本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ m9 y' y+ W5 ^8 @" b
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 _ L, t1 t' X. m' K' g4 Z
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: j' j/ ~# }; k% J( W2 QMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 i5 z8 S# ?$ X: W( n* i: m( Q5 o2 e: G' j& A: I2 p c" m
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ u$ s A/ P: n2 o0 w6 r$ s H3 D
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- r* T9 W' D4 e( t6 ]
5 _ |+ P5 ?$ H# J# ]: aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 w) @ Z8 z0 P# b7 E6 S, e7 R, Q. K# v0 C/ E8 m& v8 S
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + @3 l# P3 F& }/ a! H& g 5 T$ B& {* z5 c0 ?6 g- o# uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / G+ b/ u, _" k0 K5 ~+ W/ p- x: |% T4 m- h$ M% u
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 L) G! t! Y1 v7 h, p/ O. G5 {& I5 P4 k; J4 @. B& I
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" h3 r* [' J* \1 O
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " N" V' p) m( U0 I; m5 z 7 ]6 t j% Q/ d) ^, b* }Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 I. A' r* O& f# y8 D+ n8 _
. Z' ~% j3 }2 K- @) ]这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ v1 w/ S7 [4 ]. x: z0 p4 f
( d3 P, P o* X; ~& b; {* Z* Q. T/ Z9 T" _! u( y5 ^' G 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 H2 w- m# ]+ m3 c& g) |' k
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例如:9 F% l: v7 S* r
" \/ y# s% g! b+ O5 D& i7 S8 X3 ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# X2 a. q0 N4 N' s$ O4 u" y
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 E4 a& G, s6 W0 d7 j0 Z1 u4 \! W6 s7 w, Z* b/ m- o" a
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / l: T5 [' N; ~/ _9 v9 C7 {6 b* ?8 D+ S- w k% J
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : }( w8 |9 d9 `8 k( D . ]% f0 F, E9 }# t& _' YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! D) T O( Q+ V. } % D* B/ m1 L( P! x# `2 Q5 n# FShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 m8 G$ }+ \. z" i$ V" S* n* K: H6 N- O
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) o3 j1 F; _, }+ I% _; R z
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 g0 Q, A( M" }( L$ b
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ Z1 [$ J& c |5 r3 ?* L
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# G! m0 i7 K6 c% L
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' @9 ^/ m- t, B, P: Y" l3 K 7 l, G' S. F9 t5 P: O, _% AHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 V7 M- H* |* I, \' U' |) | Q, J$ N4 `0 {$ }8 B: B
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 w. @* N7 J# f4 i& H) w$ B! ^8 ]6 A- X& J8 H' _( U( n: [4 Q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" Y# D+ m5 d3 }
5 }- g3 T/ G; D2 K1 }3 z' \' h写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( k# k9 w$ w* W; G( | u/ w
7 m% x& y1 c ]此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : E/ O0 [/ H9 X2 }6 X& O . _# ?- g ~ { r2 w5 e % X+ ^+ V, |5 e3 ~! g' o9 n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ s9 U @% g4 @7 |0 o) `
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) |' F0 O; V2 C! w$ j8 A $ M' k! r0 ~( P# z6 [5 T8 LManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ P$ E O; m9 \/ ?
( W" m# o) `3 J* WThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). }* V. v) q: B. U
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : a8 P5 p( C$ P& J1 i 9 p& l5 v0 ?7 x6 bMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% a7 z3 v/ Q1 b/ J$ b
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 P4 H2 x; X, f( A- v: v* K* l& F% L/ p; w
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 Y. w B, a! j, J& Q : ^7 y3 M1 w7 X+ H# f) cStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- F- b7 K& q3 y+ p1 |
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; g" b3 h; X; @2 u8 A
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , d! b& y3 A/ j1 o2 u- p" P: ? $ t, o( Z2 _1 y7 \: e3 a( M. K' a7 T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % Z0 B, D7 A6 A5 r( p( \5 v - `1 x* T; m' M4 @3 `: t) Y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; + e% L9 ~2 H- ]* C" I; \ $ g6 \& C8 O0 W- B! P8 j, C1 b对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: ^& W0 N7 R- ~2 n ?( ~% @; r
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + f) |: q5 i L% E( {8 {* f' g, Q8 ?# f: [4 r6 T
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- [5 I8 k U* F9 _5 ^+ `
$ }+ J7 i; \3 z! R还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! j( V8 C$ _" Q; y2 M( f
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " Z7 [+ C, K0 c6 r