本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ b+ L2 a% A1 z1 n7 j
& ` I, O1 e! t 转帖 ) `9 {2 j% M" e% u- W1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) c# B1 u) H* v2 P; I) G+ I# v/ ~
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例如: ! M* U4 L) s7 m; @ 6 b1 M8 R0 m6 o& n9 r2 PMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " r g* D0 Z: y( v0 c+ T" [4 j3 |. e8 l3 \
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% k) z9 m- v$ q/ _6 N9 u; `
/ q8 R7 ? z/ OThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 B: a7 x! t3 t6 S2 `, @2 G
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 u! ?% [) j% W2 b
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 }) X! ~! B7 H1 e* P( _5 E0 K8 C- ^# G
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' B0 Q3 n1 m/ @$ Z* m
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) \6 G4 X5 U7 @% u' u
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + Y% J! d* }1 N5 X) ]1 o8 M" N : S2 D q5 e5 HWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 Y4 t5 P1 E+ C* y3 f1 W' d
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; q7 W$ N( o) S. L2 g7 g0 B, I6 h2 ~3 V
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 R5 k j) u. \% H4 J6 \+ Y+ e. d& [2 j. t) e* N
& V" ^, N8 Z0 _3 E# Z/ N/ y: } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 T n, Y* r9 P4 E& M7 W" ~8 U4 Q b, U9 c/ x
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4 O+ l( Y G/ l% A4 F) ~. O: VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' ^% R. X) z' A; |: p
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ T; z4 m% n' X+ }6 t& ^- T- g- H
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( N; J! ^( T& A2 K * u' }3 Q& f* }, zHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 u7 {6 v5 U- G9 g4 I+ L 8 D3 x# F! _# k! p7 qIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# V1 t: O$ q% E0 V4 S& v5 ~: K; f
7 U5 m4 a5 i: D9 u! qShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 K- U/ N0 [5 U2 H j# X3 F
8 ?0 m& W/ o" n$ i) oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 j8 Y$ g; o; e" d) e
: f1 Z( s( T2 D- d4 D如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , ~8 y1 D! W) d# u. n5 ` B# l3 s5 S6 t+ nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . e' p8 A3 c! L x% B7 j9 }0 P% [/ h- b6 M3 N
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); N% f$ y% }( s8 ~
% {) y+ J6 W, O6 T1 M# U4 E( {8 qHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" u( D! v! j2 k, y, B) C6 L
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : w2 {. D) y# }& [4 j9 `: V2 ?4 x8 |$ l& v
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 r; X$ P( E; E4 s$ y4 W! R) C$ ?9 \; w1 @
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 O8 A. D2 l+ [3 K 4 G( L }2 c/ c* [" T1 }写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 ^6 E+ [& ?, }5 D; t; { $ e. A! i; J( Z$ ]) M$ ?& L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 r5 Y& S# I+ b9 U- H " a" x% j* W( I5 I% s+ X2 c- n; w$ q' r3 k 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- r t5 V! _% t' W
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例如: 3 ?: M* O8 e V& }; h( V2 \! \- w" u- [ Z" i4 K+ j2 { L- y0 mMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! f9 {4 N1 `& d5 @6 w2 s4 _( } + _5 k$ ^! B1 Q6 B% `9 P' NManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 Q3 s' `2 V1 a7 c& z9 }/ {+ z
+ W; l* @4 d# J0 h# D8 \) p2 VThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& i( f0 A+ Y. U q0 m4 Q7 V
% d- ~" A2 [1 T! Q! Y' D5 U$ c& OHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% j2 O% ?" S" c5 J( N" P& a3 K
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 h& d. @3 w# g& Y! W ; I0 b) x1 S; e vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% y% H- v' i/ k4 i5 _! X6 _! S9 s7 T
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& D |% Z4 f& {* F" [9 r8 W
9 g1 R' `9 y: o; l% QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), D2 O- T: L: y
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 r( |3 Q9 }. q6 l9 }" V