本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 J) ^# W: N7 `# ^; g b3 i v* g
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( Q' ^) g7 e, l' I9 D" \! f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ E' L9 m! D6 i5 K0 Q u, ?
1 s, l) {) ^& \. j5 fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); h6 q* H' T* ^: T
% o- I& w! E3 G# u9 GThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) k* w' x5 u7 m! H! v& P: W
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # i8 |. {+ m/ U; r5 s Z/ q( ~; s3 d# Q+ l
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& T N. A' b& H- i* o, Y
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! E/ N! W( D1 @ 9 u/ @! B5 J4 B7 Z1 v) UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' t. M6 Z6 S+ [" L& E, K, u 9 l( H1 ]) q- p9 A9 Q. |The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" h" J6 }. Q& S5 d( N9 P9 r, J6 p
( d( G0 }7 j P7 {# ?We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* q: _/ Q9 N; V q" d) Y) q! _
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 a" K. a* R0 {% F: H& U
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- a! u* k- `3 O9 k4 [" a
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) K5 I- l7 A! j4 T( w3 k- }2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. o/ W) q, c4 @7 u- s8 y
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例如: , S& D9 n9 v4 v2 X( @. A' X% A& r) d' A$ E: r
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! G/ y' E- L0 b: M( a5 W% l& d. S$ ^. N0 L
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 }* k1 a/ P$ `, R) k+ t% n0 p
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 O# g+ J, z% \( y* f0 J
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 H7 y+ k+ F) r) _6 O: h7 z+ A1 ]% W- u& L" s( ?# B
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) K" \: o: C# j7 j3 o" A, m1 c$ b- X3 [
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); E2 t( _% W7 W' k1 W0 b3 d
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . ]9 S& D9 D9 a 9 @* q- ^' P1 O# r7 K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& U5 c8 e4 Z( a% K/ x
1 X( |! S. F( U r" wThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 r+ { G5 v8 F; N/ _0 s& ]" U4 h
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 j- i. `0 z* S! ]1 K) a0 z" X& e: s3 B# N$ L0 O
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) B4 |9 }- u1 G# c # _6 I# N# H( Y$ D3 T9 F* rHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 Q1 q; t+ o% J2 u1 y$ I) N& d1 o4 H- }* B( ~$ P) t
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 ]9 J: G/ g3 T # G7 N s+ d1 k* xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) ^' D. Z* t w$ N! d# T# @ y! V7 f% V( w
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # V: p) C) B, z7 Q. U2 v$ i! p& E8 C8 N9 e$ k
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( N( h/ V# k9 o& v$ z" ]8 b + D: I2 C6 i9 }: N% m j3 T$ m7 S; v7 n% c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) L% n* r& C( N$ G. s) L, S' L) D
) t2 I# Y5 D5 `% I例如: : p, h: H( s# K' S4 x) b6 `; J" c8 Q 8 \2 R* \5 f4 i- Y# A6 e+ A3 _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). S& r6 [! d" c" \8 i% @7 e
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) w4 y! R% W# W3 _$ c7 d
, @+ u* t" \/ C+ J. vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & J. m/ R6 L2 D$ |$ o3 |8 n% M. z& y7 Q; M9 d: [
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & H9 D+ B/ a, B2 T 4 f' s: w7 e( D- j+ f% \Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 l3 k M) x, f* S3 _' p; G- O
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ y) n0 I! H, f
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : k( C! ~; W% o+ T6 S h0 [2 e* b6 P' h$ F
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 T6 m. m/ f% m! T
% Q- z' e* M. J同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 y( S& O- B- V4 C" ` ! H7 R2 f' u- z( A, }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 w9 c! j) b/ O w8 `! k. B w M8 |0 {7 r1 V: E
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 q3 ^/ U) b/ N% g
8 }( q- Q( ?2 S6 a! g7 L对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( G& p: g& E, f- c& z c0 I( j" f7 h) S8 F: B1 @, ]- o
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 Y7 n( g8 _! K+ f0 d& ^# P7 N6 g' X8 P1 a7 I+ E T3 O
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # [! Q# Z, \3 x, T+ O- M9 a; p$ D/ S; K7 ]; b/ ~# S
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:! `& p6 F0 [+ h
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 l9 l. S2 _7 Y8 r3 b5 U9 z1 i
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# {+ e ^& y2 u: M