本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 @! h. r8 a. V. m. f1 ^" X4 F- |0 l9 d 转帖0 M( j+ T( g9 o2 q; i, ]
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# Z5 B) n# b- ]
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+ h( U. y0 ~% y3 V0 kMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ r0 |$ h2 T+ E- w* {& D( u6 O
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / g* z1 T. \" T0 m. ]3 `" z; I( f8 @# L" x% f% [0 g E
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! e" _# J# E4 G$ Q' I
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % J, h! e# e& X3 i+ r( y2 |+ _: n1 F 7 b8 M- Z+ p' p' F/ o) D) a) K, J" XI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 a* d+ {1 y8 x+ ]" n0 P) D ) Q$ r u) C4 z0 A7 `& M$ S' c; SMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 N" i8 z8 l6 l9 X: E0 b' F
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 U- H4 t! `8 R) |* z0 f. [
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & _" f! X0 T! ^- Z( m0 c1 A1 B0 a# e, n7 |9 W/ B
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 u" \1 P2 ^, @6 Q7 ^, u7 d
0 T/ H$ X- }- Y$ R) Z0 K* QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . }( N" V" \: k# p2 j8 ` ' P1 M$ w* e# [+ A+ ]- U1 g这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - L* w* S; ~: k3 b 2 j) j `. l( B9 E Y$ F+ a- S3 h; k9 c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( N* {5 v& w$ w% [2 Q
5 y% f# _' R& j$ E例如: + S, n' d7 s, ?- q# c; j( o6 d" S% S1 S/ c/ i1 z% `7 c4 f
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& L/ l1 r7 u7 s# U s
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 m$ q& Y( p2 k' K+ H 3 \. A) j: {, p Z9 \4 ~* ZI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! I- |; D5 d* m4 @( ^% k! P( l' x6 v2 ?4 {* d4 [
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 }9 K+ r. j$ J6 c6 ?6 M1 ]6 O: o! s
# v. P, \; Z8 E0 U: N1 pIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 l( b( n. W# @! M8 Y8 P0 ~% y# E, C- f5 [6 M- G
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % E- e. l1 \5 i& r/ o / }: \1 H9 Q$ F+ wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 g* ]* \' _8 O6 R. E5 Z ?4 X5 Y% _0 \
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! o( t; ^5 |4 a4 `7 x' `* J" q/ ^
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 D- u- ^0 ?3 T' N( k* Y; U4 s3 Q ! A, B, w* e' y+ y; j; ~4 WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) y1 I& `" p3 a L0 Z
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 X" p: g( w( i: U" Y% F2 d: b
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 M3 g3 B7 y; f4 \/ t4 L( h
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& ?6 d7 Q: |' C5 X! z* i
# ~& R1 h# |8 Z) F& @2 R7 w1 ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 p: w- L, S3 o' N, w g ( ~& G" o$ e' b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); k0 E( }. A, m" P( D; \
# ? b$ t: ?# a! \: h此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % c$ e1 o8 j; a. z' P' e6 I4 Q3 m; f1 }, r
8 |0 e9 d. I+ S9 v; Q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 \1 |4 ~6 T/ e% [
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# G! s( X, Y4 ~- aMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 P+ S4 b5 d$ \- s% _- `
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), a4 _$ j% `# w8 I7 n
$ \5 ?( K+ B; F/ YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) ?" w! C7 |, k$ i( v/ Y3 g
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # j; M. X6 i$ E/ h5 B8 T! i( N. R. I$ ^4 g6 N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 c4 E1 }0 P# N# }3 L/ p ' S1 J9 u, \3 F: QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& l! {9 O# ~) R7 c' g2 f
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 }% j, {1 v- v4 j
8 r4 {# `$ i1 q4 R5 ^0 X$ zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 D7 T0 a# T4 N) ^) E/ Y' R/ @- b& K( [) U# U+ N
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 A& H5 A: ]8 B- R( [$ h
0 F' j* e9 G5 T- [) D当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # s! t- I3 K! b. W; e7 d3 r8 O) C- o2 Y- n3 ?$ a( F3 W" t
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 K! b5 ^. y: T h7 V- }, k 6 O% L+ A# c( T6 P对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 e1 m) c7 ^3 \: U5 y; Q8 m8 q- k, e, {% B% v/ q
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ E" Y/ G- V$ Y2 O- f
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ `1 O! F7 I' F8 q9 `4 y
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % x0 s: ?" A4 k8 U0 }1 D & ~* T! |) G7 e {' V' ]还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 [. l1 e1 R5 Q% m
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! A& K# q! K: R# ^( U