本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & H0 n, q7 M/ c9 \ \4 g
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) \, ^& x; E: i2 W' l 6 G& U4 W5 O k, S" g例如:7 L) J& u4 o" g- B* A
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! W, r4 k. x$ T- W- e$ H ?: m# }& k. v
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' w" v, J f, Y8 i3 u8 \
. |* U7 u) F" o3 eThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) f. N) L b$ M/ U7 ?- E0 ^ 2 l i7 p0 X: v- Y) q0 _The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 q; d; u* L* A# j2 {, j& ~. P# u7 v% i$ b I2 a) @
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * T& ~8 m0 T g8 u$ T9 n* m ( ?: }$ M$ z7 V% F4 t% PMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) o% h8 y- q3 t9 |: ^0 W / `3 ^, K: [# ?* @4 Z( a! ?4 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 V+ U4 \* I4 G7 x0 b3 i
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' n1 o4 f H3 H) L8 i ) `' ]6 o# T6 IWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* f- l( C+ f; \' w2 c- O$ O9 A
2 G4 p' Y7 k+ ^' I+ X* [$ t3 g3 m- EPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' Z# }2 `5 ^8 [
5 s; v& V% h" v6 l! `这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : ~, N) T8 O& Y0 w' M- y' N " {0 P2 X0 ~/ t' q* i4 l/ i- b( @+ _$ M 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# Z2 G# ?, F- ]5 h7 S9 g7 u
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例如: . a/ X7 I$ }1 K6 _2 h# ]9 d- z, T# @/ V% Y
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ n8 T( ^% K1 p$ V3 e' U& e+ h4 I
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! d* Z1 q3 c6 d0 B4 b( j
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# p4 Y9 H* `* j3 f6 h @3 K, [" w1 I
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), ~- Q3 b7 B# ?2 X7 r+ U
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! \6 O9 m3 p( A( O. n2 ^: A5 g9 W' \- ?
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 C) }) ]! B8 i- R
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 Z/ S, ~; G4 Y+ e1 \1 c* `# P8 J) I& \
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # {& A, f; ~; O2 k: ^/ e1 F% }- I ! i n% ]3 B' |The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 ~+ `' R+ i1 n
+ Y5 p+ s* d" A+ d) MThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ }. k4 [5 C' ]5 b( @8 @1 Z+ ~3 X6 a9 N
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / V6 J! n4 R1 U1 C$ Z7 n$ B4 ]2 n1 r/ ?
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & e" {5 Z( N* L2 ^: h- w, O: S c" t" u) b- R! w) f
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & M+ M1 I, q/ G) X" E7 y ! n8 ]) d4 ^5 O& n2 K9 PEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), [9 l3 y7 p+ S2 P8 Q& S, q
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) P8 R. Z1 t8 P; D- [ n+ S % u' j& x/ P* x, }: x$ A此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 h0 F& }( d$ Q. ]0 A, Z$ i; D- O" V: v4 r9 {
; k+ L; N& q- L6 _% a 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 P5 J+ R6 J$ c ^) X2 P
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例如: / r$ r3 d6 L- f7 ]3 A5 t9 N' W4 g0 c- J; y. ^% X- C+ ~
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 ?, a1 |* T; y/ u* E3 O
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), b* A4 s- w. N
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 ~ p7 L5 P3 R' S5 L' Q3 {
& s( k/ f' N7 a4 ?He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + M6 [3 K' D# J# T/ j+ \3 ?; x) { 4 j/ j& t% h" E: a7 |' `) b3 [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ l- W M, O! @/ I: k% {
% y1 z8 i# [1 J, \1 DPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) U5 O+ x( l, M5 c/ T0 Y; T1 z& \4 m$ t+ G4 O8 y" V! I% u
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 I3 h; ]5 q- B; }4 d' L
" ^/ C8 v4 q$ X6 C: [Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 P( _* |8 P3 `. N
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- }9 O, F( i" C/ W2 s" ^
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 ]+ ?( z) @) u$ c2 s% F2 }9 [, x; |" b2 I
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 P3 x7 O/ |1 I0 L2 A
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . p6 f5 a5 y I9 y/ E. Z7 d2 g& a4 D2 {' g: M
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; k& n. ]0 Y* L1 i. ~1 ]; F
" X9 E/ g/ q: B/ }. m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - _, H* b1 v' S4 p' R% x) n. p : ]! M$ T" z9 o! M; L) I9 v! P: l还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 f1 |: Q$ O2 q+ k; ~% t& M6 @
9 T+ j0 U& O. g9 N, @. q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 v7 A r5 ~3 X# z& O/ M6 h8 @& T