本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / h h* D5 i) j3 |9 @# H2 _
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % |: U7 \/ r/ y1 }4 E/ E9 P6 }& m( W2 W9 F
例如: # s, ?2 Z7 O& d, p ?% {9 S" N9 K: }9 }+ f7 IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ c% s/ ~' g9 h! O
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 `/ p5 O9 `- Y6 P3 ~! T
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) X7 v& C- Q* ^, `( C; e# F / K6 t1 t f. T* }( iThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 Y$ z4 J( _ Z+ w+ }; O
/ ?/ u, b) X; Z7 P- QI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! D% x. {) G+ I& w$ `6 `! j1 b
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). R. H% `/ T. M9 C( k1 K" v
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- {. U1 G: J) D1 M3 c6 b% a6 S7 S7 A
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* q) k5 a4 g8 y# b7 v
' U( l. \5 P- `) K# V: |We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 T2 K& k0 V2 N5 {6 [8 f2 z$ S * a% `4 G# F7 {! z3 ?% R9 BPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); q6 w# p2 ~$ [5 o* Q& |% m6 A
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! i7 b. x' k' `7 i
, V: Y8 x+ y/ j- N. n/ R, u/ _+ |0 l, ?8 k' Y' n+ q: V+ c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # l2 r* d6 l5 I* e" w1 U7 W- n; W6 _1 N4 i+ V; D
例如:8 V( x v. s* {3 Y6 h# D( J( {9 N' | G
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 R! W( K; t1 v a- U" M8 \$ T& _% r+ q) @- D. d _( w5 F
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 U8 \% ?: |7 p) W- x/ G9 E " m. Z7 S$ i, S1 Y4 ^I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 ~" W0 z( G6 w" ~" ^' D
7 u7 B8 l# ^" b) q% `% v* y2 LHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * ]/ K) i: d& i4 t ' {$ e; f% B d+ G9 B. `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 |2 B, ?4 C. G. |; O" W
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - ]+ R: q5 a7 q1 S- E% _4 s % ]: e8 l6 {2 \1 L% JI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): C" ?9 ` _# ?6 G
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! |1 r6 n* S* D
( T9 A3 S. H/ K% b) NThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 L. F6 r. f$ L4 K+ t2 W: a* z# y
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : ?; ^( Z7 J6 {. ?1 ^, Z- h( r( a , f$ V$ B( }) W0 A+ eHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), [' @9 f7 K1 v0 P+ s0 K9 z
2 d1 n/ l i$ n# {4 K- wHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % i! G7 G- ? |9 g$ x' l" w7 j/ g. s. i' z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! ]" Z- Y4 f2 s! n6 Q0 k# J5 K! w
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & {& s% ^0 _9 x4 c6 |1 i" k 8 A( H0 l3 s M写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 `8 n5 r, O# m0 Q% j& R
% B2 z) j( v0 F' y$ }此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( g5 ]' b: ~- q8 x) M+ A& A* t1 ~$ x6 B& v# Y$ `# b q9 s: A! E
) V% v5 v; a8 ? 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 [! x3 V3 P) o# K5 y
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例如:3 {6 Z, U( Z. c, m" s0 T
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# y+ J. J$ {. i& @/ G
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 M9 K" U- O# T8 W/ t! b2 d, o& X
* x" v. S- r8 p) }2 `6 NThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + Z1 e" j) b) B ! B+ r4 @4 @+ O% Z/ V! H+ JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 c( p2 z7 [$ e# S% n
2 `; ?4 P& K: ^8 l, gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; d1 E* n% ?0 E1 D& N% } ) t: b7 c1 W& @! z9 g+ _$ @; H3 APolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ _3 f+ }! S' a8 g9 H; l! l/ v
* E$ b+ V/ X' ~Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' X" K. t" R) c' D. w+ V. C: \( A7 s% s( o% X1 k
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# I8 Z& `1 `' U' R6 Z
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 G- H& W0 d& r+ t1 L
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 _' P. Z2 q# G, n" J0 F2 h # O7 O. t* [* J3 |对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 @# }- u. J" t3 M; I; E; q. N; R $ ~: U& _7 R; j1 I! h1 q; ~6 Z% {+ S对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 r! x* c! z a3 }, L/ h5 w, e 4 r, i. z2 j: ~- I对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + o4 P& t4 g% x O6 K R3 N/ a( w8 g6 F9 O对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / z3 s, _) J* G6 V9 i3 I9 m- K0 g) B' x
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: @) [, @ M$ E. y . V/ M: ]: Q+ k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- D1 Z" O' [4 X. f9 _- b
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- C5 ]4 m/ g# Z& _6 ~! `/ b/ X C