2 ]$ c5 }) P: t: |' q/ i8 }Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 {) \ B/ |* |$ h0 @$ V( e/ d * G G2 |% X3 [4 hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ q/ Z$ _, J* L6 k" p7 h 5 c9 o1 J+ i' m. g* P9 t4 Q8 x* ^This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ `0 w- L. ?0 {" n* z9 b# ~
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% r9 [ f4 |# y5 S" X4 ~
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); k8 K1 [1 Z$ I/ o1 z1 Z& g
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 V4 W5 O- C' P4 `& Y( x 8 ~5 ^/ ~' A6 H5 JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* \$ j) g1 A; L3 {9 @3 @5 B
8 ~! B5 s" @ t; vThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 P0 C( `9 {) M a: V! W& Q# b2 h ' H. q" R/ _ `( }We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + Z# C3 W2 s8 \! @1 R& s $ _5 d+ s! P, JPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # z( c, A! W6 F" @! n% Y% T- O- k( t; g: y q% W( |& R
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 T0 c0 X0 i6 Y$ V% v# O6 O8 d$ ` S: J5 q2 [: F
" x+ |; I+ h, ` j2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + ^) j* D& L, X/ ]9 [3 T# J" r. x6 _, j* T& {+ j, q
例如: / V' P6 n- p3 I' ~ 3 w* R) i9 m; JAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ Y8 a' p9 V0 C- ^/ o5 B
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); ^) ]0 u( `7 t3 k* h6 N( G
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 K5 K! W4 z( j0 p$ C
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * y7 _. Z. x. A- F- Z, \! Y% s; z( u4 Y - e* s; [" [ j( \9 r0 AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 q1 w0 O9 J5 ]! @7 c! x4 B
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 D$ \- z7 e1 @; @& h
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . p6 Q' ?1 q8 b3 B) s & @+ q5 A1 e8 n% `4 d9 O3 F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" n* w/ d' [# q' K( Y L% i
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 @# K$ i9 \8 d7 D- n0 |7 z) C7 {9 K5 Q3 i5 a; |
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! Q, V8 X/ w+ p6 D' g" D ) Y$ W- N1 d: Z2 \3 J* d/ CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ ?& \9 e( V3 z$ c1 G; w: D
4 \9 ^& j0 b+ U1 O8 |/ n9 V* uHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; E: x9 h" O0 W9 v Q & p% A" V8 h" {% `1 V7 G5 H! W5 e* MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : @: t! v2 t2 X! [) s1 r1 C. X; @9 w* o" S: C% `
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); E1 v4 V9 q' \4 s* G' R8 Y/ ?' L
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 [, ^( T8 A9 Z6 E, N4 G6 E/ P h1 t6 F/ n1 V% G: h/ w2 G
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) n8 t+ x; t* h3 w1 S7 s
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! |/ V! {) n0 F8 h) I! C1 G' p 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# s- G# u) O; S
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例如:1 S6 j0 q) M0 ~2 l8 Y
5 T; l+ L: y/ a2 D- R# ?Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 f( A% S; r% O1 p. w9 V1 z2 @- W! d) [, w* r$ `
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 ~$ c/ w0 [" ]4 c. M# ~) U+ I; I2 d. \8 S
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 o5 D$ B1 L7 A- j/ F" ?! z# H : k; V3 g! L: Q. AHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- f1 W+ p% g! }) D8 ?( h) Q- N8 E( J
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % q! h& A1 h- |; I3 L, F 7 n1 f/ K' f. K- ]) |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 T! L ~. f) r; ?
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " r6 l& N; W9 V0 k$ V' [2 |3 n/ z# }+ B% ]& K& A s5 e
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 j, V( z u- r. ~& \ y: n # ?1 k: ~; g( V9 ^/ g7 [同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " {% w- A: \# u 6 t) }8 e+ k1 p7 ^& m! d当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 ]: M! N, l) w; F' @- u # o$ L. [2 Q( V对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 B) y5 g% o4 Z5 h3 ?
) L, d3 d% j/ v$ n- N @1 G对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - h7 @4 [: }% ^- A- ^" _) ?6 \# E. ^; Q) i
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# {' ?, h$ j3 y, e+ ^* `2 k5 M/ p
! E/ s' P) C$ ]' h6 \对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ d4 u, M0 z \, r0 V y. ?; j3 \; Q& C9 b. U M% u2 }
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 D# w* p' L/ S: Q# ~2 D _6 U* E( _7 ^/ ~ z: c4 g
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。& Q# ^2 x) [/ z3 a
! ]' H' Z4 G6 Z" v" I# \有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: m* m5 B' G4 q p