本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( Z! l5 m3 P) ~* I6 B) Z/ c4 C( o r9 [. ^, s' z' ` 转帖 $ v) G2 P3 D% l2 Y+ i; F5 E1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + q$ O* E6 ?: e! u+ ^, @8 R# i6 ?! e% U! w
例如: * E$ S& h6 O, D/ \) Z ' K) X& u6 n, v- W( p" y' iMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 o% C) ^; F3 [9 [" O) c 3 p1 ]- L9 K3 W0 Y1 RThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 }8 }! p6 w8 y9 V* N. \4 v
1 z. }$ j+ [2 H; ^. rThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* Y! z5 G4 X6 S7 h' `& d8 v, A( o
' w: o. k _3 J1 I
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 K& J* e1 \6 O) w3 h2 s 8 W# l& @8 s: K- nI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 u8 h" C' G9 w6 l5 r3 K / T# @/ H( Q$ }; V* D. U& }% |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) x5 j+ l' F; W. a) a3 K8 ` $ Y1 J$ r# y8 n) }8 u9 MWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % K- o% _- k9 k8 W$ a( r2 V: t 9 I* S: t. {- u oThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 D; |5 S1 [& D% W# F- f1 j! a6 b8 c
7 j' i; m8 b+ M9 k/ ]) s
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 [* D: Z) E' J# F# H1 ^' ]& ~ U + C7 F# f* o2 I- Z/ YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). H! D2 |" D5 n" l* ^" b
. i# k" d9 Z% Y% P& g
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) a+ v, A* L; _1 k3 Y% `+ g 3 v5 s- v5 i; c. H3 B, u( O8 a6 O* B r8 |4 P+ O8 w 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# l$ L% L7 X" K, T
& U6 d7 f4 d" n/ w( W: J( u例如: N/ H' n0 x+ f: l- }
2 D( @& w- I& e; } h& O
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- x+ U$ X1 }# g9 p
0 \7 k$ j- N0 b9 S
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); O* I4 T0 l5 d
! V# H( ]0 @" kI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " o% c- k0 m8 \. T! \0 V$ L6 L8 o0 R- P
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 p' P0 n) u6 d6 N* l0 z3 h" D0 T+ I9 d
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 P* k7 ~) u/ i8 z5 D: k# C1 V+ q ' w7 [1 e9 n3 B3 G3 s, D% tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' K2 O- y, D2 o. h$ N) w; V( J0 s/ V. _( e7 i) U7 Y! l+ m
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- v, R9 Q5 S; e9 S: e* s- E
: F( j4 H9 H3 Q' j7 B7 Y) X4 q* {
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- I0 G% r5 |; Q2 M5 q3 M+ w% d
+ A) h4 [5 c# j7 s9 s+ c
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" w4 C4 q7 A+ X
( e/ B$ u1 m) s& o) RThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 Z. d! ?, u+ _$ `6 B" V( h
4 t# C u) {2 S- r" S
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + F- H& z" w9 \9 j4 } 3 V) f! u/ u0 cHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ v. i: L. M# U * K, p: w# W( z) cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! @. v; u- c5 p$ `6 u/ u0 e# y0 j3 `, {8 @1 @/ l
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; |* C _ k$ y& {- X q" j 7 D5 Y) s' [/ F* Y! s写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 B% N7 w; B* K5 P' t9 w
: A9 U$ }* ~- f* J% j
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 T# u. q8 C. Q) H, ^. w9 r& v" \/ X$ H) @, I1 v N
2 y6 i* V: ?# d! l3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; P9 g! N$ U5 _8 m8 I ) _( S9 I3 f( L5 ?. G( t例如: , z, e. ~* }' ~7 Q2 C7 L) K* z2 t. {/ v" O) K" m
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# Y" _9 \" ]1 K6 b7 z* `
) H5 j' S/ t! S# @7 o$ ~Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 [5 Y! x( u# n* J 5 \7 C8 G5 Q) w( TThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) b$ ^3 @" [! }0 ?) w# }1 B0 d2 d
( }" Y) S4 m' W1 v2 IHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) ]9 q+ @# B X5 f7 o : ?6 i: @7 W0 s5 R- D8 ^1 UMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ x m/ M2 C/ Q
2 O, a9 ]& x O/ V: J. {: j
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 D" {/ F) K3 j ^4 p
" b+ {; Z: H+ I0 y0 ]9 X
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): r5 n8 L8 ?3 Z( [+ [! `
: R: h n" O, X/ }% I3 @$ [# A
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 a- \" P1 [9 [! E1 W7 G4 i) T5 {% [ o o& V5 {* i- o
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& @! s6 x/ Y6 u" |
" e, c6 p. H) \3 n3 ?* H$ ~当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 h2 G( a9 i( M; ]+ q1 T+ A# |