本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 S# P9 j" ~; T8 @3 u, l
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), T4 }, Z0 W& V' N' b4 W
$ l. Q6 L; O" @; g8 A& A# E例如: $ Q8 `& r! H0 B6 r. t : U3 M O3 y7 g9 b7 s; ~4 F7 RMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) ]4 t, y; r2 _' A! i3 F- O3 Z" v) w* b, h+ P# d, P
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 T0 O* p: X* r
2 J9 a* f7 Q& ]" }$ ]8 FThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 {6 F% G% p6 z T9 x4 \1 \
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( v. c0 i0 g, n! n& q$ I9 c) I! l- ^5 h( k- Z9 K
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / {. x6 H* ~2 g i2 Z5 p8 @ ?$ U5 q # H) |" P3 [6 Z# A- x( H2 I* bMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! ]) @3 P2 P$ X' C3 `- ~, l* H" ?* Z7 i
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# L4 N8 C# s" Y+ r* o. q
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 l% @- O5 i" n0 K7 J
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + q* X, ]5 `8 P* G ! \/ w' A4 U! j% C3 \. l: m1 R) k" LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " ]! n# Y% s1 R6 U % D( w/ I6 ?) C+ m3 u W4 |- x这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 Q! Z; t" l2 ?5 J$ E$ H
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& P6 F) Y6 y. F( k1 Q- O, x4 ]- g 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 q, Q* h/ }9 D # V5 v. g4 k2 ]" T8 k& f% f7 K+ X例如:, `) c% U' h# g& `9 X
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / i' k3 Q1 b5 i0 b1 I( j + f4 M: f0 p2 ]+ U% D2 F" o& E* IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , a* N4 J" z s2 M$ j) L% Q 9 G8 t P, g% pI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : Z$ o+ w: B+ X+ d4 e) _! P* s% r- f2 Y3 @! @/ ]
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 A* f% k- j0 h- X" V e
9 P9 k/ z7 ]( f _In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& y- _. D7 V. H9 n: P" N' f0 y
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 {$ b% g, @9 M& H; W8 J4 _* J% @0 b" j6 s6 w ^% b$ ~# r; g* C
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 @! M8 I1 r* t* u. U' u( c
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* [1 W% l7 C1 y( J s% s
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- |/ K1 \% e/ L$ @- A d: I# b
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 z' c7 y, s% O9 r% F7 ? 8 l! y6 G$ \) }7 E2 c+ [ L$ ]- kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 |. B+ c: [7 |+ n j! F e; d
! e, ~. Y/ X6 i. ?+ O( P) QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 p+ s4 ~1 Z/ B6 |. D+ S : y7 o5 j! V. H* F0 H" tWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' a7 V3 {% P1 T* E) Q3 c% F9 T 4 y, K& P) f! A! v& aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 J9 Q. T8 }& ?. V* h 5 y* u. @! [1 a1 U写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . |, s- f3 J2 ]6 M. j2 D2 o' q, c1 @+ m/ c; q, C
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* S& l% c" e3 a* o6 k
& w$ o, N0 {# Z/ qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' q( B( O; n* N4 k9 Z) H6 A ]' l* d$ |* U9 m
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , i5 m& b# Y& ?/ F4 t + o9 A/ @1 p5 ]* vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! j4 v0 ]* Z v
: @- m) {+ p) J( e0 UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) i2 Z+ ?5 t. x$ S
0 G4 u# d& @ q ~1 l: a RMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; N8 b) V$ V; c c5 \8 G! b$ ~, F1 N, \! |
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( ~5 \. C7 v" v5 h" ~
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , ~0 }0 A% W7 H7 @9 |' _* |/ C 5 X. b5 W/ W! m5 j: }8 IStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* T+ b4 R0 W* ?# A) N5 l
S! y4 T) W$ X f, P3 }" e同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ ?* O8 o5 t4 s8 B& \+ F" V4 Z
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# g7 T& `8 v/ |' _$ U" c
- i) v/ ]5 j. L) {5 A: C' h对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 D; s" g: J1 t d7 {: e$ J3 n! S # J: U( J4 G! `) F* ^6 U对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 E# C; A! M; g6 ]; \9 @! S. q
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 `/ Y5 {% H% l ' Q8 d& i! d8 t2 s0 u, b/ n对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 U4 D& }9 v+ r& p7 ?0 |" v( Q
" c/ v* @# f. r) X3 _" d至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 N2 R Y/ g }4 E! V0 L4 l% [; d+ O
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 t' i; p7 a9 R+ O8 }" q : M5 X O' L( n2 R( @有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 z7 J8 q2 P0 ?' S5 I