本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 M( C+ m7 ]) H8 _3 \; ^' h$ c % D' _' |1 e& F, y. V转帖& @. o$ M- ]; e0 _/ G
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 v5 l2 x, E- v 3 m) G H+ w7 E! I& p/ o例如: # W! D9 E6 K% [# T5 J# d. v / i7 M6 J9 A9 g, ^/ pMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# m2 w. n R1 j5 } C; k& ]. c8 V
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ z) t! u5 \6 z( B' O$ d
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( |, f/ I7 a# K 4 g. W) Y" k% D. L% i1 G. H( N/ fThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* d4 C" g4 L, C6 ^
' n5 g! j( k: c! hI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( ^5 W. ^7 T$ g W8 x/ o' R1 u- s! B9 c3 o. h: U1 R
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 L) A: ~+ r4 g! u6 [, a/ ^( _ 8 A8 E* K2 b$ O' [. z9 p8 mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " ~$ z Z. e3 F$ X% ~! U" D! C6 N1 z0 P# ?" x
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 H1 y! o# ], B# R' Z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 C8 B. z# I/ L$ i' Q% Q F7 |
$ l6 D6 Z- e+ d9 gPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 {9 x3 ?! n. w2 O3 ?# a
t9 U# f" U; O7 z [1 p4 }这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : Q* i$ N* Y6 }) n! z. ^2 R$ C$ T . W; ~1 t# X# m+ { {/ T+ g. F* }; H' d N2 v) z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( O( N2 S7 @# H, x
. ]9 j+ G# j7 S例如:: W, d8 R1 C1 B) [
9 y+ o e6 F0 M/ `" XAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 V8 l' `, ?0 |+ k U. Z6 t2 { f4 g0 L! M2 |
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 e$ |: m/ ^- i, I4 f- Z
: c; F' g6 t- U3 j! G- QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! x. l$ Y1 d6 U% H" n& z ! c" M4 e; ~/ @* L9 L+ ^# oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! U1 S# b5 ?% j" ~% q8 c& w c4 P0 ~- l2 D
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 o/ q0 [' g7 k9 V T# Y6 u4 ^) q; S1 I# C$ v1 ?2 P% W) R
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % @+ y: g$ u, ~8 T$ H8 w6 z% `: [* a: Z$ ], |
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 D# A# t6 @( S: g1 C
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " |( I* t! r' B) x( p ! L0 r+ E- r) }$ gThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 h: @$ u; a" X5 w5 M# ?
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 O4 c# v. w( W6 d8 v
! s/ t: v) Y2 w' X3 KHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 e7 |0 X# j0 E W( L1 c3 r- q' z6 V4 Z5 n! K. p
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) V A5 `$ Q4 M# {
. J4 K; S" E8 \ Y- \$ [+ ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( R1 D& x& a) L7 t- } B) Y0 s( Z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 K" y3 ~! O s; w( @$ @
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + g- e, `8 M; l/ _ `0 J4 c; S) c! _4 r- ]
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " w$ W( S; R2 K/ |) S/ M+ k) o9 [8 M3 ]( g, b* x, A& w7 `
3 {$ Q4 Q) P/ q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 D1 d @ x* ]/ w# S. v- q1 u- C1 G$ G T6 ~# H, u" i: b
例如: 3 p& Z7 ^8 w5 ^4 T/ h( C. v 7 g& p. W) E5 m) u$ N3 NMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - [2 q+ I" m# I4 s& p3 v: i) l' Y+ ^) x9 r
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 ?5 h- y. k1 x; E( v
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- Y9 ?( b) u& P9 O% w, j
3 {% i" P( L' zHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- V7 t, Y: k: K, t: L7 t9 M
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). ]& w, I% J( s9 A9 M. Z
9 B& A" H4 l q, J. DPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # ]# Q9 \( K2 J9 o & g2 m. V( e% ~. LCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % B9 R0 @: r6 v D+ N1 v* X* c8 P6 C* n E( {# ~8 ^
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! ^+ n! G1 d% S ]
% h' P- Q. X& S6 ^/ B! O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 Z2 N7 o) }" X: [6 v, C, t1 a, i2 Q
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; U. o( _1 i) i( i b7 N z" `/ F3 J% C3 V对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# R- s k4 Q5 M( }7 a
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / ]0 x! Y1 p5 \; e . l$ @4 `: U* g2 g对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 V# H H/ k% o6 S+ Z% k; G2 O 3 g+ z: ] A# D( R* c. ?9 i对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 e2 P4 L9 \ P% X, j/ V% m
# m) L7 R& P- N L5 V# x* v: ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 W+ t4 z y Z/ R2 \6 s
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 y8 J3 E4 H; N1 `& G8 M9 o" ^
) |; J# M6 }( C5 i& d% H有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 V: R* D, ]( o: U( F3 l9 J