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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! Y" X" y& c/ w! [+ r 8 E* H3 v Y: L' j+ V& V6 @4 f+ ]例如: ' q# s) L- d5 v6 g& Y! I$ G% k ! V. M E7 b; K& P$ HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % n* I j7 d- V2 g2 ~. f* n& p4 Q/ Q, j; i
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( o( V7 F4 ^# T8 ~0 ?7 l/ |4 K p* Z, N. e
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) P# E6 q) U) k5 u( K) v ! ]8 O( N' {+ t- A8 g, mThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 ~3 N3 t& m/ T8 J1 R& J# `& q* W( r! m2 ^& ?
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 X0 `# a0 E9 P. Q8 f6 T ( _' Z+ c t* R- K+ J7 h6 f0 BMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / n4 d+ j8 M. j) ^ 4 x: B. M: s% r0 E" \; uWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 d# B6 `! E1 f; \2 K0 K0 {8 A 0 `$ c! R- _0 Y# D. Y1 {, R# v6 d/ _The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; _. }- @' M% I 7 {! \3 J) N. w/ ~( Q9 TWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# ~+ y- C! r- o, i% Z0 k
: T; {$ r* v) ]2 p+ S- ZPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 _4 e, h5 L3 S+ o5 F1 \ 3 f. B" c* m( @) B7 C) a& V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( B' `/ L5 L* O* S5 U: k7 @ i" I8 W
% n1 n0 a0 ^. l/ N1 E+ w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' e" o% \; p5 S ( c/ m4 n- r" E( j$ Y4 i P例如: 6 V2 O6 q4 g# C9 t# j" k- c4 H . l& c6 |8 J7 J* w5 z7 |/ \% |9 JAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 M7 V9 I0 R& Y" x& }. I - v# d& B. M# {8 i; JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* n W! E) V4 c. v1 t& W
) d- j5 Q" K* o7 vI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): a5 J+ S6 ?- a9 W; ^' Y% G+ V+ t
. O4 M9 N q" ]2 e% GHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 W0 V! [% d2 b% o: H3 M 5 c: ?' u4 F1 g# h' NIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! u% a: y! k. i. N- T
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' c A$ [2 F3 Q) g; H" x& q N. f0 ?# H
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- z8 i4 i9 Y: ]9 ~5 `9 u) Q: B3 |9 B8 Y
; H1 e; z I5 ^& p$ d( P3 U如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 X, T9 b! c4 c' N " ~0 M* u+ L' H Q4 d1 i# C8 RThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- O3 o4 ^+ P+ _* J5 H
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 `9 @3 E9 f4 i; k4 V" ?8 D
# s( P# ]# e/ \- N$ PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 R% `7 F! M3 x2 i
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * ?. P7 a8 ?) `4 }3 J( m6 o $ z0 c" J& M2 t% |, g, m9 GWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 Y' V2 s. ]- ^
$ b* {8 k* F% d* }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); v% y5 G- p( u0 @/ @' O
n' r( z7 W) V+ s7 t7 z8 N写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ L0 Y& y& O" y9 j7 ` N/ N3 ?- m k7 o. T& C6 r
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( t9 T6 B$ H h* z2 `$ I: H5 C ' V+ U/ q+ m# n4 a |( p5 ^3 B6 c& F$ o" n9 F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' w) J) }) }7 u" V/ i5 D* o$ a n1 R! U! ~9 I9 z! R& v' P
例如:$ X; [" ]* H3 |. u9 ]
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' P* ~( @4 s/ J+ L6 {& Z% [3 L! g$ V. ?- ]4 D% Q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / ^9 N; `! A2 N) g+ `. g- Q% j" l6 D; S5 |7 i1 y1 d8 S. ?
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); k- P; i8 ?6 N. C+ Z1 P- q& W
6 g! y, `+ B4 V! z: N0 i8 rHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) H% N) P) c5 Q1 s $ T: K [8 t. OMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 d/ R% T# ^3 n. g2 _3 `! u$ A* b) d0 a
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 x$ w5 M8 s- I5 s) I0 ~: r( ?8 x. w( ^! D. A
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % F: T; l9 U! f0 @8 k & D" ~' `: H' J7 V) nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); m3 i- `7 r( s! d
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) K9 m/ Z' G. G
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' g# X+ G- |8 z8 A" ~1 P: J* Z& ~% I* p: f
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " r1 m- u* p2 w+ L6 K% F. }$ Z1 r : Z/ \) m" q% S9 h2 R对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 S! e& c0 s9 j* k7 \$ ~# V. w- a8 H( T) p; j
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 }7 ]" h$ q& T. A1 ^& k8 B
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / r4 ?3 A7 D5 U( C" F/ Z ( t) \4 d( J5 A- j9 C4 |* L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 Z* D9 e+ c& J1 d
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / D7 e! d% d0 O3 G$ F! [ 6 C% F. _0 ~+ N3 y* d有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 P" x$ t7 Y9 C: A5 S/ {8 c( A! \# q