 b$ C0 M5 Z w% oEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( |9 M( u& f4 \- a( a3 ~3 p4 H& K# l& [9 \/ K: d" ~3 y1 D
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & T" y1 l- D" F3 u" \: S. ~7 v - e, {. ~' a) `0 X. Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 Z+ P* m+ ~( M% X4 G: x! r. Z' n# [: N! p8 g
( L- h. d) E; { 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & {& L! _* n. F& o' R' A, J! n. \9 h' l L! H7 I- R6 [% b
例如: / o7 H! g9 E5 }6 _8 ~4 I' Z6 k/ U+ _
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' N+ D5 Q8 a% `3 s, ^2 Y
0 L* s$ }4 b1 Q& ]8 _; @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 i; g' Z, \2 x; W+ G- y; R6 E5 W0 w( H- K4 J- F+ A
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); a7 I& ? ]3 l# I# J
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ g3 \& C& H2 f; v3 | M3 h! C( i- e% d; T3 P
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ T1 f& C) [9 l* S
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 Q' a3 v; ]8 u) e! {9 V- t( F6 D/ t9 N Z5 j6 R# E6 A
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ Q' o" H2 U$ T
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); {. g0 n1 _+ X7 Q9 v3 r/ K
& X/ L& K* o3 m- y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # U3 J# ?1 i8 j8 t' y% C# B+ c1 s 0 u. c- Q/ k5 ]7 n# p2 ~2 t- j当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 n3 A- R- C0 ~5 _ v
5 R5 q w* [6 k对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# V) b: K& c$ {) r* A+ b. c+ T9 e
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 o$ m5 g1 m* t; ^
5 P) p: q) C# z1 C% k3 W6 M* N对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + D' I( S+ Z' f- d- b, F. P. I8 i% C, n1 h9 R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: O/ H, D4 N U. W5 ?1 `9 Z- {$ k
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' u# Y. ^# @1 ?6 ~% a0 q1 [) V: ~
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 K1 x9 Q. ^9 s: z) j( ?) g7 |9 N. J# V* ]/ }* c
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% F$ N2 R: q1 y6 j