本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & {* G; C# }3 }3 X7 f' x6 ~/ A% o0 ? 转帖 ' `1 m, F% s* z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 c+ G1 e) ~8 t* C. K. q6 L 8 h+ y) |' m2 q1 S- Y例如:; ^4 F! e8 Y8 Q/ |
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); c8 D0 u1 g5 L. E
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! z8 Z6 W+ B0 D! M
4 j' k" U5 t1 F7 ~6 U8 BThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): @/ \0 \0 T+ z. n' V) S1 I
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 W4 ?" v. x5 {, W0 B+ R
8 D9 e3 V$ \9 w3 `. A" c" e7 @I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 z- Q' ]$ R0 s% Q
! K1 X' |5 l$ p& U0 E" MMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " E/ N4 j+ e# p( n# t# M* ^( W* s- v$ r
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / `. C" c, }# z; t8 Z4 V4 j+ m* p5 _
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), t% c0 {( ]% {% k- }
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 l% Z2 D. D: j; n$ W- k: G8 S+ {, N% s1 w" f' S3 {9 F7 j
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . o# R: a6 }: G% ~7 T% C$ d% l2 @1 L( h- {! P3 a6 n& E0 T. }; ]
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 m/ N0 [) w7 S; S/ y4 r# e/ G+ x6 t, X
$ m+ p2 Q" ?0 b* I1 [0 }* b+ Y7 c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + f3 L4 F7 P" T* X) o" d" q J) R2 ]" q4 I5 P3 i
例如: 1 Y) G, N- p5 J& f! Y $ u l! k6 h. @! oAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), _6 m- a6 o- I, S8 A
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) : I9 ]8 Y, A* c9 Y) g9 W5 b/ f6 x' S) j$ o4 z+ I8 G( y7 }% l" P) _
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 o0 `* S6 d; \, Z) ~6 Z4 R m2 u9 d" b
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) i) C8 w `. W$ k3 o2 T9 m* i
$ `8 p; `- l# ^( O- `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & ^4 B* b7 U, w) a; P ( b9 s! L7 B# d0 K: rShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) U9 L& _ x6 `: z" w5 a: O
0 ~3 o) @1 x) E7 _- E) II will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + ~* A2 o1 t+ k9 t# {1 Q 3 o4 U- }+ ?' ^( K* p2 Q" Q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; Z9 ^* @5 t, Z! a+ g2 c: y $ J& g7 ^7 |' p( @9 W& Y! J0 hThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) D* {9 V. Z% y0 q, k+ T/ x4 O
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), I! l$ e: w4 ~( k% l
7 A% @: }: f1 Q# G7 lHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 B* I$ i6 j# C8 j2 ^ # F( c& c- h2 I; M. WHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 d: V1 I$ ?& V Y0 A n( t& s" W0 I" l
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 G/ V! b4 p+ G! L& h3 O : f! P6 k, j. M/ Y) L9 sEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 j5 |# j* O9 `% x$ @7 @% s- R3 Q- X, j7 |5 X9 G
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; w, d3 z/ B( m9 b- d) o0 G: L3 p/ f, b' y7 R; U% K8 c9 M: e: E
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! l5 O: Z& C' ]0 F- b h 5 Z/ d" S2 Q7 x6 Z& }3 R" x2 @) X, k0 D5 L 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 a' v$ ^+ j* I- { 7 f, u1 h a4 I; P例如: ; O: J5 s% Z' B( w ! U5 A% _& \; {- v0 rMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 y% p8 L6 i' q# u1 h# v. | 3 i* l. w! b0 f$ J! FManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 I5 d0 N3 Q, F& v$ C$ e# j, K
# k) Y& h6 C" \% sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * N( }/ z$ W, `- [ % k4 H$ \8 U* ~# c" G0 @5 UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * B" x: K4 K/ a# P8 _5 Z ; {0 @& m& V$ x3 n5 ^7 Y j# W" VMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). h# h( R; p* B5 C
8 d" Q) G% X. l$ L9 ePolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# p$ y5 V9 ]7 {: V! X& L# D
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 ~' g% h* h: s" n- u4 r8 a5 ]# y
3 L; U( i! d4 G$ M% ^0 tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 ?- ?6 Y4 e1 X/ l
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 J% }* n3 z) p4 ?: N
: O' x6 n! c, y; R1 g& S: `( T! Z0 U当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# y+ q# ?9 F8 T4 b! v3 r1 D
v) ^& [: M* n对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- J6 S, x( ~8 M2 b' F0 x
5 x( x/ ~( C1 j对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : E2 H! H& `/ o4 ?3 \8 D; M & ~& c( N! U. B+ j对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - q; I, N4 b- ~ ! ^" X4 I% F: E对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 x, ?9 Q! }7 K2 N% T0 H4 X* A. ]2 ]" a
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # c/ S) w- d; A2 W. ~1 h ) D7 g2 Q+ n4 w还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 {# K; L$ |6 K, [* j' U0 C5 Q2 d+ A ( X1 `" o. P( u6 z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 _3 Z! e2 p' S' @! w$ F; i$ k