本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # U8 k- l0 q ]9 I$ [& c# f) W1 t" f7 I1 t 转帖 6 U# S8 G' J1 ^ e9 Q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). e, z9 z( X2 y8 y% d
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 l2 h& A4 P8 {& p e( k4 P0 W% W
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + k9 k# |0 T8 k, I. N3 D $ {& |; y6 w1 Y% _- R% Y5 b! Z- zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( J( o \/ S, J. C% k, \. O1 w7 W6 |
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ Z) d( s7 X6 a
8 m5 Z, ?7 M# p* f/ II have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); G2 T0 f+ L5 ]) g/ X
4 ]7 x5 u8 f; X% o9 jMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- m/ M$ C$ N- N$ a8 ?
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 m7 q" a9 {6 v! z& o/ E# c
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) O x2 t$ l6 C& r- H6 d9 w; x2 H- w/ K) i% x% F
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 H1 i: H$ [1 U0 I* U* A7 L: U9 o' |
/ m7 B: i* X2 _8 u8 G9 oPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# j. I/ t0 g$ ?" Z1 M: s. E& `
# ~7 e; E7 D% Q O- \这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ \6 P9 ]% A- G( e* I6 B
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0 t6 J# h2 A2 B9 \" ?' B7 T9 j2 i) ?2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 O. t. c9 g- H; A, P, v( ]
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : J0 N( g5 e/ f/ u- _% c* V1 U. \9 G( Q
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( o- [+ i/ F( L5 c
; a3 G+ F) x0 K W8 t1 uI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ f/ e( m" i1 X" ]7 W
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* R8 t* ~! I$ r
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # H# j% I( B5 @* K4 l- ^9 M3 ?. y" f* U
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 ? T1 ~6 M, t: q' |: Y
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' p; R0 |1 R; A* j8 [/ ~2 I0 W9 O5 O4 Z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 ?9 A' P- t' s+ Q# M( B+ o
3 {1 [/ Z9 c; T: t0 gThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), |9 k: _$ s, Y6 S
* `2 K; I+ [/ B1 qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " H+ W. Q! x2 I* I( o- ` & G) b9 g2 v+ @' CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 q# D+ C0 [* R' w8 W 0 y4 _/ K9 u% `" O' X3 \- XHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): l- [. b& `% b8 K5 {8 v, v
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' m$ W3 e2 l' O1 O6 X1 \6 z
; e6 u- C4 m' R8 O" aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- P& p8 k: f3 A; S5 Z% z4 w. L
5 S, {- `* i4 ^" V写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ ^) h; {/ Y, v3 q# P& w8 x) d
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; X4 {5 e1 a3 r$ }" L+ F0 o% K; |# H' X
/ R, ^0 k h$ R/ {: N 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! V. D3 v6 c' N& ?/ l( W6 c# e5 c9 O% g, d
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); q8 q8 L" j, _ ]# M% ?6 D
- I( m% k7 r2 ~. ~" Q( ]) {Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 u. P+ l1 H8 s+ O& j) R, D$ N
: e+ _& E7 A1 }& {; l" WThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 {: {: B. ^6 d2 Y! m+ i. u6 ]+ d3 j
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 R2 R; F2 z; b5 k" }/ K3 \* L. _ d" x* W( L4 b/ i
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). @# s, G) ~0 d& a
) G1 O$ S j. u4 D6 K/ VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 X6 u; X+ M) G' d' A1 f6 u ; b7 r0 j! i- ]8 J1 [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 n/ K1 p0 ~/ X: d& i
, n. p9 c: B, D) x. c/ T6 \Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' L9 [7 k' ^; d; w4 }1 U( I
+ h: Z$ E# j, c) h8 V) A2 L同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- \. M8 G+ E, L& H/ M# n
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; S h( y) Q3 T' i! C3 w
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & _' ]2 Z0 o: h1 k, x1 k1 i; d. Z- q) ]2 _0 ^4 l" i
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 H+ I$ H: }! E1 z p; ~+ _0 e
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 W- P) u2 U& c' S" `- P
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + L) [7 ?" s4 }6 l1 L8 D + h2 V* R {+ h, S/ V+ ?/ k' O% ]. ]7 G- l2 ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 N" }( Z2 _3 k J' d7 \* I 5 s; h8 H& j( D( F还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 b* } Y S4 Z' N( e* l 2 t n3 V9 T; e2 @+ ^8 E) T+ t: S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: g& a, `+ x/ K' v