本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / g2 }3 L: o' B" ]5 K8 w; H ' l. @5 l( A9 F转帖& D, o9 B4 T: L% m! q) J& ^
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / b& l6 |( S5 _! Q/ x0 _ 3 A) W. x! P$ P; p例如: ; V1 n- L- I' V5 }& g1 i: @ # {0 B. G/ y4 N6 Q( m. R8 L, p- iMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 r9 n- S* w& r/ E( `6 \
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & a! j7 |! L& J7 U, r. q* X8 X0 K2 d; B7 ~! k- Y' c. s4 L
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ ^3 B; l6 N3 ~
) [) e( p% n" j! k9 @( W8 VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + c: V) D+ q! }8 j. |3 e8 Z # f# n; G6 e) ~! K( w9 UI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); |9 d4 \ K, \- r2 g2 _
; a3 t" j; D1 l0 K* NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) N5 e) H) A: @) f4 F9 n
. d: E i: i. Y; z6 S( gWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 n% Q! Q4 w: X- h7 E9 J
8 k9 Q+ S, B6 J c/ j6 s* cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 d- S" J% v4 i& T3 r% c7 Y& }- x/ L8 g! s! H) L. \. [
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 O) t- R; H+ Y1 m+ _4 v8 i+ Z/ z8 x) S- @
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) ~3 A, }* L1 @) Q; v" [' G" M& m: s * L+ \+ y _4 r! G8 [4 m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 ] y. W: Z, n y, ~7 O! h3 Q1 r6 R `" }# I1 u; c$ _2 ^
0 b6 n. Z3 N u, @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ i, Q, [: X2 b k+ j, _
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例如:/ X- g- }" H0 {" {7 `
2 A* q3 u5 |( I0 A6 [At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( X. w$ {6 m) z8 v( c) U V0 @. ]" d1 b& ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" f- _+ \" Y5 L& a# K3 W2 ~
3 J0 Q/ y! y5 l4 EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 [6 @: x' S0 b+ I' F * ?; x9 v$ x5 J5 \$ H- C7 V* EHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 m. B( l" N) ?" q3 Q- _2 S& @ b% p. W( \. v* h; p3 @ }2 M
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * H( }" l; [- N4 S) R+ `* V& T) [# w
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& ^6 O$ q8 ~2 C
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! P, ]9 w5 y9 m" q' ^5 ^$ k+ f; }2 h( N' ^7 _
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 j% Q& P4 A4 W # B' }9 T, p1 ~ X2 l( mThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - m8 ~$ F0 B& m. q) t4 A6 r3 \8 k, P q7 r2 r
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& V5 u9 b+ `: U9 y% R
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) O3 W* [% q; X / _6 s; N' w5 LHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 {1 k4 R! \6 w! Q3 q7 q- w: |+ k/ ]
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - P0 u. h3 ^+ ?% P# v, I! R: Y4 C& @# k* W6 \2 d
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 V8 m+ k1 j) i% K5 ^
7 F( j0 k' `6 ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% q& X9 w: ?* K+ Y* [
' v4 L1 G5 v* R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , k. A, \0 k$ i7 Z* `* g1 N* `& ~ y' G
% W [1 z, J" z. a) J+ K 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 p& ^; x3 l, A* g: |7 s M" e) t& a( d W3 _ m, Q2 W7 c
例如: ; ~) C5 t; _8 a2 G 9 X- j; q( F# N: b% X* q0 ]Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 l4 G1 x/ {5 f9 w$ r V7 L
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& M! y1 K4 s* W$ D7 `
9 ?9 M) p, L0 vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 V/ ` ?9 r) G$ Z9 W( v1 U, Y) i/ b
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) U. L+ K& h! @6 K" u/ N ' {' v [& P/ T0 YMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " }+ M+ r. d: z* J4 L5 J( _* O0 H0 ?+ C
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! O- z/ ?7 e M
- ]- v4 C1 z1 Q! q8 D, x0 {) R6 kCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + O% ^, ^( k+ K4 A1 K; ~6 @1 J0 p& n, O# J5 m o, ?0 L' ? l+ U0 r( v- n
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 X. l. u0 |2 B$ F$ u( N & j4 q2 W, e& ]9 g) ~* ]* g6 T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 e8 _+ m2 X8 b1 h' T" {4 L. ^! d ( \. X* T% i2 G' M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / J; s+ z) p. ^7 j( N+ X* } / W; M6 s& Y6 H3 G6 i对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 o' Y% [ S% N/ G* b- h
9 v7 m8 ]+ w3 Z# o* m4 R" Y( z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : h0 S) L; r5 _% M( o6 p: E $ h' }8 k. P W* F% m对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 M4 z; S: A5 |% S6 p% L* T
: a6 k2 r( B3 c7 k7 ~* r对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( |# x$ O* E6 [* c5 h $ ]- B X: }4 _( a至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ u; [% H2 g& F7 {& N$ L5 h6 X; @' k8 ?; h/ J
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 Q. Z3 ^. b, D; }( w1 Y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) ]4 [( x; V2 r