本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : e; c# [2 P4 s - N/ P, S. t/ w, Q, h# q) C4 G% e1 @转帖 . h0 @( U/ J; Q& h1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 K% W2 E( \" |0 Z% g9 I& q8 h- ?* ~$ r; `
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 Y1 I- z6 [8 Y, C1 [# q
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 H: C4 F/ a$ M t" Q: P- {; b# A3 \; H; o) T$ c' B
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( q! p. K7 x/ p; [* r3 C/ q
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + [- N' H) {* p1 _ . ?4 E. E0 @- tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ i2 b" f8 F5 x4 I" V1 w
! Y2 O1 a5 r! _0 fMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# U$ O1 v2 y/ Z2 W
' v. i9 V' ~; u/ `, {We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): d8 x, C" x. K, w
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! |& W: q& C0 f' S, g3 e* b 6 m# C9 i4 f, O7 I0 ?3 y; D- bWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 r$ H3 o4 j4 J( L/ v6 r
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) g% }$ O$ q; Q: ^) f3 {8 ]2 C 7 O; ^* b! F& {% p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. f7 k7 @ l& X2 z; J% T8 R
( l7 o7 t) p9 L# e1 E% ]3 l* A2 U, \$ L 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* A; }" F% X- G' G/ s8 w# h. T
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例如: 7 k0 {. l4 a2 C% {' T% p" D! ~( B3 M( Q: d M) r G$ I
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 }- _+ R7 E' e J
: @4 h3 G$ [% _0 N: NDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) Z. ? R0 b1 F5 a8 ?' k- Y5 p4 X
. K0 _! w9 q8 m c4 Y. RI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- C' V+ a& B" B6 P3 R$ l
3 }" t; N( o! q7 ^He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # Q+ X" d' M S- n& D & \& s) y: t, A: O& |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - b1 k9 y) `% Z& P6 n1 G: T/ Y; @' x. e7 ?' p' u6 \$ B
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 ?7 X% ~# g0 e* o6 {. _& b. \ L3 Y5 g6 x' _1 DI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); }7 E' [: v: o# f( U
2 i. P' R9 b0 A0 Z& `+ E如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * q) F( k" e* V# X$ R. L- B( l4 ]6 [: @: L8 }) z0 t/ a
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): M$ h) K) O9 Y! d$ Q. K! f
. s+ P+ M; _6 oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 q* w W' J7 c; O
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' C4 X& F S" B. H3 K4 k3 [3 _/ q) q% J G! d% ?( ^2 ^
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % I0 n% n( z }9 F4 L, h3 f7 K/ c1 F6 T
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ I2 j. X: v- q n$ H
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % m# x0 e/ i/ o. a2 _- O4 |. Y; [
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 V6 U" H' m$ V+ F- `! d0 ?" j# h) [3 p6 R( \
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : p4 v( B* u, N3 C! [ 9 D' n$ W& [% e$ V6 Q: N6 I) w + Z9 `+ c$ |. e# {. O1 _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * x& d0 a, P! p) O6 T z; N; }0 f8 D5 t- r) x( _) \& ?5 W7 ]5 j
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! g1 W% g5 I+ t8 y; p 6 G0 Y8 e; Y. ^7 K' gManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 o, g- b8 |# t2 Y . W( q8 Q% ]0 k" }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) A& l/ p* B. e+ E9 I, g
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , c0 h. }( ]9 L/ i5 k4 W& _ + b5 U0 @6 S2 H8 m2 O- @/ {Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * R1 f1 ?6 B X) F - q5 d: y+ `3 I# B mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 \* d2 j; x) [& t: O; o. h" @ ; X& W9 O: ]$ D$ kCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & l( ~5 Y( T( Q( n . \. j8 s, K1 H4 A! _3 m- FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) Q, S* D( k( J. j2 `
2 k& T: q6 Q" S4 p& y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 ~3 H3 J* i( A4 G; H: m1 U4 X$ q) ?9 O1 M
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( ~) J3 f" ~/ n
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 u7 z/ `% p) B B9 c) E* x' E& y" M3 X9 {
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 s8 M6 M4 N' D" W
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 H7 x& ~! \: I B+ y- {/ i 7 i# e [3 [4 }* a对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 O2 i5 b& ~, k6 h
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ h. v$ |- U% S/ a: x
" z$ Z! U1 z! a9 P# f0 D还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 }& c: n, v0 J) b0 N* ^' Z; t `- S' W/ i) `
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% J$ N; u4 f* t. P# r/ q) W2 D