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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), _' c- a) |, b7 L- A: b9 S/ A
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 J/ A0 ~$ j6 x3 d
- f# a9 r- J; @, p9 C0 f9 FThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 y Z7 `7 R1 o" }# o8 r 8 L {2 z2 Q$ bThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' v* X7 b; Q( ]7 z0 i
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ r. \9 `- D5 f9 X' k0 e/ p
! ^5 W' h; Z3 d; y. \I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + ]4 p& x% [7 h6 B# v; @: X$ P) h. J7 d1 ]& H+ _
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 J; ]4 H, ?- i- D! X' m0 y1 X$ S$ N% i$ n1 E
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 X, W- o6 m: ~% n' C% z# p % v/ q/ c$ l% Q' FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' T' h, {$ p8 B- C/ U% ?1 [
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + ~2 O0 r6 k+ Q. S7 C! o$ D 6 A1 |& H7 l) U w* j9 JPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 [ M6 _+ N" d7 @4 h
- G- O/ c4 k9 K0 I# x# |这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* v+ E' `+ d, Q( {
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0 c) T2 [7 p: L( g/ m3 u A) I 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 T8 \0 }% S4 Q0 q# }- B! U ! h: [6 _# H% s+ Y: \例如:4 v0 J2 s% w" s- n
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 L t+ H @/ W
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ^+ \1 @: J2 o' s/ a0 G3 Q' K) j# L* {/ h, h
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! i, x j% J2 B' d7 D0 J& y! i3 z. g
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 a: E' G+ G/ Z2 Z) ~
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( n5 v5 b" y8 @* \1 r7 _4 S
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! L, e- N( [7 G / I1 e E$ W" k8 p4 fI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% v8 a- V; H9 A
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . g- }8 ?7 @$ t# w3 N4 f1 w3 {% h6 n3 Q0 {9 s- Y# i; `
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % C7 J" M4 `0 ~7 h; u, d ' a' g0 v; |5 c: `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 P- h. s- @- M |9 K5 ~
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" |9 C5 ?; V2 W0 U5 P, t* t7 ?- `( M
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): t) J. B. t* t* }1 J
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 Q; a/ N# S/ F! ]; @0 I
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : j+ y0 H6 T! H5 L% k- Z! V8 s% C4 N" w) y. p% i$ ?
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 w2 K% ^4 y) e _& S
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ @3 R7 Z9 _, s
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0 K, R9 a% o8 ` 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % M' y& P" O, i8 F( [- N2 {* F
例如: 4 x1 L; p z5 x0 u, J# c- A( f: ^
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 t$ w1 N/ D8 x9 p/ X" d
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / z& T$ U4 i" z ; T0 Z3 A0 c# K6 u( X6 D# NThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& m/ {: v- W( R: q* m/ G
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 P* W7 g5 k" v1 T- [5 p
1 m- k! Z; r, p9 M8 h D. t# HMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 p5 ^' Q! e& v3 H( f , _7 l' C& Z8 }. YPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & e& o1 J- z: Y8 @8 d / W$ Y/ ~( {7 w8 P; vCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- s I, ?9 i2 `! V: q" w
5 Z; ?2 V% T. U2 e0 t. R1 qStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' ?* I- H1 | F: U* E. v5 n! J2 \1 q + z; H7 v8 \1 C+ ^% H. U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 G, Y( L2 H) y( G- m+ w+ ? 8 ]7 s$ h8 Y7 G# n. V7 ~! r* M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. N: ^5 Y4 ]) V6 [ j ~! @; @: a
7 Y d6 D0 A5 Y$ A1 B$ x! r! b对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' T$ H( t6 U, v/ v E6 a
3 w, v5 Y; ?: q2 p对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + Z/ E! g+ B/ y6 ~# o* ? ! h! O+ \. v2 l; @! y' B对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 X# i- g$ N, q" p/ S0 l ) W# N9 t) D4 p( l: h至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 l& h# [- g3 \' C6 ]0 }7 e 0 R1 O, m |2 D4 {2 X, e* z' c) V2 H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; u3 I, {- {' T
# Q: w4 [6 y ]. Y/ ~有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) P7 F- A3 ~9 c2 x$ N) \1 n4 e