本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; a- p" ~2 g. I1 D. |) z0 e! v
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 x' P0 R0 r4 S, r$ _( w- d
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - O- y7 l3 U, m- @0 F ^) p. {8 S; r9 {
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 ^# O% B- `2 y2 D( f0 Z/ l3 z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . ^8 ~" \- e& r2 g/ r4 t% h n9 h4 a: n% O2 c" ?& j' Q' Q/ b) Y h
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' B. O! K r, {: g) G9 y
! i+ j3 Y* h6 |- ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" h3 I: c B; u0 K; f! t5 Q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" j( X/ H! l: u2 w; _5 P
- k+ A9 m% a" V7 ~: O9 OWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ y; Z( C4 m4 v, a' _4 ]5 G* B) V' O( p7 Q' _
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 \$ P: X5 a. k
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " |7 W/ d9 p" t5 f ' x% G8 f; n. e0 QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& b# p; q6 B! f) h
# ?) E% c! |# a) D. ]" H这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, X) }/ t9 K0 Z$ I1 Y5 M
' |* _& r" c* q8 ` : s; D, N$ q( F6 A( }* h% x0 M2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + B1 A, u2 d. I5 V8 W* x 9 g) O: ?2 S" L: Z例如:; Q2 `' h5 h. T
2 }, X1 N/ i( g. R* B- B q1 g& LAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), i4 I, w: s, L
- C- l5 H( k. m/ d, a) ]) IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 ]& D2 z/ \9 c( a5 T# ^$ M 8 K* o" Z9 a4 V! N2 FI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* V* ~( G# J+ r3 G* K
' Q* @. T( E7 Z$ B& qHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 a' V* O6 t- D ]: o$ f
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * R4 ^4 [( a9 ], P; R 1 q9 W/ u w) N# iShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): y7 \" N2 B$ B5 A
5 Z" j8 M# _: F) t* `2 ^+ u ^I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 y* g% z7 k1 A7 Q; m V" Y5 O* K* T# K" }1 n
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 [2 m1 _& Y) L, k, c9 P
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 k" s; p( P6 t8 j# @ * e' M& a3 E/ I _- g- _$ PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : }5 _( |% t+ d& ~' Z 3 \! X7 l5 t- g, y3 S. f/ ^, RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # O- M: A: V$ E; L& `# e1 D& E; a/ P
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 M+ F4 n1 A* O8 t% A
0 O* u9 B- Y9 Q5 B1 v) P. _0 ^1 D& X6 LWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # _8 J" n9 j& j2 M+ e/ W 3 b s% h- b) p* B3 ?. gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 g* s2 H4 [+ V6 f9 t+ b& q4 m% \
& y* T |. Z g, Q* b: S' u写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 r& k, K# ]. u5 V# F0 k7 w. ?1 v/ r+ F1 t, c/ j
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 d+ B" N. v+ }& q* O# J5 p- `2 a" ^- ? V0 E+ t& l( [, U [; I
& |! s/ h7 ?, H- x8 s 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. K, U$ G- s/ G; J9 E
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例如: 6 } u" r7 O r# Z: `& L8 D! P N' A( G3 K4 M9 E4 `2 C
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 H, P2 t! `' Y* w+ [* i7 H ]' `+ m
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " T* G4 b( @- ^8 w6 @" s+ c8 u7 M7 G4 l% E+ X: {8 G* l" ?( N
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 b& Y% D; o" U- f8 P' U- O" O$ Y8 d" s+ z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 O/ ^' u/ d7 x: w3 K0 X* T; Z% S6 I. A0 V6 s d& x
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" v, R" o7 R1 S& D! U' T
5 I q5 N$ [1 n$ yPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 Q: f7 U8 w2 V! F. @8 z# P
) b$ F; A9 n7 j% E% RCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ b) X+ I# M) t . u$ `6 `; M' FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ s5 Y+ J' _+ W1 J& S5 C
8 a/ \. g W: b/ U+ s4 c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 d, M: U" J& ^8 F
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& d0 z" N2 i2 B. K
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' E: X, A4 {3 R4 i+ ^
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 }0 R. A% w* s9 N# U6 e0 F5 _5 I" \9 d0 Y
8 j7 @! j5 o) W6 l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* w9 N2 l$ [% F, a