+ f+ v) O6 t" C, pMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): e3 f" i# I7 k5 ^; g
( ~ v3 ]' W$ U) ?9 e$ G; _8 Q. EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + N4 G' ~' J1 K8 X" B& m3 n6 \: o, e# {( \ e/ R4 n$ \8 W1 j
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! A- r4 P' w1 p0 w" L% H. ^: o$ M
: F0 j" K8 j+ j8 G7 T1 A7 K8 TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 b6 s0 x% n! o
. X# B) `( {" w i$ w& D3 B1 `. T; aI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . s. \0 B, A1 L+ e, n& X1 D$ u* j / M4 S" k. T1 V( H6 U6 KMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 {& e) q) N5 J" j, T+ h( h" F/ b9 X" _ X c
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 o* z! T+ x* B7 I _) w K c+ x- T5 `# Q* J9 L3 ?- ?
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( X( H+ C5 I7 d, e7 {& X
+ H+ q" n! t3 {; PWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 J6 g1 n4 u$ M
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 b% V9 A3 z& d9 j
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! ^$ T' `6 g7 n1 ?$ ~* k `0 H9 r( R" s( w; W' T ; N2 [1 M" ], E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ v( ]% ~. q* t8 o* A( k
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例如:6 F- O6 z% z0 U
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# a% R+ N! V+ Q# u' W
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 N+ O( E! f5 B6 Y+ [/ G
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# X8 R9 i$ ?5 {0 s
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 ^- P: Y: F A4 W& F/ U( u& Z 8 s" k# {2 X9 H5 ^% V! @In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) r, v" ^; d3 d6 d- U1 B: o2 h* J/ r/ W/ s, g
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" E w6 t# |* ^. {
8 e: u1 C- Z4 J% |& Q2 g; O7 Z2 ^I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + w. [$ M7 Y+ Z2 @+ ?. O* \1 F1 X/ X) \+ p( H, S9 ^9 B
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) l( v5 ?; {' S+ d( J
( G5 u% J* ?2 v" s2 CThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% a! N0 t; A8 ?# ^2 u
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): `$ a) J0 z% ^4 c: f2 X+ D- Z
( K5 s0 R4 Z. w0 P6 W& U6 lHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / ^$ y5 K8 t6 `4 \. U3 n( U: K. B' e% n
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" A- t4 H2 I/ u! O. h* i
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & W, r4 w: M0 ~. c7 C! ]$ V: x; I6 G$ r0 `* T1 G
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . ^) n7 B0 O# ~0 q/ _; `9 N 6 I' J' j- ?& M( C- F" m写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : u; D0 r% c4 ]+ o" H1 J0 Y; w$ Q* J0 D1 d/ V3 \5 ?1 [
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " T9 s/ J$ K+ ^# [8 u! B' T& S# x# e+ \* v7 l) [- Z/ b6 z0 s
6 |8 b9 H1 p" W6 u( ^# X% W3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 q, Q" }) z7 ~/ T
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例如:7 {% ?! s% w% ?( k
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 C% }/ W( E0 z 7 `$ j' [: V' t: [Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! O) K4 O" L+ W U* ` h" F9 \0 E" L% m4 T7 p) v& G) \
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 w5 |: ]4 E$ n* R: s ) ^4 [$ {% x3 P7 ]2 F1 BHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% M+ i3 W' n6 T1 S1 s% t
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ ]0 j; P# s$ x2 R
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ s* o3 h3 ~ z ( D, q" d/ B/ R" ^$ c" ?! @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : J. C9 M3 K' x* V7 P* k# G+ o- B4 C) o' G8 ^: F0 P
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 k* Y% h) \1 ]& `" [+ q9 e$ f
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% Z* D0 |+ I; z
* h2 y( v6 M$ x% E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 v3 R, C. s! V/ q) y, n* _
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 ^) u) e' n! I3 y+ H 9 u+ D7 C" k* P* g8 A对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / X# ^! _; A5 z) K; ? S! B; ^; U# ~ h对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' O. v* R) ]& Z( A% N+ I' Z% ] b! Y
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: O& \, c) ~1 _0 O6 w U/ E W
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% M' ~; v5 N/ d$ j/ o
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: o8 I! s8 v/ ~
+ x! {7 n8 u# R& x有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 A5 x" ^* w' _6 ]' Y& n i