本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + A' y8 }" \7 u g# V. ?
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 }; }7 ^$ K+ }; I+ J$ X 7 I4 e) F2 o2 y: |, b例如:$ c! C% B8 Y' a$ r3 L1 u$ g
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( x' H2 e# P; F ~6 g' Z) u: B5 ]
# z( r* `# H6 I1 j9 [$ q( k3 DThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* g/ E& ], ~$ r; i) `! c( Q
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 h) q) d0 m5 j# h0 _) s$ M- T5 \* W5 p: w1 \6 U2 k
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 M( _9 q& x; S8 d% N- \' P" B$ g+ C6 i& }( E$ j! h
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % e0 P7 I+ B- B; E6 b) X 0 \" \& ?; e) k* ^( z; SMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): H v5 j4 o% n' V2 U+ H- G% b
/ N0 k7 G8 U, F) ^' o9 @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " o2 P* E& K* S" ]! S" c3 H0 ^; w 0 o. @0 s8 H: L: q! p8 OThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 0 {7 [1 A" Z7 U/ S) _+ N: Y6 T8 o# l7 }. i% e L
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! l; Y' x. E' O6 l' { 4 F* x" S+ d8 M4 IPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 B5 Q/ J+ D' O$ s' N2 `
5 i0 W, G p* V3 u0 K, p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * }0 M- S% G5 O" W% s* S! A9 v) h. v, n" S9 j+ P7 j: f! ?
$ J9 \- \. _: L2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 Z) q0 W# W; z. Q0 R. Z1 E& t' x" Y( V, ?4 o# J; R: A
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+ T8 e# c. x: b/ t4 ~ A1 ]At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " j q, ~0 Z( V. | + v4 Q; o: A' dDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); H% G2 m2 ~5 x+ V
6 E$ a+ n/ M$ M9 e- c G' YI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 t, C& N2 Z# d, p7 f4 C4 B x$ G( m6 J5 u
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ W! {5 b' R" ]: L7 |
- Y @4 F3 P/ i0 QIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - q' m. L& X8 @* e* H% _* ~% p) K3 E. o9 s: W
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 Z6 M9 E) C7 v1 m2 P! ]% L5 E
; C: M* P! f0 T; v( cI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 w8 m" k E; q, S2 \" A( V" d* U; ^' C8 z/ [8 h
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 O( Q/ S3 b8 p3 h' J% A# B `) I
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( N$ F/ V/ W `( I
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 z. `% J" G' [# F% b8 R6 n) U1 u' ~8 z i& l
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ w/ t6 ~0 w* k. M5 c
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 V4 p @) B, Y8 L" |
Y' F$ j) b A' VWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ N* `* C( s0 f7 J7 ]1 R$ V* C) M
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % q3 W/ x, ]' `2 ]6 ^" w) h1 A- V! v
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . n- p1 n# c+ t9 x ! O2 m* I2 W" S; T7 @2 y8 d+ j0 Y7 w此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 I$ H+ G1 |: Q* k1 y" k: Q , n0 V, e' m7 ?2 q / w5 j2 P, s+ j, ^* B. ^3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: \ O# v& s0 V* r
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 M6 y( T0 ?( N" I5 f t# f 0 N- K( C( b+ m9 W: f+ hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% m- {0 e9 e( F& @$ j3 O% q. C& N
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 `% r, _9 T* A% q j2 @# k" j- _1 e0 {* Z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) H, \% `( |" r" _
9 ^% I9 E/ ?! R& o9 C/ `4 TMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 K: m: I7 S2 c& k$ r2 W
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- S: W" A9 }9 w2 t! f1 `
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 T/ o6 ]) L @% ~4 x" g- W) X / v3 Q" b$ A& ZStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ U) r; B; z D3 a5 @+ }7 p
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; ]. `2 r0 Q& `' S& R o
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" b1 W& L7 I4 K' X1 T" [" L
. r; \ ?& r' d t对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 m# M- Q4 u$ v& l) n# P) q& ?; ^, O
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# ^9 F: o, j% |" D% W
1 J9 a2 ?2 ?: l3 l/ U2 R3 q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;7 ]; L5 p; b5 e+ S# D1 y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / E: z) h4 i2 O, B1 | 6 X+ A3 V+ w8 b至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ C8 u& d7 \+ }% Q; U( m6 p7 z3 H7 S8 O2 v# G
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : Q; d6 s4 k; q/ {4 e7 F) ?6 V+ O$ `0 k* x" [: ~7 |* J9 O
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 B9 A; i1 }' t