本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 C: g. j7 ?8 k9 u& y$ A# }
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * L0 {7 z+ j+ D( K% X4 H ~9 o# T s S# ~
例如: 2 R0 D' z+ ^2 s$ }6 m & M* U2 A8 e# K$ V) R3 w4 LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 ~5 I) L- {0 |0 e% f$ U3 Z3 J; |4 f) V+ u, k7 @# F
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( m5 G3 R' |( V# a& P
" z P% d( P# V0 f6 `This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); }, S7 i& y+ R+ i
w0 ?6 [9 s+ wThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! Y f" i1 [1 ~ m5 J
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): v5 F6 C- }" K. B* h& u( m
. c* ~5 W8 |7 Z* O% g6 R2 uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' m9 q0 Y1 {/ y1 _+ b, Z% _- f$ h, }8 B- r# y( h& l
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' V$ D# Y' {' s( C3 t 4 O2 L; j2 T& D/ u- b1 lThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + l9 F: P* X7 }! w8 C1 @# u% i * Y9 i9 z/ Q$ s% u7 jWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ g v# v. |) }6 u% k: J( J9 K1 _
, N4 ^# i+ r! u) M }. @; ?Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # f' o( Y4 f9 ?& N" X% T1 T- j7 j+ M& R+ Y* I, y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 b( k2 N+ B' P6 S% W) v
4 C8 I# J# G, h6 s: |& m0 G' u' L) c+ Z/ }, n% B; a1 \ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 P+ Y+ H0 l6 D1 g, L2 N' d9 V 0 D$ M* Z% Q; f4 ~4 |. o8 t例如: ' {8 y8 y/ o/ c! ^$ h# z# e; }1 ~8 _1 P1 f) m' t
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% y$ p# m- K$ d+ X& I
3 [* j& v4 E; j! G( K% yDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) i |+ a) d3 f7 H2 N4 R( X, q H4 Z4 T- q: O! a/ n4 QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ h0 e( y* }7 V( V
: f2 K8 M& B9 P: EHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 q, `/ a7 }" Y9 c$ o% g9 r
( f# g7 P' o! C J& w) WIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ S v4 Q- X* ]2 g1 I3 O1 \! \ , x# U+ L+ P* ?3 p2 TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) X% c6 n% l+ h: b- d$ l% y/ s$ l% W$ j5 Z# C
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! k. o6 F S' K' m) { 5 d) N1 S4 A' `& j4 x% c! P如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: } ?* w; J% L8 `0 m' u
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& m3 E9 C$ m4 m1 l$ y M$ v" T0 e
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - b* f+ V: J3 L& D9 A9 K; Y3 l 5 [0 S+ f: W0 D7 VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , O) g* m3 S3 J4 r7 A2 }+ ]: ~% V0 d, b% s& N
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( J; R2 T+ O; K9 C/ P4 ? $ c% L" A R; Q2 Q1 eWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . a F# U: E, b' D( v7 _* }. `- ^& o: u+ e {4 I
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# z+ t; p9 C3 c) p3 w
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ N$ G0 p: o6 n$ d
+ t: G! o% B0 }此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ~2 f7 v+ X! [# Z2 X* z5 n# s
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; o9 l! {3 h/ {+ }, Y1 L P 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 l; m [7 H2 R; v' F* y& t! G7 B6 I: y6 f4 | C" ^/ k6 o& z
例如:/ u2 E, q' ~6 d K( e& ^& O3 F
9 i4 ]# R# L0 t2 q X5 ?1 B6 ?Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). q' Z, G; G2 b( _/ H1 r
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* T; I$ b( g; k' r& V& k
$ U4 A* z0 ^4 D! f- T9 \- hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . \! i- ~/ {' q% W1 \ - o1 {/ `+ X; g6 p* oHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 k5 u8 i' ~9 k9 G# L; [9 Y- |
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 y9 `2 H S) p9 L
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" K: T" p* B$ L% }5 R
# y! y/ J) x6 r( t: lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# D2 G2 w; q, q
; b7 T) k* e' I1 AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' T7 V3 s B- U* u% V
u' k8 N b3 R! o6 x K- N0 z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 b5 a. m( K# q1 W4 j
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% }' y9 U! Z: W+ Q
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' ^0 q4 i. `4 Q: U8 R! P4 N
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 M2 ?6 x: f' p: m: }2 D4 W C' x b7 U) N; e+ w( J; r
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, J6 ^% W1 L/ Q M- u7 X1 K8 f
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% I6 s7 |6 c1 E
4 q% _. S! K3 Q7 m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ E/ j0 R' l4 Q+ e) | , p4 }* |) y! z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 p2 n$ S# | A. _( s/ R# X% {2 P, y2 B
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 G; P5 [" Y1 d