本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 E# t4 C6 g; O5 _: B - k9 l9 E1 O, A u9 w& \( C% A转帖/ w+ z" r: m$ L3 o% c
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ F/ U7 |! F6 T9 \! K
. }2 h& A9 h3 U, B) ^' n- ~+ A& x$ K例如: 3 ]4 c+ d2 r, y5 i# }! ] w* y: d3 D; K+ P" lMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! n& h" Z1 b2 c1 o. R6 }6 P 1 z# K2 }0 y; h% c+ OThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % d* D! F8 ]7 [' K) z5 U5 Q/ r6 T { h1 x- n, [; V# R$ ?
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . B6 S9 O K' T4 k' P $ R: D+ C1 b& qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 u5 [3 }# }# a9 i, r 1 y, P7 D. L' _) PI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) X9 y: M Q! ?% ]. E
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" {4 ~, v1 f1 A; N2 o% w* L0 {* p
5 o* C5 ^1 y! K1 `3 c( LWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , X, O4 N0 [+ V6 O , p$ r) i9 M* ^- e1 OThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( j% H, h) T' ^ x# d' b' _0 Z0 c" f' s
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - A2 L. X3 E' s1 w% u. W. a9 Y, S |& t& F3 i) S
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ g# y/ c; H: @, q ( \4 t5 d2 ~' Y% |7 l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % M& d2 i a. A& h# c5 r/ r) r( c& W, b& e; v& T5 f# J
9 x, a& p# ]% v& c/ Y" p2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 m% _5 ?0 T. z7 z: R9 P; U# E4 r- R. ]7 |# _* h; |" E
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( Q- Y6 ~% N2 c( u# E- K ' d/ t: l% s9 f& Q9 T' e# | WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 S% O; N$ Q) @1 t1 _, y n# G5 B9 A: P$ d
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # U' D' ~, ^0 { - j5 w" v4 e, U; DHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! P/ y6 u7 [) h' f( G: E( v5 e
' E9 Z) C5 D7 {, I5 \" z' jIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* j$ m( c& t- t5 ?% b8 p
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # f8 n2 f3 }; Y# I. U8 H3 p. e0 i7 x$ K6 X. B
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); q4 p7 R. K- P: d
( i- ^: I$ `9 A5 E7 K4 O3 l+ `% v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 C6 `- m! Y- e% D $ q: @5 M3 D; ]% aThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); U: c& O k, \
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 z3 ?1 ^8 ], K2 r) u1 s, C5 ^3 t
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 z" n& w% W2 m+ a( P" @( k2 H# W + q- [9 J2 X# ?% S+ N8 cHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 s* x8 m/ R& B$ I9 l: S 1 t7 M4 g: D* K/ t3 X# B4 i3 pWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + a/ r, o Y0 O: v ! i) V4 X% n/ \3 {. [- gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ ~2 S: P% e( }: F+ [: E( q4 x: Z8 f& C0 |& V5 F
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & z4 C0 c, X1 K9 {) R& g# u! H4 x0 T* t, H
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, J5 S& m0 i4 m) t+ Q1 o$ x
; S. r5 r0 ^5 y m 0 Z/ E! p; e) j3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ \! c& {/ C+ ~
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 ?, U/ P/ J- `# f$ m5 v- ]3 z# x, G7 [4 P
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 { }9 }1 i6 b7 P; t) `- l4 `
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 r" _ t. {( f8 V Y5 a# J/ x- c) l7 a7 Z g" ^! V
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), Q7 C# F* K) r Q8 l* f
- L) r }1 z1 oMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) }! I( T y; T3 d, e7 K3 r* P$ u6 y& A
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); v! r* R9 g6 @7 u' ?
5 f" e4 N& z% C4 X& BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), \/ N3 O4 D2 y! e
/ z2 S" e6 u4 O5 K- U, XStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# r8 C. G$ D; R; i+ p0 T; J
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + s+ K+ }. D2 w+ r ! G+ j A/ W5 F+ i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 y/ d+ \. x, w! \; C' O
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + Q( D* B% Q% V6 s+ W% l/ x" f7 f1 Y" A* E. y ^
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & b5 L( ~6 |/ E2 P( u+ ?0 B5 u1 ^- h% f4 u/ S8 _4 C$ E
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 J- K+ O- D" {- Q& e: j 4 s! F+ q. k2 L, w9 A# S/ O4 M* {; [对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / I& t5 I$ Y' w. w# h ; I" O, x" O/ Q/ W% p; n至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 U* b; U% D3 t. S- I% }8 W4 E
* [& A: i2 [' I i) f$ `9 B. P还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 C: K0 S( Q2 N; Y+ Y. k% r. c1 {5 p
3 k1 ]# J. i6 z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ D! ]7 A7 Z" N