本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 I, a5 a. ~, Q4 C5 |- l' q # O# h- U. F$ ?( x转帖 , M2 f& z( y* i. ~9 `5 V1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 h, M2 s3 H3 |9 q
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( T8 {% g8 e x" K8 V! K' W; q
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 S @$ R9 \7 h% e' z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 P8 h. t% {$ X
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + J r( |5 b+ l0 d8 k# e2 a4 {0 w! g5 ?6 m' W/ `
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 f3 N6 P0 |: Q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , Z9 ]( y! X. j) g2 r# x0 m4 q 7 L+ P: X! y" c( j& Z$ Q1 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! T8 l6 u* }/ _9 a* ] ?3 S
; J! |( z" `, ^% e3 D2 v3 A) S9 ]The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * u% a) y% F- W# v7 x6 A + {1 H1 f, K2 x( ?( P. c6 e, v, SWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* I5 g- r3 {( I; W! c: N) A( T4 P) K# }6 M
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! _( M# @8 f% i/ G! U/ r* I; D" |7 m: O) b0 k& I4 m/ x! `6 p
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 I! \( I4 R5 V A + \1 ^4 i) a5 ~& L2 w9 r1 v6 U. |' V5 ~- w; X$ M$ C: r# f 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' ^7 W1 N/ S3 _- }5 X; _
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! L6 C' n6 n/ Z& k5 f9 R' ]' K2 I
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 U6 D9 |9 O4 N' H. I9 ?$ Y2 M" }8 C1 ^
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 O* A- e+ c5 H' {. j! r* \# Y$ E
6 y- l2 t( |. I6 QHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% a) x# b" [! u1 ^
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 P5 o" ]7 A8 C2 d7 k8 L $ z7 B/ q# f$ d) `/ K0 s. i& _: AShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) O$ r3 ?$ O- Y. ]6 k, ^: U% P
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 m; f% d+ |( x+ H7 T
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ P' j) K t; F% N- N) P- l; ? 4 }* Z0 r7 d5 q9 J* [ @The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# I. A5 t% a7 { s
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 ?* \: S/ B$ U
' ]8 |( X1 H; ]' Q/ y) GHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ ^9 C w- y! x+ |3 s
+ K) z5 s1 A4 x& A* G5 \2 `/ iHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' o7 Y) V$ x( ~5 m8 S7 F. p
, k8 k1 [+ r6 VWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + k% i7 m* K3 P# [* T 3 h6 S/ Q5 w( wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 o& A h8 X" @! v. q+ _; c8 _$ l! C0 l8 M* g& ~/ m
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 X, ]9 e4 N. i* E5 z$ _5 U3 V; C/ ~& n
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 X' t$ y* l8 K, N9 e
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5 l$ |- Y/ ^5 n) H3 x, _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) d \8 M' k' m' v! ]$ Z$ [- Q2 }* p& K' o' `
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 V& |$ T9 Q7 y+ Q
3 j0 O5 v& j# h( m( Z) j7 P4 lManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . N1 }2 z- A' M$ E/ Q9 v l/ i$ D8 j5 A
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 y. I. w* c* L" A. J , d) A$ ~9 S! u/ L0 u9 j9 X1 X- r+ oHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! y( P0 t, e2 L , b d4 P" F# L/ \# S: hMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 ~2 i+ K$ g& s& b; _. V: t) t4 k5 _* L* B3 Q# k! p
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 ]/ e; z& O O& P ) B' x( c; ]8 `* q: _( @* wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 g u/ e% c! d. G
. D8 e) f! v! w& ]6 l0 K0 SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + d5 r2 v9 |" l4 W7 H. C2 X& J ! D: ]$ F$ Q' h! A% } I同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 B4 a2 J( A7 i# t7 z% C2 d
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 n5 r# j, V+ b8 ?4 w 8 [2 S; j: ]# h& f& N对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; K' F) N: _# a: H& c7 f
; f: G) s& r( ` g- ^还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# h h' N+ [/ [4 R! J! x, S
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & w5 m/ }/ g! a' W7 n+ w: y