7 l/ {# Y5 s) [* o o. l) aMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ n' i4 q7 h$ L k! h' D8 L- n3 a4 m4 W. K4 x# G' c1 `
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& y9 e% E: K0 s5 ]
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : ~. H9 q' C* O9 x. I 4 [+ m, x4 M6 [* V) F7 q! y# qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 y( x$ }- O7 J; R* p* h, o& g- s7 u' v8 q5 E- M
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 Q4 \; m: `7 ` [ R. s5 m% ^+ W# s5 L( u9 x" y
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " l( Q: x' S2 s8 L$ W$ g3 Y1 D# Z' U
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 U: f$ d, A4 p2 T8 k X
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& Q% a7 q' E# j; ?, u' }* F
: `% m4 q4 @! [: U7 m6 C, ~/ W/ @. cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). Z3 X3 q5 m5 R
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 d1 s2 R# D9 L T: B! F6 U7 u) m1 P+ ~' P x, t
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 @3 f+ B: R0 Z& l0 w
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m9 P" o8 L2 u! V# b O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - l0 U4 Z A4 R* e; ^- q # t; i# A9 a/ M1 b( V1 V$ T例如: ( b" V9 d" V8 Z4 U8 I6 U% n" O& d) S$ Y y
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ @$ p, z% L8 _2 I8 T! o* \3 i
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( L* z) E# ]' `6 ?7 m0 d5 c. A3 ]
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) P: e5 H' j1 Q- l 3 R/ C& O0 k" p! ]* j8 YHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 ^' |5 ]' |% Y& x- b
! h7 V6 _' g2 G: a2 T% ]5 R w" NIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( w* U) O1 Y' r2 Y4 h2 f+ j4 g
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! @" m7 ^8 ^8 S u, d3 H. y5 D/ Y: ^
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - @ p# x' Q4 Q f 2 L# b2 x) t! a- k `如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 ~3 H: ?6 o) U% b % X6 G4 a. b# j* bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' h s6 |7 o& v6 B$ e " O$ R# U% J2 }4 w( w% S2 dThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % [0 a+ F4 D% _+ t4 V( e D4 T% g) z# s r2 x0 G* R
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 B: r4 `4 p0 P! W
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# }1 Z3 J- Q7 ]2 q4 F0 m7 H
* t4 }% m5 B+ L* q/ iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ R( k+ }" \! U3 F2 h5 H( t
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) W( [' Q4 A2 z) C1 W( \
% X, C/ i& J }( Z$ `5 J) b! m& n8 ]写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% \: V1 [0 c& a: X
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 X3 ^, Z, O- W* Z) m
, o5 P& H0 q5 F. V, ? * C! k' t) n. N6 K$ O7 S& E) Q& _. d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( g( ^ J( ~4 D# l
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例如:4 }& }/ x) Z0 T
2 G& Q. r4 z1 B( _; _0 qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 c$ R& t) F; s5 `$ Y$ g
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ @7 X" Q$ l/ {9 |
4 ^9 w! S- u( a* B4 @+ g3 \+ VThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 a2 K* c9 G6 C2 @4 w7 m. ~6 a
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' e. r- L7 @. e/ g+ u3 P9 B% H g6 }( A0 A
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 e( D' E! z3 K# |! z: i) |8 P6 ?
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 Y$ ?+ P4 ^( [' ?9 _( G 2 q# Z$ G3 V4 P; ]; [; iCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 @2 W" H* b2 y( `
4 |. K& {* O# o0 c# p' uStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# {1 }/ \& H3 B% M
' {4 G' A, h9 `. r- e# w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / C% {; s/ p0 \. U% Z0 F. L) f, ~
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( L: y& b5 E& H1 H$ V : h, b W/ N" O对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( d: k, C+ g: s4 E
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " z3 \4 G4 j* _( K$ M" w( j' U3 V
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; [/ K6 T7 E9 r! b) g
6 I |( w) B: U( X- O1 k* {还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . H4 G. j) H/ h! ?5 ?' g7 m" s; F ; O& O v' h2 b4 ]; F! O0 Z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * `( L( o1 M* o+ p; I