本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' o1 ]" _" Q8 L: a1 P% o0 P- i& n [/ c' H 转帖 ( B: H) i4 d, w; l1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . a H% \) B2 S/ b0 A, t) I& Y& I( z; a8 o
例如: + z9 @) u; Y9 U, G: l# L h ^3 }4 Z% o& e- z; v8 xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 z4 C3 x: c" }6 x 9 L0 }4 `) N9 K7 X2 I& j! Z! NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), m' q# g, z8 M. u
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" W) s4 I- s' T4 g: H8 b
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , p* j" J# E' b0 [* c$ \4 s1 L6 j m6 r" O: Y% I
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) a8 M! V3 R- \ : R6 r: o" R0 o8 k. S# f% G, KMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ n7 r9 S" E2 a4 n# ^
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / I+ `0 V/ i5 D5 e 8 N4 q5 H; f, R3 w$ UThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). c0 `2 Q* {' V/ T P* W5 m
& z) }/ n7 s( P( _; OWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# A9 `& V" ~) |0 c/ Z7 n
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - T( {/ @* Y9 w. c- m- Z% | + E' z+ k2 p6 ], n q2 @0 h1 {' g这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 W3 T" G) n6 e7 ~1 L$ q* k5 o0 [% I7 D, v
9 Y! K5 ]$ U& J9 f 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 Z( V1 R2 |. K) L" p
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例如:3 `; P7 A# |" _
# o1 s% W0 P( d& qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & D( ^: s l+ p4 A+ B2 L0 M" J! Q0 S$ V: w$ A$ {
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 a- X8 @: \; F/ z3 u. Q. F* x3 f7 D% D( \( [! d5 Z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 U* x" I R7 _& d: y1 a+ X$ y: _" B9 z" y( }& o
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ z6 u/ I2 c" j+ I! A& p# x
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( J. i( ?! }# ]$ h4 _' R" R
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- }: d3 w( C, a
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ }1 T% V2 n' f4 a9 I, o3 T
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 u- X4 m; o; j2 \/ r. ?4 {2 s7 y) l" d g8 J% g$ N
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 y* p% P5 e" k2 `( A; Q) i
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 J% U h3 W J+ s% |6 V3 Y! z' l( m1 B, @1 Q
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' Y* e, t Q0 V7 I+ u' w9 _: H* a/ _* l( p; z6 X. a3 H
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * D; F1 W8 V& R) u! { 3 X2 D9 v$ D, S, l& E6 k% ^We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " D ], P \8 W0 _ . ~7 E- w+ \& C: |4 G8 T$ F, EEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . A# B4 p6 ~6 s/ g & a" U& V& Z4 j% m9 {# y) V写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( \* j# {6 Z4 L# R* j0 x' v8 }0 e( t) B4 ~
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 B% c& h/ Z# |- m
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, s- V( K$ Y3 y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 y" h3 }% v+ D8 [! n9 E
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8 Q$ x0 M, d K' X5 e5 lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : _$ z6 m2 z; D, v5 D6 c ; C: r* J9 C) E2 t. x5 H, kManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' x7 ]3 u$ S m* N* K; o) V 0 r) P) P, V& n+ w" SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ f1 F, Q3 B" I d 5 a0 C+ H- i* I5 q; |$ p, qHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - { r' R1 _( K! M! G7 k % N: m3 ]7 M3 c U- OMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 P. X+ r/ x* \9 I- [1 m* j8 y$ `; h4 g4 r1 i
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) F# Y8 h R2 F
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 G) x U: n4 j# W* j' L - f0 Q' `: u" ?2 {' C8 d; t8 m5 Q9 NStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 b/ G. P" x/ W9 y2 \. Q
8 p8 g( U x- l- u5 N& p同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * w' h, t6 ^5 i) n' d/ u V ) J, \' x' P, ~3 M2 _1 o当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + Q7 V3 ]$ m2 v ! R6 @9 H0 j' W' I5 ~& z; i对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 D- D' a8 O7 Y4 q
9 {1 R' n' ?, h8 O- f对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ B& o( f! C) C9 \- ~( F. N4 s% S3 J
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. m0 f8 j+ u3 }4 {' P; @3 f! T1 m
# U) |1 ]. K/ b$ ?$ h4 ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; : \- [8 M( |" x' w 0 `, t J+ ]. }5 A* K! V/ C至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 K; @9 v2 I# g7 C s. ^3 `% Z: g; M
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: `8 E5 \, i' ]7 ]& i: J* t3 W
" Q2 S6 } J+ O9 `' Y+ `& T有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% h" a$ W, S4 U8 d