. g; L, z% o1 z' i4 n$ zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 q! r+ ^# |1 @% W% i* n! z8 ^! C8 l% h2 d0 ?" D
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ m# T. k$ ~+ t( t# H. G( Y. X
% [+ A! f+ F; h0 a* `+ ?# v, s5 J9 Z7 lThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 X% z( B) z1 v/ w# ]$ B5 h - F: ?2 @& [4 R. e4 y( mThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * ]8 P9 h( ^" {% K7 Z. r ; M \/ b% F2 o9 R! d% ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 x# k5 U. y' L5 Q
4 _/ a' H' ?0 e9 {! _4 n; h# t& g" I, ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ _/ S4 p" O7 V
& R' I) m7 [$ M! Q% |' g
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 Q A4 [: p! | 6 i) Y+ W; H3 ]- hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! d4 }6 s0 G* q6 w/ H6 q) m: W: A+ i( b# y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 y) K( m& j4 ]3 o 8 c- ]& Y0 V/ E3 L$ D% w aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 |$ N. f i$ y0 Y7 S& c2 e4 k4 g6 r . p( i: r! k1 h0 K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* k8 r* r1 k/ c. o/ t( B$ s) R5 T
, r% s" G7 H! J) _$ g3 B! ?% `At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 @4 C! I' X4 B9 e5 \* z% v- z: w# Z( l5 c1 \9 Y W* a( |
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 f/ h9 }, O1 T+ m 8 H7 b6 E$ |9 Q: R- w0 GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ A- [, i% \, f/ Z
a4 T' `) Y2 [' k- w! W- ?He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 o4 H& c9 X3 x# N. K7 K: Q, O
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 }; _! U D9 @4 q) G5 n" r" Y" p: k! A# G
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 X2 b! c: Q. } X/ A7 E+ F6 G7 t4 k0 MI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); T' v1 h# p& l9 v
- V6 C% J: h% }# B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * e7 v) {, m3 \& I2 ^9 q8 [/ w: a b$ J1 l% T: Z, u6 T( R
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 L9 z9 R& B& H/ Z
]3 k: V7 _0 @8 S
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) \6 |2 u& B; I 0 q3 Y* @" h8 j# HHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 D ~- e' |& b3 `" `
& |; Y& k6 P- h4 ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & P( a6 r) b' n& @. M8 E! v# S9 u7 h F. N' t
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): g" l8 B. f, |2 c8 e! V$ Q. j/ s, v
- l$ X: t8 n; H" N' q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 S$ c7 p* p* T& O3 p, z7 q# o
! R! ]; \; A8 [1 G
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / m- ]9 n: B; }4 Z; v f, F( n/ j; D E$ e9 s- P. ^
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 P+ x! M1 S3 t a7 J9 `! F/ z
8 t4 ?* I, @1 }$ f% d! { / g# L$ L& v7 W3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 v4 m0 Z+ w3 {$ k, u- n Q+ |6 W, _& t& J
例如: / D# T0 _6 Y' A8 P0 @" N4 d& z- m$ V
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 n5 v4 L: c. p! _- s1 u* m! x4 L7 o2 r' f; _8 _
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) k* S# g5 @2 f- ?# O+ T4 }% Q7 _" j7 K5 S j3 R
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 ?% G0 c# q' F7 W& I# [
1 R9 E6 ?, d% B2 hHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 H3 F* p2 E! a* q, e$ n0 ~% j6 u i5 C: z& W
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / ~) W5 o6 z0 e6 | : @9 g% b" r A JPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 ]/ n. K: N3 u
; x. L' H3 z. o. x8 ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " y( h. q k) c6 k* U2 k8 j9 E- t3 e& j) x5 [ S, o
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 I Z/ v4 L* @ 5 p3 I) ~8 S4 X2 n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . c1 W+ E% o- `9 M# _5 R# d" E) J( S0 g3 |3 I% s
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # z' u% n7 |' T, b $ {9 C7 P5 v4 R% T5 J对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- E# x. ]% N# Y& r" F: c
& n5 l$ ?: {5 K T
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . P, b* X& u1 w8 u( P% F5 J8 k- k1 T& u
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* M( A# [5 `7 X! M! W, e
. v5 D4 @$ i1 c |6 b, t( W% l对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# F5 ^4 b: }0 g3 b
' \/ v% m: g" \# `* g1 s) ~, a
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: y; }, a% X' ~) b% p 5 W8 ~$ o5 ^$ Y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 W, L. [ P1 j7 Q- g/ ^) U : L& S% W% r8 r$ }( u, A4 u7 I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; e7 W. x; Q- w8 p