本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' }% x8 t7 ?) f% X, p
" V9 `% s, u% e0 w- n 转帖 2 m# T- [# u l7 \5 O9 e5 Q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) L9 U$ B m; z. p6 d$ k9 `2 \ t& f' V! ?0 A! o& E1 |* ]例如: + U% K& s' h# z: N5 r* s/ k1 V2 F' Y G% q1 j/ n% H
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! A r$ B7 X" X1 p5 j: S: R- r6 f, |" q! m' {
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' e$ ~) U+ N8 @, z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread), s2 d; ]! J- K! K% R' ~
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! }; d5 i7 R1 H6 G& }+ L# [& Z! F5 h; t/ {- C' b
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " M$ H, ?; i$ y1 y3 Q$ D% M7 J( S# W
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) k& f7 {$ ~0 D
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 j, }1 b0 ^3 x: X, Y 6 b% T- [: l) Y) J3 Q$ e# U" qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& M. n' E9 y& Y
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) ?& o; m3 ?0 C8 [$ a
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 _, _% @$ M. L2 ^: j3 a / o) m$ ]! t! b# i4 d这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . b0 p3 e. _' P) ~" m* Q: B $ t, r7 _+ g0 T, M- O( c3 f8 I; j7 m3 ^% {/ Y, w8 _# e: o 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 c- c' _' W* P8 I/ U7 B ( R( h7 Y" P; i9 D9 N例如: 0 T- n: _- M4 Q' W: P$ o ( r9 ~# H& R" ?- MAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * P8 S* Y" ?" w0 ]6 |' F3 v 1 P) ?4 i. ^0 D' \8 ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 ` V! Q" d" W9 _( e& C4 l
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ |7 k1 \" G9 U" A& a% n
4 Z, z8 V6 b( ~5 y. j+ d m2 nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 X6 i9 x" P' X1 }: P; ]" i # t' g: f0 D) Z- H' B1 oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( s3 s' H" Y; J0 I+ }' c, A3 H
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# Y( z2 s2 R$ N' ~
% c" n" z, ]. `0 X1 n) I3 M6 J; aI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % O# T5 M' x1 y0 Y& @. @ $ p! P1 n7 x/ T$ \0 [如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ m: g5 J4 e, ]0 T5 S
1 e9 q9 _0 B0 O* [; Z6 TThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( u3 t8 y9 X! u, N0 `& J
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 z. R L/ g; F( z, r" f. T( ^( d0 @# A6 v- f/ j
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); }7 ~2 w% U( O/ A6 K$ L: ?
2 G7 S; A# R. G2 Z# P- SHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / p( N L2 G# ^0 s$ ?4 T( D ' n) e4 `2 o3 }' x% BWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 n3 P; _7 `1 M9 D/ U( v) a5 z y& D4 p7 K0 k
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 i0 C1 M% B+ o! J - Z% m# j3 a4 u$ Q- V写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 B7 K+ ^9 o9 g6 s4 h5 H
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * l) J h" y3 ?- e$ X3 A( E9 E* \$ n. W( V4 L: b
" i. u" `* H- K: I) ?; I% \ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) i+ A+ W+ Q/ o/ j
6 f% f% g; e- Z/ h例如:5 X% e4 C4 W3 x% }4 Q; }. P: p
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& v# g6 |) O: L
A. U" U1 V2 Z# l% NManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! y& A( g/ W. `6 @% m n5 s9 O4 g# ?
0 X9 I# J6 _) U! {, m$ u0 z9 f% wThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 n$ t- u+ {* X4 [& y
2 b. B9 _3 r$ { \He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); n& s3 @8 ~% r' W( G- u: ?
5 V% p' F8 W, |% rMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 S6 Q4 A; |2 y0 N7 A1 n
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 w/ s$ f+ }; B1 b- ~2 }% z% V. q ( D# a* [5 }1 H) U/ w0 V6 y, i1 [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 c; A* L2 a0 T4 \- h. e7 e 3 v" U% b4 b- T k: xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( D( N2 X3 l0 R4 [8 Q% _! R6 D9 W2 Z9 l$ f5 Z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) a$ C6 f- \- J6 l
+ }) r/ q. J3 E4 }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' e: v' \, j1 u
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ l% ^- x* X3 L/ q7 v N( c
- ^. Z! z2 R. V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ k9 u5 v0 h& a4 k& t# V