? Y! M9 C8 B7 ?) O* dMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- S8 C6 G# R& L* P8 H9 |6 `5 J
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : x/ ?% W* B5 v; P) n. U4 _1 Z , D5 }! K3 |* m$ UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 v( h1 Q7 F# C1 m& U# \ , |/ j2 [5 c. ?; z+ k& uThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)& @9 j3 @/ |- s- ~" c# n+ r+ I
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& [( K9 O' N# D6 P+ j+ Z
7 b$ R" l0 K6 B% t, u8 }. AMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 w: y+ O x- |5 {7 a7 a
2 ^& l) G! A5 X( u7 J7 AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ R4 F- ^% }* @/ H
+ y3 B1 l( N4 A0 A- g! \5 }The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 O- U+ ^. T# u* k1 S+ K. g7 L& d+ J: N% S4 V9 @; l$ g
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 X8 L/ a: O- v9 C
/ Z5 Q% |8 A2 |& V% ~- l% ZPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / X* s- O @: B! p5 T9 K$ ^6 H2 `- Y7 k0 [. s1 s
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! r0 g- t. w6 F8 m2 ^: E5 o9 K
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4 d: J9 N Z, t% G) P2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: g/ L# n$ l U/ u/ \
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例如:2 t1 o d6 w& [) K5 }
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - A8 E9 i6 m6 m" Y* C2 I6 {) v: D' B8 L# ^" Y' T5 Y# R# l5 S
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 M5 _' D! b4 Q* O5 q( D ) t5 g, S6 X. [1 ]9 v. U1 D$ ]0 gI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 D% M# _' P' N: y c9 B
' v( y$ z2 f7 `1 ^. @He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ j `0 m9 N& C- E
. T0 M* D( v5 r4 M) S v; YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' ?0 o. j8 m% \+ C
! e2 _, i* G. U3 BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , Z# m! C. E9 z% }6 e! r2 y% x& ~
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" |6 _; _' w# {( {, m: S a8 w
; [+ G$ v7 Q" y9 c8 q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / U+ i% C- v# { * w S. k+ \ T9 ]5 hThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( t3 m2 S8 s) {( N5 d1 Y2 S. d9 U4 l# a+ J1 e9 b
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , j2 R, e- Y# I: H# k5 \2 K% ? : N. K3 L! s! v) I; gHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) b* Q4 ]6 w( F' Z* P' w( u \
% e! N3 B7 \5 P0 P2 _He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : ~; I5 x/ ]4 C0 P+ W+ c6 x2 B+ r ' f8 e7 A; O4 a z$ }We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) Z! p$ l2 `7 }: r
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % u& F: { i! C( E2 y& m! X5 W 6 f O. N j p s5 t: l& ?写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 \9 G) E. K0 ]' t" u 4 V; j6 p1 j9 V2 f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. p% j$ r, c2 ~9 J
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6 l0 A0 g. p' j7 f7 o+ n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & e, E+ i$ `2 ]8 e- b6 J; Y" K( v" g6 }4 D4 Y% n X. }: s8 R
例如:1 t( X& ?' K$ x# J/ j6 a5 T1 f
+ \& {, b5 \' z9 a* ?% |Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 T. _$ {, C- u0 |: A9 N s" h4 h8 q1 M5 P+ i% p$ q& F
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 `: T' L8 L2 L- f: [) e
+ H2 `; S3 U4 M2 N6 d! Q6 R O* IThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* ~# t2 ? d. m
6 R7 p( [$ _& aHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 B% G9 S7 D3 x( A& \7 [+ V. h. }9 @* r
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 W3 A/ F/ u o$ i. i% D. H& _* p% y$ t0 w
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 v3 {" @, }3 V5 ^ 3 x: N4 F' Y1 G5 f1 \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! C1 i/ s S. b* ]* B" V$ v5 H 3 i( o0 {2 U! H2 q& g m2 L* j4 u. oStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! _! [! W, V/ {/ Y4 H ' e# q8 k [* Y2 w" u1 A% V% F8 e6 R同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 y) W8 |- B# j
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # j d/ i" d7 v1 M- Q* L$ m& y6 \/ W4 u
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % ]7 V' ? b5 E, u" l 5 o1 t* V/ p8 }, t9 F& S2 `, K对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , `% x- \ |) y0 W $ D, P8 n4 {. W; y' W$ e3 Y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , ^, U) S, [9 I5 z8 i! U3 v. B5 Q: u T S) C
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . U7 q! ` _& H8 e) d+ N# p e1 I6 b' M
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 W+ Q" N# f: \5 w2 {! p& L) i4 a 6 j0 v8 z7 v+ H6 C& l! y" N还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - F1 J# u/ q& g* r. b# {' _1 r$ r2 T6 h( E/ d8 `( B6 p+ g ^% d' I
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# S8 D2 W. n, s# q$ a5 e, F