本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 N* f+ X$ M( m8 L+ o " ] O% n1 j X m' E+ D转帖! ~ H8 G) }4 K M0 x" I' y- y* |
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 T( { T# T4 ^: e% [ ) f# o/ a& W( ?) [( l! _例如:7 N, l$ Z1 ]$ x4 ^. L. B
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 f/ I6 t5 ]: R# i* Q9 E- u1 N4 l
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# c5 z) Z' k% n9 ~
+ l4 |5 n% F$ xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + }; {1 Y+ |0 \4 W5 h+ r* ?5 K* i0 w$ I0 k- Q6 x3 ]" `. o1 g& ~
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & { {0 N9 M [. J$ x ( u8 ~' {' z5 y _0 {' B% j+ DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 t3 X, e$ O# I 7 e" z4 A5 C' @5 O! L9 z3 k2 ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 g" N1 ]! A- K
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# `! x% N, W( Q5 a. m' R
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . p* L9 g# r1 c' H$ x . ~: w* `' C# V0 e; g; ZWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) C( ~! z; c9 B' ?6 q9 z' Z3 }" d0 ]9 ^* ^6 J) I
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( [9 K/ M8 S0 E
$ `5 x( t& x' J1 D这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 u# J7 c5 I: g3 N9 z1 p
+ f: J8 l( A$ D" Y, b7 w( R/ ^% ~; V! H" l6 Q3 S$ q8 ]1 ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; O ]0 z) q y: p7 T1 R# j% Z% U2 W 7 U1 k0 L# |0 @例如: 8 j7 I% N- Z3 g8 `9 P, N5 \# z7 D1 S6 o/ Y t7 F: G: o
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 u4 R! f, }( \* ^" B2 j7 ]2 g& s; Q
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' n! X [. v" L3 Z7 u% [( a
6 g8 s k$ I, k, @0 [I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * s: s* P$ U3 ]" ? ' r, M: o. h1 m& K$ f* J. u) DHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % ?6 i( J9 M: i) s6 O4 x! O7 Q + ]- @, }; }/ d7 j# `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( \9 [# k+ K+ ] J, c* N4 Z! f
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : A: Q: V$ D5 s5 H2 A& J" K$ V, |9 _2 Z2 d) S* _5 r
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' g( Q) b E( t* z& x4 a 9 `7 I! [( `/ j3 n如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / L1 n5 d- g/ e2 i' x8 a4 q6 X' v: `2 [: L$ R2 d
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 I2 Q. H N* }3 B; }
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 @& r; w" a5 [& I* u a 1 h+ R& R, V1 F7 A% @He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( D7 e& k7 C; F) S, {- F2 a
5 {% u% @6 Q- lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; b, y3 p' M% K# r" P1 ~1 |5 F: Y. p N# i; {7 X5 M/ ~
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . m2 G. i3 x2 ?5 J" r * z7 c; x3 T, S. {+ R+ K# ?0 l% ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 G7 {6 j5 X4 N
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.). p7 w/ o! L7 S% N1 x
# a- [' P' ]" p' D4 \3 ~1 Y7 }此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ^$ O( |! U- y1 w4 m( M2 [/ C- U
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) K. W! E2 H9 G: I) V 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( D( h! w" x( M5 R: l" i
6 h# h3 G# s# {; q. _2 e: S- X例如:3 Z i' T1 B) w0 x; B1 `
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- I6 N, b. L6 ~
: ~) M; g. `' a eManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 d! v! B0 g. O, p+ z* q" q* c$ x0 U4 x9 P7 J h
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + s5 E( L) R6 E" ^, C7 H" h! G; l V2 c. P# O* L/ C2 U
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) L: _+ @2 a6 V; Y b" k, Q6 B# g, ~
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , Z8 ^) Q% e. w4 r4 [* v' S1 I4 e7 N1 |; t$ ^% Y! l. `2 w
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- H' U* M! D3 i) w" F2 t! C# h
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* m# `* i" x1 o% R& `3 k$ `
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ A' X! c3 r: G/ G% |3 {7 \
2 h7 Q @0 P2 M" w) s& I" [. ~同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / v1 f: R2 b$ l* b- ]: \% H7 m1 d4 s- V6 Q! |% ]) H
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 F1 k: c* e) o7 J9 ?
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) [. R5 ?* `5 u1 `# g/ r. t i: }% J- c1 c
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 Z+ ^# k8 z5 [& y* |, ~6 v; A4 ]" w( J2 Q6 ~2 m
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - H& ~5 f7 r! v" Q: i! q" e ( ?8 X4 z3 v% Y. w: E对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 Y$ ~. A. M. j+ b% P 1 S1 A2 G1 c5 L; ~. V: s( t至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 k2 u( j* Z5 H ~
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" y3 s. d p2 ~) O% J. [
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- j; c9 l6 j3 b c* Q% C