本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 d" l4 p/ F5 B9 C$ c% }$ C
( [/ S" m; B6 j 转帖 " o$ L3 m9 h5 `( w1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' n1 m! k3 K' F# D3 ~7 M# [0 S e! {0 m8 k6 T d" v o
例如: ( V8 v+ x: O$ a: m 2 ]. g( Y4 n5 W4 Q$ h! ?$ MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" b j8 q+ ]! q8 u1 f1 B
" v* P0 J9 b; }Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% G. D) z' H& B s' L" w
0 A0 B+ O# p0 B4 A( H) }) n2 uThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( u4 O% _$ y; p* H6 u9 v1 c% }' Q6 q: l0 h3 W e: O
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 m+ S% N0 K2 R
: u+ r) Z5 [6 k; M# o7 }) sI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " L' h# C% t0 ~& a# | m( J; h ( u4 e1 T7 f4 [/ Y/ `, XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # T5 J3 n( o9 B N: Z( \3 E# ? 7 h1 E$ s" P! z4 ~% ?, ?! mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ h5 l& N" H! F+ _. u5 z( S) c
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- g# E. @. X: D: _" `# I
* }) o/ G' _7 @' E0 rWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 s' A% f3 ~5 Y
6 j; D) }2 l; J# rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) q) }/ A4 [, o' g0 p/ c/ e 9 o% j) g8 K2 F1 b8 J+ j' c: x+ V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 g& L* D& H( s8 [0 Q$ m
0 s5 F# d! m& |7 v4 @ # F- n# l [# |. K: k. Y# O: N2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* a* M3 Z3 u% I) n; a* z
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ \( S$ ?* N: A4 f r' F + \' F% J! l* V3 O tDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " \+ l8 d( c9 i7 X7 j5 c ~1 ]& ^, ~% H; m. C3 q0 N0 G
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & Z y3 e1 c/ b+ F& e- O. M9 K1 W& \, P, Y$ }9 [' M0 q5 a
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; `3 C% R0 y/ P1 x8 ~3 k* l1 e) A+ {5 u
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ y% O: \! s( ~% w ) Z( d: w- x$ r9 V$ O; h5 l1 E# eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / _7 l% `. e8 O/ p: y4 Y7 w6 q; F/ ]% V( m
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& E. p, y A5 A! P K1 L
* |# Z2 ^, `. ^3 V5 D6 c0 p如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 `6 Q$ Q! h2 X' F: K- K) i
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): b& T/ M" \' S# c* h
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ m5 s* P3 l8 P0 {
/ T k8 V. |3 J( THe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! n) q3 l' t1 {4 ^- d - {" \' z# ^& |3 S/ FHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 C" d- a, H/ E& R. `3 {, @. O
3 l s6 V9 w' |" {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 t; }+ ^& c" C; [; k5 |( t; O
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / v: I. W5 J0 O2 `/ T/ j; v0 C3 l* b* d* ?0 B0 z& U8 ^
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% M% D& E4 t, U" e6 P1 U2 X
9 X. o2 q. ~+ x! J4 f# `3 v2 i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 J `8 V; X- E) F# O
1 j8 d1 h8 J# j; _3 X( S6 u( o* y* V2 E 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 i4 \, s" Q% L6 y( v( A" D2 _
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例如: * C9 f+ k' h+ ]( ^" t( f. [" F$ b& v; d% u
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # f$ y/ V% @: X. c% U# ]: _& P$ f' A% a! f/ M \! E
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 P* ^' u6 \6 {7 I* X4 N4 \/ h
2 r! E; [: U0 JThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 x. D6 a& b" r7 Q
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- H0 U' E5 I @5 B& t
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 S8 e( d; I" s
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # M9 K3 T. L) S$ y2 v! y6 | 2 V- k" X; C5 W/ a5 ~; E4 v3 ^: z7 }Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). e P. N' g2 ^: ~
1 @3 l. [1 j4 r3 g a8 \Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , f- G: x$ X1 A" x0 t) O4 P, J / ]' g2 \( E9 M+ f" i2 K& b! ]同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 Y6 _; N0 h; A) D8 n) Y; E6 w7 x9 X8 k$ W) P
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * r d( S. r. h; |& m, V4 T0 d y, `, i' K% v+ }% T- k
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . ?$ b' k* } f4 \/ f0 A4 O- t- k) p3 c1 d' k/ V# L
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 Y) W: Q9 j* n( c
7 ^* Y z' y; b5 F m8 x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; a, T' b# X% w% q
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & I8 w1 d7 c m$ l# A- G) `+ g: L; v- T
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:( [! v3 D# v3 d* l: m/ F6 a" [% ~) d
3 u' n1 K; p: k& ~) C9 o有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , `8 S6 [7 ] ~' k: p