本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 g- }, V, M. q l+ j9 O % I7 l: r( b" P1 b转帖 2 `! e' [7 r( ~6 c n1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # `6 H# K+ j9 l0 U" |5 i: x4 R* C K; o9 a, e# \; e ~3 V
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : n" e0 Z% j Z6 }4 f& I* D; e6 N9 b' C$ G* S4 g
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( F2 L% B" Z A: f: S
$ I. @4 P P: T; cThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). N2 F. a( p' M$ C
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" K! e6 C6 G% d4 S
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), d7 j$ W, ~' |& N. y0 T
; N2 I+ {& b) K& w* T" f6 jMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 I; t" h. f# B. S+ h, d, K
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ R1 ^' L+ i; d: J, s0 P6 E / s8 d) `& O- C0 g' `+ wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# n8 ]8 ^- X( s6 H# f. c
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- j% \7 F) X9 g
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - ?2 V3 S+ W& }* ~ t0 u # i- r% y X6 d7 {/ [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : s' V5 i8 s" k/ h 9 Z* G1 F' N* Y- m) x ! Q$ q- p8 w8 X3 j- t; m! Y' X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- F; [, N5 s- l! I( c8 @5 }
* h2 d5 B1 R9 c8 V, \' _例如: 6 m' c. p5 W1 M& s- b: g+ D U S6 G5 C+ x! l9 P$ c: ]+ [
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * p9 ?3 t L, p: u m0 Q M! \; b# w1 C' Q* g6 t
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % e% p5 Y9 Y {( P3 `* c- }6 b0 }" Y& G4 S- h% N+ a
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( Y% C; `0 w; ^: I m
" m0 \$ i- d$ r( Y6 W" K) RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) V" |! k9 ?$ p7 b% P) Z
0 A2 ^: A4 b3 X& |( GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / c1 Y& W+ y% b. _5 h ) U2 N2 ~. h9 RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 t( @8 W" v2 L+ b& f 6 S5 P; ^. ~, d$ O G; Y HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # W9 ^" k; f( d : q$ E: R2 J8 C1 N0 ^- \) J6 S1 }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 r7 G0 e: G. G: h! I3 X8 y
( U; H; z0 c% Y1 f$ }' {The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! S1 t% G$ C: q $ |+ p/ v/ v9 D$ `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# P9 P9 @4 F$ k; k1 Q
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; \1 Y& x8 i S% U4 P- k9 f4 |4 E0 x ( h* t3 ^# d& m6 M a/ {$ o& aHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# A% R) ]( t) Z' O& I
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ c4 r7 U% g1 V 2 G, A! t& `$ @6 \, nEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). D0 y6 `/ W) [4 n' i
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ d) E c, ^( G: e! H0 z W* n
; l P2 [0 {/ U5 U+ L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : z+ X& ]; ?/ \. ~- w / k/ k8 ^* F9 r 7 Z* P- c# V& L* t( W* e5 L- G3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 W. A/ k( c6 f) p9 ]% p
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5 N2 }( Z2 r; lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " L% a( A- j% f1 Z+ ~& F$ ^0 e& X1 F( Z9 a
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , [ P* s2 \- X" v( h - W! p/ D" M9 ` J/ F4 z8 RThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 c, Q1 c" [2 N0 W) ^) z$ X2 y) u0 S4 s9 y) {2 Y
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 P0 y7 S, _# g
) A% P& ? y/ s1 s& u8 pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) z. ]* C) O7 L1 r: T5 H9 F- R8 A/ @: \/ h; s1 j
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& I5 Z7 l: T$ n& f. D
8 ~% J: s) x/ Y7 x3 ], j1 [! u, KCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 c" ^1 Z6 I! |0 q
; s+ U1 F' E8 t9 g7 MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! t1 K1 e- `1 H4 ?7 V B3 A ' Y0 @" P1 x& s0 f. S3 V6 i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# U" d4 ?! z# m$ m0 g
& ?. T) M# J9 b! o, l( H8 |$ T9 M- N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ [- n& w0 I7 |* E8 Z7 c$ x: q$ d) u5 I4 t% A6 w
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' ]/ \( Y5 c- ?& e1 q' a 6 r; D, Q/ m. F, b, |$ U$ H对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 y, R- ~- N" N$ s, d" J% I$ m1 s2 C+ s) P
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! M; T: [0 |! r6 l" i. N/ k) Q, `8 I2 u: `% l1 v
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( I* Z2 D0 F( }( {( D5 n; _: l# n' B$ |. V( D
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % O4 i) E5 Z8 n" k, h+ ]1 D# U. V( W" y/ Y3 C6 d
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: ~6 ]3 J; X4 q
5 S+ e& d2 ~) E' ~& B有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) |8 }3 V8 t7 L i, F; h' B