. `& a; g6 }6 R: b+ u3 c3 ]1 f/ {/ z转帖 d" X6 V$ V; g; o1 a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / `6 I8 i- \) j; e$ E: G' p1 G" }" V2 y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 E9 g1 W9 T+ M( @" b! r" y1 G% D
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; l, u9 G; o& U# I. ?3 t6 {0 e1 y8 L( A
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 o1 T8 t/ `' L/ D1 i { y3 g4 x5 h1 j2 k4 C
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 d3 J) Q$ A2 m, x y0 c7 a K4 `, G+ I% w ?+ t8 H: DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " S: f! m0 N2 h, {' x8 J9 j 0 A0 Z1 [+ g8 [9 [+ l3 |7 ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 U8 ?+ d0 @& y0 Q6 k. Z 3 D, V& z9 T7 ^5 C- {: i. }We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 r4 P% l% s) {2 U7 ?+ N* e 2 S# h: F; _- k. fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . x1 W) k, i: u/ A# t# q% P3 a4 m! H( d& R" C1 a
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , O2 q7 C' j ?; h4 R$ v+ D& m7 \, X2 o0 v6 u. g6 u) A. b
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); ~) y( K, Z2 V7 [( C4 ~
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 `0 B& u8 S$ ]: d. b, i! m
8 w( J N- @2 f4 H! q/ N: L" A/ k1 r) C: y3 A- ?$ V6 q# @ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # F: ?* J7 t6 A% |# q: q * r6 g' ~) x7 a4 M1 b2 r" E例如:3 H8 w! D+ y/ T- m% V/ r
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ z( R2 }2 O! s, g/ j" m
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& K6 d1 K# R# d Q) U
% _: |1 C* m9 ]1 d {1 c0 j. P( NI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * |9 A& s% G- C/ `$ c , s9 n- p' _# T$ D# R% l0 V- C8 yHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' Q" w( m; ?1 L( S0 i2 S, r. u" H0 {+ I/ `9 f# |6 T2 W
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( A( ?8 n$ h- ]/ z( n 0 r9 J2 O; S4 Z" R9 ]She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) J0 ~/ B: H+ K9 I3 ~8 z% T0 U$ _: t, U4 d: y3 R7 V0 r
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 Z) K# w1 o: |6 k d% ~0 D( V+ `
F# w4 i+ m: h1 _如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: M! z* t- E9 q
% y' o: c$ a4 f, S* `: qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' B, i3 c; `) {* ? `% u8 S8 F) }
# {- P9 L* Q# V$ wThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! o/ O5 g5 u& X" S
7 E8 s: F$ f* u2 f3 @He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 {" c8 U' ?& [% l4 e. I
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 Q; e+ I) B" J0 `3 Q! t) ~ M 6 Y! @5 t, E) x. U$ E5 d5 W. rWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- X3 [1 F, v8 b8 \ M
! v2 ~! H! W! h: n7 A9 T8 \& iEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 ^$ S9 N! x4 y1 ^* I/ @. b M: } q
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 y, @/ E- T! z: d& X
' r. [' w/ {" p( P8 \; D( D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / s; `8 H _2 z0 B 0 t' Z$ W0 f" m6 v* | 0 _6 E4 R" a' `* w3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 K8 B% S# Z0 m" T- t$ [ ^; K ( P- q8 X0 e& z& H, O例如:$ o \- U3 K1 h/ J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- Y" k/ j# Q4 q/ A( Z) Z4 b F/ e
& r0 s2 J( k* i5 Q& B! D+ uManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 T2 W9 p* g* v- F. t9 z# `6 P6 j
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 d G+ I) M* c/ x1 T
8 S, P6 O/ J5 }% J! W xHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & k9 o1 ?* }- R9 }" W( J: r2 j+ n7 L& `; Q" u# V3 O8 I- n. N3 o; N) w3 H3 R5 q' b
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 }9 Q4 R- s: u/ W; W [$ U. p5 Z2 H% x4 E
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 M) P- U+ N, {: h0 m$ w+ n
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 o5 |9 J" B3 I4 T / b. a: a' N( Y- FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): V3 W1 u- r* A
) ^! X+ o# E# Z( r7 l$ @$ _同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! Z3 I) U. t/ D$ J" D" D9 M4 ]
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * u3 J$ |) O% H( y- a) b' E% e" T9 V0 G" z; X. A4 `9 R Q' [1 n8 o7 S
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! [2 ^% ]6 P9 B' q9 N1 u
) P( E6 \ K0 }) e) o7 Q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 {' }2 ^% m( R* A h
( T- j1 w6 m+ r4 C* J& Z8 e对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;7 S* q1 j9 o7 }# x8 h- K$ U! Y" k
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! G) R) v8 [) h% G' e: C2 T- \: n
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , w) z) N5 p6 o' P1 i7 x. ^, I* ^. E5 b/ p: j. w
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 O8 {+ x1 k5 ?# u
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 L# a0 B' m1 u) K( {