本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! K' B% R# B0 _$ ?6 i
; w- z+ n! w: a& ? 转帖 , R, T4 T ~3 z9 M8 L a# o1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 R& l8 Q# F% x5 u) u. y* [: I7 r/ b- U4 r4 ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & N7 @% o: T/ N H u! s5 J5 L1 O( L 4 W* K6 U- M/ D. y3 ^Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 K4 g* m3 v v) c3 M4 C) L" f5 s% ^5 {! S' ^8 Z2 y5 }
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 w( C* b& w7 g* v) v* @/ x! W. G1 I4 n: E# S# s
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 Q8 ~. P( i( q8 g! U
9 p' g7 B/ r F. `" C9 ]6 GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& w( T8 `! m5 L
8 h# \7 f! T3 Y4 UMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 v) @, c" B% X: i. ^, x
; ?% v* e" T$ v6 `/ y7 z6 \We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 J% _7 x/ }4 a9 b% _
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), }2 A2 ?5 L+ E$ ~9 S- J W) x
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & n1 B5 D- P# D- D2 J+ g; { H; O+ e; }) w) u' h% x( \ dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 X! r7 m9 S) K% M
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: I4 H- I+ z5 I' v$ w8 U7 }
) Q Z3 m1 E* a! W 8 p7 P; b- ?! m" X/ {4 f m2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 [6 R4 N) f4 y- B0 w 4 d+ [ G: W1 i例如:2 j) H7 | K2 C# i2 x
! e4 m5 N0 r1 V$ B: J4 wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 d3 R) S4 G$ f7 S+ K9 A7 E - {- l& Z+ B1 _7 r) r, ADespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # E) u9 _! R- r$ \: ?7 q! ^' q6 J7 [9 r; t
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; P9 |/ k/ R: `- A2 u! I# e$ G" B) w. G6 f% t! H* V3 }
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ {' ?7 C3 r; q1 B
8 |6 r( [; o) n3 \In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . U- x# ?3 N+ \% U3 q# u) n$ h" M. M" l: D8 }
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): B, _6 E) E' h2 p$ P5 A
! g T i) }" @$ f- f9 Q( Z3 ?I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 e: N9 c( t* q9 y |+ v8 A/ S7 \7 v2 j3 ?5 S
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 e: s* c6 H7 m& |- R @; j8 V: ]' I
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): N# _; E9 a0 J- W
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 B" z- w" x i3 W* S/ h( [( Q
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 `! h. ]- H# e: s/ z2 N 4 l( d8 Q. M5 P |0 h! [) zHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 O5 s% f* Z2 `3 x; a n9 z
' d& b4 t/ H- r( _& O4 n( dWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); k: _4 h$ [& F' J2 D
; p3 K1 W% x1 F2 |( ~/ cEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" y$ l; k1 L5 U2 m) i) }
; o2 I$ _1 `% x$ I w写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # ]( P2 A4 C ]- E' j7 U1 ]6 J 5 {: U) S/ O6 q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 C" T% W" g, \& h/ n6 d ( t( g# K& Z, `& l 0 E( A* N7 e9 H# ]) K5 H. c3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! n; b% f5 m s ! y) D, h8 d1 i, E# L6 P) d# u& C: T例如:- y; n- \3 L" V' I/ W0 N
' t5 w' G+ M; v9 ]/ O# NMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' v+ T y' t4 Q# V% W
% ^# E: V' f. C. yManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 {& W- k. b4 F0 d8 v
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 k; B6 q7 j9 }& F1 Q/ { e# v: m' L9 Q v
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 8 k! d# y" m2 y O* u3 i/ C5 g+ O7 P' a; N' q( v
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ w8 y- h) ~& J4 ~4 Z7 i3 Y' A: @; z5 I% A1 b
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % {1 D* z+ W9 X' d $ ^; r+ {: w" m5 hCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . Q) |# J9 x: H: r( Z: U; G/ }) c' l9 R+ R, _
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 A7 j6 H6 @% e! Y* w- a. a7 y% D, p) M6 t, z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / x: d9 [, D) a. c) M0 P0 K. a9 c) T& {2 t* T8 O
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 G0 }- U5 T$ g3 v3 \9 ]# W$ [6 ^4 y; i: {1 ~5 j
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 Z" L$ c& V6 ?8 H- _ : i+ N# g. m: O# m9 l对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( [6 t" C( a; L0 [5 _# B. O& F; o+ a3 B I8 ?, S" M: g
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( V {- M: K; G1 ^; Y5 X 9 M2 W8 M9 T7 Y# Q' }& o对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " H; x0 g+ W. a7 i9 E' ^- w( q0 {; B: G. @% I2 ?
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ) j' q6 B" }% P9 o& w+ C/ T/ q" h; ?! h+ h7 ?- m
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # {' T) h3 K* T j& C" o! i" ] ( E$ B& E$ p* I& Y! t有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . _1 A5 J! r) n* k