本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 R: S7 \# F& ? v3 a
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* G0 j7 G5 V8 P% i* L4 Z4 c9 U
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2 ~, H3 e* f8 E* cMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ ~) \ J3 b, Z# W; A. u
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 H+ F2 C- c8 p4 s
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # g. U* @4 L5 _; b ( k8 o8 s% [5 \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , }5 \0 T. ?7 @( m4 u6 ?4 J' h: z r7 ~ I0 S: y9 I% U) m$ z3 }3 \; X
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : a8 n/ f. J; g" l+ ?3 C- ?/ g7 ~& @
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 {# W' z1 @' o% c* j# ~6 w; B$ e6 d6 X2 W* i+ ]
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " n7 R! B3 c6 @4 J% [* s* C/ [4 A3 Y5 s( e. T* O. S, M
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 A: f( e' k* I- N8 ^
0 I0 f& {5 m) t& `+ z SWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 t Z5 P' u. k( S
, @& a$ z& @. m9 |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , P, N9 ~7 I$ p4 j/ M3 Z/ a% m 8 o% G- ~5 q8 ]! m% j这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 l8 O G6 V1 j0 C) L
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. l$ e3 b- }7 ^- F8 O2 e& P2 O! C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 |# t0 g! M/ b- j1 a: n1 b' }% @ S8 J; N+ s+ Q
例如: d7 Z$ e2 T+ ]8 I9 U8 _# I " s9 V+ N: F! ?) kAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 h$ ?0 X: c" ^* ^/ T% ^' R
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' e* J$ r, T* |2 v9 w2 O5 X
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 u2 g# ]) {/ u6 J
) u+ L( U! r% q/ qHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% M; _8 ]+ h! e$ y
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . b+ I$ Z( S( _* Z+ l/ b& ~2 S& _3 p: D4 F2 K- S: _9 K
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' X0 i2 w* l a2 g" }" w" D0 K. u4 ?" U1 Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 y4 p* F2 ~3 C3 G: C! M
% O2 p. z0 X0 y7 M如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , `0 m$ Z: g" D/ o" O% Q% g8 `; W8 {3 F+ V
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); F5 w) Q: e1 N5 p2 r
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): S$ i# w. S: r# A. v% j, U! f
) S. g" R6 d) l) B8 r1 _+ l+ YHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): D+ t5 E8 V, ^% v
/ P) U3 g2 \& w/ _2 f' wHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ `3 u! g+ b ^
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 p- O) H- U! @) [
$ ? _4 v$ U( v9 [Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + T& S6 y, F$ C$ { f, c# U! N( B
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 P/ j: `* _( k( o( ]" m! i
7 U1 F; b; D: A& o8 x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 s7 b3 R A) t1 T# b7 \ 7 f; a# T5 T V( z6 Q6 ^& w ) o; V! @1 o5 x7 j5 g7 T1 {2 m3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , B. ~: j; g! k7 ]9 z; |* Z9 N' Y/ C# k' u5 ^' h; H: a* q5 L
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# k) F3 e- l$ a* |3 M! {; _, |
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 e" b8 B0 B0 A- y5 Z9 Z
U; c* s Q0 Q* M2 E9 pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 E# ^3 D( O! I6 {
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * h8 z' R3 | o0 O4 V5 B4 S9 p* _8 k+ a, ]. L
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + D# \: w. s+ ]; v$ a; X; B8 D8 {4 G* o. }6 y& p6 v8 U' s7 B" N- G
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' f8 `( e( [: |3 D& b( d+ P
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 V# l* h( T- b: Q2 n1 O
4 e5 `6 N6 ^ M( D6 ~. a5 lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ l p9 E2 ~) W8 L, R& ^6 }
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 G' T, k k; k; N2 Z1 V
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 |. w. q3 _3 W
5 ^7 W+ i1 v- T1 {对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : W% F0 [" a" r6 m 5 {2 ^+ D F1 k, K5 ]0 `对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' P0 H4 T/ {% z1 `' M! X/ i" h7 U# @% M7 k
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! r4 h3 P5 w; x$ f }" j& |3 q; l1 E0 f
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, i' Q$ z- _, F0 p0 P
0 \ \) l" |) r3 |# B& ~有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 p, f0 U- O2 I7 v" `