本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( z, K0 y, b" V. P
; p% v' L% X. ?: k+ { 转帖 $ W0 h8 E! ^! A# K2 @, P1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 B5 h( O, x, u& C4 F
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! a; g1 A+ Q% b4 N/ R: sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( `, m. ^! l( z5 `+ g. W
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 j1 m( w/ ~# H$ p8 v1 M
. A h2 i* y. q" o( ~This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 t; N* z7 v# t2 L# l5 h1 ?0 y5 | . N* C0 g0 D. ]! |! q. VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' p5 o# P$ r, V6 X5 d9 a: s
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , r# N6 e+ s) Y4 r2 C: F* j7 Z$ K8 A! l& o
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 N/ N* d$ o; }$ B 3 e0 f3 {$ i; Q5 y4 u+ [We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 l" U6 W, }' s% M6 u( e2 y
- W: u5 t2 b$ R* w0 r% pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ \9 F: r+ m! M' |
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 ^' K F9 k$ m- {2 ?: p8 u
; C: k6 c9 v V5 |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 \, l# B6 ^. ^ L
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! S& S/ `' w: x2 K; F
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9 T" }" e+ x/ d% r2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( x- B, ?3 j( v% m
, n) l/ W+ Y7 f! n' `1 FAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( x5 u5 ~6 a" S8 l9 r( [) m! }6 b& E! m7 p
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ ?; V- M% K7 A8 C- a' a- U# @/ i' b
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 H+ l* @9 A* u
1 `$ T- ^! Y( l3 gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). d/ y3 n/ N9 J# y
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 T' K5 G5 R7 u0 z, n. w1 z( P
. o/ U5 z3 \- M9 H4 Z% Q' kShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 {: r0 b3 o% H4 Y# \
; H0 r, z `/ e3 ~9 b) N/ W" d9 YI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 l4 D$ b s! L- }* g% }) B2 {8 ], S, f8 m$ J( f( |
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 N" ?3 F9 M* A6 Q " s& U( y1 S* ~; {8 G1 K. hThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " o' P4 D( V8 M9 w$ y+ u8 m( ?# J4 H$ o
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # L8 \; O$ ~1 i$ [7 K/ @7 [7 D/ s1 L0 r$ ^
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 W g& ]9 A" d8 M ; e' N: F' {% x- v! f' HHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). h$ c) Z" S/ j3 J
4 O. H7 F$ e+ x2 D5 m* BWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # g* r( Q& `1 i% v; q% Y & G* s6 F( O- B8 Y( r# t7 B gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' c" k4 W, l9 `# M* Z; ] 6 d' h" q# e5 D写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), C) P" M6 F# j! f9 d
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 N2 a! I4 Z" y: }8 ], B
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1 `3 d: N" x4 B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 e. A% M: ]6 k/ W* ~; Z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! Z/ x1 ]. w" T* u* V# V6 N1 _
" X; f# p# ^3 a; L$ X$ X; s) a2 H ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 Z; P# X7 ^& U7 a5 X , \) b* C, u7 b& UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) E% v6 _+ W5 E) }2 P/ t+ C/ g( U
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) U# O+ F3 d3 W4 n, }
+ G1 i8 {# v8 y9 O( hMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ M9 N3 P6 A: ?, _: E. I
/ S: {! m% E APolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) P: {! f _9 V" _+ Y% r' s. E
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 |& T! s3 H9 e, @' d9 S " P; m: Y0 z# {* F4 `- EStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 U7 q' [$ p V; {& e" E
M% A& m1 u' x% x/ t( u同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) b1 y7 i) m) E: k7 ^5 Z. V8 | % e0 ^% ~, o4 i/ H7 W$ S当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 n+ ~8 V; y* f3 c7 [
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. _. ?' \/ y6 k; E, n0 R
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 M: c+ W5 h; y4 O. H6 |
/ }5 v2 s* K- L对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 N1 A, J# R3 F6 O- h$ g5 P$ X3 z D
7 _7 M5 S, A) c" n9 }对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . t/ C& q9 e$ S3 g1 ~ ; Z# {! l' b, E( {+ N' T. l7 I至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 v* I, V. a8 v& ]/ \9 S# }4 H& n5 O4 N7 u: K6 J+ [$ B- H
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 G& w- s! b6 h6 }5 O
3 I2 f# R6 @+ J6 `3 x) N- w4 |有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, ]7 R. `, L6 Y5 u, T$ k