本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ P! r8 G3 V) L( Z 4 M1 @$ G3 |$ u) u7 F) M; Y( [转帖 : C) X2 i. u z" A3 O1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! R j0 r9 p( {. `& G, a5 f" Q* f# {
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 u9 w4 ~8 G8 o7 I9 A$ N6 J
% J; r# Z+ p6 t7 pThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 B( n5 D$ v- s, A& v* Z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 q. N1 U# `! F9 x ; {8 b0 m# H' H' |The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 N1 C: L- B8 i$ I: `
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 m4 a: c: G& v$ s
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" F* L, j0 V! e2 q+ E+ G1 a
# K$ ]- X( p9 a- g% e% |6 HWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + c' h- X( _' f h% w5 Q3 s. [4 P * S+ B$ o/ Y ~5 ?5 ?' \: ?2 HThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 E, C/ o) Q0 O8 u8 E# ` / X6 V: h9 _& X- N2 PWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) Y" Q3 P+ _$ \4 [: N0 t% D - L8 q2 p4 e. ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & b! }' u. W+ q3 M/ u& M: u5 p# q. S# H5 H' t+ [+ x3 w
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- E7 @' o5 G4 S9 B* Q, C
/ G$ z) U) _7 p1 ]( ]8 j" l ' ~" b6 K- }! e3 O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; S) o9 A) {: B7 t( d # ]. U$ J9 a# {- B) T# ^! E例如:, Q8 A: v1 L/ @" _& j
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( U; e. @0 h" J5 }2 X% q7 q/ N5 }+ i% E% Q3 F; f
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 ?1 w9 O7 `$ S# L5 L0 K% Y9 J
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ N# C4 o/ [, }4 W8 W6 Z
) A" W( r0 }0 nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & J6 _9 h1 n" s3 d5 |, s5 @' R9 c& W z' F
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- ~3 q; e1 u u5 C6 l
0 R4 p$ H5 V0 J- u* e% D# n: E* sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 m" x" w; v7 H( l$ C # k7 v4 w C2 E/ m) ? RI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ X/ c2 C7 B' S' k& Y9 b/ `) h' T
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 @, {( v- S5 W7 X; ?2 _! T" c' f; A . K, A* T, ]& W6 b; kThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ J, D- d7 f( O
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 B; K& f/ w- k5 F9 |8 H * ~. d# t8 h7 Z( t6 L2 lHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 N; u2 I& k% M$ _" O4 I( L) J, N7 u
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 L& U6 v8 j' F- O
3 K, ~3 q+ x0 @$ MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 { K. o: i l3 H
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 K9 u3 r1 Q( ?8 H ]$ u5 ? b( u& Z N2 U3 B
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 O: M6 K) U0 K+ R" ^5 D* O. i- U 9 }( T3 W6 Z- S1 ?5 t0 N此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# l2 n$ O) k* |( K
( G9 Z4 d4 I: v " s3 T5 b- B, i# m+ w3 }3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 z2 p$ d7 X: ?6 q0 G/ s: d1 z* J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 c- q( ~6 t2 Q6 a! F1 h# i( {: ~9 V3 Y( Y% r, E3 L6 Q6 J6 f
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 [0 r5 A' ^2 j4 x: b# H( R! R3 [2 D ~' X* w+ e
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ Q' Q7 U( u# _, V: s9 _- H7 T
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " v2 W/ x3 Z$ E( i- a0 C' [/ V3 D4 O/ o9 w; M
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # ]0 z5 j5 C0 H3 l# W4 K% ^0 P$ }" U& k' n; k6 d; q% e; ^
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); i0 }5 W: G& p- s
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! Q) H( d) e$ ]
& H) c$ L+ C% q+ JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % \, c* G/ M" Q9 p, Z, n5 ?( Q4 S1 z: f' q/ l
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! r7 {1 A: C0 s. ?* a2 O7 G
Q6 t5 D0 O8 F; w0 k+ M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# n7 Y6 `$ z% G2 `6 \4 o
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 c: }! ?) p% w& I+ m& N: `# A) c8 O# p! y5 D3 u* f
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 |% l; ]) S$ Q% \+ W4 S
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 q2 H' p9 T$ D4 g8 Y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 F$ k% F5 n( h1 z, ^* n3 z
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( D% y* T- }" M" s4 e3 T5 l ' W. t, l2 f! ^" b还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 r# X; u, y2 G% x" L
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 S- i$ d3 e6 H5 }9 k* I