本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + g0 A6 o- n, t7 B' `% v8 Q: f9 N8 s3 G8 {$ L8 J; v 转帖4 ^# O5 E5 Q s0 X1 i8 L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 v* R) c; ~& x" Y' T0 {% Z( W* x8 a0 |$ S M2 [. l
例如: 7 k) Z1 {7 B$ D- f: `" ~* _ - d* u% D' V9 @6 z5 mMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( F$ n) [9 }7 G # h! y6 W2 D6 A. j9 |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 b3 x# Q, B' b! N: C: O 2 { W+ `( z! A) |( a, Z; gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . n1 m+ R! r" @5 v" q8 F* `' A' o) G2 c
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 h/ I+ T6 H7 \
x( M, x2 \' p+ Z0 GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& N( J- L4 K0 o: ~. Y6 H! M; T
1 S7 {" L3 S5 |& [( F6 |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , n) Y9 F/ ] l3 g/ L% H' [0 {) D 8 ]6 q7 s# f4 S& VWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). d/ z4 T# P) k8 Z9 R
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 v4 E4 s) |$ S9 N, `5 `* H8 y/ q; [0 l& L3 {
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : b- ?% F" \- q 0 g* ^; b4 l1 w. z- a$ pPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* c9 }" m" [" ^6 R
; a( X# }' ^% ^6 \1 C这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: t& ?4 i( }! ^2 M/ e
3 H/ D% Q9 U- G; X; [: X8 z3 j2 L' H) ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' Z2 l& y/ g% M& B9 u% [& _
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例如: 1 Q. I l- B0 _ * e5 E) c* X2 K3 cAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- M* k$ f0 A9 {1 s' L
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . Y5 a, c- z$ i ( w; V/ n' {. M, }$ ZI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " ? \( d6 x7 G Q. R - l$ y2 t( W5 {" nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% `* \. h, l9 i2 W0 |( g" h. Y, Q
+ l" X, B* E& ^8 @% d9 I& r, wIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& k& _9 } |6 b/ o
' T( \$ b) P( Z+ I9 KShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 [0 q x8 H n' o$ ]0 a' f' ] G' |: L) a# d: a9 D
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; ]; p4 P7 T) o 6 J0 D. d3 T5 D" ^) L& ?如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % u: @9 o- ^0 H2 c& C8 R & p c+ {# U1 T7 s. l: |% R1 nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # T0 _9 f% j* U2 z, h' a. y+ m. D6 [$ Z. N, _
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" g% Y+ A) C$ q) A
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 F L/ P5 a) R/ m ( Q1 X9 i% ^9 x& IHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); u2 o9 W: ^2 \
/ |+ Z& W+ H3 l& [& y* a9 }, C9 LWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 w5 x6 ?! ~6 k+ {; w: H) ]6 ]# Z }, o% `. ]& |# \
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + q3 H0 K/ H$ ~. `# c9 |3 y2 N ( ` c) W* v5 ]1 [) m写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) ?4 A- i- E/ `+ R7 @9 z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) b. h6 D4 B! X2 d$ z8 E0 Y- L: r2 L1 k I; \ p% Y
; h( ~7 ~( d, \# O: D% z1 s 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 L+ ^ N' Y, v& x6 P7 e0 D
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例如:6 \, |. {6 w, J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 F4 \7 G" `8 w p7 I% A: n" x + l+ n3 A( M4 Y/ `0 AManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 w/ p- K' U- o7 O5 ~- R0 [" b2 x5 H* u1 z6 l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( i, k$ X) a% R1 C6 O
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% W, w8 Y6 L2 l# E7 L
- C" ]% \- C" i' b& zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( H5 f# `& C$ M3 y2 G; D, J3 E" q! P' t3 J# _: I
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - g2 Q3 P8 f: C7 ? 5 A7 n4 l1 J0 f# a! B% `: ]Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ U3 X% ~! g& [2 h
T% S8 H: I% |0 o: w3 A4 V* X9 nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 ]3 M# h4 R4 {1 d5 p0 _! v ; R& {& _% O1 {3 x3 ~同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , c, q; Y6 s9 ]! w/ ] 4 q" R2 A1 ~" K v. e6 F/ m当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / ?5 M& i7 @4 N5 x8 C 8 U! Z6 t+ L: s: ^" s6 t1 y: {对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; j, `5 x( ]4 n+ h . b8 z. U( w C I对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 I& v7 h& _* |: \% l" O" z f3 K% W3 h/ L7 ]6 ^4 o对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . d6 h' e7 u$ ]( g6 H2 x " \) v" u# h" E8 U+ `" d对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 U# D5 g9 k" w! o, H
* \: X, Z6 {, ]& a+ j, A" }至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 q: `% |( J: |' O$ V& h R
8 w, d& {* s8 L) j$ C7 E还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : |; G0 ]4 g, Q* w/ I - q, H+ d" U: T# h2 O有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! Y7 g8 `" f, d