本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . K5 g. d* M' W/ ^! E9 T, q
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " I, i) T- ~% i7 }) w* }% o# s& D5 m% Y& J1 S/ ]
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! @! ?, j2 b+ ~' XMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 _: e/ D: a/ \ + R- O ? z$ P# ?* KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): Y4 C2 o; O) h, c
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 |: K2 D: ~& Q+ w% [
* Z" O* K* |7 TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ [2 ]" C% z+ P) l
0 a: }* P5 n& ^3 y2 e* T+ bI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- C/ d8 v) V8 W
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 q# M- i$ o$ O5 J9 ?% P- B
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ t1 }5 r7 H- j! y' q Z
( w$ B2 J# s+ P; KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 c6 a- N$ T8 q3 o/ w( S. H5 i2 B' p' q. y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; _/ d! S7 o& ?* f9 O% w4 g0 I- I0 J
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 G" n8 E# Y+ M7 ~* ~+ X( ~6 p ]
0 k) |. b7 M+ {* U这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , }" G1 |5 U3 C3 J0 _: p. @- l- k; `6 j! ?5 m, v: `( H
! w2 O8 e0 \/ M0 x' W2 o v; r; {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 u! d8 [5 w8 ~% B% ]5 c# w ! s M- b7 k* [2 l2 x9 V例如:0 J: N! ^9 L* |$ j
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) A4 [% v7 z( I/ u" S
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & {1 p6 Q% a5 l+ z5 `6 l8 H# ]# r) h6 q6 k+ q
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 M7 r- D4 j# g# ?4 B
* U; z: U5 G) Z- v" K! ~8 rHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 t' X) \+ b: B5 E- u G * F1 G; Q* e& [* s- FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' \. ~. I) n7 W; u, j4 N
' I! F# q/ t2 pShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 h$ s1 d8 a' o) o( R1 c
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). T/ v* T4 p _& j- {% v& B
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 o$ ] d% y( n8 h+ h4 _/ n, j
1 @! `4 q/ Z9 T& |The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 a: t1 C- Z& e7 ^" E
& U n8 o( d3 iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( s0 ~$ J, n) d) d/ f
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' K1 |. e6 n9 |
! Y' ^# a, D4 j( CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 i) p, a2 l" E; d; Y. e 5 s' _: M9 U& T$ {5 D+ T# i- ZWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( }" ~7 `/ ^8 F0 d) P& P
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 B! \/ l" V4 |) v: c ; E& |; x/ m: b3 @写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! }0 [+ M1 \& h, E) }1 ^1 S
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , i3 O6 x0 Q5 K6 m+ ] 4 k; {6 e- a7 N4 `% P2 _ # ^2 D7 [. I! v) Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, C6 N1 q" q$ ~6 \. a# c9 B
6 Q+ G$ r3 b h$ ^- D例如: r# r/ I# A. S+ W! ~$ L4 d: F7 f
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 G2 \0 w9 E/ a1 A5 g3 N5 O' W# }: x: X
0 U2 u: w9 i9 P% D( zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) f! e: @# n1 r% J' n, I
1 O) P/ ^# F/ x4 GThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 S1 [1 p3 L( R, n5 ?
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * R' A0 S% y$ G) ~ " ]2 A: B, v0 r: AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + t- h# _6 v8 c( e " R$ y/ d: K3 X7 Q1 SPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ \: W9 @( t. w2 X6 W) V5 y/ W
, \. x' t6 A3 U& K) OCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : A. s _* U- j" \& w; P4 T1 {+ M; \, P6 e3 Z' [: s6 v/ o3 A. Y9 e
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ Q; ^5 m& b% u. ?" a! P# u5 t0 H- H4 ~3 }3 G; _3 ~ Y
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' q/ i! p1 W2 H- y1 l3 b+ \! S# [, ~+ m, F3 C) T' W" k
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( d7 C! {/ p7 L# e
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) P) B* q# Q% [. I/ Y; Y2 p. V
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 w7 A8 e$ H! p* H( o % b% H) @6 O% l4 a4 }% n" i6 z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 x6 k/ ~3 @' O* H4 r1 O
+ n# m6 t, F @* G5 O ]5 H对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " R& x8 b: V L& u6 W 8 X5 T: u" e) \, [ O, Q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, m( r, ~* T$ U) e) n
: u% t5 U$ X7 I% y2 i8 H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 ^4 P. g5 N# h6 C; Y& Q 6 X: m: K" o" @9 o! ~7 T有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% P0 F" V9 H8 o