本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 D+ j' s4 m' t3 G& T
. j$ A, Q8 B- n' G/ R" n! _6 K 转帖 7 {; j2 L" E% {) W3 s$ |: s* p8 J1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 D* u6 @5 a' E; C# q ( z7 p' C" _* ^# |/ J1 w例如:# V- s' b8 f( h: f% \" Y% c
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& P) U6 N- ~9 C+ F4 W c1 ?
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 _8 {) i: ?' x' @ b5 I! F
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( ]$ |* |( _% O, d4 h3 d! A* ], z0 v8 u7 b
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - _2 X, v: g; f) J. c* x2 ^$ S0 U& t
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* c, t$ V }& U) a
( _% E& E" F2 e; a) e7 @Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 g! p$ ~; k/ h4 C( t: t
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 d2 q0 {$ H0 d1 n , \, _: Q2 Y% x' y$ M9 v2 V; GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) x8 S; z9 H- J9 w7 J
5 r5 a, h# E3 k( {1 J; IWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ I' V1 V0 Z. u u/ {; v2 H+ P
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ m: Y# D# s' L
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% l" N8 @4 ^. t* B" S5 V
4 f/ Y+ m: a" C" B) m. `5 E ! j( I$ f$ Y( H/ z! n2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; }/ C% K. _) `7 w, h4 m( Z$ x& N7 `$ v( Y* Y* W: m* `
例如: ( s: U# \! J* Q- O7 g0 o0 W7 [" J
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - `% P: [' r$ P( q* M9 Z ; W) Y) k+ j' X$ X; U) P( nDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): `4 M+ O) K, J# r9 }8 ?$ k$ a; @
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; d6 F* ~7 U& d3 M5 s% A0 g1 U% g$ w% h4 y# m+ G7 J
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# g C% G3 v" U9 z6 C" \
~& W2 T* E R- o4 g( `; H8 `8 `5 V1 ^In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 ?+ F' ]3 T2 ]$ s$ P; p1 d
8 I4 E! f* Z- m5 ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ ~9 r8 I# g9 g+ a1 a2 M
3 u/ ^6 w; ]/ n+ y" n+ W5 d- l( AI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 F0 K* C5 R/ [4 w8 `4 C! i: G , l4 @7 y, b7 X9 W2 H+ J5 B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; R0 Y9 t$ r: J, @" J, K: E" W
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % `) c% t9 z9 l N2 U& l( E2 f$ @9 c' H5 G4 I
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 J# P% y# Z8 ~" r/ K" z
" f7 ]8 o$ C( M2 x4 c; LHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 M: {' r c7 T5 l; ^4 E/ x6 @ p, Y- x2 b3 W
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 ~ n/ K, P9 Y( W! @/ o3 U! a9 e1 f4 t9 u2 }2 C2 d9 K2 o9 C
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( n2 `/ F$ t2 I) v0 d- s1 r
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 z* R1 S( o. M+ o# B1 `1 t! \" B8 D5 B E4 P
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& m, }2 V# f6 B) I0 V; T- v
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 j+ R! {9 @0 K) m" D0 F5 M Y$ L
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( X5 h2 ]% r* {* Z2 t: t3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ ]- H" Q4 b- g6 z" A- n6 l( B5 W ) T% `7 g. ?8 M3 t例如:9 h3 j. C- f O5 n3 e) k; S/ k5 l
: |" {6 y! m6 D% mMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' l6 k7 L. R) `+ ?2 {
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! \$ H* }2 N7 t2 G
& f9 ^4 ?( I& _3 d3 W o% D& H8 X) UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! T( @. q# M M! b1 q7 N7 i- C/ v$ A6 k( Z ?& }
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , P- x% t: |: @7 _% k; _8 V. z/ C ! G* R$ P/ t" n7 C& fMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ N1 {$ K# q' A3 K( z y
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + ~+ W* u. u7 u4 v% I4 v( ]# W
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). H: S, N. a) U/ ~ ?0 O
! L" Z0 G9 _$ AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 C, x- @ H ]. i' x: V% U" C6 z8 [4 y. }8 v8 D5 K7 X- ?
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 f; ~" D* | ]) Z& L+ l 8 o, ?& }6 W1 p% e" p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + f6 x! }- h8 b. }8 F" }: T* X8 c; K$ M* w. c2 @
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) @. e* d% N( k 9 l5 D# n& S W! J9 p& ?对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / W+ c& N) G$ A X6 f; m0 C+ W9 R S! q- e" h9 m( B& F3 f
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' J& E9 S+ X- U; c$ N ) a0 \+ Z7 l3 t" R/ s( p' w* h# ?' Y对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . T( w+ `( ^7 G3 o# R( B) z' C, G" m0 K, W6 Z
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 u, u1 n% a2 A' U
( l @" S% K j还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 x4 J a! ^' V+ |; n/ { R: f* X* g 9 W: t) `2 r( F- z5 @' d2 t- r有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: x8 H, B. R+ n' l$ i: d