8 c% A* ^ c5 t% y! J7 aMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 o4 i% T' R6 g8 r4 W: b8 D4 S- B- i. J
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# @. j! Z% ~* C9 f. s
4 t5 U" W+ u+ g" c6 oThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 N$ ~+ s. x3 d+ e: }) i/ N7 t
5 ]4 i5 B$ A" \7 X* z& h$ T" z% q' XThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# p+ b: N4 d1 Q* _5 ]6 j
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 _5 G5 I% R# R& B( Q& o( F, Q5 c0 i9 C) k4 H9 V0 K; ^
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ `: L* E, z+ D3 U! y X! z6 H5 c# x1 D* q; |2 A1 g
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 h; C2 U+ ^' h/ ^2 \ ' m2 |4 k ~: I# E) P8 aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), s6 \$ Q' z" p, O
5 }) n9 o" d0 }- t7 wWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' r& W L. K7 m
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) _0 ]& q; g$ B
& o. \ d8 }4 L" q( k- ]' @这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % O7 w6 }, G$ q: n( h/ e9 U, k, V3 O+ V
* y F# b4 K+ {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. }$ ?4 v( y6 \* e i" M
! V; Y/ \& C9 ]+ N1 ~& J7 d; y+ w例如: 6 |) C1 n) d3 h , _; H$ n/ Y- AAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) d, H/ h# l- U
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! W3 _9 G* s# C
& {9 B4 O" [9 r: E' {3 g! l/ lI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! N _4 R$ a1 p: m; o
+ M+ J" y3 R v0 A& pHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , \7 l" L$ S* ? 2 V7 C0 ^# x4 o! X% zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ v5 m1 W3 O0 x) f) X6 Y
" k- l/ [' C I/ OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); A9 [1 ?% x: J
2 r& ^2 _% T" U) H% t* u* oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 [: m. b8 U, Z* c ; Q8 v: K( K, l& e如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 x5 M8 E1 ^$ t8 u4 R n0 b& F8 P- K
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 L" W8 P' t" ~! n; C# b# R- k$ f( n. Y) i
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 X7 @* h* |+ b- H2 E
6 k+ D! ~0 Z. PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! l2 @ c7 l5 y- E& x
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 c" Z) A% s5 ^0 c7 \
" j: C2 G. C8 D, b: }7 @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% ^+ H) X6 N" c( R6 F1 |, m
9 s( M8 m) ^- K( u1 @Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 x4 i' b6 X9 F! c: K5 ?/ \+ O
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 S! M% w' I2 J6 i, j+ |
3 f) r5 `) |7 e% ^; K# U# b此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ _, N( Z! G, N: o$ B; I
: s) z$ t& S( i3 e$ V- a& z# ]& a$ l2 b0 }) d+ y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / o! b1 L, x8 V4 i% M! ^- _ + i( b7 g; a) M: n. D! }例如: * F& B8 U& P% D$ s, s0 ^8 O% | " v. U/ A9 T5 OMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ Q( [' j6 o8 X4 q' |
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) }& x% V* F# j( d1 m
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 I' Z/ u$ X/ C. m9 @6 D1 t5 T3 f% O5 E! Q+ C; [" F; _9 F
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) c4 ?" | d8 w* Z5 ] 2 E% n+ t& s# \* j8 \' c* JMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - O% \- r" I1 j% B B2 K$ R* w) f+ [! u v9 g- W6 w
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 M# E" A* W/ C: Q
' B. T+ t# e. p' ECongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % m3 v [! g. S) H) W' J$ o0 |: L9 P6 m) ]
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ u) Q, L6 ^: }, ~
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% C& S+ W. F R/ V- |+ ^
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. Q; v* S, @8 F0 ~" @
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; {% O4 c7 G& l- r* N* |
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " \ m. w+ w- [" L% a$ [& G) K& O
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;7 @, k' x, ]! z
" {- B# f5 ]8 N* b- i8 c& R' o对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% l2 F' `- T; D. s& e
/ z9 J! Z- L- a, ~, K' p3 \& f至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / p) K4 \: X' A/ V# o ! \ U2 J. C- \# Y: X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! v4 _, B( m2 C L! O$ r" D" C0 Y 0 p* q, W* r$ O: N6 p! F有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- B+ t- b2 v4 }5 I' J( u