本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 [/ T$ n# i9 o: X, U! u0 k- s6 a
- y; F O! z% q; M" K3 z( w; g4 B 转帖 ; w, e" j# z! ^* \' Q" z* [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 W5 n; ~; y9 o3 ^) O4 B 9 R5 u! g$ q& h+ u3 o例如: 1 L: ^3 l9 k# f _0 g : w7 j3 w2 K# y) _4 Z: MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : w! C3 w% w. Q" N% N: J* a8 N K4 v; Z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); ^# B, \. Q2 _" u
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . [" `: M5 r$ Y; r0 O! f' C ! M" ^2 M1 [3 Z/ T; G9 c- z0 B3 qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* J! }- o, x5 |
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + m3 r" h0 ^. _+ r5 y j. } r; R' ~% ^
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; x+ T% C: d. G- v7 E g8 { ' J B" R, K9 K9 @& OWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- C* {3 a. o) J
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; E+ N5 `1 i1 E. l. i! C9 b, C5 k# e/ b
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 h# ~: J! n! y' S8 x; I" g. [
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) b# O* A! V+ G/ J
$ C- L6 v+ i' l2 G3 K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 M2 J4 y! z; H9 j# }" G5 |3 r + u- ^8 _7 F! J! D+ }( e& w 1 g* v9 d. O/ F8 E- v4 h: p2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 D. p% x; y' U9 N1 g( |1 X. s ; |- _. j2 v& f. b# k- b, |) d g例如:0 v3 \5 n7 ^- d8 D
8 P0 z& g, ^/ x; I6 E0 hAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 A+ t+ f* z5 m; p3 @ [
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & e/ T+ e$ R3 g4 _5 B: E1 Q% a' }5 o) m( r- p( z6 i3 u
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 q6 c/ i+ r3 R; P0 H
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( o6 \ q3 w4 d, O, D& L
, l' V3 U- B% S2 V+ k2 {, I3 w- ?In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 Y/ _7 `2 l& [9 h6 J, V: b5 F# ?% X6 ?
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ \4 n* k$ X) `! w" h& F! b# f/ m, W0 A! h) ~6 I
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 Y3 H @4 F7 v8 m8 k# g5 C3 f! [/ U) s$ H/ X( i$ U' z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( G, i$ [2 f. d9 j; y5 p6 C8 a" { K: _% r" z& e# h
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); f a$ X+ X/ ]) L
; [" c4 |9 o, P* SThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! Y( {0 e, m9 ?' _4 F: R+ L1 \) v; _6 g6 k
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " K @$ m! |/ c, T$ s9 D : R" A$ \% i+ y, ?9 yHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# j) k3 D/ i0 r1 |" C
+ Z7 q& C6 _( P' A* A b' hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 `1 k$ A/ K) l: l0 [* @
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' [8 J, Y G9 i" Z# W7 X3 {. g o9 P" Y* T5 g4 @: L
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- t0 |2 K* ~' {
# z' T% h# J9 K2 u: Q& F3 k此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 F" G0 |9 Z2 d* B$ ^
2 j' i8 h5 ~7 T1 x ( O' j: U1 X: o2 ]' V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; E8 ~. L: I. T+ l6 z
6 j0 \) [- S6 J3 m, C( n9 t, w例如: ; b. _$ z% l* S% ?7 l$ [3 @$ \5 U6 [/ J0 L' |/ b t
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 z4 Z- [0 v; d( f # }* G: J3 t6 y1 Y% x- q. OManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + R5 Q$ I: y+ \) v4 c- k: f, T) H4 q" J" |0 ~9 n6 i( E
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). `- K/ R, O% r% F8 {
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , b2 V; y$ X4 W8 m3 L9 B & M' J9 q6 [& J8 v7 \Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! j) O7 Z0 ^& ]$ O- `3 N- g
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & A/ f, B& `8 Q" o$ X8 _ 7 i! I4 ^% p$ d% J" n% PCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ v* i1 n! J# h% T8 p
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 `8 S, |$ w9 }$ l
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 R/ O- U2 J) J
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- p/ `7 |% A' N7 X0 u# H3 Y1 d7 g2 M
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " G: Y4 |# y! g # ~) N( E# v+ b q5 K5 o对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 @: m! n% }8 x: r$ _, O2 c 3 p* k8 I* S7 b$ @" ?6 }1 Z+ S, s; m对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % z' A2 T! @& R- |5 e+ s5 C y( q0 ?( v& d- h ]/ C$ A( f& a2 |
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! n) g/ ?7 _5 t8 x- [* s, S4 ~% [) ~/ r' C" p# U5 Z
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # d* n3 }0 a1 D0 E& J& Y! \8 F6 v' u5 I; J) F6 F, G
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 ]0 T' q8 @3 f, R. E5 y
2 ~* P6 ? U7 O5 _- c: G2 Q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, V6 b( L3 D6 y6 D