本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . @- Y/ `! t1 K! U* P # x3 U2 R7 v* {转帖2 q; F+ ~% t3 G" c. l7 e
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 d+ R' h: M5 j) t! y. O9 \
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' Y4 `% w- C" XMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 t- _7 B p0 s4 M6 Q3 j/ o' d7 h5 M, F# F6 |! D2 i
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 P* o) S: D5 C8 t: W9 ?4 Y T- s0 u- {( V' R1 @
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # o9 Y# f3 D$ L. s% M9 X) _) M. G3 E4 l/ l
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% g( @) m# }5 ~- b
J, O6 l; V6 @: \% PI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , }! |% s8 c7 ~* H" ~" e H# v- @" ]2 R
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 F! S4 I) ]9 q2 u ; Q- N: W: u- h% ]9 r$ NWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' ?* T8 y& W3 H- }7 c9 I
4 p$ U5 z/ Q" C( F! lThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + K- W8 Z) E$ j) o3 d1 k 3 b8 e- j9 u) i9 h5 W0 cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + i8 @5 K) [5 y5 W- L5 B6 ]) K9 M9 A9 _1 g# b* B5 `
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ T. @% t6 l9 v0 Q9 c
3 H" }. P8 A( ~% [5 E这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ Q) n' {* m8 E: v- G( d- Z# c
& Z5 X% x! g& R; a& u& N0 u& x/ B2 H! b9 k5 l$ _/ q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 r- m# W: R B! Z: p- W" |9 I: d/ E# y% c) L/ b0 N7 o
例如: - B2 \! q% M- ^5 g" e1 _5 S# D8 Y & H% Z& s" r! `% yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): H# ~( x. M; o; g. P% V2 }
, ]; \" V M7 R V, I! ]Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( m. M& V2 q" \
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 B1 o3 J% |! S2 H: y ; F" [5 V- ?7 r% v1 yHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) A- P, L/ s* q3 h b
+ B* ?- M% j6 a; P1 h9 L- t+ B, TIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; H$ l+ z. \ a) O, _+ O7 k 1 i+ }; \/ X$ R. YShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 ~4 X) @, B6 P; Q( G$ w2 T9 M8 f8 V+ \' `1 R
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 J6 w {2 S- x- D9 r9 | I. j( E) X3 l b: P- e# K
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - _4 z9 Q& a7 @3 V/ a0 y 7 l/ S( `* t$ p; F7 ^$ q" j5 H1 cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- Z0 q7 |" L- A* z: ]# f
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 U, L3 l: \; A$ y Q$ F 7 f5 K# \" i: L" ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ q. f* e) E3 D+ H/ k
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % x- W% y7 p4 M) s, X : k/ K8 Z" X$ b7 [We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 B& O5 f7 w: u; r: e* k
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- }7 {9 l g7 o1 x
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' `; K' C+ \0 ?/ j# H5 }, k3 I8 K4 w
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; |7 q! H9 t$ i- v1 q2 ]7 j
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3 f( P) X9 i. R- ^4 t7 L; d2 f3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% ^( Q! x' X+ D7 \
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例如: 7 i2 u' T* \, t$ W0 D. j , L/ T* y! E8 v* y/ L6 iMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ ~2 v; B7 B" h* E0 P' k6 w. _ ) r8 \2 F3 `: p+ }* Y2 WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * ]' _5 Y/ h$ I4 L* y }2 ?8 N% d) h L7 x5 H! m& ?! d/ KThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). h: b" p7 n; K" w4 O! A
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); I- E2 j" b+ o" a* j
# g6 l9 P* C, D/ `4 A( U0 _5 J' _& eMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 v" }- K2 I' p3 x! ]1 D7 c8 I" b% E+ ~ v2 m: ^' Y- H8 N( @# h
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 i9 s# N6 d% b+ b: F a* S) n1 S* ^- bCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): n# A5 b/ n7 r2 l
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . ^5 d" ~8 C" o! {8 B# i% O" W, |4 E7 D' f" f) c3 Q6 @$ H
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. V. h# C9 M: K5 m n5 ?
' e1 J: e3 ~ I$ H2 O. h当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % _6 [* u, ]5 M3 k* t1 A4 V ; |+ D/ _2 H+ m9 c" E% Y, v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : [" ^2 L# M& F- K% m: x5 W7 C) |+ H% i" l
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" o4 f! @( h: b# |' g7 c
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" s) B+ _9 ^$ o
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& z- d9 V# |% f+ f8 x
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; l& P% [8 D9 W2 g* j! t : U2 G* a% k( d- d7 I: f还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ I1 ~0 Z4 Y3 W7 e
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; V( m0 y- ~+ ^8 R% x. U