0 y3 D8 B! i+ E9 k3 M( V' sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 ?. E8 r* S+ F J+ r! N7 O : ]- V6 A/ W0 @4 d7 QThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 @* E- f$ N- W5 l
; j% e3 W9 h1 GThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & n* K% O' V' |0 d1 k" K. u. |3 q $ t7 _) o v/ i1 d& i, D6 BThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% \0 U! ~) [+ }/ L: W( {
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : `- t# Z! o: _4 r* t; m' b8 X. s) I; f/ f6 M
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 [+ M8 J) e5 U' P4 [8 g3 y+ P- T8 I" a" E
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 V' N, b1 r% }/ z- M9 W* z9 N% E( ^% u, D, h* v0 A
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * s% x% x7 L% [1 ~. x* n1 o# m; D
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 L6 X9 j4 a9 ]: G1 A# \: ]5 n
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' h' | ~) J# I* `) I0 i: U0 H0 h: k
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - H9 m) S) m7 S8 X, y. f& I( g9 o6 h" b3 G6 C6 f8 u
: b9 C2 W' w3 G( S+ b4 t 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / U5 o+ C8 a. a: g- ^7 ?7 I1 m5 T 2 Q4 K: [8 V$ p; x& r3 J例如:$ G5 e8 W2 C r9 ^8 Y# O3 F
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* V3 F% {) i1 {% |' k2 ?
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - T7 Q9 e0 |% W+ o! \/ g4 s % I0 `' z6 t3 ^3 Y, GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* U, o% _' u# R
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . t! o" `+ c. d. ?% V& \; G8 s! Z5 @% b* W" w2 K z; s
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), f- S0 h4 L) L6 ^( Z* L
( D1 B* p9 v" v. I2 uShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 W- g! S/ f$ ^, ]
; O: d( D7 Z4 r- z5 W" `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( G7 a! b o8 S4 G+ ^1 E# ]5 H$ ~: j0 W6 S# b$ T! \9 v0 Q
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; M2 W0 F2 r# R5 t" M6 g2 ^
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & k, V( P8 ]0 f' w7 e% z4 `+ D: q2 D: z- m H1 O
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 F$ T5 t6 ~" {" C
0 E0 ~3 a* c& T, |2 b5 P0 xHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 ]9 ^% L* U5 L+ f: x( A9 y
0 T3 L+ B7 i- J& y/ u! G( ]He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), f# n6 C7 s6 N' c$ S
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - D0 n# Y0 c h# G; ]' Y( o! P: T
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 r/ N8 q! d- ?8 |
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # V2 }/ x# U8 l7 J# n& q1 J& Y. K5 k& y. A1 A
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 [" v8 {4 {8 P( @( y8 j% }# _: ~ s7 C& u) O; O+ R) L
* Y4 C) I: L5 r# F例如: ' [3 f; Z: L' x& n! j5 l , @$ T# D# V1 l" B4 cMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), H. a9 t. E6 d9 H
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & i. O, y" b8 w$ S6 ^+ ]0 b, ]7 t, d# q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) S5 X" ]+ i; |% k
]9 v5 \( a7 j3 Q4 K; dHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* o4 n! ^. \* Q' X6 B4 O
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % ~# s, `5 r) Y: ]6 d+ }: r9 p' |" W7 k% m7 y6 k% k0 _
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ x# C/ e5 ~# W# s1 l# P( {; f& p- H4 l6 H* D4 \
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( G9 [, o) w' F3 n1 r$ u; ]" ?% w! a2 K/ Y$ O
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 {9 O+ y3 I) P( W; s3 A9 p 8 d2 n; a7 ^, `8 { W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 C2 h3 f' M w
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# g% A- k9 C4 ~8 j( i$ H& E+ O* {
3 e9 _: Z( R, s. G$ Z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, ?! x/ Q% H& b3 U
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % T7 J! T9 f9 U( z. [( d . V. z8 e( `' ]" x对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 {+ J: A0 O' M
3 H- a- G) z R! }至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% j/ w, d7 R0 E2 v. M
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - c$ G4 u2 z8 o* ]' a, G0 F$ ~+ X% D2 p6 e; o7 u8 R
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 Q, E& C' W! J) g" U/ B