本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - y7 M3 g, B2 b7 @7 ~/ t% p; ]2 z5 g I7 I, q& C5 ]/ B! M 转帖8 V4 y: q% W2 G8 W+ e
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' U+ a% T8 h! Z I! A( H 6 Q# K4 ?$ n, g P9 w9 e3 c例如:5 \2 B8 Y7 W+ X9 n6 h4 b2 M" t
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 \; E! _. I0 L
( t+ _ Z) J( |) y8 ?" J0 u) tThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 [7 V2 S$ W% f 6 M! z1 V( _3 k3 }* G C0 I9 JThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& A3 ` G# ], k0 w" k, {% }
, ]! O0 \4 K2 H( I9 d' v) m/ }1 P/ tThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ I. Y/ |) J' P- }+ R" [ 8 l; Y$ D+ M* B$ ]& gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ K4 s, q( c) T& T
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 s; j$ x9 b Q$ |; w2 r7 d 3 v, d9 m; `3 _$ S4 J1 u- e, {We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : \. R% N0 B9 i 8 x9 a% @/ d9 ?4 NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ A+ K* A. I/ R2 D7 N
) l) D3 c. `; q" _3 dWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 q3 D0 u8 L, O
9 r1 N* G" B) L9 N2 HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): s. ~; w2 p- P7 m& o
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. r% q. b. G$ h( r7 {' F1 `
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' q7 O, J, k" h8 q, k; n2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % U7 H$ ~" H( l& T) D7 S# \# f- d% U7 Z. Z, J
例如: 9 s7 ?, X& ^/ N1 q: J; o9 p - C P* Q) ^5 [% M8 ?# n* B2 j' P1 y; n2 NAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 z* @3 p& E1 \
9 H9 {' J' H0 l1 Y* aDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) : H3 Q) e* Z7 [5 n" W5 b- c- d& a: K6 c- ~, c: T) b0 G
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " R. G# p& b8 T' R- R . C2 e$ H' }) j0 }He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 ]) ~5 b8 _( l, R* ~3 S b; m. s6 n
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 X9 s4 h6 g8 F8 ^4 i' l ^$ M ! {; a% I4 E6 dShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* x' p# @/ G* x0 ]. t! e
" h' H2 j+ \. S1 C2 k2 b3 i' JI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; a5 T5 H5 l; O" s4 T, ^3 M2 I* M7 H, @& v% W1 j* }% }9 a
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % p8 x% ~0 d0 E- S- E8 v7 o! E5 n: G9 d
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . E2 ]" }4 n) _4 b1 N. l: o+ F: s8 B/ d; \, G( c" Q- {! I
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " _+ `6 q, a/ h$ v/ ]* M+ _( F8 {: {
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ F2 i; e O. Y' B) R+ E
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , ?( t* v3 B- l9 z) a; |# n9 p2 b: T: ~2 m. _; y! @6 U
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 \9 l, U4 o9 s( Q; x1 x8 l! r9 D) G& m/ `
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# H5 U4 \0 x8 d4 f
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% t8 q* @! H& W9 _- B# [
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - B) {! \+ J. B; r5 o! A4 L2 { , Y D/ \4 ?1 D" h- m3 I. V$ d 8 H" W5 J* _; J: `( {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / k7 ]# U: ]$ j4 {. Z; Q& i( m# T' Y/ v
例如: - P- r5 M1 h# t- w. w5 N $ g) N' L9 x4 s8 l$ K7 zMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 c3 e: b" G& R! Y" P, ?' k, G" G' z7 W
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . H/ [2 U$ L& j 2 E9 X: A/ d+ L8 z# m" @/ V! X3 S9 DThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# O, {+ ]3 b3 G" i
' j! V4 X/ d$ H4 `He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), a# S9 ?) f$ {" V4 M* k0 F+ E
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & K% F5 `( p' I+ e, i. ^" P H3 ?2 c2 n9 h1 b9 c: T2 w
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 L- @$ O8 V8 h& B' U6 ?
6 Q3 t9 G1 T$ R# } r' m+ `% H, zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 L o q( n+ W4 [$ U) B c J% ]( e+ k! U# OStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) X. ^8 k9 |3 m, D4 x! w J; s8 a/ H4 u# J( c: B# Y
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" a9 E k( j' p4 m( ~
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , W7 y6 D0 ^; \4 w, P0 i4 o7 M/ f0 K7 ~; V
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 l4 E6 \5 K) `, I9 I; t % d/ i6 [; D3 T7 |: ^% Y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; + w1 t+ A- w* p" U $ U; U5 p0 F- [! _$ ]% F对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 K* u4 ]1 g- d8 h# P0 u+ ]6 ?/ w# W/ W; o$ R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* N" l8 L- M: g, E
4 Z) D' }) J+ g' v' Q. p! z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' b5 z4 g f) ]3 E+ D
% v7 c- C4 n) _7 q6 V% ~! g有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 G- p# i: J& f