本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! c: B8 w" E8 Y3 E/ e
7 ~2 `3 c3 V. f5 U5 e3 S+ `& N 转帖 $ s* n2 m2 B' }: i7 G" T* [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). c/ Z! u* v* P1 ^* ?8 n
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例如:8 P" R2 c' x2 A( }5 l
& X" [4 B2 _8 ^; L1 ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ C" n8 \1 T4 ?4 S
% @, V% g! M' a$ P# k0 vThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 ^: {# k6 u& R
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' I) f/ F' A, F E6 {* J2 ^ y& o* c% e6 v2 pThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 \6 j& I& n8 M# r3 A0 a& I% D 5 G% J" Z, {: U! g, ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 P3 H3 S+ [, |! A% v" s5 I K( R0 y' a6 u" c8 AMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % K* f- X) ^$ r% ~- j 8 t( Z `1 _7 T+ S' l% WWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ z/ q! s8 j( R" S; W
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 B, W! ?( u; ^9 f, g9 a
6 H& O; A. A" j2 r2 u* AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' }7 v& z) E9 I
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' c* |/ W8 s+ E$ q3 `/ E% w
y' c$ s, _7 a6 ~( S" E$ \这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 W0 x8 Y, d' E4 Y3 x% T
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% W( e8 x) p# ?4 }! L( h5 b1 N 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 |) F) u; J. \4 c6 d( O# W9 W) d4 ]1 r. Z: g% U
例如:$ N8 k6 |# U6 d$ q
( _* |6 I- Q9 O5 U( WAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / ~5 v- S/ h" O+ u/ k9 z7 C( U" y5 m9 I
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ y3 J' P$ l) _. [7 y( X# j
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . m6 o" n# n4 g& L + f- b* c! v2 Q/ Y) CHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 T, y; s7 x* Y6 K7 I/ k
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% K$ W! {2 O Y
+ f8 _0 `0 y; i' _0 `; i, bShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( m/ ~ w! W" v
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 C5 [' x; Z6 g& w7 o
0 t. ~! d4 j0 y" M如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' f4 g6 T: H7 Z( k
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 ]7 P' g6 {& A! C
. Z( m+ h) ?" d7 [# {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 n/ ?2 V, d' M }5 M
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- T0 E9 D% c7 a; e% d
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 K X1 y ?! S# [, O9 W1 J+ e3 A# q* t3 g; Z9 }; Y" M' W
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - i; i1 y6 l8 K g# D6 A' |# o: \3 a7 g, P2 P1 Q0 aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& M( g# D: L: _* U* m O8 F, F
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' x4 d" j7 X/ C4 }, I& {: j, `' l* m! l: l& f; r, u6 P
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! N$ `) e3 h" H5 F
4 X! v; `, L, T% S/ A7 ]0 B+ `& G' N: K* b a$ V H! d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & c# \8 E6 x* S. J5 L# F" ^5 C6 D* `# b- C
例如: ' r1 e( ^9 U2 } 8 v/ q$ z1 [4 e% Q, j4 {5 @. ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " \. Y1 i; E9 r) u % Q" N9 _' u3 J1 I/ `" _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 m( t, v0 O! N: n7 ]
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 ?" o7 B8 z; n& L4 }
J8 @5 t$ r, U4 r' zHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% Y7 y& E+ K0 |2 d' H+ \' F& q
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 m! O2 ? x* q4 n5 Q g
, y$ O7 o2 x: r+ Y0 @) {9 K5 gPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 G& m& u/ N5 ?6 R1 g
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 x& e. o \1 X% h. _2 Z7 h6 s6 E1 [7 I7 K2 y! E1 C
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% M" U% U6 S+ Q) S# S
: n% L, {" F6 y1 o有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 _& b2 ~% \9 H. V