本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' |, D0 \3 k; S# T) e- h& ?7 L7 Q# Q& X P6 s: m0 c# E 转帖 3 I! G; o: d! X/ P/ D/ Q8 r1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 [8 g. l3 r& Z6 C 3 o6 D# I7 A9 t( r4 E8 W2 J# @2 Q例如: 8 p0 s* p2 n6 r1 Z i/ [9 q( v# f b; G, @% ~
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " f5 m9 i" {2 I$ i# q4 q$ W : h$ C! B8 Y, nThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 ]3 ]7 q% T/ x& a* B |0 g
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; S% G' |, K7 Q8 ]& f& c1 _ Z8 s$ P" F! B$ U! x/ s- `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 d: ]1 z' g$ Z2 Z- R8 S& U9 o
$ F g0 X: ` `4 eI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - \/ p' _0 V. `; ~/ _$ p. G3 a/ V+ h+ p6 ~, {
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 f: r! }. h. Y. D$ d
+ ]. u! J& e9 A: {; A8 JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ e' Y1 l& g6 d5 {6 c5 W$ O; r
7 a% c9 ?% m8 d( h5 g' @The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : G5 E9 F- g6 Z! r # r& n N$ G# x: s' hWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) z5 z" a7 ] p8 H% `* P+ p . W% E; X" X- s- ^. B! u. JPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % |: c5 S6 o4 m `7 e/ _) `) |8 Q# i# L' F
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 z0 r4 a4 ?/ T- y8 U( ~ , P1 G+ h6 u% C5 t0 l3 c- M& W, _4 J0 b( a, B! k" i 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ?$ R- |1 o% s* Q7 h [
( P# ?( s) V7 Y' n9 p; ]1 {2 a例如: ( m0 S& f; x9 H9 A: V ! l3 K1 Y5 [' [7 ^7 o$ [At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! v0 F+ R, m! [% o
1 [/ ?5 `6 N3 L, ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! |- R3 J0 |" j
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + j" g* u8 f: C0 n # B1 t/ H6 k6 ~ F7 d2 u" @- vHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), C7 `8 F2 _% L% r: p9 L& Y' g
. Y$ {6 v% R' ^* w9 T2 \7 T: XIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% d5 }1 o* E s$ x9 z0 ^
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 u% I# E0 X0 ~9 @2 K* Y( ]9 _
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / h6 i; u7 q1 Z: P: V 5 B% C' K1 ~# O) Z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 K2 y M1 Q% v* B" p9 k, T* N- |# _. h6 {' J( s
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 h8 w1 O4 S( J7 x- L
! |' n) o; `6 k. {8 I, V# S$ f4 RThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + k% ~8 j3 z% T& M/ m, R: F # }" u4 L3 z5 _) A/ D1 X1 yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' b8 X) B- J7 ~$ P$ s) A0 c$ s& N4 Y( c1 A4 E
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' j" e+ A4 U3 e3 P) F% ?( B- N- \1 e6 z5 |
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 v0 i7 I: W, Y/ y. M5 e8 e+ b" _, G8 Y6 ~+ J( s
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + ~ F T' }' x8 m' n, j% Y' c; p/ v' ?# E) |8 z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' {) A# S' B) f. E. t0 h: L. z; i2 J, s. H0 X# a% [
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 |5 n1 X# R: F, ^# u/ W8 ~' c) B( \7 i
* _% t; R. G6 ^% K4 ]3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! T O% D& I$ V; B p) ^
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例如: $ x" f9 d* R$ L9 H9 _; b( [ 1 I3 ?% s2 W4 Z1 z$ j- k5 PMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 r8 F0 a$ t2 v0 w3 E
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( @) i6 {+ r- _- }- v" ?" r
! R4 K6 I! Q0 I n2 t% E! }& eThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 B c0 |+ @( I8 M4 }! t( L9 S2 v1 X+ B* Z7 O( c
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * c8 i4 V" ^% x6 q* m+ Z " h0 n$ H$ M2 ^7 i. QMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' M6 v. o' @; Q: J5 t- |& T7 F 3 T2 f6 w p& k9 n# i6 ZPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); _( ^3 X! }3 {/ B8 [4 p
' Y+ Z" O4 I, t: \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % V" n; W$ ]# X# [! ?6 J |# d# g1 w, ]) |( Z7 \, XStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& f: b8 T$ F, Q2 ]5 Z
: d& ] c$ m% `( T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 B, t# X }% s8 n/ P, _
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , Z$ b' A d. o $ o+ t3 H8 B+ }8 t5 |" J! ~2 j对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " ?) d% \) i) L, w' ~; z " J) |: C$ `0 s6 s0 W. q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) p) a" n! h% n ?% j) T