本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . [5 m9 z; J2 _& H" c
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / Q% I; `9 [4 j, [; X9 ]" W1 L( D$ ~ F" D7 _+ h
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 o- ^: H2 Q/ D
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % q, N4 H% p: S1 s* u s) q. f1 u, A1 F2 n0 V) o' D
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) @' A; ?* m- R* B
( c* R9 h- P# E/ N& {The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ ~; [0 I8 s, m! B% S
, H, q2 l' m% ]4 vI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' ?; \. h1 C+ z* Z. k/ u8 A2 W ! G4 ^9 G- V3 r% M' g, ` t7 eMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 o# E+ k: w) Y( K# b8 b# ~. [ : V! j1 {8 m# K3 X7 `# SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 a6 `! V5 Y8 T6 X) Z% C
$ S# \) A9 l4 I( G. SThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' W0 \$ h! U7 A' ^# r6 D) k7 G" {. j2 a
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( z2 `8 ~; Z0 T $ n% w3 |8 w/ c* ~5 ?& U, }Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 X! [( {8 A J
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 E4 d' W) x$ b* C5 z: s6 a9 Q. q
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2 b- X6 ]( ]* A3 S1 K1 C, X 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 h# M# ]) Y; { . L: |$ \! Z, m例如:) n, G, d. j a, T. N
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 G I o* A5 N) r& t# Q5 z* N5 R9 @, T' N C
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); u. E2 u3 \4 P" P. e, i I2 |" w$ t
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 {: ]) j& p1 a9 `$ c! r, J0 |; o) S0 J+ K
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 [; c5 f C' Y+ z! T, L
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); }: v+ ~: s, M3 o0 P
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 R$ R {' B6 a) \+ C2 |3 f- e 6 i2 b& ?) z( M) ]8 ~I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 p" G O P; s: X & l0 Z2 z$ b- @$ b: i如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " M2 l; o3 o- A6 ^* [, k: B9 |& z, j4 U: f
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , r! V) i) P) Z q: o9 l9 D- t' z & I7 r3 ~3 T$ h& C0 l! c! rThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- F0 P+ [/ c7 o5 Y% z. v
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 K% Z! ~# R% G, a$ ?) w3 W1 ?
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 J/ T5 U1 N6 J x6 j: e( g% w1 D 4 |. P3 F9 f& f6 }We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ C9 \- K$ a; o6 b
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) e) x9 |" f. a- V. z! k+ ]5 ] n8 ~4 v- E0 K3 r. l3 z2 K# R6 m
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 I& N/ v- Z" t/ z# h2 F- k4 K5 |9 \5 @- O
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( ]8 H4 o9 A- s4 \$ O9 |
6 ?8 }2 ?' K7 `0 Z1 e: J7 ^$ _0 L$ D/ N/ w) ? 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 z/ W" z8 `; L, F- L9 Z6 W- P+ q
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) m( S( n- `5 [" L3 ]
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ ?: I' f6 ]( X* \( t
5 Z- h: g1 [- B5 Y- i4 b: F' m- |7 ^This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - T @' \ @! F8 C2 }0 }- x( k9 X; n
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 i5 Y4 o3 r) d3 H
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! I3 l( x5 _6 m4 t& h) n9 D6 G
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" M& A5 H, }1 J, D! ~4 U
2 T3 k1 N, h2 B' T9 X T! }: }Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- A% z7 f Y: ]- s7 h# b" _/ t
7 r: ~ p8 p; D% O% _& x' p/ mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : |% K9 R+ R- U$ I; c; r! P# n D; V1 F+ z# j" {3 U0 K; A
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 d9 u- L6 b2 M: p+ N' G
3 H) L) S. V: l3 }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - w* q7 s+ J, I+ ]& l( S) Y2 f7 U" `; g7 x4 y9 i4 D/ i e( c
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ N9 C3 X4 V4 |* U" V0 \9 z- P+ j; r# G( N& B6 L( n
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. A \4 n, }* K L
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; }, v. u# L. a0 z& Z9 m' @! a5 w& @4 I: A% n* ^
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! v# y) N% b+ Z, f. z5 `( _9 P2 R1 U C/ \; r; v
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / K( K# c; U4 `$ D' ]# C E; Z 7 n/ d/ G$ x: v9 ?. e' h( X& J; _还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . o; k7 `; a% J: t- h0 Q' \& i! v0 I9 w( g9 b" O' L( B4 Y
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # |5 d4 n }' ^% T& O2 T