本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " V9 K+ h0 Y6 \& e3 l' l - }6 o3 E# {/ |; e; N转帖! ]7 B( R+ ^$ W* h
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 I$ o5 H- z0 M" ^' o2 I" ^( l" m5 B
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' i% W' _) A0 X- C" v* M* mMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + ]' z: H( Z/ B3 O# b% v, x. p h/ m; S
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - Q0 }% {1 d7 f( l' ^6 V1 J* j% ?* i' k+ @' k% @, w4 {! [
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& {* K$ E0 U. k* E- A) |
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 z* }8 B4 w+ f% q5 o* K* D2 G % x% M9 G: C. V- GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 D+ k3 t: N0 N
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + D; o) p% V# t9 p; _; V3 D3 ^. C8 M& D" G' q* n( Y N
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 U! D0 a' U. {, I% F * ^& T6 m h; QThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 D' `2 q @( ~" \7 @& J! @3 v$ k7 F
! f! G" S& P0 Q7 ?1 L5 gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 i2 s3 d, Z) m5 u
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 B; k9 j7 t" |/ m/ y p# D ! @1 P3 M8 i: E& f) {这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! ^- D R# k% ?0 P ) f9 V( u4 p, C( X 6 m9 U* K7 f3 Q- @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ L4 c' k8 f1 }4 |) n1 n9 b; a$ o- a3 g% j: t5 n0 G
例如: ( L0 v* S. ]* A% M5 x+ `3 ?, s- {* v9 k7 R" R N& s+ ^7 @. }: ]: }9 Q
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 k" I2 \6 v. ^2 O# @
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 _/ x. A6 e0 I# R( m: k2 ~1 D3 d/ V h% C
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! q$ ]7 y. p5 L* U! {! V/ {% ~/ n
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # f1 Q1 g# [1 o( P @$ S+ J2 f( j, R& y. U" R- E$ W* Q; Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" s- H) F+ z7 A& \- r! z# |- b
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 F8 E0 p% c6 @2 c2 G8 X 6 z" ~* Y. c3 r8 K lI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & X$ B' `/ O! Z+ B 6 A; k3 {4 r) u- P如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' n! u0 y4 R5 x: x
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " B, Z3 J& k. y p; p1 f , z/ G# @0 W h5 F8 X& ~The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 H7 ]% e" X" _ |% \- X
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ `) g: c1 E* x' p( z
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 ^+ Z; o, k5 Z$ o, S" F* w; G
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 j* d* h9 r4 d7 u/ } v0 P$ B% S- }; a
, @ T* j" d S) bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 P6 _/ S0 F# l1 }1 b8 s2 c# ^) r " n4 C ^- e8 A1 P' R8 s写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 B/ W: N- @. l o) N w- [5 i ) k. x' N0 B; }# E此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 h/ r" w I! S9 E( Q; S& {; O" k
& S& H, i! ?8 d' D( U ( d& K/ P0 \5 ^3 {; y9 a3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 s9 D/ |! [' U9 g! r' i! o* Z 4 f3 F: y) j# G9 t7 T. u例如:$ R; o k4 Z: V' v. Z4 \, {
0 f, [+ g B% v7 P7 MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; Q+ r( ~) i4 W( G! W8 Z 3 y" c% g! ]/ d9 p2 ~$ ?/ R' ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 S) I8 L3 k# ?6 n3 r0 k 8 W% k" \% `$ h; Y) E8 I# S( RThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) N# P9 z* f; s: c
" ]9 A& M. g# n& d* A0 S0 x' YHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " D _0 s" K; _7 V) g+ e2 t# j. I1 t0 |8 B" p M
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); h5 N$ p. t$ K9 Q0 c8 ?- q
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 s8 g/ h, [: R( J! m, G$ n& I
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 a; l9 u. s" e+ G& ^ g: {* m8 C7 s2 g; X: E
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% h7 g' w, Z7 h
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: J/ s/ m" ~$ Y/ @
/ v* D2 E! t! Y i4 ], ^. B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ~! Q4 Z% W% j5 X
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 t8 j! B7 F, p4 A+ W; F+ G3 w ; P" \: }+ T0 ?( A) x3 e对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 t9 D+ p' J& X( w5 {% {$ n1 w
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) J: g; {* k( U+ ~0 K& e5 |/ b
3 X3 f& ^$ E: {, L1 `对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 Q& A2 b1 m. g5 b. v( ~* q m. K$ W
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " S% \4 O( \3 V5 t* E& I$ [& P& j* s$ l, Z: E
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & a6 O2 A1 E2 R' E5 b7 V+ O 3 j7 F; `7 F8 c/ Y! U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 j+ n% l- ?0 y% c% ]7 O9 F' ]