& ~9 |2 I- d# i1 g" h! EMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- y/ l) A7 I* o6 j/ s
8 b9 [5 @8 _) Z+ M6 Y( AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & L6 R* s& z) J* b% _) Z+ r- H: n+ |( S& W' J
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( h. \4 u' Z1 |5 f * |+ D3 `/ x9 g; C& iThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : I- F2 o+ P9 T" J+ R2 R* T : e- Y8 S. I/ J' e+ g0 h8 d. W7 W2 VI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) J& o& S& J+ [4 e' Q7 `/ ~7 } ) I% C+ D! W' f y& }Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 X& t; v" J" K$ F, E* w. I9 ~' J
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* v. n: a, j; e& w$ y
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 z0 u+ `! P2 ?/ l! o+ }# [% v: S. b- W5 n3 J
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). e! h7 w7 B5 j3 |
3 \! d7 E. O/ z0 `0 u JPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 L+ S4 ?+ u, m+ t" T: E3 R; V4 I
: Y+ [6 H* U- ^3 q( Y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 v& u+ [" l9 j# @+ O6 w; u
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' Q0 j0 g! K2 B9 t) m2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ A1 k0 ~. I/ x3 G! r1 b \
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例如:+ H/ Z g9 Z! u+ C. N; I1 S+ V
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 g1 }4 ~. H5 f5 g) c& _8 i5 g; z. h. d+ V* F$ N% G. r
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ l; d4 J5 ?; E
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) A- m4 k; q1 m1 i$ E W" }4 G0 Z
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 c' J& z+ T# Q # o' y, z2 h' WIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # x- j3 e s/ `9 f' i+ K; k : d3 s/ {. i+ U K( {" d, z! F iShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % f( G" T% M$ r! A1 f! n' N! y( D* Z \3 K I
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) c5 H/ P8 H0 S4 l+ F' s' N. h
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% N n' r' Q( O; b0 _
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; e+ G& L, V8 ^+ e ! Z9 W1 s V7 V4 @2 ?6 h |# yThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 B! W0 \' D5 a0 _% u4 ~0 k / _) E4 y# d( r- NHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 q! e. y) G& Z H: s5 q
6 K# J' p+ n# u- s. UHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 C6 h# N6 [' [( s
% C! D, G9 G/ [& }. CWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 f( D/ A( I* V% r+ |, e$ m
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + B+ h3 F% n b1 [; ] 5 I/ @+ I/ O! Q* }写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( y) i& [: R! f2 E8 ?
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( m" ^& V9 z4 H ]- f; U
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% F6 c, A! }' c5 h3 U8 g 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) a1 K8 T2 p. S3 _4 T/ F& [# o5 T5 F C) c( f7 b
例如: % ~4 V3 w$ L% Q - v, Z; T# x2 H) \/ k& ^Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ h9 e5 Z) b5 e. N% H
. z: w- I! r( ~5 ], Q* XManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 H( k6 h7 e8 |1 E
& P1 y$ X! P$ m7 a9 ?2 W2 lThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 G. n1 O& k7 i l5 j; m: {5 Q: [+ O( `2 ~" i( P! I J7 r# U
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * P" m7 L2 V$ c% L0 g* `( @: {& R* Y2 W8 C& g6 v
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) c1 g( [" P! m" C/ U z) T
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 [& s. r8 P# S& A
7 l8 p% N0 Y% K, ^- ]' S: wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ M& t" s3 }, I6 h3 q- g: O0 j. W+ M& j# X$ w; ?, \/ c
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 ~& N; r: E( I! [, Q/ Z1 m" e; z, {. ]+ D$ N, e* K% K6 a) h8 i
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 x5 N; M' m4 f$ Y+ v 1 N( O+ e3 w1 Y) M, B [& e7 d当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ w8 e# V5 t7 N9 z2 h# Z+ F# G
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: Y2 L, g) y4 P6 {
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 |6 \* O" @& w* _, L5 T8 [7 Z0 R2 Z5 `9 ^8 t4 |. l9 ]
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # W% g! [; X# m8 m! T ' m1 f3 h7 k7 e% z( d R对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* k6 k, c$ R/ p' ?/ A$ d Q4 E
* D4 J# i! i6 F9 c4 i& H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 n; q0 S0 y) u: g5 C7 e. U9 O1 x; B$ u& I& O, E
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) Y+ x) y% J, H: Y$ o