本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , s& k4 d; h6 z
. v: x5 q( J2 I转帖 % m0 L ^- C( H7 b1 U1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 a( }7 E/ b/ p- Q % f# |: }# F$ j- d. [7 i. n例如: 7 h) u" w9 |. _1 I4 W( a5 l5 }/ k% L: r ^+ n3 b. p! O3 S+ Z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : t: b0 a }' S3 s4 p1 b" l . H& B4 h. W/ \3 G8 D* c4 TThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): w* h* C% R8 J2 m: z+ a
! f2 ?( H" @9 U0 _: B4 z+ }This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) e. M$ @, p; x( i0 G( M # K: ]" x8 y QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) D: U& c; A5 [- \& x) f! D2 d# s& J1 P4 D
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), j: N: D0 T' r4 g+ Z) r. F2 e
; k/ w6 I7 h ]0 B2 fMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) O5 T7 ]' d1 ]* w5 Y% S8 r i; [# p; W0 r( @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . O+ X0 I9 c8 I" p- l+ k0 w$ b* ]- e4 {5 w) @# D( ^
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); r$ i. H* z. d% i
( Y+ g2 a. ]* A9 F. g9 XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( t4 J9 O2 \5 {* a
5 F+ ~6 v; Y! S y$ k4 g" HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 J" W0 ]; v- V% P; ^1 Y4 P
. u7 y2 N7 }7 D( K% `. `这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* V9 t% }! p2 R) r
i, _6 ~3 R# M: l* x2 s. P 5 c7 {7 K8 I4 h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . e ]9 h+ e. M. d; o1 | 7 P f/ a5 l( R例如: 6 c6 j5 K8 n8 i$ c9 Y1 c 9 {/ B; P# i& ]8 S* a' ]) I7 oAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# B% C* c4 k/ J
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / N* Y9 L& {4 w% L# S$ `9 G : }0 W- a8 b, X A% X& [ Z) X4 KI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 o$ I! s, v. X. Q1 j5 x 0 R# z6 V- n3 D+ v! RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( w/ [! N* q Q# W: P) X* T# t B v/ W0 W( b
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) U' {1 L' ?$ V
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * e% N* j5 ~: j" S c0 l7 {! f6 {! s: X7 O7 BI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) i( w; A% m) R" ^8 q
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 x4 E! h9 R# z! Q! J1 O) K9 {7 U9 V5 Z; `6 S0 d, O
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 n" T1 ]( N( y: [ 9 m, z8 @3 l5 i6 t: o% N/ _. t: i, OThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): D2 E* H6 N+ v" @9 }0 M1 X
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 \7 X$ Q3 Q4 w/ U8 i
4 b8 }) y/ A; _He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . o& m; l2 E3 M+ c1 E5 C" v6 e& U: ^% z4 {% Q
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - k- l8 }( @' q5 J7 i # E5 g5 b( V( j7 _Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + b( f' V5 t' W* u I, A0 G- @" s/ I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 w9 R- p0 e9 `+ X; m4 P# W6 f( T; [3 z+ {6 q: x1 W$ ?
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, `% {! G+ W A% R1 X
! F1 k4 H# h" @: ~# {& S ) q# W6 }* W/ x( M1 Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 C ^1 F; o6 m' ?
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例如: + j6 x" L/ F8 i. D* O ! t( u, ~8 S/ h" }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 v* C2 p, b6 c0 c @ ( F2 o3 y+ f. `7 }Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ [) L9 X0 C( Z' g! V( R2 Y3 `% {) X% ]7 c! I4 y& y& j- E/ x6 t
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& o$ t B; X+ r5 T
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 o' o: I7 M- x0 r* |
$ n- g( D& U; ^0 K( |: v; GMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" T( f7 x! U# z( J: ?( G
. [- p8 [1 a+ o1 r1 ]8 MPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 h$ G2 S5 U9 N7 O4 ~1 @' p0 n ! F- U* k( R/ [9 fCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 O3 D" ?/ [1 I( H 3 A1 |' q f. aStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # q9 g' d/ g! r; {' v) s7 U" a; g2 t6 O
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , O8 d) @* A% k0 j/ D ( x) I& N' X& d# O& M4 e$ O当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 }' V" M, {9 y" f8 l2 X6 z6 S( E5 S; _. z+ X4 }" P0 v
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 F: Q; x8 s( q: K
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 `2 {* t/ j4 L. p
- @9 S+ c. E* p: g: c+ H8 ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , h$ J* t6 W7 {& K S% J4 x) q) g M0 H0 w j& J- W1 J: o% ^
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: t+ z1 _1 ~2 X8 n/ H
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. A( f0 M; e0 |; x
* z) n4 k% m7 R; _: a还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 w) ~+ Q) g4 x. l* G6 ^3 N. c6 d! o! F E$ o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 A: j1 L3 A+ u3 T1 L) z