本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : l' o8 X: |) H8 Q( `% {2 l ?( n7 g" I8 F3 c0 L. D 转帖 ) b) y c# J5 v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 V3 B5 h: J9 T# K h
) r. G9 Z- r& j1 g$ R0 i) o例如: / B( | ~3 z, k6 |# W6 u8 b h |' Y , ^, H# t& d0 [7 S2 W) bMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) p- E& ~4 Q* o; r
7 {: j# S3 ~8 ~4 l$ AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); J4 g# F. {8 E. g: E
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 r# m7 w7 Z# N r: M, W V( c : Y. L. V" T/ M3 X. {2 m9 HThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): c( \( a3 r4 H" q5 X! C1 J
! l/ a; |3 E! U0 FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 {" q3 v( G* L+ }4 v3 r( e: u
: m. i R) _5 }6 s% ~Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( r+ C- B6 \+ K7 |# u1 Z
+ B8 C% h2 D$ Y3 _0 {8 I; OWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 l. ?4 J% A- ?8 L
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ t9 T4 Z/ o' T0 k
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # @/ W. w ]( S5 p2 Z6 [" L# p, X+ N# c3 x1 C; t( M# _, ]( Z f
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' z7 I$ O; S4 \ ^' [0 C7 k, g9 ^+ ^5 P3 b, H/ j' ]' v9 Y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - g" x* I5 J7 T; Z2 ? 4 R+ S! ?2 A! \- }% a ( C. U; i! r% D3 D: f2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : a* R% L c8 Q 0 H# ^+ P5 G+ C* r! @- U例如:& w8 x2 J- x! Y
. r2 s; `- x4 E1 V) w9 b1 `At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' G; n/ B' B) P. [4 [
- S) r" W( ]" Q4 O. f% MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 N. `# z; ]2 R; ?% y 8 ~5 D$ y( ?! h) B% mI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): B) x5 W( ~9 s3 h% y! w/ c
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) ], E1 Z! J; v( H9 S5 x% [- E
' P. b! d3 j H- jIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 E4 G/ E9 l% t9 j) _8 c- q" h
+ `. K$ \( E- e' [# l4 kShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): I( G }& S2 X6 ]" ]. i V
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 R* u. Y) P+ s
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 v8 q/ F- y% e' J- @
1 z; ~! _* C2 ^0 qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 g- k( `- z$ }: Q2 f' h' C$ V4 m; x @% B$ N& q$ h$ p1 r: `
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); r/ H& z1 N) r
* j" H$ \3 E% ~* {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( z$ u+ s& q, d ]/ x. l/ B* A* M2 m! `$ Q3 c' N2 j
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) a3 X" b7 e$ f9 v9 ~/ W8 N1 l+ a$ G2 p7 k$ A- J( m, I
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 K6 a e; t1 t; ^
# l- I* w5 S1 s1 y: K0 QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) z, g1 |5 |# h6 ~* h% h ^
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + t/ ^4 n8 U# e$ f) M$ q* _& k! @# N5 j, S8 S0 d/ B
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' r/ f- e! x. `/ Z# G/ R; M 6 p! V1 A/ f% x& O2 [% |) q$ s. V: N$ Z0 N$ n# i 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' t6 Y; i: F6 W, ^8 \
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例如: / S- |6 h, o$ t& S% E* ~4 `' Y8 a( x0 s- ]* ?; K: G2 s0 V j9 T
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 x; f9 @' R. b : k$ x$ t. o. P' _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- G2 @+ c3 N4 B1 `) u" N" P: a
9 g" U" e; ]0 z7 M ZThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' J! a* @( _ ^3 _. j0 x
, G1 D/ G) X( [" ?7 l* [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) d2 j1 S( s2 e. A
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 B6 e& P" V% z& n$ p+ T ' U0 j' C% a! B7 bPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' o: d2 H1 u! ?% q I, N( t* C9 N' ~9 X* h$ c/ L2 g2 ~
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 u# n1 Y+ i2 u, ~- D8 e4 l
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 a" g# m' e8 b, x. w8 @6 h
; [+ }" ~4 F- c' _同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! y% z& k" k, T/ ?
$ ~' H4 A5 y/ q$ P; l+ u. p T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 z- |; f5 Q( Y- ?$ _$ _. d$ [( K5 ~- z" A: u7 k2 c
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 \4 m; Q0 f" Y7 l7 F5 r3 Z