本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + C. V( ]. d' t5 [5 g& Y
) J) F8 \, G2 M 转帖 - k. m8 R: m8 b7 i5 G5 x! u* [7 A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : b: t% o; w2 _ _# g0 m8 y: I! l* {# a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 t! X- i( [/ y* i3 `" z& L# h# F: p7 W8 E3 D
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / k6 ^% N c, a5 `; C( p " X' g% B m- d: V: d. CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % e6 E, u5 ~0 ]- ]( \1 A4 n" H6 h* Q% d% p9 N: h! z1 p
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% Q2 `' |0 b2 C7 B
8 U: A7 R# I4 EI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( J9 ~( N) s2 J ( S M! L4 {5 V" r0 i, a" uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 K1 |& N' Z4 D# m5 n% B, R / Z) R/ C# r9 k YWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & e9 d* Q( J- M0 s$ K" A* `1 u+ o7 Y. {" { b" s- T& `9 a
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); `$ x6 a/ i! }# W
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / N J+ F9 @# X5 _ ' B4 `* K! K8 {0 y3 F! @7 [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! m1 |9 S0 q' i* c/ M) c" t 9 S4 _3 @& l( U1 E# W- U. y, o. I这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 K' @, Y) |* {% u# H9 U; p, {% y8 D' O/ Y* O
; G: H* J r$ m2 M1 y' c! r2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, Q [! Y) H6 M" L
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 L0 W% D( i, s4 j7 |0 @! ?% x4 M# _; F+ Z
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - ~; A; R# i# K! _( ]1 V; f# Y) m8 g, D* N3 `
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / }( C9 p: z. `* |! ?) L" e $ K8 W/ D% V# p; c( ]4 qHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). p, q# h2 q( k5 W: w- W0 @
! x) K8 j9 D/ a9 fIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( p2 @+ m- j/ L
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : {0 f5 Z- y! E" A x a" S, W# o( w
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , O5 d2 ^* n/ o) \5 ?' Z$ D7 }. [# t
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * \8 ?9 K# I0 x |7 [9 G! [: S4 t( f; |) D5 m, s8 o+ d
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ P1 e5 y7 [- B1 f8 l! v; O, u
$ v% d; D$ a0 U$ G$ B- l lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 \; F6 T' [" ]$ k2 ]8 W! ^( _) R- |
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). g6 S! ?) V2 }- v |4 y& w2 a8 v
- ~ q7 n+ X8 b% L% b dHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ I. m' [4 H6 T9 Q4 k9 [' a" P r+ ] ! [4 F3 m0 G B- v+ P) B2 O$ g( wWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 K3 c5 k/ a9 `
3 L2 G) ?# ]. b* G; m2 v" HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) T) s& J' G% [2 K$ ]' S- D6 N0 Y" a4 e1 f S1 n" l5 b
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 j8 l3 }8 X, Y( N* N8 j4 Z) Z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 _1 f/ S5 L K. K" s # E$ G% A& V' R( E" `1 ^2 B f$ u9 D2 s' E7 U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' N% K: K* G% s( x D0 |
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例如: 0 K: v: y6 m; v5 `" v" `. J + D# R1 g' u$ M( Q5 C3 Y: [1 jMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" ~. j$ x1 I3 w7 ?$ w# N& _ G' l! o
% j! R4 w3 G7 w N5 zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 O7 f; v+ [0 t! q
0 @) g1 d5 |, |& U7 ^) yThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 \3 K1 E) z/ P* A6 \; D + ?/ L; H) V: ~: DHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) U- l8 k' ^3 f" X# m7 Z& f7 R
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 R7 G" R4 B; ~ 7 y; w+ f& e) c9 P$ j+ EPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), @( I; H! U0 L- Z1 a
0 k2 R, b( J- |( c6 Y8 g! {Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- ~$ z; d6 v/ E- ?; ]- q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # ]$ y* \1 P; E* {( @! S( s+ ?% C+ {: n. D3 ?3 @% ]$ H% K
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 M. Z& g6 P2 z3 X6 D+ n9 O- }% z; ?2 J1 G9 _ n3 A" D
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 `6 F) w! x" C 9 ]& C% c( C$ S% o( ~对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 V9 {# _7 [1 Y/ O1 [& v3 y; ?* s5 S* ^/ v" ]+ m) m1 X( j: `3 t7 z
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& m( |1 ]! H; `# Y9 Z
$ k" c( \; T7 g9 u* ?对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;7 w* J- E0 H1 l3 S; y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 G% n1 T, v! R/ {
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 T1 q+ {1 p8 h1 c* T9 r5 n6 ~
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 Q7 B: d! J: {) b7 D+ H; ^7 Z- m) h7 T+ A+ W, t3 @( ~; ?: u% @1 M
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- N! o& I1 d1 a) _0 W! U' C