本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) R% O% H3 I' X0 A, {
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) L, G8 l r, e$ a
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/ Z. `& y5 J! U* e; f0 wMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 A& S* y% f6 }% _
) o7 S( D0 G: g V" V6 jThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 [8 G. N8 j# U% ?* o) f$ ?2 M% @7 F( v3 U3 \* { _" s
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ H6 U( V% c( i/ C6 F7 Z
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' V0 x7 [" q0 r# m3 w
" Q/ ?4 \( m+ i6 S3 H+ ?I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' X% [: [, }) F% T i% r4 S
0 h9 z" y/ K$ ?9 G4 sMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# b- H* F8 k: L
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; A, ?8 z! C' L7 Q" g 0 H8 x, Y8 E5 i3 n( k. B3 K0 qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . }1 l( P6 O' ~! X( {" I+ o4 i - a0 z, n' A$ G' Q/ N4 i. r, cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ K7 m& N, n+ a6 I& l: ^3 e" M4 A- O- B- j
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 ^* s# U. {5 X- \5 Z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - T. v6 n1 C [: s4 |1 G/ Z4 P( b4 g# m' R9 ?# V% k
7 Y. ~0 ^5 l+ }! l# k. @/ x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . K* C Q+ m( t% M0 Y3 ~2 U0 G+ n+ g% U( M* x' ^4 ]
例如: $ Y( R9 W* E9 Z+ g# j 7 D: u/ q5 \4 _- j) x& ], k3 ~/ qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' h. u! j8 R+ h1 i/ q7 d* S0 M1 l# n
$ K" c5 V5 x# j& UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 o8 k) A+ n" Q) M- m3 v9 E# v5 j& x: a" l+ @+ O) @
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 j& T7 \1 c2 P8 `3 A( n. H9 g* u! \+ c$ W6 V1 E; \
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- s9 |! B& R F1 O2 m+ C: }
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : V) g9 M# V. l- `- R: F0 a4 B5 f* h
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ `7 `8 L8 ^/ @; C* {
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ T0 f% G& G# t! \3 E% E- q
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 @2 G) ]- z" B( B' s, |; X' ?5 K , R$ ~& E. y! a( t$ u! {6 UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 q( d' V2 ]0 ?. O! y( L& w / i2 t7 W' z0 p9 |* i) M/ jThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " l; S! A; F& W8 d: g + A* O" a, h/ r5 k7 UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 w6 b- U' A3 g$ s) E' c
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); E1 {3 I0 m J+ {8 h5 y# }- z: p
: c" Q" v7 H1 K# ~We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , {$ a, e; {/ G! z$ \2 u0 d1 h $ {/ f0 T5 B" a$ i1 |Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) |& `! K/ D1 A- T! Q7 P; z
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 E+ a5 U+ \+ K7 C: w 7 [0 w2 _9 T3 R- c* t1 g此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( X/ m, M2 N: b1 U. L C# H
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' d8 I, E3 ^' M5 d* j3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 x' A E! W7 U6 u! Q * W+ t7 Q& G1 E2 T; r: \例如:; ^: ~) Z# F e% T& Z5 o
' V1 ?* R! P" dMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 @( R; Z5 F3 R: X1 ?4 h6 n% H
# w' p2 e" f8 }% e9 n2 g1 k4 h: IManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 z+ ]( K1 [) @5 O0 t1 s; R3 H0 C: C" W
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 y+ v3 L8 z" V; |0 T/ n
. X$ {, P3 H# sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 8 [2 o* C# x* x7 L( e+ m1 u ~9 N6 x0 R6 O8 ?
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), Y, }0 e7 v+ z2 g3 p5 P
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); ~* b: V. c: e _; _
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . K. _$ I. @# b0 ]( ^' m" `, ^ & u* F2 i2 C6 O0 n5 LStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ V A4 }: O! O2 [# H7 @- F" f; k0 @5 \7 L* T$ A
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- e: X6 N# J& m& }( s3 j4 r
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 E% J+ p* S4 x( ~" y
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 d5 H1 D' U- K! x3 \+ f ' P0 I! l4 T a0 C- A对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ e3 z5 M. S) ?; G; }, D( I* g
" M0 Y4 |2 x2 C Q/ z) E对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) _6 R' v Z3 b [& Q' x6 v8 F
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; T" V+ O0 E, C5 R! B $ y, }2 a; W4 ^( n! v- A- f至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 s6 D) w2 W0 e! s' ^2 \: D: \
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , M0 h- L8 ~- h1 ~3 q0 f/ x/ p* s1 E* I1 U
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ U2 E" l( |6 A" ?, U