本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 u' ^% i# i D( y6 n
# s* Y8 [7 m+ l- N2 X. V转帖 % S, d# c5 `. l2 p& k$ l1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); u. P( \" Z. |5 [+ u
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 `, T5 p3 }) l0 {4 _& l2 Z; u, I3 B3 H: p
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / S/ w0 y' w8 ~/ p- ^ d+ I8 a; I$ J( B# p6 R
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). r( i; S3 R5 K# t5 R7 k6 s
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 Z$ |/ T/ p" t( M" p4 j
8 {% B' u' z, J$ U5 vI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% B/ f8 p& P! h0 T5 ~8 _/ i, ^& y
7 q0 l, F e% G9 p/ M( ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! ?5 N3 r7 L( w A9 ~ y
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 I8 V$ k+ T. U0 h2 B" u. a( M. x& ?* |, D/ T
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" d6 b( Q9 a; C8 D, C
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' `: T' ]4 U) Z5 O9 j R" ]
+ Q j( S6 Z3 Z. q. \- W! zPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( V3 [ J/ [# F9 z# D
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& \5 _5 D! G" c- I* w0 x
5 W. s; t$ c7 o4 g. I$ k) h4 O$ C% A; d0 ~& I 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, A% X7 v& f: z; S$ F
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . r; \9 c V) `$ X" g/ ~ / u; o* f6 l& l$ w4 { r( [Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), `+ {; w9 N; C( n
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 [( _, j& F7 Z
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% t5 k) R# P9 K3 `0 Z
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 Z! k1 H+ j# g2 B/ o . v& x7 j( y# P- @ _$ l: g4 nShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 Y8 H" W! Y' `. T( c3 i' y
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); T/ v0 I1 K2 |$ N& y& D% N
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # m; \: i* ~. s8 Y' D, T. M! `! s6 m! b1 t
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- _! }8 b9 s* o5 m6 P( p/ y4 t
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' H0 `" J* z$ Q6 Q {+ U$ C5 _) R0 B) N3 a- |* k
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' ~, {7 }6 F2 P- e9 Q+ P
; Q' N' R K8 d& fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 g+ H$ Q0 @ l' e5 ?$ y5 ^: [4 R, L% \0 Z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 O; A3 ^3 ^0 |+ f) O& @: @ ! m: O7 b" o1 T p9 t5 @Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * ~! j) ~' V* F* [% N ' t' w0 Q2 N8 r" o写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 T( ^7 \! y) @ N- R2 I9 `) [ 7 v: i/ i+ x/ b" P+ n此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 |. M5 C7 {3 ` 0 ?1 G3 Q X# D) n8 |. L8 x3 N( ^$ Z ^2 c" d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " {' Z7 q3 J0 Y+ {, z' X6 s: ~ ! ~9 m" X' ?8 b7 X8 ]例如:# c Y3 r# ^5 A* D7 e4 S! G, j
3 ^( l. _. Y* d+ ]# M) b/ yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 h- s% P" Z) S6 t& o, U" n; }
: e+ X% {4 _ g1 l6 P; {Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & \0 P( s1 O; d: d+ _ 6 e! Q0 p$ c' ~5 y. d0 j3 CThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) b5 k- h- j4 I7 p. Y* t4 T _ & a7 q1 B) R6 a, w8 h2 \He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - m, G; D6 U- K$ q. _9 { # O/ f% h, d7 O% j2 F3 nMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " \) g% f5 H+ r 0 c2 k/ @& |( `! w- APolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , {; p6 u3 n: H$ t+ u : ^7 {3 i5 K& m$ y# D! A+ ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 h6 C# d8 T+ K; t3 F m# A $ i: n% {& q6 {4 d: GStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 M u3 ^: M( l0 a8 m4 o( c9 v+ } 5 R3 ^6 I6 M; J' O) w/ Q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 |! O7 p# b5 k 4 R+ i% P C8 H! H2 c- _9 j当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - J% ~$ e8 N( Q( i3 B& e1 _ # l, Y( E+ b0 k" N0 }( }对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 C' a+ t( L% i4 l0 E1 |
3 W5 [+ |' o. b9 X+ \& F& g0 K9 b对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% j( f; b. j0 B; G9 b
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 C7 u1 r. u9 Z( ^9 R2 @ i w8 W! u/ Y. d. u6 Z' A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " v M6 ]: p9 y. H4 B% O8 F/ |7 j- d: `3 \0 m
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / ?7 j" a3 H0 E6 R$ G5 ~3 \6 G4 J, U+ w4 q! X( b
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % K B+ l" e8 L: l* {, P* Y; s* q5 L 1 `, f! y+ m$ X) s# r有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& Q4 ~6 a* t& g0 P1 Z$ ^# c, {1 ]