5 X) Q6 k# {* q) C' |( T转帖 9 c) J" \& x3 N- C7 _4 c1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 B, E: g. v' w u% A: J + `2 `4 _6 \. W# ]例如:1 {! p, @/ p2 S$ p: [
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)* b h: ]/ X, A* j! C1 }; p, ?
1 J% ?: b% g jThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 ~6 ?! s! |2 X1 H* w
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 z& Y# O' t! D4 j* k% D
f/ @0 ?' X" ]" oThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 ^: E! J2 o; o
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - N' I" G# O. Y9 o/ p K, e7 }( M / D W, P" h) iMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' ~: x4 c+ W- A; v& B: ^+ ]! l ' [& q( U5 I( n+ |We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), c+ F+ t1 O [0 x! q6 h' I
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), @# }3 m: A; }& y6 y6 j, k; E
! W) r& h4 U1 QWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 w$ P% l% r9 x* g 2 \9 `; I' S# i, L, C. U9 t6 JPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ g2 u# F( `* ]1 T
+ Y8 `7 J; |) a+ @. D这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 n+ N; Q+ F. l2 E' I3 t
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6 f" G' h: m4 J) f& j 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 \4 J3 |7 H# A3 I 8 q. i4 J- |( B6 m3 t例如:6 [+ D7 `& w. Z& [
: s# i8 [+ N( w! L; {% x. LAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 ]9 I0 N- e8 g6 g( h
' D( I' x6 V% J5 K9 _( Y2 O7 M! ?Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 A3 s0 |/ J3 u, [
" T& |. y" Z) WI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 \1 u7 j; X9 E* u5 Y% u% v/ ] ! S3 Q$ h) f# V- {2 zHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), H* u3 ?( s; u( { A2 H* d
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 R( h$ r& x4 Z( l# y# x! x
. X( E" }6 |( e1 Q5 z3 MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / c! w/ _% v3 Q$ v0 o ! T" X& X! W/ Q' aI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % S4 g0 g0 h, S* @ C 4 _2 C& Y: h6 _+ j2 ?如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 Z4 y5 T, Y4 }3 |& l" J
, c. V$ v# h0 g* F, F0 |The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 {0 Y/ C8 ^# v4 ?; k; B 1 e- O6 I) E" K; v* H7 h. @The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 {! z6 H% a, G& O- m) x' _
- a/ P8 ` n& n, {3 A+ ` R9 PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " Z! ?7 v+ |1 n9 h9 u1 c 3 p0 _, Y E7 mHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " h, C: |) K- `0 C* G+ n# V) G% U0 A
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * `/ h9 x. g1 K1 r+ |* U7 i/ C8 c5 Q$ G0 g
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 h+ U ~7 n- u/ n' j8 s" G+ q- |! S; o9 y
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- P( i2 g/ [% M1 ^4 O( v1 @
& Y) z4 t, S3 F5 D4 V- u' g# A此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' L' [/ a# a5 A6 T3 x' N9 W9 w) N& Q8 w5 N9 e: I
: V0 [' d4 X) l+ `3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 U( M- u% P6 i) h+ d( F) w / a9 R9 g; G* w& J# u3 T$ d例如: 2 m" ^6 ~0 C+ e) E/ s6 B1 c' J9 g' x4 j) @8 M/ w0 R$ H6 n
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 O! [ ]5 U8 {; J, o- K* y0 `5 k' Z
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' v- @3 B H$ _2 S1 _6 W
4 f5 j5 @( {+ ~, e2 a5 C+ H# s4 FThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) H+ I3 y( Y- C' r# u& C/ E
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 v/ U# w9 f& v9 F6 M/ R4 y4 }3 |, G, S$ }
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 Q$ L B# `& J5 Q, ?/ u! Y$ {9 ~
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( B& s$ A9 C! O% ` 5 ]" X3 h% T. U, c3 N( h4 ^4 Y* iCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 u7 ?5 ]5 q" Z* ]: O 0 |. }9 W9 O2 r4 ~Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 a# r U6 a# d- l7 x
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 ]& t: e; F* W+ m, E # `7 v. b7 I2 ]2 n2 N4 h4 g当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 {6 a7 X/ F6 a+ O" l, X. o, a: o. y
/ M' B5 e2 N' x8 G% K. \! x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - ~# Y4 U: N! \0 g. s- B, ?- j" p3 s6 [, w$ ]5 C! h
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 j" W# A& S [6 v0 i7 k! \8 C0 i; c1 h
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 e/ Z0 }' v5 g g0 y( H' @* M- ?
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% u/ B L' e. S9 ^8 q" w: v5 F. O
& |. z# Y) o& W有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& A% E- [% J! U b! `' X* ^