1 G/ _3 F* o3 j+ m7 M例如: + k" ~1 X- f+ ^+ C% Z' N# S0 k G9 E' S' n9 ^% ]* A; ^( t- @' iMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! R4 u, d# `2 Y" Z* o, T+ @& r, z( t; z* z% X/ U6 q0 G4 \
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& ^" [/ Z I) D6 ^
) \! U. F% x; x7 RThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - ]! L6 k! Q1 g2 @4 U- t& e' }! G5 [4 x
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); i0 W! S" i1 e' o2 g+ y+ T
5 D4 X. V( N8 A+ S9 B6 F# ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : ?- [$ g* L$ F 2 |% }' c% I, ]% [- H( _/ WMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & y8 J& ^. g ?5 k% S$ g- T: y9 d% }7 r _; O8 ^/ m! j9 l
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( j9 y h% }; ]1 {. h8 A5 T: ?: [4 ?# h) n/ z# J
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# L j+ ~7 ^8 s- R+ P
+ i( N6 @) m+ ]We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 R* c$ d5 L. W
7 a) m1 ?" X* a% ~5 t8 ]
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 I+ y4 X5 m0 G: G) ~" ?, {8 H
1 h/ }/ |* w, v# ^6 u& D9 v v
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . c: U0 p" W; i L# x2 `+ \8 U; H
1 Q- N$ `- c* A! D' o2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& c) m1 J/ j0 H' |: r: T6 {
" W# f' D! s# P) u( d# Z h3 }% A
例如: 8 ]* Y3 z0 W" ^/ z- z * a% c9 s7 C$ k7 |5 @: X2 TAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% R- B9 N. J" o: }
; D/ e6 e8 P& V! [( \. @" X- IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / T7 @- n5 x7 \) Q+ ^ - R: l* I* P8 A; VI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" {( ]/ W. ^ l( Q$ {! n5 T
5 f7 W4 R( P3 a7 q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) S/ H f7 m r# X4 Z+ \
! X+ b( o6 Y. a/ |/ s% JIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 L( U& k5 i3 }1 Y" i9 n ! W/ n0 j$ v- }8 nShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / e* a8 }8 K: ]' j( ]3 A0 S7 n6 v6 c: B5 @. n0 z
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). h5 G1 Z( g& J# D
% J1 D2 ^9 f7 k
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 `- s% ~' Q) A7 g$ b
* }: Y m7 z% |3 f# `
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): u; }5 D9 U' A f; m
\# b9 c0 b/ T0 H: LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 [ o) x3 ?6 H2 y6 G
# X' n) a7 N* X1 O" T* A
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; p& L" j( m$ s6 B) e- [2 X7 l# w9 x. C8 a; h" {
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ k+ ?: V( u5 M7 ^, _. F9 d& s: K; E# D5 a: R. t
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 D- g+ v% Q; ?- d7 ~# t
1 U/ |8 y+ D! G4 s! J! U$ h. ]) w$ x2 y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% f: k& A N0 @* p5 y
4 | U: ]8 H) S+ c0 W7 G1 n% g6 L
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 r% E8 |. j& }1 c& C
# Y" K6 ]: K _; \& `9 J3 ~3 @: @9 a
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 t' z( g& W u: U- j) ], b) u% }8 v, G& A
" @5 u2 k5 k# C8 g7 a/ o: r3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 V# ?0 L- ]5 Q3 c, n% N! [4 t& _, T
例如: 8 Q) m1 t+ T3 o) k. R' @5 `4 x( v: e+ Z- @0 o5 g
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 f5 s0 l- _' a P# N
2 j; S) N; a; P3 Y. {( x% T$ qManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , W' r! H- K, z; q, c1 g8 ~% l0 {( l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / D$ h6 b- P0 U) N( k( R2 K' D0 P" w" g& ~" d7 P
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( H" K4 g! k, ^" U( y, S% s6 T: H ' B9 V: D+ h7 T0 sMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). `5 L8 K- S7 h
! `- o. \4 Y9 X5 g/ b# C
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* b( A$ V$ x/ l
# Q. y' q& O4 }3 d6 p& [ S' }( I2 tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( K( `) @5 ?3 z' ^5 t: u. v: w z6 W 8 S7 S0 G/ u* R" [6 u7 P; mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 Z: q' a# ], W
7 t9 i% e+ p% h, _
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ I+ G/ B0 E/ h0 s- X9 w( E# \
% j+ y B$ p4 c8 U4 L当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # a( h6 v( ^ T) _" A# T# ~4 y" Q7 p0 H8 k# W
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; u, p# o% v) {3 P/ h: ^
( P5 @" ]$ m$ y7 A* j3 {/ \对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" W9 |1 _- n/ o; S
2 C' H8 C7 b" t" E; {3 ?( y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. R/ k" F* G2 @' E. w- q2 S
: U6 A/ {. o; E/ b4 u5 V对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* D9 A4 x S2 l5 R
, n. @6 u/ `& z. [2 D" M) E
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + z2 ` I" l2 t# v- j6 }# r6 K6 l/ Q% |( R3 r4 F _- R+ j4 m5 q, K
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ Q2 e# t5 s, m% f1 R0 A
+ N: T, F2 x5 z1 ]& B
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 t6 i8 o0 j. _# M S