本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & p: O1 H |, _! z; W: G
- h8 Z3 j' |4 C9 w/ k. ` 转帖 8 G" _ `! Y3 @! C$ v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ N, L/ |- r8 Y! d
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7 O' A5 m3 {, c: w' p" W7 qMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ Z( ~! N- B& z; G) B
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( X2 [' |- G, j9 m/ G* |1 k3 X( }. h6 N. }' Z: l r
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) o* ? b; x4 J
" r# f- P7 ^- j/ Z. g3 T5 V6 y6 \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 y: y$ P$ C5 e
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 K# f7 k$ u. D& j* o' a) u( l
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 V/ r9 {5 e8 ^$ P, z( @2 V) J5 {
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 W" O6 _4 C2 J4 A6 V4 f
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' @# W$ L9 T* ^! [0 e8 d4 l2 p! D, G
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 n! Y& t' C- V/ H( i( q' u6 f/ {3 r. g6 T
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , M: s* Y6 Z% Q6 R! ]1 f4 E& z& T" o3 p( J$ X) s2 d5 @
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) d6 {# ^& B6 u0 ~# e4 n8 N& O& ^5 b+ @! d4 H1 [1 @' U! g; L
7 z$ s. ?5 K4 k5 s p: h9 D: L/ i 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) T9 T' S4 Q; K. M+ O
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2 ?( Q; A! F0 wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; G% i1 Z: F' L9 O ( h: b. K1 i: |2 A4 W& ]" @Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + c7 q% K, s, S2 H4 A. C2 V( R9 Y. }9 r
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% y) x$ E7 ^: P) q* x& H# F- ~! N
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) c& A( u9 ^+ i' ?! i0 `4 M0 ] 4 J) s, k+ [" } P! EIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 [7 U* c2 M+ C R$ n+ r3 u ^
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 G9 i6 |, ]5 v5 E7 a F5 {- B# c9 ?( j
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( e0 t, \6 [6 f$ W 9 a3 a' z0 N7 z E7 Y/ W" b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 {$ D6 I1 @( t2 E2 }4 } ^5 j( B# S0 @4 s, z
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 P& }, v `/ j4 S) t ' W [3 g. G$ u2 fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' h: L4 v. ^3 N9 B1 [4 m
6 G+ b- E% c# K5 L5 Q, UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . t2 P& b5 N' ?& f: c* w! {% W $ j0 n& f; |1 \/ n' ?0 fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 M9 M1 H0 v U; O V5 H; V" N
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# B8 o+ D6 c& T6 G
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) v% J1 ]5 \" ?) M* [/ V( y3 h6 E8 u: S/ |# N) z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) S9 b+ X; z2 M- P& z# |! L) g. O3 d" x& A
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " v; ]9 Y+ z e+ S1 h. Y* r ) ]! c% W- K$ s3 n, e, G a8 Y# G8 O1 E# D/ |3 N9 Q2 U0 y3 b3 A+ z' T 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! W0 e. I1 b8 E
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : {9 d4 i8 g/ p9 M . r7 w& I, t/ o4 BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 s- i. Q- P2 q7 B6 N, e$ o
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( S3 E0 \% c2 D9 _4 G7 t( |, i! Y% i! c9 y3 ~6 S- b" Y1 ^
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( N2 y$ m$ z, C' K7 J; V 4 u) o2 u) A. u3 ]1 s" DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , R& H9 X, D9 u0 M. T* v / @" H7 a% x4 x4 WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), [, ?9 s5 o! E
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ I: B& @( n- T
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * U& u/ y$ z9 N* U9 L7 j, a9 R& Q1 R; p6 s3 Q$ }
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ B1 K6 e8 {7 R / q% B s+ w) W2 f2 B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & S1 l7 P# K0 h5 n5 K3 n g( I0 G: C5 \6 E
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; e* X$ F, U& D, G: S! o! A% x) y' D
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 T* n. W1 S X, W. s1 b4 k . O8 t* @$ V! V) f0 _对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- O9 g4 w% D( t" W" f1 c, h0 N
. C( A+ |% ~. @$ M# O9 F; U) v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: c P6 X1 N, N7 L/ z! A# [5 G6 M. a
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' _* T" F) D0 Y9 y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% Z5 X T, Q0 n& {, S" G