本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * K2 j3 T( e: ?( T
4 m$ d6 h \& S5 ~ 转帖 5 S- v/ T% K) A/ U4 i4 I1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 T/ U- o# X1 {/ m q/ n3 C; I! z9 ]$ q/ P. {7 h
例如:( I: {+ o. R: d0 Q8 Q0 ]& K. E" B
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * z5 Z5 \# O/ c( {; S/ G( J 7 y/ g) v: a+ p$ _2 G+ |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) t# q' V4 `7 m
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 U1 T2 J- a2 Q: }! k( k4 n6 Y& R1 [2 y- e( s, t
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). i6 S5 o, f4 D
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ I0 `' s" r* c4 l y. F, k2 H2 E
8 a7 ?6 i+ v& e0 g# V |4 u' {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 s9 G# d' b% i& T5 x0 m7 W6 n2 @- `8 V% e
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ s* G4 C" W' v( c& c% R9 L
- m, O, Q8 q" k4 a1 {The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): p. t: B$ y8 O/ d& ~$ [# a: ?+ B# l
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- y ^+ b. U' b/ V9 ]
- H6 n2 c2 B8 w0 r. _: v- [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( A/ [* r- N. t+ S0 Z# A
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! |9 E" k1 W! u8 ?1 N
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3 n6 I4 k+ l: y3 i5 D" h* } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% r. e- B( a9 x# o
$ v% d8 U4 F; H1 F# J* M3 ~- l例如: ) m1 b/ U. T7 S 1 g3 G' D# P& J& o$ |/ t7 h8 {7 u# }At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " L1 V6 q/ G: b Q( L/ O" D1 o" z) Q( b/ C% D5 j4 t
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); r. F. b7 b( s. J1 ^- }* q$ h( X
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 r1 t1 H1 m2 y* T& G
7 S; U4 W9 I8 s6 eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). j) p: e. F Q" r! V4 d
/ b! \4 p: R% Y6 G) U; d0 BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" o' e! p, J; V# N* p8 t
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " w( f8 F! p/ g4 H" K% W- k' i: o- z0 w1 n. p7 `
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; l. {+ N5 n+ N, q! n4 x5 j: ]( k( `3 S5 |& m& b' c! y
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" x5 N5 l# P4 {# X3 \
5 P5 |) l/ O* i; LThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 I- O. N o1 Z
! K6 H) L/ j" LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * i/ N$ N4 p0 h / I- P' x8 F" N4 ?- U6 cHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ T P5 { Q" G4 `8 C9 A7 J
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 e; V( c% l" E
' q; F# W$ b% A7 p! cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 I8 Z" M9 T$ A5 t! ~' K7 @. E ( m2 T5 P( N# \$ O& X! M; O7 ^Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 R) w2 f) X2 D! X3 Q3 y k/ W2 |) a8 x+ O8 g1 F写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' d( _, J' J( d8 S6 q
: J5 A! O# |3 G8 r4 b( [* }7 ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 [. v; a- ~# F9 o2 B5 {$ l( l2 u/ J6 {: w
( d- |+ \# Y* a8 q* v* q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 x9 M+ {: y1 @; D1 o) K0 k2 v4 C! `5 T ^
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0 [, [ x0 p( R' m5 `Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( V& ], Z7 r5 a+ K: q" n& c2 p
! e+ X- j. U9 M! ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' }8 v, c }- K. P8 u' Z( M$ v0 I0 W8 ~8 d% @4 K
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); T; t& t0 H6 E5 t$ w
0 P7 i$ T, C# {7 @3 gHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 {' J0 h2 N3 z* N G 4 {( o& E. [1 L7 Q" jMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 i; |! U$ N$ I+ j. `! j; Y |
$ d$ g# r n5 MPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) g* }" c- v0 o; |* K4 f
* G/ I* q+ N. S$ CCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & o$ d. Z+ d2 g: O/ l' T5 f3 C9 v7 @ Z7 V# k6 }( t
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ h+ h3 t% L: t& ?8 [* k1 e b
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- F* {+ B+ S5 Z% Z8 a: I
* k/ t. t$ x' _7 @, _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 6 ^1 T8 {3 u9 s! L* N" y% Y 7 |% p, d/ N6 ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 H# c% n/ T- x- \& u. T. y2 q1 R % o# o4 \$ W; i; I5 w对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : o/ R+ b6 J; q5 r, u6 i; z; S+ M$ W2 E# R3 C4 }6 W; i9 ^
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ u+ Q1 h- s$ a# G9 _& Z7 d0 \1 _% H+ E
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 O7 n {; Y! q1 E* k% G- o0 R8 k- U
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 K! c9 D. e$ o; R3 k4 L8 b J& O, q
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" i' f x6 r) }- n5 C4 R9 z
) R! ]5 o1 D7 z$ I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 A8 n. B% H; L, d- Z" @% v