本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 `5 A0 f( C7 c. K4 l W1 C7 e3 d2 b, J 转帖 $ |+ r) M/ b& N: r! t- ^% S/ N( [' L1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 R. o" U1 V' U+ c! j: Z* G
4 M/ x9 Q2 T5 g2 F例如:4 A3 B3 Z. j( m. ^* s% P% U- `
0 V1 `$ j9 d8 |+ ]1 n% L/ ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % T: W! ]: N' t7 W2 b; r H, J & |" ~9 [: D4 ^" K7 y; \- ^2 a2 @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / g7 O1 ]: M/ S+ G7 ?' l+ G6 X3 h3 z* @( i1 k1 D& C1 D
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 P8 j' I0 r5 G9 O6 n6 ~3 h9 w 0 l" F. {6 G% _$ k4 |8 t, V1 oThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 ?5 o! x6 r. ~3 H, {
1 j* t+ _3 \8 z# Q8 D* `7 fI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- K/ s/ S7 w; w
, S; D: N6 B8 i) Y: A EMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - F5 Z# @! i6 X0 w* f {6 k" d9 b) W& L0 i- ~
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); ?# {; u) r+ W# B1 w' |5 k
N- `7 T$ o# W% kThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 b: s& i6 J5 V" O+ Z " m+ |5 y, D1 r9 _/ s" h& _% LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ `* ~* `4 w- N/ o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 m2 @ h% ~) D: x3 i) i, j 2 s, Q7 B5 k" \. K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 g9 z/ Q" n0 P
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3 h; A p. j- ~5 ?( F 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : U( D( T4 G4 [9 Q: e) j5 C6 X7 X/ D6 b! I
例如: T/ [* }; K' ^8 B/ C+ b$ ?4 E0 X" w' A% ^, N% q
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) o6 }. r% v9 }, Y O( r 2 j6 [% V1 q- H! MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' v( E. @( s1 g/ ^( Z7 [, M3 E4 G8 D. _) ~: ~8 {
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% _2 {9 M3 W. P
3 M4 t: W2 T \3 _/ b# @* F: G* `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 d/ G/ @( ?0 W1 _1 J! ^. G4 \& f3 F8 V* M" D
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 a+ _: Y" C }# M9 r0 N7 D
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 k9 u4 o; V) y: w$ g
, L4 V. k7 Z; C$ J" E `, \% e" `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) O# f% ~- z) z( e2 ?4 R7 H1 a, K, Q8 T$ T8 E% K6 Y
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- n2 U7 @8 D0 R$ ?, s
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ T R; \/ g) E: j) P2 f
9 [! ^& [- h! _1 D1 vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), K9 W P2 ?+ U5 x2 t6 }. t
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 Z. @3 _( \) f3 o6 B 9 J+ E' X' E' v: O0 J* EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 S( ]; z4 _: q" A- k& C0 a3 M
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 T2 J5 `/ s& V6 l y* `, K ( D$ b- W8 e5 i7 m M4 LEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + T. O" h8 Z% g5 ~" a5 c' _& W; M # i3 k' _( G) Z$ l- ?- h写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 [) V- a& y2 x7 k( J: a8 S. h9 M" }4 o; G( i
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " B. j# k: v# o+ p c. o( x; y2 m+ i5 Y* {6 B0 {1 n8 R0 _
( t4 a7 _5 J* g( j. A" `9 w4 W3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: c1 I9 T# Y% y Y6 f- R4 m
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 A8 q ~4 M$ o1 y6 F% \% u * l% a- g% t5 ?7 ?& Y5 T7 p( j8 H$ f6 TManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). l: i( X$ G. a/ [! q9 J% Q
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 _7 w5 v( e$ x# k+ L2 V
% ], K' M# N' q nHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* X- i+ L$ a& P; }! Y2 l
: J# d/ E r2 t: u7 KMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . f C6 s k) ?% B' `# I, o8 w! s& H) D; x+ O4 b
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . d Y/ _$ p0 j# m- j. i) U2 E; Y) d0 E# N
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; _2 }) i1 B- U6 Y5 I" a! C, j8 H. E. C . I' y. ^+ y+ WStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , i e- g5 G: r+ C3 x4 D) E' p* Y+ _4 Y2 v; N( p% @
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 n$ K8 m; ]8 S5 g Z A5 q
s+ B$ C; X% z+ d当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 I X' _% b; T3 T- _. b* T5 S. ]! }4 b7 I& q. f
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % \1 X/ y- t- W% R+ T/ V1 g) _; K% |" t& p5 Y0 c) {/ y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # H3 W! n3 a( V# b$ S# a) J5 V3 {# D/ x$ e
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & ?- b7 E _0 f: X0 g6 J* A, ~# a/ A$ g
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 R! ^; f" d* w& t8 f1 V* }9 ]/ I2 H) w
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& h, N2 ?- ^. l* \3 E9 t3 ^0 E! i
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( Q3 v8 ^' k+ n _1 u* W # \) `. Y5 y' n6 q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 O: H/ J6 @" E, d