本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . P" S1 _* a2 E- A' F6 l; B1 g8 S* {1 X$ g 转帖- L, a. `; L; q8 N1 k) H
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 t/ c& Y* |7 B& _3 s3 l& k. }1 _3 s& a! x8 _6 L5 _& d
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). H% M: w5 L" D$ E4 c4 W
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) ~3 N- c# [( c: H% v
/ M, f; i5 z0 g6 j* B1 G: }This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 D) z8 J' g) `$ h& m ) B" I8 i6 J2 d& j$ v6 f! s PThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 \& _* A9 q- T' c# y/ n. v2 l3 T + @3 S; M1 h8 E! I+ [I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % M" O- p' S, Q3 K* B7 ~1 y5 ?7 f) v
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 I( ] Q3 F" m# T- F9 w3 P, T
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 r$ @1 S7 B0 w7 [1 D( p
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 A% o5 m P C1 p2 \
8 O! o9 I9 V% o7 q* }- \& ], rWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 B" E" d6 f, h h) a7 _( D% t
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 d) P4 L3 Y2 Y. ~1 Q; U! Y 6 E" K, Z: o3 W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : q3 ^4 b# Z* H& X1 L* n8 p8 l/ Y9 u' s
( E4 s1 ]7 x/ B6 s4 y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% ?' I7 j0 M" ~( [
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 ^* d1 ?" ~8 s! I! ]% H* L 3 Y2 r4 q; l1 QDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 n5 |( b$ ^) J: L+ S* c W3 n 4 S: Z9 m0 E. xI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / M. c! p# J5 V# L3 ?$ h! e& K0 z) p- } ( \% u. j* s. d7 e) c, g/ dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & q6 x% U6 i' B" G( D) a$ H, I - m( R, k! p" E* U, zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), e1 F& [2 t9 C8 }' M" C
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ G6 D7 Z/ {% f$ E* q" r7 M+ Z
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 D! J# w$ x0 V$ S , C( B# q; F+ ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 h( c0 s, Y0 x2 a' h5 O1 l) s# S1 O, \( a
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ H- J# [5 N4 M, _; u3 W
) w, A" @; z# `5 x% V/ AThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& V# S4 I0 X3 B5 I
! k; y4 g, x/ ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); N% h/ w( |$ ^6 [+ ]
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): i1 Y8 G; X. @
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( D$ R0 n) @+ L
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 M9 T' Q" m: f1 I! h5 W U
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), T; g5 q% F0 q9 ~
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % B7 z/ S/ {; a6 r# U7 T 5 n0 `4 ]! ?6 T4 D ; S; g- |0 B7 h: K, l3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 Z( u8 }* H# ^ & h6 {4 A' a' B例如:' O3 ^& v. D3 i6 [: K' W, |2 @# U
, @/ F- ~* N" \Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 V3 v1 ~2 E$ C$ s( { , r X- E: e7 T% j" B4 m6 fManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) v0 N# k& |7 g# S6 `+ E0 P# ^8 m( [; f, U) W) h3 W9 C
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 Z. M+ T9 L" b# `0 ~: T a: [- c( N+ G( P6 _He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 ], S- a. v* {0 t
' j s4 ~% d4 U* D$ C: y3 Q) {3 rMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) O; t; u1 ]. e) g) C) g% u5 ^. s3 Z! A$ r$ W" L
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( J" C- O2 Z; o d4 Z S & t) s+ s. r7 ]7 C0 ^ z; v4 N# lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * |% X6 x! A0 `/ r% e0 d4 u0 ^! j1 }; `
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / `, l( X$ r3 X$ Y, n & i4 v* d7 s/ b$ N7 M, N% w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 M. X! i6 T/ x/ h
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . Z6 G, _3 t7 S* }) y$ R, e5 b( b8 `, U8 d! \9 M2 X5 C7 J
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ ?2 ^: e: l- i0 O0 Z+ l X. @0 X
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, s; _% {) Q. O. C
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 b4 W6 {& e/ l* ] 2 R2 _2 C% Z" t- |# ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 v Q# D' \" N9 ~4 R/ H: d7 m
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 r5 L8 i! |: Y' u2 @& L5 I* j: A7 L/ h7 T I5 |4 C. I0 s- e
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & l7 |; n& J( [ ! Z; \9 [/ H5 t( j$ G6 K4 e有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 t9 Y7 v& p' S% I3 P6 c6 b