本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! H9 c8 Q" X, |: u
$ a! M3 f9 S: ~ 转帖 4 l7 `* w6 Y+ J; a( P* \: u1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ G4 _4 ]. t) Z |" k4 A( N8 E$ {7 L+ @# g
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " p' u6 I5 U1 k/ y& f1 A5 s0 r: N$ r! o: e! x/ N+ w9 o# K0 t
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 |3 w5 _0 M* K + `# F( b8 n- ~4 a. cThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 n: k& P$ Q4 t4 e o3 q! P& p$ n 8 J; x u7 E6 k/ D0 MThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) A' L1 e# G! v* ~! ^6 i
6 T; _( y" V* Y; V, _2 |I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 c7 |7 F+ n/ Y6 l5 x) I# r6 j 1 g- J" Y# D( @( @$ JMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# V, v4 u8 W, _1 y& @2 K& l
, t% j3 U( _9 JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 U' c2 g R% [5 `3 H( R% b# i
8 s+ t: c# Q4 s4 P+ KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . w0 H2 i# L) n+ q' }0 w! g; m: r( H3 s/ ~& a) M
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) j9 C6 R' R/ M- ?2 j* @2 n
. k! x2 c1 U) k" p1 V: ~+ vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) f$ M6 {3 J0 }8 u# @* Z5 J$ T% g) Y" _3 p# ~4 j/ x3 [
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! Q# y" R! t+ ~/ P% U7 \9 H3 O0 `( P" i$ J
5 z2 [% c& t/ `0 \+ y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( \( v: A: a- u3 s: O, Z( d1 g % H0 T) Z$ g- s8 Q# i例如:. M8 q$ r8 m9 Q @; G+ j" B$ d2 N4 b
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 g. t0 g- M& W- c r) e& ~7 X: j; h
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - f3 Y8 o# c3 I) }. z3 { . Z# s7 j8 M8 t1 uI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 H, g7 v Y+ s. B" y" r. L5 ~# N7 u8 {$ [$ y* e' K3 x* A+ S
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! ]9 K. u( J0 z3 z+ F7 C$ s: K, {+ O0 k# F/ Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) G" M; D' b9 u! {' `- @' [- A/ d
$ S9 m2 l( z/ Y4 o# k6 a8 HShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! N$ i& Z7 \& h) H" X * m. p+ H% {: a( ~# @% L% ~" _, UI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # u' I+ W4 t+ B8 s( z4 a. N0 Z+ w$ O9 Q
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : U) r, |; [0 l$ \ ' O# `' W# u) F6 \ O, AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 j6 |- w/ i+ A( ^2 J 6 P4 @- |/ i r3 EThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 J( d- @ J. _5 y, R" D: @ H5 D/ k. X7 S
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% i3 n. z" j5 T; _
4 {5 R b0 h/ o# W- RHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), D1 D+ s- k. v
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- G ]7 r. u9 I: f. z; G
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& o" l0 @8 W+ E7 V& w
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ l; b3 `3 h, |, s2 l% i% X5 D
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " R& j! h7 X1 L- _! S & Y% T9 ~) c& X+ B4 P 8 L- }+ C9 A* @* ]3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / Q6 ?' b* {3 y% V: u0 W+ x - Y& L4 M4 D$ S0 z4 g8 D例如:0 z! Z, t9 ^, I* ?; x6 J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ r! }, g9 R4 o7 }
, q8 w9 o, x6 h8 G3 cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 B. J2 n5 _$ |' z2 `! i7 ^# A! z8 T" `" {- V6 ^" O: F6 ^
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ m# @4 ?* b( q' K, [. C
, e. |% [* p2 z4 bHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 p X# c7 F1 W7 b6 A7 v3 |9 r
( m& Y$ o2 R: ~4 \" OMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- ?" R P: R/ [3 j
& K8 c: t' x: OPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , [# [9 F" d6 U3 x- o0 B1 c, i+ }* t$ I3 t' J
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! x& [+ p% D j0 X* e
1 Q2 n% ?/ n# V3 R0 NStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 F7 n, J7 m" d1 q4 r# ~% e/ i5 K4 N2 P
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 W2 Q) S2 D" _2 x( u" h; S B& {
+ z( H" L2 P. c! `2 |* C' o当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & K- g6 \1 M T% g3 {3 `' d9 c/ E( d5 W4 n1 J1 O/ p' \3 v$ j8 ?2 [
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , Z' B$ A. {5 g p9 U$ O0 y0 w
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" Z1 B' z5 q: t B& h" P