本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; @/ ~3 g. H8 P7 ^& D6 P/ f# n/ U
% a0 @0 ?0 z; p* s* S# a 转帖 0 O' Y" k5 Q, B( R z: g/ B' l3 ^% [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 G9 C R" e' w2 u! Z8 q5 ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - u/ h0 U1 V! h! m* C3 \5 ^7 P5 G1 i8 E: W
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 _+ u, d- h i; ^, M$ o2 `
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , T5 k/ [( ?4 M0 s& X8 C& I* C. r) d . |/ }4 P. U# M) S0 GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ r4 v- `! z' H8 o% B: W- t
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 y- }% C1 J' c) d% e! _9 a' W % l, W' u+ y0 a9 t: f$ ~. ~6 ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 P6 D$ F* Y/ S y {; t' k) \8 ?
! ^+ J5 o* G% j: X& k! PWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 V/ Q3 G4 k7 N4 D . p& |( K* p7 J/ dThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ d- n3 z( Z3 T7 D) R, `" } M+ _6 j# p. {; U& F4 V& L5 n/ aWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 N7 @9 r* \8 X 4 m; U2 L$ W: B y0 o1 HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 `0 T( _+ J: C+ C ] m' s + d8 Z9 }2 H* Z1 M/ k0 \8 G2 A这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 `0 h/ a+ B2 p" F+ Q# v0 Q
' g7 s2 H z$ j8 `" _% S4 w: c( E0 r2 n' e* o4 ~3 M 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% S( m0 d0 h1 q, q2 _: A
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例如: 8 k( a, |; D, k! ?7 R" }. |3 ^( @9 t. l$ T
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # h+ e1 F. N3 a! S2 h) q4 e/ @" }% ]; ?
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( k1 t4 ~3 }# m( | G9 g1 s
: ?! N! Z, s2 l' u) K/ nI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 Q, j" [7 N1 o _& o( e; ?& w; o $ m: o; r# K p, p% m4 {, ^8 OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), |: e; J$ P0 K" N1 j0 [- C# l
2 P# f' O+ a( G1 K! [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & i! n# {* i: T, s - K/ X! ?2 l$ a! {* AShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) d$ Q; ^6 }& n+ l' g+ k, V0 O) I
4 ]. s; [, S7 c* H' w! JI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): j! D3 E7 E) E
( |: ]/ k. ^8 D6 [* X如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 B$ V0 e5 Q8 p7 ?4 U1 e5 l$ M/ q
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- J. A: Q, ~) b
% ]" s6 G" e9 Y: p% N. [& K* ]The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 a3 v/ {/ R5 s6 P# ~
$ X* q. b3 s! h- w, ~3 MHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 c& `; H% E$ K) T4 u5 p # c5 @ o2 y: p7 r& Q: EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 r+ F( K* ?- k" J2 _1 m" n! q
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 H& B% T& t8 m7 z- U3 ]
! V- K \. M# I+ {9 BEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( ~- C8 b9 o- l, m9 u
0 t" H; M2 y8 z4 A写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . e& W* z7 b- e9 M! u# W6 D* c* I1 U& j9 |5 d" n( s
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) ~: U. j" k* U$ s! F3 E% P2 W7 e3 R% N$ Z. _3 q8 Z1 W q8 x2 M& ^
# A# T: ]* L; M% ]& y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 b/ P) ]2 B0 {. H; D
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例如: 1 s: k* ^& \4 G7 a: W* i ; L& \4 x: x& R% l/ n# WMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 |0 Q% t! y2 U( u2 e7 f
0 }+ Z4 i3 `$ C. `% L K7 ~Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; R4 |' H0 n# T% P7 F. E# @: b+ J8 d) }( w9 l; a
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 u) O5 }+ T: t6 O: l 0 R; q: U0 v" L9 r9 `; g fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) z& v: {# j/ O& [& x% M1 N& n" D# x2 n- h# I" F
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & e6 R/ h) z K/ H ) r/ P! n# r4 `& S" b! HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) v7 {$ q8 h* u; r/ j7 V: q$ E$ ^4 n4 i: V
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 l* L7 m2 J1 z% a t- \9 `1 m' C! b5 j3 }2 C1 D* l
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ V/ y" G( ]4 J5 |7 x3 N6 y, ]! Y7 w2 ?& N! [7 a
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 c$ T' g" a. W: ^5 g- A8 g
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ E' ]; n5 Y- Y 5 z3 x" X4 f4 v) f1 k对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ c. U$ A. z, q# `, ]3 ?7 V+ U2 k5 Z: @5 [+ q/ `& X7 ?* T2 g( q
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; S: K/ P* |/ l& I/ _5 D" s9 p. z& [) K
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 N: u- ?' z8 R. i ( \6 H# X D7 X& Y- K* \对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;$ o$ ?: d G: `8 g6 j% M& ^
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 z0 b/ {4 Y- O% ]8 w' y8 W
7 A3 }; ?# J/ m+ @还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * Q5 \1 q5 w# Z; A' ?' Z: x1 S, @6 H4 Z
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' r" R5 ?+ W0 T' F1 }