3 H y' x+ J' t: lMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . }4 |0 y+ ?. R/ I! H0 u* n% x4 P% X( ?9 H6 Y9 c7 g
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 N$ y7 d; w5 k1 g3 T' k: a0 h3 A; k! ^7 z: G8 ~% ?$ B
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 ?2 g- {! G* i, j ( o/ S9 d% @* D1 g, jThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( m) q. {) |# l. S/ X8 u, o) ?1 j+ A7 \1 e4 E
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' V' @6 m3 ?& M( ^) w# ?& H) T4 S# [3 w
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # _5 l2 z- q! ~ - \4 G( j4 }: W* r: u: lWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' ~; L$ |0 ~. x0 ]3 C
4 m/ w' {( A- {$ z- BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , h8 x0 m& g0 E* W8 ]& ]( e# ?! t# Z6 O% K
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): E) n: d( \ ^# X
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 z2 p/ H+ n% l z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' {* `0 H/ I# `. R& d2 n$ p, C: m, |) V( \
) H5 ^) Y- L) N* K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' P8 j8 o Q8 C- f' F U
) t7 v! |6 k! J9 J; R; X例如: 4 B- N0 B2 R/ w% _; T* A3 O: \+ M / T- [) _% P$ J1 s) A" aAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . a3 I) [5 F, o/ C7 M6 N9 ?) f 0 X# ~2 Q, k9 Y6 J& hDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) v9 |; }% m Z+ o# c4 I- t: _; |
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); _8 k- u7 _9 U4 d- G( b) s( O
, m9 f* s6 ^5 d# s7 ^2 A6 u9 dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 K; p! T% y) q' n) b/ K+ e, I: G
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ l9 {9 L5 v# n; b5 \6 x
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 b3 f+ H6 f' @1 A5 [0 r6 `; i7 Y& T0 k1 h3 y+ Z6 Z
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . ~' @ E+ n2 v, y& T& C; E/ A6 |/ m' ^
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , ]0 X8 a$ ]1 t) l ! x3 n& }, F1 ?/ `% t, L4 n iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " B9 t: q7 T5 T { 8 l. J/ {5 Q Z) C8 EThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; l9 }. Q4 Q5 W5 g7 |* `' i5 I7 Q/ M; M- o
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), B2 m, }: K5 m# a, q
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! j1 w8 v+ x% E' {4 |7 P0 O
9 y8 K9 ?; T' A, a, q) mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 M6 P( `) e' Q8 F5 O$ F- `
' A6 t2 x5 ], u3 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 `( j6 I) n# ?- T+ z' Y2 {
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 Q/ J$ _) O( k V
7 [4 F$ \; w7 j6 i7 t( O此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 @# o' ]. l# T7 {9 U" D; d& e4 c e8 t/ R# W: i7 N) x% Z2 W+ X
; d: K7 q: W6 _1 ^0 I" e, {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 ~" A Q' A% G( s7 F( B / _# R m/ p) ~5 |' q例如:' j( f4 W- L; c7 z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * x5 H' S" q' f6 \# A( ^$ I: K: G : G* F! m) Q* LManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + B" H+ T$ Q6 S" F0 |( W ^5 @ & Q4 a' r" s) a4 o3 m2 H0 t" W0 ^This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# V# \ Z5 }* j7 U7 x
9 x, \# B9 R0 f4 [' l: h# {He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* p) r/ d0 w+ l% H5 z7 i9 r
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): v6 d3 F% Q6 ]
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" g& K* N7 g, U1 n/ |9 E
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % e3 x+ Q0 G, b2 k' T) b- k5 B ( |. z% y _ S! i- `( ]Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) P }( O- M1 W8 C8 @# p. c Y# b) ~" @' A/ n
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 o# G, X4 W$ E4 [& d) H- e6 r
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " Q/ q2 ~8 H7 K Y+ E8 o% Z ' a: u# C$ F# g" q, ~8 T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * F/ g5 i: _/ c: A6 G- e$ m) @0 i, c/ H% s
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 w6 z1 b6 `( a7 d 9 d% S" j% K$ b" ~对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ _4 z6 u1 _1 R2 k M, Q& |1 Y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + n1 C1 h, e2 y4 `* N1 j% e" S0 J+ [/ y3 I, U
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + c5 H- l! ?1 `2 B$ i3 [ + a1 E* Z3 v. @) p% E还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! J: O5 L' x2 _8 d8 H
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' B& j9 y# a2 f4 [% w* |9 F