本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 @. k3 y- ]1 r3 S2 w) G
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 A7 [7 H: \4 L0 e9 t2 D, j
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 Z! i3 m: ]& b! i" G
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 Z% O) E/ Y! n. g$ d& p; n! e
* V2 Q3 \2 t+ e2 N* I7 rThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 }! q" R' O2 }& U
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 a2 b6 q% a9 a' ^- n/ B 4 @$ B: p& D7 ]1 G$ T$ ]1 P EI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 X' ]* }8 `+ ^% k3 r
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / D7 n S% c) S M j # D, W7 Z4 ?8 t- ~8 v7 t2 x( oWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): d" _. j4 B& _( q5 D1 A. R3 E
$ Q, Z5 v1 X2 ]; }7 p0 c( vThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ U# s$ X8 g8 ^$ M- Y1 H9 f7 L
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 Q- h" ^# L" J1 l+ X8 C$ w
- T; \# F) q+ e( x: E% [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) H% Y! @: t5 r5 F' w8 |
: R. O$ U1 S# Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( t; c+ z- R. @0 ^ 7 E; e4 V" k/ a+ j* p) ^( x) ~. e2 @3 E 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - ~: J+ H. D: O6 Q9 }! }8 x- |# D" q: w- s. D2 E
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1 r' `6 x% b9 J% F5 q4 b0 [ pAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - x) s/ ^) j" X2 u- y' G/ c) k' w & E3 i! Z6 c7 Y0 r8 \$ @3 `: fDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 R) c& Q0 [+ h0 J$ @ K' w2 {) n; j& W# I7 K7 m7 ?
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 W0 i) k. b7 D* f; w ~' f; ], O! m9 x7 S) rHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 h- S$ o+ \, Y# i3 z
6 c4 ]! Q+ E( E2 T! NIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) s& v, g1 q7 I; \
# B4 J: W+ c _, y. ?% zShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + h1 V% C4 `/ F8 ?% `3 L: c+ T7 E( I4 V& \1 U& T8 t: [
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* O; _* c) B/ G6 b8 E
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. N+ j% f/ r7 L6 m" g# z
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( W% g8 O+ h2 u$ \2 F$ G: V% V7 W, m
7 f9 x3 |) ]/ p" F8 KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 n- Z% T2 Q) Z 3 c# b. P( J+ A; y9 z% e1 v3 NHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! d% R6 d! _! q& ^, T$ S7 _/ g$ ^% o0 e6 f8 i F8 g, c' |+ k. K
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 x& w. }. k0 G+ M0 K) k0 r' r
0 A+ {: }% j @2 H+ tWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 ?7 V M: H) }" k6 u4 L" `
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 O3 ]9 c1 ]* n4 c& [7 F
1 o0 X: U# c8 o2 g4 V写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), R6 C" \/ W( b0 U
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) a$ @# k6 {1 ?' i7 t' r$ A9 e1 P" Q7 W6 O1 u
2 ~5 N h: R I 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 m2 X' `$ S/ I* N- u6 \4 u* L. |7 x* j& b7 i/ Y" {: p
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! k$ g" Q. l+ w- {6 f2 Z: z& Y
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + E6 t6 U# y4 ]# T/ q 9 P, t- D: g S8 |This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( Z8 `; g; ]6 G) ], O : f# D9 Q v+ W, BHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- V5 C8 p2 A+ P0 ]
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 L9 D8 l* T3 V. Z4 c U/ ?
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 o3 W2 S) G* g
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 t$ C5 [! X' u1 h1 m; A
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; t4 z. k6 ] f5 G7 G, c5 g% P" u- x
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 D [; B/ Q2 _8 U ; T" N: w! q) |) D$ Q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 M4 X; V0 Y! T0 `
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 n% L* `% Y3 R2 a, O [
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & c8 Y5 {4 c4 ]4 D* W' p , K9 a+ t8 p$ x( T, i对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 P, X3 r$ _5 V0 d; o+ n & t5 |$ n, O% P' l& q7 D对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 f4 W* l5 Y* U+ D4 q9 Y 8 {/ ?. z: G/ j) h7 u至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ `- m9 A4 q+ X5 P0 e/ |% R2 M8 ]5 a5 [1 I! V$ L
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 m# Z; o1 [1 E& j
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 H1 q+ Z5 l' e( n) k4 G