本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - C1 Q5 Q' W4 _7 _( i9 M8 a" X' W* k5 B4 Z9 Q 转帖% l) N% ?; R9 x6 m/ @9 X9 v& v
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % ?/ e7 H( [" L$ K$ e, Y% m5 {5 {; y# T+ N0 ]/ u ]
例如: 9 j/ |! i7 u* Q6 |! { 4 U" X+ \- h$ C2 f8 o" ?$ [Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 J4 D# W; Z& n" ]2 a/ e 2 f6 b$ q J0 v$ W$ o( z. U, o9 TThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : E% g' |! r, U8 {9 j0 Y 0 K* a, k N! ~8 k% s$ UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; }, V( Y& |8 I6 ]2 c- U* f* g# k! B$ y+ k7 u/ Q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); d* R* w% R' ^& O7 [- k2 u
4 O9 j; I8 L! c' f# CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * {; X6 m. J1 N# |$ ~; d+ _* @0 p2 g& L: x$ @
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) w& e9 o$ [2 g% _% G9 i6 z" y9 N1 a) f5 Q- o' Y4 w
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 t- w! M0 M- \* _/ a7 B; F; k
( O; t9 P# A7 j2 |+ p. l' FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 b4 r) q3 I5 U! E/ }
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # [* @: b' O7 X8 R- s, g4 H0 c" z; u1 h" I% L5 U& H" [
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' N8 }! l; P, v- F m) g5 D! O7 Z
) z0 [0 a6 M" _# R, ~& P8 M5 V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ @* u8 `, l$ [+ R 7 ?1 D$ M, I. N+ ]; h$ s & ] K A. I$ d7 p* C* b. \2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 U \' v+ ~9 x$ [7 G4 ]3 [/ }8 M8 F) @7 ^, v% n* o; v
例如: + [* U' U* y$ Z4 ]6 x " l$ w5 J2 f/ J; j% r8 H$ KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + ~& N' k! K3 T9 l1 m . U2 D; S @/ kDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 ], c8 S$ g" O0 y0 r
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 q% q/ e' k& M0 x* G( k+ U
( b, D5 L$ v2 J* {+ O8 `! u) tHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). c( z0 `5 N& j6 B" k
7 D1 N% E; l7 ^3 L; KIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . `7 s. v2 }$ X% J$ U' B+ M; p2 h. T# W/ e
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 d T! R) ]( d( N( J, |; f9 l1 u7 P6 `9 _4 \5 V
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " G( t5 K t. u* y/ B 0 @- c( }% T: j$ y& M/ n6 w( d如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 e, V4 N" ~' \) K
9 B. B5 Q0 u- V& a( Q+ {The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): ^3 g, Q+ X$ r- f
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' n1 _( [, l2 w! M5 ?) w1 y# p+ K% H
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' `( y" Q) k/ T& c3 E" q
% }4 L0 J. ~. U7 k% k: R. G/ M8 L, aHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 P3 N1 h, G6 p4 q) a
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" r4 G$ j; j1 n6 O. [8 F
& J7 { Y' T8 s$ O1 Y9 kEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / D8 c9 J8 t7 b# d% Y6 w) D5 U; |$ F# T% L" R0 w
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 z4 a. L4 V/ V9 d: x S$ B# J0 u& Z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # Q/ M, X6 o6 c; E7 b# j$ m3 @( r5 R% V
" n- D; }2 U o3 i ?; v6 @3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ g& w% t& S- f. K* Q1 w! w& [% R; ^; G( d J% ^
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) B2 ]6 h4 b3 J/ K8 M
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 q4 F# E+ L, o: I* J( ?/ Q" U% }0 ~( t: d6 |: m
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 m! Y) h' U u. ^7 ?5 Z 1 Z# g( Q" t/ h' C' t8 T c* \He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . e$ ?2 R2 @" u E/ e+ |5 _- l: i& N5 E1 B4 }: |5 `" n
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + H1 w2 O8 F- S: l/ Y1 u, L# k, q* R: F3 L
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ x: h1 q) {. A- z * e5 U; \. H- D3 u7 S1 R$ W; T- x7 NCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . P1 d8 {8 f0 y( g+ [) r! z# m4 Q/ S! A# q" n
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , r" z# R+ }$ ^0 f+ i0 \: a! L! X- N
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - E. c \4 E" g6 a+ E! G; o, \2 G1 @8 O4 g: N9 Q. v
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* s& ?8 l3 g% _
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 d& k, S1 ]2 Y$ o7 w: ]4 J) d0 J3 [! Q& f$ S; r
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; R+ j, `& |* W1 h; ]1 h; f9 b. V: O9 f/ U4 |7 z! V
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' v# w0 d+ y3 z0 m
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 X2 ~3 @7 a v/ S# b 6 p- v9 _9 P! F$ o至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( U, x, E' V# L* W. E0 X9 D/ l# I6 F) K/ a
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ d9 a; \2 K) g0 s
0 a2 a' B0 m) Y& S! l" Z, V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- |$ C4 Z) \( Y7 t$ T