7 `7 L& l" f4 m' N: r' V1 m例如:8 r) x; Z. _. d D$ s0 m& W
% D1 T: O4 X$ ?, b- UMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 n0 G. H& x: |. G
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 e2 w. f2 ]9 D 9 A( i6 A; p( Y2 U2 f' E1 XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # \! X' l1 z+ y% p 4 [# y* [; `8 x0 k) F: `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 Z' K9 S/ P, a: M% I' ~9 ~: N1 g * D. X2 Q* Z0 E( s! W$ i; wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . n2 f# `7 b1 l$ M i" u3 I$ ?/ Q; M
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" U; F& U, g1 j% q) ]/ s
7 U# c! L; R1 ^0 n, sWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * A4 q: N- }( z ) Q6 k* D, A# L: m$ GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 B: S% [: g9 c* E1 D+ I4 D: z2 T, J" A) o% {6 x, R
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); C& [$ `% y, o) I
+ R+ R* V& O/ @Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 ^6 N% D p+ U4 T2 z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & \; D' I; Y: I4 j; X: I/ m L7 ~& _3 U
) L3 Q$ b8 d/ o$ T' e: D* B3 N4 Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 Y) a9 e% B E4 X& m3 R
N0 }: Z+ q: W, w+ S$ J: d例如:8 X' U/ Q5 }' g2 C
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 f2 U. m/ C: ~3 M. i
2 f: S. m0 E( }0 M! C& vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 y) ?5 c7 ?0 {0 ^. V , f1 g6 L( `! O( HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( o# v) C) z) H. |* _* d1 P + ~+ d- Y" X4 rHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 h4 X' _& J" s+ ~2 [
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , b. ]- N/ m5 ?+ O 4 l8 S" c% I4 W% J2 GShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " f+ k: w; p3 h, e( {) G [8 L2 R6 @8 P) t
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 K1 Q* A* `% J& _; h : I0 y1 W' ~2 x4 w$ e6 X1 O7 h如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' W8 r1 S* F1 y- Z n' X' L; l' l7 }$ ?4 M b8 `" G' d2 C
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 W4 U9 c# [- O) G& R
' q, y/ e5 W" t# [3 U% f: P" oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ ]- l0 t2 J0 m2 T; P
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 W$ g- w/ g* W" `
3 s- `- D, d4 pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): {- s/ m6 y7 \3 ]. G) e8 a
) Q, N; _) K( CWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 ?# [( s5 V* W6 p0 u
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 L) j( X" n( a8 c: P * N. }+ w: B; l7 I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' b7 i6 B$ k: A3 Z' X8 e' C L2 }; ]0 }1 c/ i
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* j Z- B! B7 L5 r E
4 d% r& n1 V, K- v) {4 |# f6 w 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) P0 a% t3 n& q% z# _1 H
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例如:4 O9 i$ x% ]; @3 C+ n- X
5 R4 M' n4 Y- N8 x- XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 S4 c0 F/ L* ^2 y- |$ T4 `# s0 A2 f" A a) y3 s+ s
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 C: _% F& a% e9 @. x _0 ~% X3 C4 n. `* [$ }& i; N
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 ?. J5 f% v: V _& ]
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ d+ m8 W9 V8 U6 i8 s& ]
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 O+ c6 C3 w; e- @, X $ N( }2 K# I/ v j, s8 e+ hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! n$ T8 U- O6 ~4 L( H 0 p3 w: J; X% @2 BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' q5 O, v+ k( ?" h- [1 q% @) h : M Y6 Z8 J# L* k: ~' C+ xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( G Y, O0 {. b) y
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 ]7 Z. |4 l* j' d2 Z# ]' T1 K9 w8 y; ]) L3 |) y% ]0 x$ R" _
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ g6 ?" w! V1 }+ v0 k+ H
2 F* v) J% j! ?- Q) g% ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 O$ p- p8 H% q T8 M8 o
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 \9 y! w& i* i5 ~% H& T3 ^ ; S/ T j# R$ N) N对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 Q C( R9 P4 F) ?% g# u
0 p+ p& s( h! ~对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! v" C r: T3 u& f. L& n) I7 T" [- Z/ h0 ?9 |! j
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # n: q) Y5 C& ^( i. l 7 {" s; L1 W; R9 U6 x. M" E还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 q3 p# @0 o3 X/ v6 [ ( y6 \1 m+ M' e5 o有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 b9 E+ F" X V5 `& H1 l