本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 F9 |+ N" W' G X5 n1 `
% d2 Z, v' j6 J' ^+ ^转帖4 G0 Y6 i; O% r! p* z/ t! a9 f
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % v3 e$ e7 z* C" b. F' b * R5 j- n0 j- g& Z. e例如: , m8 V4 r D; G2 A3 V, v , w& v- g8 F$ m6 sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) c: T* S: U1 M& R
# J( o0 k* ~ I* ?4 m, u+ l# K
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 d+ Y. F, B$ u, Q6 X) t5 c3 z3 [
5 J3 C6 s! o7 q4 n3 HThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( E f8 M4 x7 U9 U4 E9 r ~5 e1 c5 E! F& j4 B, @& W* O# R
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) C5 d! p8 L% e1 }
+ \& a' a' k4 K( f" a. ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& c1 ?6 r0 n* s. K+ W/ d/ @
: c) Q9 t) m( x/ M4 _! GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! x) e' w. m7 ^
* A4 p+ v3 h* L7 QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ P2 {% y5 Y5 W8 u0 G2 @% f5 Q- }3 D8 h' e: [% B3 F# ~/ e
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& v; O3 i! ?% T+ h0 p T/ ~# U8 p
! W) V& ^5 ^ [$ y- H$ E" g0 T
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' b/ s/ a; E. y3 ?; J$ r/ ~, ~" u" T0 r0 v" C3 [
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! e0 q a( c& K9 L6 _( _3 {! O
% p3 @4 O* d% i4 M0 W1 G
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 u) A9 W. \. q9 T* H! m; V) P. g ) o; u- B- l* C8 i# { N4 H) u0 \3 [5 c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / u3 @/ @8 ~: n& T$ O- t% _& C, G* N) y( @
例如: & n% v* \: M. J! U 7 ~8 y' C& n/ S+ ~8 HAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , B+ X3 A7 s S2 S # d6 ~# Q1 S; uDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 i. z+ D( O" n, s% g! y3 O$ l- } : W8 O [& y- K- G$ PI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 f! S. Q& t: u/ g- f
' W6 p) z1 ^9 @4 F7 t8 q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , k) p' `, r1 L# Y; R/ u& v 7 ~: o" n4 U; g/ H; z/ ? i/ AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % r' P b2 J A- e 1 A4 @9 E3 l9 ?, l3 I2 f7 {4 C$ tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) t1 V7 L" ^, w g4 q f3 Q% K
+ K6 U/ X/ Y# P& |; q8 ?) {+ ?6 wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 [' p" l% U6 k0 u8 K 7 }8 }7 s% a, D如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' n+ @5 \- S2 r
9 _+ f( S( y; j0 J2 h. p; Q% \
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 g' p4 i/ C) P6 |2 X( a+ ]$ q* }3 b( i$ r+ X
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ d1 }. L. V$ T; B/ y! T
8 g+ w0 l; k5 U; P2 o6 N2 fHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ R; ?! g/ K# h4 l4 _8 i/ J6 w+ Q
8 O0 J8 w+ F% X" n! H7 }0 _( d
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" f, `) ~" f7 }6 x5 |/ h% ~, {) y5 O
% r" F2 g2 o1 |, @7 ~We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' X- ?- C6 w1 E7 I7 z# K2 Q& P( K* }# D9 O0 p2 [
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # h6 \' Y; n8 p# X J6 B' D' |$ ]2 E
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) P3 r0 C6 ^$ G) ~$ l! d
3 \9 f8 s% x \* F0 ~此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' N J6 k5 j" F% Z
; I- s: w5 x* A% _
! Z$ c$ R6 w9 G3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; f3 S5 i* W1 ~# h3 H+ d ( c$ t3 C3 ^+ q9 _# c( }, S3 }例如:$ Z6 U& Y F5 }. S
7 V7 n9 f, g# L" v
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 n; a4 X8 P/ t1 ?& |1 h
; L7 F+ E9 T$ N7 IManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) b% A: B& w0 U: Q4 t$ V6 s+ D/ `4 \1 _( p& O! Q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * n. U- s8 l& | U ; U1 |! S7 w. ?. y/ y; H [$ @8 sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 b+ }5 p; n+ {! @- A
4 V+ l6 n2 F/ g) A# o2 k2 q# Q1 \Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( B' g# X$ k, c0 Y
8 c1 a9 i9 A/ `8 e, y$ _Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 G% t9 i0 e g+ s$ U$ l
3 m1 S9 A8 a# dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 s7 H/ E4 F0 u* b* e ' B/ L3 C3 h, t0 v# k& c' DStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 \- r# \% H/ m 4 Z7 t, U$ @0 o: k6 D# Q/ L2 o同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 H" |- K2 _& h2 m+ Y8 R" U* V% j7 _; l* r) C
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: Y3 P# x' M+ j# f9 F+ c9 P
' z. l! f c a; m) k3 X+ x; `( E
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 g! w9 e- m1 j4 `' x! f D% V _
& \5 D" @- C+ e. Y' j+ r* g' s- z
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; + e" t% I0 c; w2 S3 a2 C) Z3 M; N6 f! H ?5 z; y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - k8 i s, c* k$ I" D 6 w3 q0 y5 P6 N$ o对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" s" Z+ F! p1 j, ]* }+ ~6 x
' Q- y7 e/ }8 i5 W# c
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 E" N C1 G: f8 r
1 i9 U. ]' t' `$ i+ n* k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ [8 [5 E. c/ r8 V3 y6 G1 R
8 k! J8 N2 z/ _. A/ E有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 o; T& }0 J3 o+ K