2 ^) ?7 X* A8 a# |7 a, R! a7 eMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * Y) @; ^2 o! } D * L( s2 K4 S# r$ d0 d7 nThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 o7 s) Q0 f: N1 _ ' H7 g5 x" a6 U D0 h/ B) yThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ k# c9 z! G6 d' H, R
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 p3 T: z' _. r' N3 v
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 O% c4 n- x5 p" s; k- {: v* Q* Y( K( \. C8 ~
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 }9 k' h# m5 u
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; B1 q+ A$ m3 a s- D; i' U3 s7 }. g; J. A3 ~3 b
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( z+ S- ?7 l" r( N
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! Y. L1 ~8 b1 V3 _8 c0 }2 u8 g
0 t" n4 f, `" F5 J mPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). S- ^% [5 {9 L) i
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 b6 R4 N) W/ p. W 5 I' `3 O# i& k/ n0 }/ Q% f6 P% o: [$ L 0 R2 n9 z, r7 T5 U# {) h" X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - F* v. F0 V) U. v2 s- M9 M7 M u" M- B9 d' F9 b例如: $ O+ u7 a0 K. O8 k- {( j5 d% W1 @7 X- P: I0 |4 p
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ w( E5 g6 F+ _( o H
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 {3 w3 T T( n/ J1 z0 X; ]
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ {2 e, v% R1 ^0 a6 L- f
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; I3 K, o. S; i" [; K! Y4 C 8 g6 J8 @0 l: R- UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( P$ ?. {$ s- d# ^( M - U$ `, c+ { r; X1 H! hShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 E& R3 k. x. j- u' \: k+ g- d. u
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) a' w7 u& [& f0 S) W; ~8 d M
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, f1 x* ^2 |8 u8 v
% ^ I+ R1 z, _+ H% b% n$ O8 FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & j9 A; W- R# Y. E8 b5 E$ H+ |; } L
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . I v6 l% }! _6 u* H! r 1 J& ^1 c- I+ q3 ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 n/ R4 x! w6 G) ?6 l) d. S: o
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* y5 q. o q6 A/ E5 E
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 r% |- K) h7 X8 f' F- _& [8 T / b; a# r* m) L1 o% o' W$ @3 i$ rEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 c& ~9 V; o; {+ W5 F" @
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 Y, h. ]& ?) Q( d+ W. {' U, `; R9 x, ^8 P3 V
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 p7 d$ i6 m2 X k
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9 x( u$ F% E3 L# }7 V' H) @3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) C( e- j- D: z G: w# }4 |. K6 H7 r' k5 M' P P' z) _6 h
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 c0 I# H' }: e ) e/ s. T( p; D; x) _% _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) @# y$ L. B. {" Z
" w5 U1 S/ W- XThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ l0 S4 \ v( O9 r. _
1 |1 D; R4 }4 D! ^5 cHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) F+ n8 O( R$ Y! x
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- r& v8 K0 r2 w6 a5 p; |) C: L
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 E1 J1 W/ M6 C8 E% v6 o" U6 s r& B! L2 |, d' F
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ n7 u2 ~. w7 \$ S
8 }6 K/ P6 n4 B- s- s1 rStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # k7 I0 ~% o' F, P( t 7 W" n' E3 }' u1 ~: z9 V同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# ]3 D; f* z4 R6 c) b( D