本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 ]" ]9 S) T% |: L" Q
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " i9 {" j3 Q" p9 Y X, s# o0 ?5 A - @6 o6 T. }& c; h( m例如:* C' x' ^9 [0 ?8 T
) N+ i/ ^. T' S; ?+ h/ c6 x* yMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): T! g% g4 J( j
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# o/ m5 a6 M, @: \' y% [
- S( ~# p4 @5 |- K. IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- v% F' _& G) X4 n
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% E# l& H1 G5 I
; \' G5 k4 _# U5 ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) A, B) y- E! V7 a; G) d" t/ [+ L9 Y5 N8 t7 {! \
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); q/ ?' E; f+ p+ g
+ F3 r" q3 \' j$ L$ w$ aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + z7 j% L8 r2 M- B, M2 _6 r+ _0 m" v0 O$ y( ]" {
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); _9 X2 Y" \+ O3 \1 s0 L1 K
' a) B9 n1 \1 Q0 X2 \8 u8 ZWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! a6 q* j! p6 _$ V& A/ [+ m. V
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; i# f, L: N' B( E7 A( R2 z1 g, A5 n/ @
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 M' A/ o; [! Y: X0 v6 g' Y/ R" O2 U- y3 b( i6 {9 {. Q* J9 q/ F+ \
# [7 T% Y8 g( Q \4 k# ]2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 L$ D" t) `4 o6 }2 ?& H
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例如:, a/ p ?" G7 T& t0 x* }* u
& _* Z: V+ S$ s' {' ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 m; j# d0 d H% j& X/ W . l& P$ O7 T$ r# u- [3 oDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - S: z9 u2 |. g+ k# c( y! O" u) T+ n- M1 g8 k
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! h" z9 u+ u8 c, v; e8 D- O4 p ^* d) K$ E! u
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 J2 v% c2 _2 }1 {2 ]: c$ T7 ?. r4 r6 j% z* G }
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 V4 t+ s; Q- J9 k
( e% n' \( n3 V# P; t6 y- MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 e. a. I! e# @' m( r3 }7 [6 m3 o7 X7 e m
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# @1 V# \- ?% ^' U8 J: T
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" v3 \. p$ _9 `" m
" d! T6 V8 d& T" A, S( TThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ j% L- Z) S5 I" g. }, @8 H ' F9 v" y- @' Z6 `& E% bThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* S* u+ _9 @) K. B' u5 L
: e. Q* Y0 u) T" k# W1 f$ sHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& U8 H1 f9 b! P$ Q! z% R* x6 v
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; |0 P6 M5 M7 i/ k5 e2 |2 J 4 D [# D+ b1 J5 l2 u6 oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), e2 e; Z T5 _; ?7 s! X. P$ V
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 w& n# b' `8 L, W. t @5 m0 q2 L( E( Q8 Q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- n5 L& s+ `! L" k& _+ \
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 T! B8 y* U; ?/ C! C2 [1 o
/ t- _3 T9 W! c5 e p2 T9 }$ v4 v8 c7 t3 o3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + s/ [6 w, H# _7 C: y9 @* z$ i- j0 K' I
例如: p" x6 I2 c$ E' ~ 7 N: |, R9 t, [/ G, eMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) E0 [; M E* ?/ r/ |$ e9 [* [& g& B7 `" K1 q P: @4 V' h, ] A; q. A
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 h# a: s# @* Z; d( L/ G8 [' o* b! U( z3 o# x3 y2 s4 s
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 n3 [+ X* A. \( m/ L4 q; M2 g, U$ G; `: u! b8 Q. p
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 X# D3 }/ }5 I6 c- L9 [" q' W6 _* q6 K2 f# o$ Q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - G K z9 @9 r, C8 \2 x0 Y% ?! ]& R
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% k/ G; c+ g! @& a$ a
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 l9 |8 R" J1 s" L" |) z; _5 D
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 ]7 _3 g% d$ g
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 ?8 X$ a" p9 ]3 U/ b
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; r+ Y, W! [* e' K* Y ! I3 M C4 p1 { C/ v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : V' `2 f" ]9 L1 L6 O0 ?4 \' O! I e' A2 b3 A8 {5 N9 h
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % ?8 ^% b% m x- V7 R, } 3 Q/ A* n/ |1 ?. ?对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ O, x! S2 S$ i: K) B5 h, c& p# m
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; N, o3 ]. U, w6 b0 e! d( u$ c6 ?4 Q! b
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ S2 d( d8 I7 k* T3 t0 g: m : |* k1 f7 k4 f6 {( f6 u! j E& }还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 m. j7 a# @& |" w" T3 |
5 I; G/ Y4 E ^3 W+ L7 ^" y有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 U* D6 H) h, s! i