本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 W9 h N* f; a0 A; n. u % B. R ]* c5 N% O转帖 ; p* h( A& g- q# Z" j1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ s# E: ~% ]6 n- v: @) W9 c4 ~! K4 [: w% Y8 G, F& M$ m* Q1 i
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, G3 I N$ i7 x4 R5 FMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) z) N7 I+ }( A9 M4 u" W1 w
+ q" S9 T, T% v% t# t. JThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! W0 E/ ^. k, K+ ?' a) f, ?! @' o( a
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& D$ o% J3 S% s& e# z7 Y- }9 f
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! o0 m' Q2 C7 M! u& ^( K6 l
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) s8 @) u9 R/ }% A% v, R2 [6 _: O( a! F v( c
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# i( G. ]" d8 I8 o# j5 _4 ]2 W4 U2 K
" l J6 J6 B7 x# d$ \" E; J) VWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + V' w& z8 _0 V0 y# }: X) w / |+ B% p0 c9 s- W' VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& E; }: V9 ~( H" b; o8 o9 v8 i& @
8 ]9 @+ O; k( v9 K) z# B/ S- F2 C9 DWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 M2 U$ Q0 f& W* q
7 A8 E; c+ t* a' z. r: E* ^. rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 B9 j) f! u6 u) i2 S& m& p& f6 O1 ?( w6 g# \) j; @
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 ^+ H! |" u1 Q; b5 h" ?9 j! k0 ]$ y& v+ J8 x' k
+ G1 p$ ^- q, g9 f 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 X3 X6 y5 q0 \7 H% [ ' g4 h. p4 M6 O6 T例如: ) Z3 m8 F% s8 s. R : w2 n4 ^$ g& e+ b& w; K3 kAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( o2 O0 ~; v' b) }+ ]
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 o9 ~( M$ C3 t: t# L
+ X5 n0 K" F8 O9 |; F/ KI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; C/ j6 ~; U5 \: r/ ~4 n 3 D7 A/ w6 d+ m2 h- b% R! |He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! T }3 V! ], Z% M$ _# Y$ |, p1 u * P4 h0 I0 Y/ Y( s2 {In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 G. q/ W+ _6 X2 s0 Q9 c2 t) a2 |, D! w
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! O4 s, z: T7 L: s f4 ~% r( h, b
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - J" B+ m# {) c9 h# E5 T/ o4 n5 O7 g/ s
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 f2 K& B7 W" x4 j, M ( o+ p8 t0 N4 |# ~7 `: o! n9 vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 N* C; S+ c3 A* U ( y" y: R" X4 Y3 J5 u7 CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . e9 r- \$ R9 m {( V1 R$ U* r3 E {, s' z& g; e7 f* e
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 ]* K/ ^0 E+ ~5 O8 r( I; P. \
0 k5 d S3 {! q/ Q8 L; Q X# ~1 @He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' L) m5 Y) `6 Y; i* n. q O' x7 J0 o# H2 M/ ]: Y5 }
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 M4 l- h7 @0 V. ^5 ^6 \+ ]) S0 d% N9 A
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 U% q1 S+ B6 c3 o 4 l6 W0 o# A, _$ o+ R写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 e! H- [8 s' V) v+ f9 `/ J2 t6 Z
7 X! ]4 B6 x/ ]0 E% c2 }此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' n' C) k) \& ~ ; _* d' e6 N {; P9 f }+ @ 7 U* X2 j9 N0 J( S. U3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! v+ O" Y8 C& q: E8 \
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1 L7 M& Y/ d4 {* c, }/ r" mMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 B( l( u4 d6 a( @" x
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( A8 a7 W5 u: Q( {; y7 j- C' z j) a) t2 d
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* l6 h% ]& G) d G4 A+ W H. {7 n7 d
: a L+ w0 l+ u7 n. E% Y. [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* L# C" ]" V, {6 T; z) g t
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # E4 Q1 } {5 s" P& | . z# m: s+ Z* D2 J& @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' |* z1 e3 O& M! y6 y9 R' \# [ 1 C% g( v' e2 }8 ?3 S9 C# tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! C0 d' B) z0 ~: U9 c / k7 Q# o( ?0 E! T5 |: xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 x5 o5 V& V: V8 k- K+ e
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / F7 u5 O: q8 j* ]) e! F }1 W0 j) F4 l8 K
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 l0 @ W* o- l! @
& J) B; P6 ^8 C5 M j) S对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% N* }) x' F7 `# F! c
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / I9 W9 t* g1 ]/ r3 U: h# \6 l3 N$ W. t$ y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : Y+ ^1 y" ^ ]& K4 k$ z5 g' e3 M- k' _0 M+ f ^- w: @
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " r1 `& t4 W) f4 \& J ; n8 h8 `1 b+ c- D: }5 m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . ?2 P( c: V2 Q' p5 I & V2 X# O9 `( A% h+ o4 b' y* y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , K# K+ R7 B$ F. X! ? * B4 p% P" ]7 P3 m3 R有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 @& S, h5 }3 s9 ^