本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 ^/ j8 Q( E/ D) b' i0 Y7 O
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 m" c& D, q, q% X; H0 m+ m0 u
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例如:9 p5 q% E' G6 Q) E c
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 Y' N9 F* P# b/ l9 I& D- w+ e; T( U5 E& r E6 {" D3 L
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 i) N" Z& m' a; d* w- f$ {3 H5 K* g3 ~% _% x2 p1 c$ W1 t
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 `+ h* U5 C0 d% P1 g' W# \ 8 ^+ w9 s3 D* h7 A' jThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 U6 v6 ~5 a$ V/ J- j
! h; O. b9 Q+ g2 P$ @2 hI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % k }: P3 j8 X- _6 f P% _: \& {4 E2 X: g f
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! y: e5 T1 R/ ^& q# L2 L$ g6 S
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * J% ^! X2 C' l& n6 u7 h# O% |7 B * p ]( V( ~+ A$ V& M. W3 KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# @: `& d* C0 E
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ h5 L$ e' _4 d7 @, w! Q4 R. @
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), p9 }, @6 U9 }& }& [# B' z$ e
1 m0 N- I3 }+ W7 V) B7 Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& }1 d/ j3 h- r% M n( q
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1 S& ?% i6 V1 l+ w: x2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * ]1 W- {+ g" M- x 7 _! [7 u' g6 D- k" p$ ?8 s例如: & l& L% Z8 l0 a' G. C- Y$ g" _$ _8 x$ N0 E2 u9 p
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( B8 E; F7 n8 b
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & s8 x: o) y- U. R* Z6 r9 e% m+ t& j! b 9 `/ W$ c# z8 K; \I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 U0 N+ l1 ^, M; X# u- R1 c- V# `
C4 i+ h+ m, N# h( E' gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! E J5 R7 @# B: x* [5 w
+ p) l7 g4 j- ^0 c0 z/ WIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % {0 z& `& e9 n" U7 `. L" ]1 H3 W% T6 B, y8 [ c, V6 u$ x8 Y# d1 ^
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * E6 ^! ?/ T3 ^& G/ r) | : p( O4 @1 ~- ^6 L+ g9 W8 m3 K& p; ?0 JI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 S- {! p8 o: |* y1 c
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ _9 q/ }! {7 Z- w9 Y6 i7 R' l
& t# Z& ^; {+ r' y3 ]! }% S$ vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - {2 L Z9 l! M2 K* x6 Y0 U 8 j+ _1 y$ V# TThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) r4 t: p. Z) ^, e: T8 Q: B- I" T3 o& a. s, L: m* ?/ W; ~
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ L9 w3 u; m4 t
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 I) T7 |! @0 U
( Q# {$ ?' Z0 b) c$ P J' H7 \4 UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 O2 y+ p& T( y, T! V( @( P/ J! |$ B3 `3 y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - w8 {% L) ]3 \, \, Y2 d B& F) e4 U) P! p5 r+ K) d$ B
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 {" ^* `* ^$ p
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 H0 ?2 f2 j$ c- s& _: }6 F! {* p. w: \5 @$ x. O5 X' }
/ ~9 f1 A; r; e8 }# G7 ~* R例如: ! E0 e2 z3 r1 Y6 a( y5 u3 c8 u" o# Q- o
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); q) n* Y$ q0 V. o# K D, w
: l/ C3 F9 [! w4 fManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 I% h4 Q- }) K/ K
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ w& K/ p) i9 ]5 P
% ~4 y, s U# n* U2 XHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 h7 C( r4 M7 i: g& |0 R$ B n
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , o( L0 y/ I8 f3 Q* c [8 g! |/ E! Y3 O1 I3 n# [* \4 x
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ j5 B8 {8 D1 R' y) [, B
4 C9 x7 U( F& O9 M5 M0 H/ t9 MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) Z8 t/ P! S8 \& G: c, P- O( i- q' A 9 l7 K- S9 H3 ^/ E7 o7 @& d9 e) k, mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). T4 d! D K4 t9 R% b; O
! e' S1 ~. a0 ^2 n! [: k同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% ] A; ]+ Y0 u) p- T
, R# f {! Y) g* N1 N6 A当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # H9 q7 z6 h6 ~- D0 b2 s , N4 w3 i% ^3 t对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' y8 R( v1 x8 _* a ( ?7 s, m% x4 X! X8 k5 _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / f. X1 y- L; k1 @! T# c7 ?2 a8 r$ U) a9 Z5 R
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & @% y1 J) v9 s% [: s* I) w4 g% d: v; E/ u
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;$ i) @! B) [. C ^- `" i0 [
; e$ l% }/ g! I$ {# ^# K- V8 C- S& W% ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * d2 v. u: ]8 i3 i) u" d; J2 w6 b* } v7 Y" a- F0 _0 C% w9 ^
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: w9 _( A8 P4 V# [
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 ^3 }8 B$ t2 X- U, F) \6 k: N) R