1 @9 V( L: W8 ^ Z5 VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 F8 C$ |% s% c9 V) L+ O2 }0 V5 Y, M8 [& ~- ^" h, C
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / @5 F+ f7 b0 H) @ & U4 H2 X3 P, {4 FThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 d! L! W. W; p% p& E& K
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), i6 G: }8 O7 f# C0 e% o
5 X" V9 k; x) h3 aI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + }/ r1 o! K0 D! e' ?) `6 a/ g 3 h- Y! l* P9 n) G& D) cMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % k$ n- } Q- C! N8 k- E! f/ F+ e/ b: ?: _) j8 s) b
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 e! s6 A4 S( A+ U* }
7 l' o9 C( j1 u- s& F$ a& u3 gThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 P: A6 u$ I) h / B( O) {+ B* i7 U$ E) LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' r5 {3 l( q, z, Y+ O
6 w0 I1 x$ J; u% C1 b5 QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 C5 r* x: L9 }: z+ b" k. ]
! e+ o7 E$ \0 Y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 u" X% J/ l: c( q& M. Z
, Z7 z( ~5 x* _& ^# o7 g0 B* H2 B 2 y$ V; h5 |, }3 c ?2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , G& y0 a$ H* ^0 A+ i2 x, v2 c7 |7 I* ]9 h
例如:& i7 v4 V+ P3 I, h) ?, u1 i
3 P0 C& N5 t W7 f0 L0 S- vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): D* M! x+ i$ J. T) X
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& h$ ~" [* x( I$ g. O0 C: r, k' l
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 o7 \4 H; E* c% h
% @6 h: `$ v9 h& X6 vHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( Y3 r6 w0 J. @* T% S% } ( C. H& f; z1 ]: q) S" l/ X7 MIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) {" w5 L% o8 s5 U j) e
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ ^+ v7 Z0 u/ L* k' O1 z
7 {2 Z' y# B1 T, h3 \: F# ~I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ A" E: X) [ f5 a! M* w2 M7 p1 E m$ A7 E. z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 a& @! }, }* _$ q4 s
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 N. l- @' B# w6 P( g& S* ~5 z
2 c( Z" N, V9 r, [7 j. z1 z7 HThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 @, v l3 i# O7 A8 t' E3 ~- }5 \7 e* K, y4 h7 {- l7 ]0 a2 Y) M
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & r5 u6 i, `/ W" t4 d3 y9 f4 W 3 L4 n9 l) n: g BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ a" ~1 q* l( s w; a3 x; R
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / D( m& T# W6 F: T+ x1 ~" m7 V & q2 \" ^0 p, @: a/ W9 AEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# K3 r+ y7 ]; m9 [/ b$ k8 i
3 {0 o- C; V( j# E0 k$ s7 I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ~& w- g: X* J7 ~; V. D1 ?$ n+ H7 X3 M* e4 c" e
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / L# ?2 e5 h) ^( Q& g; s1 e: ]! K8 U( h# E
9 U1 A0 x# ~' U9 J: J1 R# D3 | 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& `& W0 g- ]' Q7 x
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例如: 0 \8 `; p' G1 f & @9 b% e M, G. x2 BMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' I6 ?/ i+ ^/ B+ h: [8 \' C* \: @' ^% q2 T2 m
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( n7 {8 v: @$ a5 K( G6 l8 z) V! w6 l1 S4 V4 w' X7 Z
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% k8 O7 {1 U2 y1 H% j/ w
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( J( M5 l8 _% b7 L2 x# d ! s; L* K4 Z* E4 \# D1 z. aMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . ~* f! @3 [* i: K5 y6 J, j% G8 j4 U' L K+ M9 z2 K) b% p9 l+ g# k0 u
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), |* i# g3 C' J% v) _( N
# x# ?) U7 P# B( pCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 u) n! d3 R2 k0 X; u! T
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / P7 v( T6 J9 k$ x) n, ^3 S 5 p c# y! _1 }$ V9 \7 }; T: q7 t同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# s. |6 v$ r! q2 `* `4 n+ `
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' `4 K7 W- D' P2 G$ y
6 D! ?4 B# _5 r" P4 b% Z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 e6 E I3 P7 G% \9 W9 E5 b& {" W7 D6 [4 G+ |0 Q J% m
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * l! F+ m2 ]$ S# e" N. N+ h' u0 W7 k" K# |; s
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / A, P% c9 K5 {" {$ e3 a ( _ f, O3 R1 B; T" |$ s对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / E h+ A' q0 H0 k$ h: E \ " n+ _0 \+ I T1 b至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' C; y# J) P/ h1 w' K7 P* A
% V% D+ [' u$ n2 O2 H有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& T, m: Q0 N5 Y" ~% X. Q