本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 A- ~! \2 H& T u& }8 ] # f0 k) p7 g4 s* `转帖 ) X0 _7 W p* k" B# u1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " I. b1 \- I9 W$ Y( \$ p' o* V1 c1 Y( h5 y% @9 b
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . q; z6 B `# M r% x- y+ @" ^0 R: b" o4 k# {" U& V
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ w6 }! a' m/ W& Y, `+ K. U0 w 3 ?3 F! h6 R; k# h7 W w4 IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 ~+ U6 X4 o G # M6 D4 P; E' i9 q: v9 ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 b& D6 w9 n' W+ J1 ]2 \0 o/ w
8 ~2 d& O Y+ `' r4 r0 H4 G( `I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) ?3 j$ m: _5 P. o U ) |5 z: i4 x" U$ j; M* L& w0 y6 \Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , |! c: w l7 F7 O3 w; y r2 q$ G$ T/ S8 `
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* d& |' F4 [7 N
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' z5 d2 h: ?; I) \7 R: E 9 `, O) T/ H6 o- J% A7 U8 h- ?- _We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 A' u/ {, m9 R' G/ l; O
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) C \2 X. m6 }
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. X. j; [5 y1 a3 k$ a8 |
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+ o" U, _0 y5 }例如: 5 C$ }+ K7 R$ p7 _: S ; X) N' |% P' FAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - \6 u" E/ F6 v4 _. r1 }: I( _9 y* V1 ]& Q \
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 l& K' Q- Y; w0 k! T+ i
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 T6 y7 E/ ?- ^( z! s8 D$ t
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 ]6 o) f2 ^4 H0 ^
2 {, Q, e R3 S' W! v: AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) M, p0 m5 W3 E5 m - K7 z1 p% C0 _& Z3 Y6 |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) b7 C( k9 @0 |/ P/ L0 s" v
, y, L2 M9 n0 J' {! ^I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ K. l# h2 R# ~% N
" {1 A% h2 X1 O2 s9 T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ E5 b6 z8 B9 `. J
: B" e' c: T d8 b6 N2 i7 W! dThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 z1 v* P' v8 l- S3 E% f- t/ ^* H; v: d- m, ^6 ^ f$ @
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , V h- W+ a) |/ Z6 k! K+ J3 Y/ \7 d+ z5 X
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 m( i6 A& x ?. C4 @+ Q , U! r- u+ i# s4 _1 N9 LHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- P5 F% b: L: l0 t0 @) g
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * Y+ }* Y* C- }- t9 y 7 L# K* s3 v" t0 O) O& |Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , p/ L, }' i6 s/ g! t* k% F3 H& O4 M2 p/ b
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 ~4 R+ y; x) a$ c& { # J. A" j" b" H$ K7 ]( |此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( V: Y, d& ^5 d$ x + q0 y" P. ~# {2 f0 x" i3 v 2 w9 M$ r' A; f e: g8 L. \/ f2 I3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- U) x. N Q; n" k, j8 w$ t
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 R4 l( a7 Y! a% D' L9 }3 Y! F3 `" `" W1 |0 m7 }- a4 Z
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& S0 m& d- b5 y) @" J
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ v- W; s) T4 ~
2 L+ ?% X6 H8 WHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 A2 L0 ?9 K) \( \: a- Y ) `* F2 P) }! d: B6 b yMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- X! n5 Q: P2 r4 D
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & D. Q$ b8 |" z2 j8 c5 M. L4 \9 J8 n& ]) O: }0 [* J* O% {
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 t5 S" f1 L+ ~! W% b. K" d& ?) s* @2 k
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% b6 x, M$ q4 b' h& k0 Z7 W& h
/ t ]4 _) s# o3 i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 u8 ?" d; ^ F# b
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 t/ O6 M8 h) @- E( F+ s; W s
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! Y, e; N" v# O& D! [
+ ]- i2 k9 [/ U1 x* N- ]% P5 e对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & `% f; ~4 g. E. A6 r( P. o/ }: x' S0 W& H. [; S* g& G9 ?$ u a+ E: c( b
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ L% ^0 c; [( y0 T" m* C4 S
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' g- b- u: P0 x( }
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) ~5 }1 g( N* N6 C5 d
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 `- K/ t2 q B
7 t: Z4 ?3 p. z" B% S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 Z) [) `, n$ `, _