本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( f3 D8 f- C- E1 V7 l
! M6 i) u) |* @% ?5 Z 转帖 4 R i1 R: F- u+ X. [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 }# Q( l D \: k0 p3 L* Q, C1 w! ]3 y6 h, A( y) R
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) }- E, S% g1 `- A4 LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 i: Z0 ^+ a3 ]7 a x% ~$ I4 {* B
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 a/ l# d1 l' l7 R8 d u* b; N
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): n) P" J' i r0 D
/ A% R j, ~" L, V' oThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - w( D& w7 C! C8 s% J' s2 o+ J t3 j; x
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- a4 N: ?2 r! ~! ]& [1 t4 J
2 Q# P' h( {; Q0 X& ]Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 H9 ?% t- _7 i/ Q$ e R: ?
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( D; Z& b& B4 S! d
# k. k3 m1 [: p6 D' C; ]: pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 C7 E" u. R8 Y* b8 S7 G- [: K$ ~ 3 d0 l( R0 w1 E- M; r, FWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); {/ A% A, b" x. J+ V
1 D5 J) Q9 N7 y& UPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ W, \* o* Z& C8 I% k
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 c6 j8 Z0 ?+ _6 X
% H8 Q C8 Z `6 t% a5 j. e8 U" o' o , {/ D- f+ o! }9 |' t$ E5 N2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* C) S; n7 B, @7 C6 \
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例如:; D7 Y M ^# K4 h, U+ u
& l$ f8 } q3 k+ _At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 u! A3 N/ C& I% t 8 U: K$ I" l; R/ }+ _Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 A( }. I, o* l* ~: I2 m, }& a( z
0 v/ \. r4 W- @7 A: k( AI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 I7 E D" U" [2 P$ {- U5 m: s
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( g- Z3 r4 ~7 h- i: q5 ?* x; `/ H$ C
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* M: {7 M: l+ @3 D+ C
' h0 R1 f0 \* f5 z8 o9 d9 G- J. `; fShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' G* B5 D1 E0 @
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 C* a) z7 C& m1 L: |6 u0 f 6 v" I" `) U5 M( N: v7 B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " h1 F" L" q- x/ u- z* z. b9 M' i* J' E7 b6 P4 I
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' W9 V$ W( J+ Z/ U u7 P 3 P1 R4 c1 \0 I3 JThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& O* |/ H3 O" q
1 [, G0 H2 c4 UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! C+ p/ n8 f _ 5 j6 D/ N+ I) o9 W5 @" a) X4 L$ {) XHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 t2 Z v# m V1 s7 O7 J h0 x- W " q* x' i9 M% b6 DWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 s* d h/ \: i8 J5 N5 [ + B; C/ C8 P; f) H1 S' MEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 u8 o1 _3 v. }* U' ? q6 Z; ~5 l5 x8 }* [9 |' I
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 W' L' s& N ?# _6 X% E8 k) N! X l. c; n; \
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, t) E8 J& p) y0 q2 J3 Z
: n; {; J5 H, d5 z& y. y( g6 W' Z7 A) w 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 F: c+ M: L+ J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ]% c* c6 s ]" D9 I# o% G' |9 f! y9 N3 k4 A3 I
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : s6 v1 k- c$ ]5 n9 X5 ~% N' c3 ]6 o% O' g0 p
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) W7 u" ^! W* l, U- {4 m
_4 u8 F3 m" }9 tHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). r: v& {& Z5 `
o9 \ P; z6 a$ O8 o% n: i5 k. p UMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 \6 e& ?1 R, V 5 d$ A1 W/ Q/ w' t1 w' l1 kPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( h5 W [. p- L# S! J
6 x' s0 i( d `2 ]; i0 `/ UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 V3 y. B4 p. n5 _% K * D! j, X& X) s2 h: C% {2 qStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 _* ?( ?' Q4 A7 [, x
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# F4 a. \, {& @7 W2 x4 R7 t' ^
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 J b, ]: [ d6 V% K, [& Z& g9 b/ _3 M4 x3 Y5 q
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; h, `! d1 K/ N+ |! B
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . X v/ ]! r$ a7 E C s' m 6 p S7 a6 Q6 Q; g0 D对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ \. q, Z. Z/ K$ A! m5 S8 @
* Q# |* h8 ~0 Q& J对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 2 L. ~1 z) {! X4 }3 i0 ~, c% ?8 P0 ^3 S
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * h3 N# d9 n/ ]8 u; b6 ~; g! C# O
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 e- o7 w3 S2 n8 r. u
; Z/ E2 u* f6 r5 w+ |有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, Y( i6 {/ k& L