本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 U. b& X' @8 y/ Q* ^% H
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 I2 I1 Y7 T/ y6 K
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 A8 n' E2 f, z- R* @
, r4 k5 J4 z1 zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ I) A1 K6 z% W l+ G: Z6 [
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 O" ?2 @" S/ i1 S1 y' `. Z; L! u) z6 w9 \& p* }* F( ^
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 z5 D6 c/ Y z# P( s9 s 2 f9 L/ F" n; I8 \8 QI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ f" S; N( D3 U! y5 b
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & o" x9 E% \/ h4 F5 M1 V( l" m# y8 b
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; t3 {9 I6 l9 L9 V3 a+ @2 P! C2 F+ y/ u; |9 f- W
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* A0 w& K+ z B( y* z. P
- ?5 i+ {! z" _0 nWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + V9 S6 b: f+ s; v4 w8 z 1 {4 {) w* S& ]! R# l2 YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) a% ]8 @) o( \/ G" O1 O
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 J* Z2 K9 M; l0 a2 k; ?. h
3 t) L. E6 W* ^8 X & J6 c2 J, z' u0 l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ]/ O/ i* x0 N5 R* Q
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例如:6 V% H; W c+ K5 ?2 q5 O3 i
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 a1 O. ]. l& F1 t
0 w. c* t$ G* _& _9 }' X, y& }Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * V/ f, c: i: M, w" j, w1 `2 u ]+ M& g7 \
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" h! r" }, o; Z* N( _7 L( ]* W
4 }6 U3 u4 K+ U4 ~7 {% s/ QHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); I& ?7 N2 j% \2 r2 ^( |" z
8 R+ Q) u {" K/ e9 U. l1 RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( l, R/ t4 U7 c1 r' ?) @2 k6 ]) C+ P* }4 o- F% Z9 O! m9 }
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): ^- N8 i$ D$ D' m/ H8 |
7 w# b3 e9 E% L* l: V' z% kI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ L- h1 ~1 B/ U3 T/ s6 Z% h; R- I2 m) j) _( o
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' U* z0 Y7 |5 k7 a% T5 ? : P/ m( U) L1 tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* `5 q% J' w; I* [1 N( q
( n6 F2 s4 T) s! D9 RThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). |0 V# Y" h% x7 p! ?
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( J0 n f C. `
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" o% F: u3 U( r
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), m; b" I) `2 T: y: U
& h) d$ ?" \/ S7 KEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . v/ d1 o5 ]4 o$ e2 Q8 V& C6 I; Z' j9 a, u
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % x% j7 d3 U, T 4 j9 o+ m8 o7 W4 O$ d1 d此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & U" O1 T4 \' ~2 I3 m0 t8 C% T% L9 \- E" l% U/ u! N
5 F4 g+ o1 `# N2 W, a, V) A9 l 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% [0 y1 |* \- }1 c c# Y
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7 }( ~/ ~5 s8 W1 `, EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) }* l5 l2 }% m ! {0 w# |2 c' k5 t( D+ uManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 y! T( M8 u# Y& v- B% O1 A6 S
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): K5 D8 O9 p- u, Q1 y4 K1 `: B9 Z! {
! a+ B9 M) q# W& UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 F% g6 ]1 @* {, G5 Z* G/ q/ A D+ d0 b5 T' q# o: a# q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ B, ~" W/ M- [( @8 H
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 L) X' m1 n9 y; h" s/ N6 s+ M
: v$ R6 V- T A, uCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ E9 Z5 }2 O. B7 E
# r7 N3 w6 D) B1 i) jStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 a/ P( G, M* V
4 E6 t8 t& @. U" {9 {! [当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # e2 s( e U3 q# ^+ H X8 ^, u9 H0 d8 r) t
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 L, P$ ~/ \3 D' R: a
! ?& B: \. U r1 I! _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) I( Q3 e$ @3 M' r- T: J. Y' y; F
; E0 Q9 I/ F* N5 ~对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # I7 A9 w2 T% E0 d! L) V4 w( T& o: V1 r
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / g" ^- ~* }* K. \/ u9 M1 K ? " f; O. a/ w- r Q6 K- v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# p' [- j. M3 C7 K0 g Y- ]/ \7 A
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 ?1 E0 |5 m4 y4 z+ R0 L4 A1 Y
v; O {7 B! n有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 g6 j7 f( J5 S8 h/ Q. ]5 v