2 I, M' l, Z5 ]- E( Z4 T" T1 sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( E- o+ O' W& @- o0 R( ~6 L 5 r) s8 i9 z1 j4 |$ j! G4 LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * T+ `: ~6 `; B- A4 p9 k) O! e, T2 } F, l
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) Z) B4 R* x, S5 ]$ L
t3 E# `7 g; _The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( e- U2 s: M; K: F
$ g6 S; W: C- @, [0 C6 fI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 K4 w2 B. o5 M3 O. M: w$ z5 {/ |" G* t4 A
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ H: m7 I/ r( S# ?4 h
' j( V2 m) }% t4 ~% w) uWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) z, N* q* o4 i
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 Z B' g4 {. L- `. X 7 z* g4 o: h( N" |, o2 h6 RWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : z( r! h H# H1 A$ n! C. Z* E ) t7 J# y& R# g6 ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 v4 ~$ y2 }1 q( B6 F' M# E" E$ }- J, }8 F5 q/ Q( N c( J6 M
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + v) ^ x: T# w4 u1 z% q5 T6 \9 |( P: n! |
3 [6 l# V5 u* W) L9 ]/ X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 q" ]4 ?' x; V9 J( p B
6 D9 c8 |3 Y) `例如:! L7 \) s: c/ Y; \" K
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! B+ b3 s# H. A0 z1 q( X) U
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 z$ O" t6 n$ [; b$ @+ ^* U; b& w4 z5 }* `( r: \
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- u7 V" Q( w9 O( |! G- o
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ J! ~3 j# d0 Z " n- V1 H' K. V/ ~# u* gIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + b0 `5 o- X& B 2 G6 F/ O H7 k- S: E) K$ H) t P# K5 eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ n- V) Q! p, I2 o
8 c0 j+ p( S8 G! _. {. h) YI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 G, _( {: v- V9 J. E4 ]- J u& u3 n6 X: c6 c# E
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) M p& H. S4 J5 v/ ^' {& K % O1 w+ S6 U" v: b' vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / ~/ T; }; \1 O6 n$ R6 @; V% W( t' K4 ^
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 A: ? t4 `0 c+ O; n/ ^7 w6 d# f; d8 F6 y Y
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; ^. d: {2 }3 j5 ` 1 ~; Z* @8 z# k$ L. S8 b* QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( R9 x" g& H1 a! Q5 [ O; z4 y( _5 Z4 S, G
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! |0 A* Z7 |9 M1 r 3 f9 d" D% I, d/ _+ `- C8 jEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " M9 i- s2 I, s2 d7 `; v2 H& @ B* V( z' I' l
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " H1 k" `; o( C5 @' p8 C8 L8 y/ F5 \( k: E, a1 W, B8 ?/ ~, B( U
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * ]$ Y$ K4 x, [0 w! n& T $ Z$ S; i% L4 o% k ) ~1 d' K" `2 M3 | J! w* w3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' S+ |$ _9 v, n
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例如: - |9 T, J( v; K8 {6 @( _ : ~) P7 ]$ @8 O3 Y N* bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- V1 d# {+ e" F$ {% D$ a0 d' `
' h+ H$ w) r4 ]; b A) i) xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 f# ~! B9 j7 |2 M6 c
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 W6 d- J+ i9 N' z! a& r3 u8 \& ]; i! G
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) `- [. r- R8 H/ ]+ w* W7 \) R( A4 w @1 R, j( ^! z! @
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 n2 `9 ?8 P9 \* |' h3 ~3 B1 m
8 C2 M. @* y6 m' ?7 j; e) oPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; d0 Q; N0 a8 U% W' c ' f& p- ^, d1 D; K6 nCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 v" q4 n3 k) r: ]5 \1 V( ^; a+ ?# b# M
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 H' H: |. s: J
4 b- z% ?6 n7 u, Q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 r: x; C& w* m; }
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: D" v4 P( U) E8 C& Z5 O- A
" x& k% u! f: J) [/ s对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 J3 u3 \$ `5 Y% P/ w. m. h6 S: d
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 p: D( G U8 e3 c: j 4 b8 I' n) ~! T( h& f对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% D5 ~% E' s; X, S6 t& G" h
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: {7 Z2 |! E! x, \6 M: g/ O K
) |, I$ P, i% r2 P* L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:( }3 d/ F1 S1 |
. T5 c, Z4 |7 `9 ?还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * b9 \, `1 ^# U$ J + k9 U# {6 ?' }' `) k* E5 x" T有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & ?+ V4 G8 r7 M