本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 O* m: y8 A/ s3 O 7 V0 I" z) j: r+ }* p9 S6 I" E转帖 * Q- O7 R0 Z& i0 L1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) {8 {; s4 u( N+ O0 J. U# Y2 \
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例如: ! }- s! X ^! `: T1 \9 U+ T $ P9 U b" E/ S$ \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# y1 W% H; V* O
% x: S; y9 [$ |2 R/ V$ }Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * p; [* x5 {5 o! n* `7 s3 F5 a * _( X. ?4 N4 ZThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / K! m: c L2 G9 u- \/ x7 g6 l" b N, C) p6 O0 a8 F/ q/ x, P2 @The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)& Q# x8 Z' r5 c) y* C v
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) s7 O: W3 ~% L; s% y# G8 P- `, N/ x : ^8 Q* h) }2 w# c6 M& S6 y2 i- P5 IMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" x) [2 G2 a& s4 F* m
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ ?) D& L2 L0 z7 {
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) Z- d( _. s6 G' {6 T4 r
1 |- e% y. I% `+ m: a$ TWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 ?1 f5 W- \# k, J0 I$ ]; S- H! L7 U& g
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). y" \9 `! g/ p( i! Y+ p# R
9 W! X% G# g- j. O4 `这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! L+ \4 f* }5 s& A W+ \; ]- R3 x3 f# Y$ B
! @2 p& {6 O& b 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 _2 \5 T# O; Q! w2 y c# N7 v6 g- k9 a& U# w/ y9 n
例如:/ P7 X! y1 [. \
# H2 E$ d7 L7 aAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) L& w0 s/ ]- x* r- X4 \
2 D' n0 H; S: r; |* A/ nDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) D3 [, j; ^& E- o; g1 r7 s# [" U. v. E% \2 `* q- K
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) R: e* C, y7 E
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ h6 m' L1 J; R% i" M. Y4 g F( B/ q1 v! W& w
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " L1 b: o" x6 A6 f( T- b 7 Q9 g* k, m) _She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% ^1 g3 l$ n9 T9 i5 I
8 u; Z0 k* Q- p; g/ v% EI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 p2 I6 G% h6 i2 }$ g: _' Z+ x1 H1 M" J4 {# s! K2 U
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 ^* @1 X# G6 f( Y2 ?
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); |& v. P* K; h( a' _/ \) a, ^4 X- h
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% ^/ }2 l7 C J. N
; d+ E6 B1 R* }! W: B) D5 yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): `1 _' u& ?7 e: n
5 p% H3 O8 f, DHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 c3 y% B: G' p: w! _* R# W( ^
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , Y( I& Z; |/ e' N' E+ E5 K 0 ~% Y, p8 n3 f& M0 m6 FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ?# m+ L# m8 a4 Y 6 A' I4 d/ g4 L+ w# k" R5 O写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): i% E, d6 N( x" O) f q9 S
) o1 C# ? Z$ G* R3 @; F" G: O+ n: L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + c+ r5 g# P8 i2 ~/ |7 G, T a3 f. I1 z4 |: ?- f$ g4 E - c- D7 d2 t& B+ K. O! o2 X# x' A3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # d0 {: y D; J* m, S4 V 9 b3 t- P# x+ t- F$ U9 h& L例如: ' v+ ]) H! o( `0 n/ _: g; C - K9 Z6 q4 |% f, v3 S0 j( ]8 t. tMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( s' |/ U: ^, H# [6 p1 x7 Q
% P+ D$ }+ @+ E) M v$ E1 IManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) T! f. K' _/ k; t& @* V* V( Q+ _. B# u
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 Y8 R# K* i& S+ `" K; B$ ?5 j4 }! Q! `# y% j
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); O, p# }- W5 ^; e; Q
8 o" c1 Z9 A; g$ U H" |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' I3 D: E! U" f: w ; }9 m+ i4 w u3 F; Y. v/ ePolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 Z" ]8 L ~" y" V; t
* _0 G8 J5 Z6 F/ A" w# D) lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" `1 y* E2 S* M0 N( s" ?. X$ t4 [
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! k% p% ]# d( U! E# C( g4 N# Z& q; m4 V# K
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 `0 ?) N! z8 w, k* F
. c' R+ N3 x9 D) N; Y# k; `对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + b) Y" ^. }7 T 2 E' ` K/ u! B- j- F至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 q3 l. v8 w; n6 q& a7 c$ T1 |$ A) e$ V2 f6 f
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! y! R6 C6 R# O0 \7 C
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 {+ r" U/ C3 E