本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 \3 D1 J) E. ~: g3 d3 N( ?: m6 d' w$ C0 F$ I0 f- {; `' C 转帖 ) q$ J3 s8 P! J1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ p7 n7 {# ~! V, I+ d
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! E8 G5 w. j* }1 P* V. u
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % `' j. G, _! |7 s+ V& R: K0 _4 F' g5 R! `
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " R9 L3 D" E" ^' A8 p4 ]/ g* D" m2 A" @; s l9 i3 q [" v+ g: P* V
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) W! K- j |& ^# M/ D2 r+ |' ]8 x
8 S: K; a' }7 R- ~, c, D6 {! LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! Q- @ j& n: o/ o' t
5 K/ ~( r& P% y1 OMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . `* J/ X7 ^/ D1 k& Q1 o( V# r) |5 Z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). s0 Y0 i( m5 s& G; I$ d
o3 E4 ^" D4 CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! [/ k: a, e: Q v k# K4 d" j* @0 m2 i- U/ b
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 O* E- Z$ k8 [$ | g2 [
l" i( w- X7 d0 |6 N1 NPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % O R: m4 u) I # ?1 M+ u! F: U/ }7 G6 i这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 _3 ]( r4 g! U; U, s 3 n! W S- q* a- ?# u ' G2 ~ V, {$ ^! f3 x, |' V2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( q- M3 U7 N! ^( I
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & ]2 |8 g/ ]; L; h" P/ u( D 1 e9 R5 a9 m7 k2 [ D5 b; \( WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- N: \* [# q7 k$ X
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 w3 ]/ H9 } e6 O( t1 t3 Q4 N. |9 \- _; [; N
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( b- s+ n2 ~" B- \
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - g- W4 p3 W' L. F 0 e) l& T6 K5 G; e$ s' PShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- z f, `: D7 N* H+ o, R8 P+ G
+ z/ S3 b9 {9 R$ ]I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - q: ]4 G! k @& _: t2 t; k# M+ Z+ `; P" ~% H8 s+ D0 v
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 L0 n0 k' R9 q. m
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 d2 K( a8 k6 \: T4 k, K! J t2 ]7 X
0 n" H: x1 [+ m5 D. U3 H; jThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - O& M2 Y$ z7 X$ @& }6 J! l | 4 G0 V1 ]4 M- s% c7 g& L& aHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 2 o" [3 R Q. O3 B; }3 r& S M/ | 8 e) B% U( t; KHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 e9 s$ t# v- U9 g# I- t4 T
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) G; ]# @. U& l8 @6 N
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' Q5 D4 |) _; P+ {
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 R; Q1 u5 K! W% `8 L $ |" Y# ?3 O) d& u此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 V, m t ^9 H/ Q4 ^% R( j
3 T8 d. k0 P% l* B1 W* r$ H# Z+ t/ l% h( o/ j/ v 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . {; V; G5 v0 X8 ^( _3 @2 A v& j 5 L/ x6 u% V, o& p) b: h5 |例如: . S. y+ f5 Q' M/ A4 [0 M+ z9 `/ }
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 x3 `1 w- U) g2 p) ` 8 w2 H ]0 [0 B" k8 E- @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 ^2 M% l0 A/ W, a/ Z# F* D
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! S# V" r5 r7 A' T9 [! H
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' r' h2 G5 U& i' y l
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 Y' d( x& U8 c2 L, P
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 z" e3 _$ U* _
: x6 z* {$ ~! E8 d' CCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ M7 A1 c" m- R( p
5 k- y- g7 W/ S1 L6 `6 a* X: i: HStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- c q7 @7 M) D5 Z% O( I
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 e- X- y) Q) \* g ; p+ U2 k; Q& x* D, ^当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:2 B& T6 X; _% ^0 x
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' F) ]; C9 z7 T/ W5 ]6 V ) B$ K1 U4 m3 S8 |对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % ]% F7 e! S2 Q b 4 T* r" _, p" i. o; A: x: F对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 G \& Y$ j k1 q1 E. j2 @* j8 `, l