本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 i4 k- A+ C# ]3 \ : T2 C! r; u6 B转帖* p6 Q/ Z4 j5 p) b% V$ Q4 g) f
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% \( P f* h A8 o% H/ b
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 b' T$ w% I7 k! R 8 E) j, v3 c) l: s- d; s, `8 A8 MThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 ?- _9 m3 P- D 3 K6 `3 Z u) @( P0 g2 HThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) H/ ^) N& Z/ A) {6 | t1 J- `4 g
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * k% K8 |; E: C' ?: `$ O' z$ c . j: V: Q: {" D% W) R* d+ _" uI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 r7 q& J1 t$ k# @5 E6 a1 e : d5 `+ I4 b8 ?1 HMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + ^& @0 M9 V b z, t" Y " K7 _* S5 _/ J2 w* u. l8 dWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), a' Q8 g- \7 G5 @# B. b$ i' R8 y! [; r
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ T" z- _: ~# h$ z* r1 [9 w
& |0 z1 e8 b: q* g3 fWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( H3 v4 m' `; v8 n7 \- v- F7 F' p; z% \8 s
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). i3 s, K/ y J& d+ p& R
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . y* y, ?4 v% O! R$ ^$ l/ N: @8 j+ o: Q4 Q3 m1 Q4 I5 g- {
1 I/ i7 R% P+ B5 jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( |6 g4 \6 `4 F+ O A# U ! x5 i6 L |0 e* [" V4 IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# I" b' d! I( r' \
0 G6 W9 i& h0 o5 U) _; b# zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 ]! @2 i H" h) h! H! x; ]9 O* u% w; k+ U
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + P, Q2 W( G3 O& |' o& D" u) p% ?1 z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! ]8 g( j5 ?! ^6 j
1 d% D2 X5 D1 D: iShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' X7 H! o5 O U" C) y% k1 G
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + ]- U, {. w/ H3 c1 K% H! d/ W7 S, t( l% Q6 d# [* c* {
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) U! p \8 B8 J) t, \+ E g 3 V# B$ o5 A Q' B6 Z+ EThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 f: k p& B5 Z) O6 k2 G. v! R3 I
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ S1 t W+ t( o$ y+ j |3 s& V % L% V5 i7 l, y- p( k$ T/ U7 `He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); ~8 Y; c- `$ o3 ~, v
. ^: x+ q) t; gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ b5 Q1 E# z; E% \3 @! g6 f
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 j6 \5 P: ~# |6 f* S$ ] / b6 E& U1 _$ D7 Z# Z* fEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / E, G& U! G3 u: J: ]* O6 ?% E% u- @ 7 u9 n1 M9 G# n- t# K2 x: m6 e写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ |/ B6 z Z$ q2 v( G# I
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : D/ Z/ b( h3 R( `, |. @# B/ Q, j2 {" p$ ~* f! w
+ V! H6 r4 c; B+ Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。1 N% Q6 s9 c5 Z$ Z1 m C; t
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ G; s1 ^% i# {3 Z
" N Z) T% [1 ?4 _# NManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + \ G* {0 M, G' S/ ~3 o! P5 k1 [7 `. `8 H7 e6 h0 L9 r
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 f9 W; k! Z: s' [0 B b4 v. f$ A
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / r2 D4 y' w' F. W& ~& m3 w2 Y; v2 `7 _& g2 V9 z
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 {$ d0 b" W3 z4 U2 R2 J5 o6 K 2 p: r* G, b2 |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 D" Y) l4 A0 g# L& d1 z
( o5 H( U+ K. g# p1 }# L9 RCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): b% x0 m, r) t5 b q$ c k0 Y
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 t& L1 r- n5 A: p6 W
& V" H! ?- p* ~" c* H: G有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 b, R- R' g. J