本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . R+ u3 m- H4 K: ^ }& ~ 2 g3 x6 }% a% x0 K" e2 l( g% O转帖5 M) r+ ]3 `8 X" Q1 ?; A8 E
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 w/ J" u, K! _: m' p i
4 m6 p6 P2 L; d, D1 D( }" |例如:7 l, ^6 W6 L4 y, n, e9 B8 Y. ^
- I- e, E& U4 M( T2 CMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& v, f& w9 ]; j, N4 {( V
! n9 a* D4 l/ E( O" v* [! L1 T0 CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - @% f# _/ z6 }6 _' M! m, s/ ?: ^' C$ P* ]5 F3 ]1 w2 q
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 Q6 T9 u2 j/ L& z0 d# Z ; U5 i0 f& V! D( l- Z+ z' w' bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) u; E/ v4 a T0 J) a5 L. e
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : ~9 g; B# |" P) j9 A0 Y( Q9 X+ \4 n
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), e8 W2 U$ o1 d: P% S0 }
& C4 w M& y# J& ?. EWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 l. G+ A- o- w8 P
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 \! d' ?( v7 P8 l3 D( z
5 @6 ?) \6 C' _ F, a" Y/ jWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 y# L) r' S- Y& F8 L) B/ `" h & T, Q% I7 }. f6 D$ _Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 Q+ r* S) W3 `( w* r+ L
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 O/ `7 V2 `" L* f1 T+ w
# H1 M$ M' v0 |: h0 {! t! Y2 I 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 W7 {; c2 N5 S2 g& s( d
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例如: 3 J3 i0 b/ H4 b2 C8 V2 @/ c6 C5 S$ ^$ a! U# a9 ]7 l5 }" B
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & F" S/ ]# p6 a# e" `0 g9 O, P & m2 n9 _+ S* a; U+ p$ @Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) m5 d" A9 n! C' ^/ W) z
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 B0 \! u$ W6 P9 ]5 l$ M, u# `: }8 Q' m
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ x& P* N1 ]2 |4 \( N
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 Q: v* j* m I" W6 r- A1 u
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 y6 @, R) X/ N. B7 N - A+ l+ d7 p" l! W; FI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" }$ U8 H5 O& d! b
) x4 v7 G, a# _; S; x$ N+ G如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - L1 c* ~: _8 ^' M3 l2 B7 L; I# _( S7 W# J1 q7 b
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 c$ y( G: l1 ]2 p$ E% R " S6 k: a) L) p9 X- QThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 P6 d7 a: x- r5 h/ _8 c& e Y) g$ X" f& r* p% BHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) _1 _ x+ J, M" q0 g0 h
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : I1 ^2 b6 V7 [/ T' @0 q6 C* A( {$ V2 h. u+ `( [+ Z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 j1 g1 X7 D/ k6 e1 Q0 |
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! r" |' n" R5 P$ G* x- e8 y4 h- E
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 M4 P$ g4 {! _0 l& g& _2 E, p4 G( M& d( o/ ^' I; Y: J
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 i7 z; l8 T# X* y+ h. Z
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: v4 G6 c) m) e* c4 W& O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ K3 Y- `' I' j+ q& t
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# F5 F3 g5 K# o/ z l6 PMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / V1 I2 m# H' S8 s) L" b + z& R# O8 u4 G. p; }" LManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' c- g; y4 q& f/ A& G! b ( u' Q8 a3 k, L2 t: b- E5 ^/ k6 kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 d& h% Q8 S: J0 A& W r" ~7 T+ [) y' x
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * N- D: B3 ^- [3 S; v& Z1 j2 w 6 U7 p, N/ H8 \4 ~2 X8 }; c9 EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ z; D3 V# B: T7 N6 Z5 I) A + J f9 u5 W, o' _% I+ KPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / n# m6 V) C+ y; f- |+ t8 B: Q7 V4 D$ {- `
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , C( U9 w8 v8 }2 \: q7 Z: s& t) d( |* l: o
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ w9 p- k+ n7 u; ~ v9 ^: w; B
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 N" O6 w$ E' {5 v) E 7 M i5 M$ q9 y* k当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 b9 b. e. m, ]# E $ ^2 P2 J9 U }2 r. m( P对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! e6 p; e; x" d3 a5 Q" j 3 U* o' S9 p& @4 B, W对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 ?; j* o% u0 A4 i' J # X s& Q$ `2 N) _% j8 U; K/ p对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 }" h, E+ ^$ @/ T/ U
1 W& L+ I* P% O: z: V j+ P对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 L0 F9 e( Y% |2 K4 N) c
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; h2 G8 f* t; [3 @4 z! g6 X
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( Y$ v0 R& v3 e: x
5 R3 |( s+ P& W有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ {; S1 \% `/ v2 g, c) S3 H