本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : V" D7 h. z% e) \; \
' y& R! f7 J7 U; V- W 转帖 5 G( {0 N" ], g4 I1 n: x1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 u ] G. g5 T* Q- j p3 b! q
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ U+ I7 Q' {9 ~$ b
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& I# @8 o" h3 m/ o, C
4 ]' B4 R5 K7 d% HThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# C/ `/ l* a% z9 t4 }
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# m0 o* e3 o2 O
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 [) r/ Y' [0 _5 J1 ~: w/ u# B% C6 [3 @& ?9 _' z2 r* ~7 {4 m
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " L+ I; \ N! z: E. l# c6 N+ F' u2 c
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : U3 I. @. P# ^6 e; _3 n $ o- E* z' v% C4 r# X& RThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 L; y( m* K9 l, { ^8 q5 I
& Q+ V8 y+ c9 ^* {; P. i! o* g! vWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 f3 e7 v6 O8 {$ q# _& e* m5 J5 @0 {5 S% g1 h
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - q. g' e* w5 d% w% c) O ! e! r( W) P* i( ~这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 K6 P0 B! C! K8 o7 @3 h4 r$ R6 e8 n: M( a! _# C* @; H
0 L" o: i* G6 h& Y6 n, v2 W 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + F: H1 d* r5 b $ i0 r, J" X- b) o* ^" F/ B例如:. K# o; z3 S' B' i5 w
; z8 \+ m Z+ q& KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! u* }6 T' T; s: F6 @
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) R/ T, L, O/ o/ e" y : K# q" N4 x0 m" |0 d; }I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & I2 s" Y* o- ~& A! b$ S6 i. U* Q' x/ Z5 [7 [ j# o
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . N. |0 O. o8 P: l- W$ C: \$ A, K! S9 B8 c+ f. D
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 V! H0 T/ N' w! c8 t# ^$ X. X% v( ~6 K5 r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) f7 ~5 i4 j. b3 N( q; t1 \; I
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 V& D0 `7 D" K3 V" t2 g. m
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / D7 d" ?0 O5 x3 H " C: { J6 R( mThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 j+ z) S: l, P5 F. B% v6 \" l. m( u9 L8 v0 `
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" I( t6 v( ^* z! S, B$ w B: [
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 [7 v4 o0 y# o& T( @6 x
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), r+ W. L1 V6 R4 Q" C1 N
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " ~/ b! t0 @+ V3 \ 3 m; W/ ?- o; V, C& x, \Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 q0 b% Y6 @# t
7 \# t4 R o1 \: V, v. b7 t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), u, B U |, h
/ u' i L( |7 |: P# V此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; f1 F. O! D; w9 p! X* o0 o0 v" F3 n- U2 O: [4 V
' T) q; q5 x0 D$ o3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ t" k! g: Z( z0 e! y+ s5 [* ?" u
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 G4 S2 O- D6 _/ z 1 v8 z: e# G( V4 i/ JManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) r- H4 A8 i8 x* n" c* y3 L
6 W8 D' y4 d. eThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% t! \7 A) ~ \! @: b1 r
+ b: q; ~+ U% DHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" R( W$ |% k5 R4 X1 d$ O8 a% Y
3 T: A# h2 {2 g, rMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) B9 ^8 |: F2 e2 g6 J- J; U* d0 ^' F# @: s
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 ~) }! {" A9 c ' B8 M5 j3 F9 @2 u2 q4 ]3 \& x9 U' iCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# u5 Q) x$ X4 X$ I* O
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( o3 w# Y! V1 N s+ R* l1 V7 d: }
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , `, s- L2 D( s + k2 k, X% ~( `当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) O/ a- X) K' g5 [ b
0 u+ P/ Y! n1 a) }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 N/ {) I' B2 u' q3 w$ G% H
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) O4 j" \4 ]! X' P0 ^' r' W/ u
) I9 G% M: w* G! T# o, O对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # u/ s) n, l; s) p. R4 [) M" K' u; ~9 _8 W- V1 q: w
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 `: n0 ~2 z7 C8 _# i) v0 J. S2 B' R6 a
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 k+ _; o4 T0 W% |! ~6 I G
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 h5 v3 Y/ H! V9 z