本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % A/ ^/ N9 U5 [9 q4 x9 g% h! Q+ o: U8 b( M' e 转帖 3 [9 \7 y. G( N0 ~8 b/ B1 a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , D! }0 s0 Y3 S( u& r5 @2 i# N# J- A P
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) ~ l% L/ T# k6 sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , `" }9 r# D1 P8 { ( t6 a) t, t @ \# @5 S) |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # W9 y4 K) S2 E+ v5 Z! g- o ; o" ^6 j) e' O1 z* v* yThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 L, w+ d8 X# h: }! u+ l8 ~6 p, \
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' o! f! v' i# x- B. R' a8 s" T# ~3 r! r2 S
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), b$ A( X& u/ V- ?% \
9 M& V' [$ `" |1 P/ z* w! k) PMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % @4 A& X3 X a0 {) O- `* u1 [+ ^0 [5 A9 P' X* {: X
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ ]& ~6 Q& `- f, K r7 t/ V: k
' A" Y% P! N$ \: w) IThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " |9 D! O, K7 J( y+ S: b! n: z1 a" k( I7 {% l8 V( z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 o! S0 L$ c$ D- z
6 s1 i9 G, N) o4 _! B; ?Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " g6 r8 T D4 p0 |2 G3 r 3 k1 j6 P7 F! y" V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( l9 e5 D) b9 k
, J8 n1 i7 c3 e5 r8 j & J3 r7 C' A% A4 I3 N2 M2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 z5 M! t: s5 w! _; A + @- L4 R5 m- H) i例如: 1 L, N6 z/ {( I7 V. w/ J 0 |5 C/ H" E0 S# ?At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . t" W: \. s4 d. D! F3 J. B+ \1 C + j! y2 b( ]. ~6 SDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( u# B/ O% J: \; B ?) b# i6 J4 t1 P1 W* E% d; y; n6 _/ a: D# \
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). z( B0 e, s, {% h2 E6 I, _" I$ R' W
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( F3 m& U3 n0 X; h0 y
. i* k" Y( A5 sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* i- i- p( G, u. K% I
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . r9 P2 I+ w7 \# }9 D, u8 L+ A' @# o$ v: ]3 }
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 j1 P- k5 i8 h: E# [3 b1 q: V. e
4 y& O& |4 y$ N9 m% f; Q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, I- A, Z B) A. @/ B% s: m) t5 H
! T$ u! t: d# X+ z9 D: L9 @The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : u/ Z# D- S* b, k3 J0 f$ @2 K |" M0 d: C& I) H
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # e+ {6 c3 y, _6 G* s- A7 {1 m! q/ o) k
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 A% Q* q8 S: e1 h: i9 y6 C+ N9 p% z% c7 \3 S1 c
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% |$ _& G8 S3 K8 Y' p) @
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 ?# w$ g( h2 ~6 v2 Q
5 a# ]# q4 _+ u, h- MEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' d# |5 M% u' z6 E
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# W$ U* R( d! e$ N* n. J
! n. l$ z) W2 f1 z& I3 U9 Z: N此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# v! ?. A! O' B& I/ m& V: e# ?
- m& h5 m7 K& ^3 G- I# w0 [; P8 P& u# T I6 P8 a T6 _ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 }6 I# @( b* l. I% t 8 E3 y* ~* D& }8 J例如: ( p" U" A# M$ k# J- @& b4 c( y4 O, S" z
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& l& G) @8 v+ g- c( O* a
# ?' N+ r2 ?$ a( A$ `( D, ZManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 Y+ Y) B$ |- _2 \ & E) `* j: g' G2 XThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( y9 E, O5 {2 N) a# L& p9 R4 Z* }) a4 x+ t& Q; X
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 d) n. @! J0 J& O$ t& c8 Y5 A$ v% e
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 J: T! Q6 o6 n# }. d ! O8 Y' C- W9 I) n5 b% f% EPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 }1 S- X+ s4 E0 r1 i5 e4 c
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 @( l& D |; O1 S+ D% z- }# f& N W
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 r( Z. X/ x# r) K3 { ` O 3 c4 t5 c" V- C* a7 ?4 M* |同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 Q' J2 V! g3 s( k! H 0 O! F$ @: Z; i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " G* i) W, a/ m! e4 e& @! U R0 s4 W7 O* R8 O
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 t; x9 t9 W" D4 d8 G" P5 v2 R 9 E7 S7 e: Q1 g5 X对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 5 h1 r n' u7 S" K' A4 g! J5 @9 {% U# g* I; E9 Z% R: V
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ V3 K+ J0 j- t r$ P% X6 d5 f# f4 w. ?