本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( N& ~# f0 }( s6 ^9 t
* ~5 d+ Z/ v1 B" ^# [ 转帖. q# s$ g# R- ]. w
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)5 V. ? t" z* ]5 p8 y1 L
. G( W' Z& I ~' E* |& i例如:" L% t- D' W6 Z& r. G+ G
1 |( g' U6 s' F1 ~! o }Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . A) C, c6 H- U1 @0 Q0 d7 R) v- Y 0 @5 J' @+ V M1 p% B) pThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 Y0 r) j, d0 v2 x& [" |9 X
6 L/ y6 Y6 o* j" a y
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). y- g( }1 ?# h# U7 J9 _8 r
: c: f- f. k- Y3 a0 |+ |
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 X& }, `" e* d( s, @- M1 g3 t
G8 Q! ~8 M" }) a% e3 `7 c+ DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ E7 Y6 Z; c* U0 D' ~
R* I- w4 z* o0 |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( t, a2 n$ f6 E/ ~" W! r
8 y% J0 b: O" \* a; i: \, m1 d
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! z1 r- @. t* Y% z4 T! K0 q' V. ~4 p2 h
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) r q" i1 Y0 B# a3 h1 t + @1 H; f& d: ^+ fWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ ]& {) S! P* K( y% g/ w m) O e- N+ @
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " f6 K4 P; T: G6 K 6 z1 a: p! E' d( V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 ?! w* e, n( d" G/ M9 G" i$ f. F5 L! |/ h9 v7 b
5 {5 N0 p7 [) [2 L( e: e9 S9 D% Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。6 i) v! _1 G5 \6 `6 ^8 ~9 v2 w
6 G+ X, D7 `" O$ d% S: |% C例如:8 W2 ^8 H6 @4 {( G) h) R
& ]: L' I/ l5 ?3 Q L; D
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ z3 q3 x G2 \6 {$ J$ s" ^$ K: J5 i+ ~, W3 m
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 E- U% S7 C4 n7 P. A5 j+ l% n
0 o5 B( Q' f, }I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 u q j' [) K* B
2 b/ ]: O) ?$ e( Z( y; IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), C i# a% n2 m0 ~0 l/ h. s
1 M# E8 v3 w8 @( sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * R) Q4 w9 V j' _ A ! Q; m, a" F& C$ ~- T6 tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 a U: Z, ^9 u. [1 s
" \! Y, ?, t, s3 q& Z0 ]
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). h* r& F& t3 m! ^
; \" K1 q, s2 K4 ~# S如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& Z% U7 @' w& Q( R4 C! R
4 N8 w) H) T; O$ s
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " p8 `" x, t4 j0 s2 ?$ w! p* L & @7 j4 T% }* j+ ~' gThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ a3 Z/ v6 X+ f6 o& x6 I: H$ P. j
4 b7 f; h5 D, D. n8 m( a4 H0 Y
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . h/ U' _/ J/ N( G7 @2 K+ @! R* J. Z2 j0 u0 o
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 |9 x3 |: n6 W4 i- K. { t8 i5 [4 p4 a& i$ D& C1 j& x& V
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) h1 c: Y$ e9 l8 |3 A
0 q5 N1 R# v6 A( `& uEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% X" s' v3 V) G
a$ E9 Z) }9 [写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); d2 _# i& ?" ?# c
7 \/ Q, x5 t% A此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. E2 U4 O; X) h
+ {3 }, U" f& B8 g' |7 b+ i7 M: }, M$ E, e) T 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 `. U+ e) k N w$ ]# `9 } ! u( _2 D e l) Q例如:" g# R; q% d8 _5 S5 _& y$ _8 {
$ x1 s* \- S6 ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " f2 s* c- ~" J" h& [ ' K+ F5 \) z" lManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# y9 c) C( p* c5 a' n8 P1 f- @
) Y6 q% D$ {; y. U& ]4 U+ I, l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" y" @' \! z4 n4 E0 o+ H
7 b9 d9 K5 u$ g8 Z0 K8 D6 H) ~+ \
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 Q$ Y7 R8 V+ |! @( `* l
2 v8 z! |! z0 m3 TMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 r0 ]& U8 P. @9 [' e6 S r
7 y- C! f* M) NPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 Y$ c7 ^, V2 B* Q& \; G
& I* y/ I" O3 j3 H" N
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 I1 H1 Y S7 o$ T/ U. g/ q$ h
1 q4 P9 [- W9 nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . G' Z( T$ e* D3 F8 M6 x6 A0 N$ |9 A" K# z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% x! V& T' N0 n
$ q+ ^9 F& H& I8 h/ F当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ u, U. G& @$ _7 q* R
6 u" X, K6 @. q9 F对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / r5 N& {' d, q4 _: Y3 ?" S6 O$ u4 a2 e/ k" A" f8 M
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; + Z& k( |4 z$ I6 t4 p 2 J" X2 l5 {& q2 {对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; E" I/ s) C4 Z
% O! J) i3 e5 L8 }. W
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 S2 }# ~9 O. ?$ n# O+ ~ 5 D9 y( K& n9 R- w9 ^& U) A3 m) n5 P至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . t4 T: L/ e+ x5 A. Q9 k 0 ~' ~# a* }8 r$ }- Y' V% H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + v$ T- Q1 d( j# q+ _8 r* I% I5 B t8 \2 _4 }! G
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 T, R5 X- K* B