; z, \* j* m. ]' h2 A& m0 W* z例如:) n/ H7 [- q/ S% K! F
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ q6 U# N9 b5 W
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 t# O, ~3 V3 d w
3 @6 }. G! o2 \8 B- h" T! `' w; J. P# ~This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" n9 _1 {. l1 P( Q2 w, ]
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * R) ~# ]7 J* Y! X/ s ' C5 D/ m& S `" N( ^6 ~/ l" lI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / h& y- c1 _. Q- @* z5 p4 j+ V3 {$ W# T4 R- o
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- j6 j3 R$ X- R& w7 b
$ d5 a4 s; i+ p! k. z( cWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' Y( l3 M. f7 t" _ $ K5 I4 V, s$ X9 ]6 e& FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 i' i4 }1 T8 H S- A0 W
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 ~ g/ A6 s+ f# J V5 F6 Y
* a. b: p3 |" q# G; }- E3 ZPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & O% e; ^2 d1 T $ e$ n+ M1 D# Z& Y, [! G4 v7 z, m, Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ i3 T3 ?3 q" C
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% p! c' @" r# ~1 V; O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! {, T$ X* G; H6 A' w, k, j7 a, o6 a+ J* ` O9 N, K% O
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 f, R0 O* j) w( v 4 ?2 j e3 W; u5 a! `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). _/ W6 g6 t; N9 l
' ~4 e9 |. P4 B5 H* p6 h- xI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 r2 R$ n# l; Z* J- m) l( Q! ? ]6 `; s: n; r4 H
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* y ~$ R) V" {9 ^
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 o$ s* z9 [+ \6 F& q! f& {! c, Y. @2 ]
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 [4 |3 G1 }" a+ F; v8 ?( o: E3 t( o6 b: J( M5 ^, X. |# `/ p
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 y, ]$ l3 ?' G6 w f9 X, H 1 g: t* d& d r; u如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. _- [" i% R: t9 H X$ j
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * J! A$ d. b i4 b8 Y, T' Q6 D& _, _% ?3 d, F) d7 n
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- J6 {1 @2 C3 f: s
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : ~; F/ y4 C4 q# c) | & D& {/ ^0 u# C/ H& P6 H. cHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# H/ U8 i, O7 X f, M0 ] y
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 x! I, N4 l7 h& A0 k. S1 i& H2 H$ W) C5 Y' M2 W- _0 }9 v
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ t; }/ N1 m. b% f3 n1 ^+ p
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ P1 j7 i0 k$ v" G% _5 u: S* ^8 y# ?7 g/ d1 V, x% R# E
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# ?" g& k% X0 g$ D& U
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! q3 p; H5 ~# c2 J 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) Y& K3 S6 n6 K% a% n" h+ P2 y/ l1 n" s7 U4 E
例如:& j: i( s ^. m; Q" e" {
4 e) |* Q! M* B7 K! U3 _% TMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 Z4 Y+ B6 M- W- [
7 `) S( q$ r. g9 L+ U# g# CManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* z& c0 Y5 }0 S r
, T6 D! Q! T- w6 q& OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ V( U! t' ]& ?
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # [+ q& c5 l" `6 h3 k5 p4 }* n" F8 h( w
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / t% q+ k6 z+ E) K$ t I1 @+ J- _. a1 }+ r# S
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% f+ D# D$ g9 T& K( L/ f
9 u5 X! Q* x ^* e- [+ p; jCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # `8 @% \ C- R- e6 @* H. u4 l% b) v0 ?1 V" ~! X) U
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . f# ]4 G/ R8 o6 e2 E* J; N/ ^ * F# Y: \1 j& g/ E) E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 Q6 K! `) ]) u) L8 E K
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& D0 g# q/ M8 X# v4 ~
9 u% a. O, a1 R C' g对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # V& C7 Z7 d7 V$ ? 3 Z) M- i) o* z1 C* N对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , J- j+ K) l1 U $ W/ z' m. F6 x% j: l# E. d对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 b3 T& d' w* v1 f( x( |) E- S1 m2 k& i! u0 L
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 B) S7 c; o$ w0 U3 y/ n$ ]! _5 B, E1 Z$ S9 u- N6 h. Q
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ ?3 Z) G" _( i
# U: l) v+ L' I还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( w) @- S ^7 w+ Z
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 J* O0 E3 \( C- S2 e3 T5 \9 k