本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + X7 R* U5 r3 D( M' s- F* h: M7 G# f# e w: n; s 转帖 " M) c* ]1 a* P: Z2 L: Y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 @. u' }3 f9 u [' I 5 ^8 K: m9 P% h, `例如: 5 x" ?& o {3 V! c2 j- j: X2 o; n: @$ Z- Q" t4 ~
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 E r& w. {8 F& F
4 d$ S4 ^! ?0 Y5 y( iThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ s3 ~& s' x$ z0 q. l7 P/ `
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " Y; E4 U3 P& w# D+ g- ?- x i1 T # y* g+ O; b7 KThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 I( m+ n5 h! ]( B) `* l3 d2 P3 y: \; C, Z# G4 X9 H9 ?
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* V; y' d# D; g$ W
2 z5 E' v2 Y7 O, gMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); j% x# m u; p7 a; K
) I' `& I; [8 G! D( I9 ~We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% u7 D0 _( F$ O5 r1 ^
% c8 l% a+ U. D/ v9 o4 [The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 a& w1 L0 f" R# Q/ d; @+ F* r b- h$ V4 C" [( v9 v
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 Z' t7 F6 N# K# }$ \5 H& T: P$ I { 4 p% H& j. b* KPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% b0 H: e }1 [1 G) n& O0 \
. s, U0 l* I# ]+ w Z- }& [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " ^- p* F9 f; O6 E1 i4 ~* A 2 n- C3 b4 v4 l% d, z j# O8 F( S5 m, P/ m7 |4 J 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : ]& x( i' w9 }- G5 B( i! K & Q% b5 Z9 [3 I a; \$ K/ h例如: ' o; Y R3 `, {- r$ g; a! M% e( H8 _. d8 U0 I
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 f, U; [. ^. S0 x+ J3 K
% c6 ^1 a* ?: Y6 T. J! z$ ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 |9 R! m- |+ [
) a0 g$ y) G- DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), `. B4 `" G7 N' S1 B$ F
% g' o8 v1 q' d% yHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 d) \% K, T% |% V. u- p" G3 `1 Q1 F8 [' n0 Y1 [$ s0 p8 p9 E
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " E% y( ^' _4 `- P g; G % G( u ^' Z9 _ T NShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 v( C# W& G: x: S, H+ q N/ ^
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 N0 V( {1 q4 @% e) g
- Z' c" @/ ~3 z: r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * N6 ? f5 L8 V) ?$ H/ o7 j: V( }! q2 c+ q3 F
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) w6 J$ v1 S9 O6 W4 \3 _( s7 o* g$ x( `
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 p* _, n1 _- L# o% r% Q
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 J1 y0 Q/ B4 d" |% e- ]
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); w* M" H' x2 B9 H r% c1 @
3 _; ~1 o E0 V& a( x* ^0 hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), h! q, j! K9 |- H' G2 U! T
p% U6 U8 r% o3 `. yEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% j0 b4 e+ {- [/ i8 W5 B- ]9 f
0 t7 x8 N3 [ r8 C4 H& h: g( L写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 ^/ l# {, j0 s2 s& C! j, [: \+ S
3 B+ z: l0 s3 [+ B j- M$ c/ x1 x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. S3 A, k6 a* C
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) U3 d0 l# v5 J M3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ i5 f. v f' [6 X: H " x4 l( T. d/ B9 s- o- r* d例如: - [. d, R; V, ^ " j. N# w7 ~+ pMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & I' [+ H& Z3 L5 `2 n( F% o. o# b7 k- E# ]8 e, z
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): U* q1 k7 w6 e9 |! @; `! u
3 h8 g% a" n2 A: h1 Q, WThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * c. B Z4 X% K! k& k/ R' d/ w8 Q% n2 u4 E" N8 F. _! I
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 S% s5 D# X7 X7 W1 a
: Y5 ^5 D' l! k9 ?% i: X2 dMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 _) p' |. v9 n
7 N6 E3 B. _) z% c1 k/ e2 g. WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 F- v' K* W! H3 ?: E* c4 l" M0 S1 v2 U( @6 s; i
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 c. d+ U. J1 E% v1 W
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; W; A: X) ]- f# K ' Q# i! q- K$ p同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ B9 P6 j' C$ y
% E0 x7 V* d& O当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % U+ m8 b: F' p! M7 L) I Z* v2 s6 p2 A$ g# V2 y! Y0 A
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 F! {" Q$ @) C3 Y/ b
( H, }) j5 B0 a( i* \* \' e对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * M: e4 ^" p" c+ J* q* \0 D; e, o* ?" a' S4 O% z) L* A
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 U$ }* ~ U. Q8 {, Q5 ]* H [
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 e$ U. M6 x- p& y' d( \4 K" B2 y# q) |- r+ i% X
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . V2 n D% J: N( o* ~$ c( z, n) [* W5 V1 @/ d1 q
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 i4 u9 H$ K! i4 j% T
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% H! E6 e& @ _4 j' U w: _