本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * B4 X% x7 d4 x8 x# t
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 q% ^2 N; y, D& f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 |/ s& @% d: n+ e6 t- z; P% C, _4 i% A8 X) [ u0 t: `
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ M- Y) X/ j/ h
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ n8 Z- A: H; I \& Q! S1 H$ b3 h9 t7 G/ q. n- y) Y: l( N
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ `. q8 e& P) R4 |" r
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " Y3 @* F9 w. K$ Y) h- ~( h% g' [: b% h
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ M4 B( J6 |& j) D- ~
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ j9 X: ~& x- T
& u B9 V+ A7 A' C: KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ v: L# E. Y2 O
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 y1 S1 \) v! u4 y5 @% j i
5 p- i( @" Z4 m2 z, f! [, n) K+ vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / c: |" k3 ] K4 K+ q: J& f, T/ V# |6 ^2 R3 y0 N4 M9 {% a
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( t7 g) N) H) a' `3 b9 e4 q' u" Y9 r6 U0 v
$ |( B$ ~% W7 ?" T* v' R+ {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 u6 o) G! j. i( n. A+ ^, K" e; u8 r! W2 K
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) : S! T, U, x/ {8 z: F0 y( @% C1 Z9 l* F3 z# ]9 F' g
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 D3 x4 t) c( ?# }1 b6 [+ s/ K
" _% \5 B% r, {! b* VHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% b6 E8 J( ?) d5 E( Q! ]
, q1 `: L/ J+ N" X; FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* z' `% v0 ?4 P6 _) z% U
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; Q M% k) }; {: a 0 G, ]! y' N. l% P! W% EI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 l8 F6 \! q. S+ u2 p$ s " p2 y, M; |0 w# N; a) f- C如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 _, M- s1 p5 R, Y3 O( j: C7 X
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); \7 O6 T; k# [7 T0 c8 w
, J# k4 b2 U, [2 D& w7 ^The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 r. i0 X" A% V! L: B7 a4 c0 y
% d" Y- Z4 l8 j3 X6 w" WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ O3 }* d/ W+ V/ e q4 d
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 i2 g2 H/ [" I9 t: g N" z9 ~! j
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) \$ `: G% ~) t& p8 {+ V; Y" d
( Z8 F% m# n8 l# o; LEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( @: V9 F2 z+ B! Y# ]. C$ m$ ^# H+ `" v, P0 {, t
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), Y; j/ q# A1 ~$ q# S- }& t
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ p1 e z, Q& |1 ]. [
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4 Y% B8 Q, ?7 s/ ~) m" Z! e+ N$ | 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ c8 I+ C* |6 P1 i 7 I! z$ F. }8 ~. g例如: : e# t4 n# `# h; e3 b# C! B% G8 I% c
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) w8 j# @: r- x* ~1 e+ G; H3 i
0 B y$ ^5 r9 N% t% GManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % ?, [+ L# J+ E) k. m3 s3 u$ H i& s+ c, p r4 g% y3 DThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & D3 A* G" ~4 z- V; _7 p* C) h Q7 M- V1 D- e# s
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 H& Y2 I- B7 R- D5 r- c4 C! Z% \7 x& u
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): B z% h' X0 ]( ]7 F3 [/ y# \
" Q& b1 g/ \- w, r7 ]7 c QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# }) q t4 a* H1 A: f0 a0 C
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 |- n" n- g- }" F
2 m& B9 r3 B: q+ m6 p5 ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* h/ l. P. J2 j9 |4 Y2 l3 \
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! f( v$ r" V& f9 u5 l. u+ U/ |/ R6 A
5 m: w% y5 r, R9 w x8 @2 ~当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 o; h2 `# k0 x) U9 O; O
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 s' o/ N M) `$ F! E. @; b+ z7 w% P6 q! w) T1 C- }5 E$ x
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % V, o& N8 c. u$ s8 w5 }; ^0 W( } w9 ]$ A5 R
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 i7 a6 @4 g. B& f" y/ I( S* G7 ~: d
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& m( Z9 C4 q- U" o8 y: K: b
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; a: m; D% G. }0 d, R: n
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 J$ Q! e5 |/ F! `' L# B 0 @$ o+ \4 s' \' x p: h$ A有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + n1 C2 H$ E/ B$ Z2 N