本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! m$ q& P R2 {
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 a5 l1 D7 @$ r$ d
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例如: + K# C; ~3 e$ a% z$ S) f3 n7 Q " a0 J* B5 A" i/ VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . s+ w1 U$ O' G/ J; e# t. S* Y6 J& E4 T" f2 S ~( ~
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), `4 y* O$ `4 b2 `
' M) q' e. n8 l# _" D3 f& K+ ~This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! f0 l8 U4 W! L) J" W9 G6 Y : V# L# Z1 j' KThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! }3 v& R* o1 M! ?6 G1 b0 G1 v
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 C7 z& v$ A& W% m8 x; k( m
2 V W7 y' A0 Z( O1 D( ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' {7 S- m/ e1 F
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* J3 g! S# ?6 F) Q) K
3 p- d4 p' W4 [" c. T" sThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* i+ o1 l2 a& l- |! R3 n
- [% @: s' W4 X1 p( d; Y9 OWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" K1 A3 m/ a" p: e
2 ~# n# |! Q5 w" n6 P" R. IPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 e5 G1 E1 v- X8 e3 @- b! ]3 W 4 H; S W' e" n, [4 Z, e这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; p2 z( u6 F d$ X 8 j8 m. A. r2 b9 J: Q ; V. }+ \" }9 S2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& J6 G$ ]4 n2 T2 u
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例如: ( ~+ h; d( I8 L1 u, `- Z2 ]( P! i4 N
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 _5 V( Q+ i" Z, |& T, d5 r( z% i6 q2 W* u3 e9 z$ Z- c
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 S+ F# Q- {) w2 M
8 E l1 t3 I* [) y& ]1 eI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % q- a* b4 J; F2 e1 Z + E7 T: l1 n" ^5 d5 @4 BHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / z* e& q- b$ y- B * |, q: I- E& H! L( pIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 G) Y% ^3 K% w( ~! V9 m$ [5 T2 d1 C" f0 N0 ]& |0 d+ }& B
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( f: s* q! `% n: t
7 X* o5 I9 s: z& a% I2 V1 VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 A, d T M4 H& S
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 D- K) i& e' \3 o * @9 o& B8 L2 XThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 X A" e' z$ L' \ \; K
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + [. X8 l) u: S/ T) Y ) e+ W) k, A0 xHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 Q+ L6 x: f: ]3 T3 n$ x _ 7 ]. G3 ]3 T) o# PHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' z9 E5 [1 P, n: |" J
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 {1 `, K* o. A0 S& r4 Y
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & p1 |8 Q: }) h3 i7 c9 a% s: K( _. t- F! w$ @
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 \4 \' S* }# m
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 r$ r) P) Z! [
& i* I' l$ I6 S6 f8 y* `# E例如: - N6 x; Y$ X% m; D& M+ H, N4 \: Y' W) v- J* q& h" e8 \8 k. }
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) i3 G* R7 \8 z! ]
8 i$ m# ~2 k) K' M1 {- s7 S5 e yManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 V6 F, p# z9 U7 J, W A+ I
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / q2 j, w, `; j $ @; l7 @ m: C8 h- yHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). F/ q; p! v9 C+ `/ J: T
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 {! B( r* m6 T! Y/ S# g( F4 H# e6 \1 m3 P' |4 K+ G
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 t/ k7 ^ g" Q5 c9 o5 i8 {) n5 s+ ?; A) Z+ [9 b
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( O# H. x E7 p5 X& D- Z9 K1 x) D
2 I; ]& E9 T( ]2 t6 l! b# lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + C) h) V/ T( n 9 v7 f a2 f$ J同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - l; j" n2 t" k" ^" O4 j/ w. @& N+ U0 D( O, P1 X; y0 g
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# a* t) `4 Q& _2 B
( a3 J9 Y. C9 \4 c3 G9 h对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ {, Y3 Q6 D+ B, ?# U/ J9 p
5 m( G. ^2 G/ }% }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' C( z0 c- ^' R6 c; [
" D( i; ^7 @* p& ` H对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 A* d- c9 M" n, Y$ F; M 2 e0 `6 S: [- g+ L对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % h9 s# K1 B7 f5 K + m7 ]! U* M5 y1 l至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: z: h& N' G# a
, B; A- \! L4 \/ ~还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 |: m5 B( t" R4 r; V* q T 2 e: K% p% o3 ~: Y有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: c6 u7 B9 s4 [3 _