本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' V" S, y3 t3 `! c2 c. |4 q; Q3 T* J6 E' s 转帖4 J b0 h; t! t' Z
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / W" g" z# Z3 d3 J7 {8 I; h 1 c* C* `+ |+ b( _( ]% K8 ?例如: g9 D) ]* e# t- Z6 P( B4 L# V" S/ r 6 u" C' S2 I' ?. R, t [- J. e; tMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . C; b( R# x- r! J- r l% w" I2 ~. ZThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ h, p2 y# z G1 \0 L* \
7 r' b9 E1 d4 S7 q, Z/ A8 qThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 v% D5 n) e' w + C+ i4 X3 Q* z- j8 R* C& @The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! H/ w* B! R8 W Y# j/ ` . b- S2 O: t+ U" P/ S a* c' t7 AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( I8 x! y# G) q, u# Y$ Z# e4 z; u; q
; O8 i% x5 R, Z* zMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 m& X6 @% e2 I$ u: C! y' p
) i4 x. s7 [7 } k0 i+ I9 Y) g x) JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 A2 r; @9 W6 {& {# l4 Z+ G- `
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 H% P8 v# ^6 j$ K% y9 u/ Q/ y# G
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- t5 h6 V7 W( e) P1 J
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " d* s- e3 o# i5 Y5 S, a, l2 b. A
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 q. N( U9 H" d+ ~3 b
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, c& x# k( q+ r" N' |; g( Z3 @5 X 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / G- I& B; n; K+ ?0 D R& R8 Y! l. C5 H% ~$ S: W+ o3 b
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ F& o/ s. m) l4 j& @. C
y3 P0 q9 k- s6 u$ x" }Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); g2 b4 s9 L: w5 j
F# r6 M' J8 X0 g6 P$ d* RI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 I% u' ]# i1 A1 m+ A
3 `" Z7 D) J. dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * ]% W( p' \& @3 f* p" A* I4 c $ d3 ?3 |) c2 V9 G1 v) UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / T/ g& ^0 i( T& v/ N$ q " @5 A' t5 A, ~ A% gShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 A, f9 q( |' U0 [: n- w* Z; u+ K& D
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 V, K" }4 e% z; @% v' y 7 ~+ M* M' }0 G& R* Y+ K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 c* `5 K2 S1 p, _* C2 Y; F
& H9 d% s1 Q& X0 m4 l' s' bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * G; Q. f% I5 h( O6 i R , O: J& r) C' Q' K' d5 D8 fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ x% j- J3 d! r; w% S/ }$ ^ F
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 ]: J% \5 O5 w' H2 E5 H6 [! }$ \8 S8 G4 V2 R
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 t B% p: W( ~( E : q) P8 k' M- O' U7 S* UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 |& q2 P& I% o# z6 K; Q7 ~8 ~
+ Y- }/ E5 @% X; nEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 }5 Z& l9 _ P, p- Z/ g9 x" @' O& k$ x9 D$ X
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * _3 p/ k5 r. q8 w$ K) a/ p * x- f& E3 ?) w1 F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 g8 h2 K/ [) M6 t1 d/ y# h% L! N. R& }0 y& R
5 R) j6 d' T; y: M0 |7 Y% `3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ @3 A6 g2 O9 D1 D$ R6 v% C0 Q6 L" p
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 V% v! O3 Q, f+ V; _ I. U$ }' ]2 L6 w
7 r7 N1 ~! X. e6 c) MManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) M% F7 y* L6 Q $ _1 v$ `( d# hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 t) o1 n/ a6 |5 A; h" M* U2 }1 n2 X0 {; J* J
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 P( K7 N3 n! v# s9 u% J
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# j* q9 p8 k4 d2 T
( E4 |7 @' {/ I2 S/ w+ K# l$ e& HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 T" ?, M. b+ A5 `. z3 C 6 k# d8 j1 V7 b& mCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & N" V/ _# G& I- `' a5 b1 j8 k* w0 }8 w" i5 ^8 o
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . @; [0 \1 o3 f4 t 1 ]7 H+ i+ p( R4 O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . B* e/ F9 ]/ m/ T1 @& j1 ?1 ]0 j& z) n. c, |. w
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& `. E* @" b' F( ?3 o
3 V$ ?/ i: v; e* G对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: Y+ m; I- d+ C$ ^0 k
8 h$ q# t0 M; Z6 t" g' H对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 O" [4 D% `. k, j t: y/ }6 c3 D3 a& h3 S
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% l. d3 R8 m$ D/ p& s* f8 P
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. i1 t/ W/ w! |9 b
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! F: U9 O8 I2 A* ?$ T , S# C/ g0 p" n0 x+ r. o还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % x s& r$ N. ] ! w2 ?/ m. l& L; A3 \- }: C& s有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 ~: V, U9 J4 O8 u' x$ b: k2 u