本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : I: U( M* ~! M' Q( f0 u' ^
8 M. F( S. b" H" j" C0 ? D 转帖 3 y s6 K7 ]9 }; y' i. n2 ]1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / V0 M4 F- Z; w( Z4 |7 }. z% A3 O R) p& B: J6 x& K
例如: & X5 i: t8 U: i. s: J 6 K) w6 B4 v) @2 f+ ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 z: K+ _' Q1 _5 T! a
- |5 w+ W o' F& c3 f nThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) I; R2 a/ n. h. q2 I7 Z; b' A8 Y
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# o- d% l$ I% X1 \
/ I P) d \$ h+ q* g" _The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! w9 i$ o4 ?6 l$ j; q* X) Z
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- ]8 a) ?! Y$ Y! O) K; {" h
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 y' L+ O7 S) H/ [4 J2 D9 g ( ]* c4 S/ b2 v3 d$ FWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 p2 x" ~5 F# c7 O; B% Z
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) x) p1 G7 x+ O4 A P# Q
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! Q5 z+ x6 g8 d$ i2 q1 m7 t* Z- i9 Q* g$ A$ d
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . M- ]& W$ [' {$ s& e3 H' ^# `# x 2 `. d! n; O$ Y# f# a- e这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; ?7 j" t3 z) a1 T# w( ?2 c
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4 o2 L8 Q7 n$ R# Q- Y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' W; M- z% k. t/ q4 Q& }
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ {; Y: h4 F) K" ?( ~+ b
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ _5 R0 X) y- n1 d; r1 v* @6 ~! \
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ?: G, e- s. {$ {. T: ]7 r4 `; U
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / {9 y# |3 c+ s d; e / K9 K1 C* K8 l2 I/ C# f- ]2 tIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ M$ l. [% s( r7 X( j/ {3 u9 V6 o% b. W7 C
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! G/ I( ?0 g- {5 U, M
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 {& q1 K2 G, _+ U ) ~+ H% u4 U' |, m0 t3 k1 |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% B% ^1 Q1 V, a7 X3 l5 a
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 D% }$ O7 d. Q/ i5 ]/ Z# ^; m
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 s) d h& _: l7 ]7 a1 @4 Q 7 S1 ~8 W# z6 z. XHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 2 N. V+ T9 N" @) q + q8 L0 t+ \9 h1 b( D1 ^- u3 THe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % Q' O J! G7 o; e, N7 }: a4 m3 G! N7 l
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) c w) S" W8 |5 u8 U2 v 2 S; D; a$ [& B7 H$ e8 jEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * D* [! f _+ Y& J6 J# ^+ q( ^3 S% ?! b: U' h6 D
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! z" ^+ T* k z8 n8 u
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; l/ {! v% e8 f# _+ }7 S
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; _5 ^6 [7 j: N3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 e% [+ G: j# t% m- X $ M+ n6 W0 l+ j( j1 |1 H# q例如: 1 O+ Q% @, P9 `6 n J8 d1 W( a7 D2 S2 F% WMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / m# J6 g; d" C; W' P+ A1 T" T2 X$ l; [
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 X# T+ |% r5 ]6 s
' k, c) `% L( D, q& Y9 S& }3 KThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 d4 L% I9 X, `, b
6 s- X/ o4 u0 h, @0 n% U! f! J3 xHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 C+ b+ n# s: i7 d6 D# m& f( |; O& w" {2 B {' O) ~% s
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 Y5 V7 r6 M! }) B6 C8 ~
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( ?: o1 J, c7 y" R/ r8 E# U/ [
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- r, ?* ]2 w3 Q# g2 n
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), z6 X; t& X+ P- n# W3 Z
: U+ u$ G' Z2 t% p4 w; o2 r- w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # L# Q) ]+ u0 V( j e 0 r$ [* M& I, X/ y! [0 a$ }5 ?当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" ~) w) d/ v; z9 R
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " s& ]$ Z% z# I4 K' ]' Y 6 i7 m* ^* N! l- N对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: S3 W9 P" U) o- f9 ]. u; n! G
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 ~- G* F4 I R; O1 A
& P; L: a+ Y3 m. U( j: V对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 q5 n+ u+ v; K" a+ P
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& E9 ?* i- p+ o- p# n1 D: C
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 T! `% H% ]4 f& l
, _" F6 k8 m) g; m- ^有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# y5 O+ ?5 \9 m: X