本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( a6 d+ r$ x7 [4 q# `% y) b( t$ o7 p0 _) k$ l8 h ~ 转帖 ' u3 {7 c }' Z) K$ {% J1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 }: K" |% ]0 h, u; q0 u7 D1 }+ W6 u y8 K' S
例如: 0 b2 Y$ r2 B! M, F0 |1 W 7 u) T8 G: Y5 _& ?' G2 RMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : u% z- I- W U8 d' v. @: a8 W1 A0 X- ]4 s
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : |8 x* X; O+ {; [ [5 l9 {" t* Y2 T , r( [# [. g' HThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % V1 K- X+ d( k1 B0 d O - c' @ E1 |4 @( w; h, AThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 X/ w& N2 I$ c& L( B+ Y
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 @% z, a5 w; v# O2 C4 S6 U
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! D$ P) o: _ J$ B* ]/ O# u" c
% N* W2 m* H% E! G9 dWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' O3 X" T; k: J+ M; H
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 V6 J/ H8 H s9 [7 [5 b( ?) k
4 C1 |# s: S; Q5 U% t8 Z8 K3 K7 dWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ r" h) g* D: _- w
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 ?- p8 b+ Z$ V, M8 \4 ` Z! E8 A9 b3 y* e+ B这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, V- U& o" s8 L3 ~' p
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8 m- _; b8 Q l N+ _; j' ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- |+ B4 U8 t$ \: q
0 |, ]7 l3 Y" V9 M例如: 8 F E7 Q9 \6 v# L" q H( l& w# i1 `2 f
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) j$ S+ f; @+ q4 Q$ |: R& }2 M( s6 h* d4 `9 x3 v/ S
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 ]/ Q' f7 @0 k$ q
7 {' a' j2 I7 w) fI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 P7 v8 L% `: W7 ]0 ^1 `- O: T2 a% H: E) \
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( K( L5 r& F' L7 Q4 Q6 h6 W7 @: |8 M; p& u4 D0 b2 P$ _
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- @4 @6 b4 o6 B% p
) `) G( N# I( C' ~: }! S- x5 sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 {9 O: k# _6 `. N: g. Z' f( Z( N
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 M# {% o" p' J' v9 }+ o 0 t7 D$ q! v% r; \- ~8 n0 \7 a. }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " K0 ?( z1 e; Z6 n1 L! }5 p: P& G+ Y+ f" `+ F9 W
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): j+ q0 ]3 O5 p3 b& A
0 n9 m: a6 E- `4 Y7 oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 s& R" S% T' S. I9 M/ s- U6 k
/ G( H! r; ]0 ~4 Q% l, yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- O- s: i3 p m8 x/ B9 K4 d
& c; a. @$ r1 p- N, U" C+ I" G0 r2 fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ v p; s4 ?+ f* `( K4 A( {
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 a6 k/ ~! t6 X" R& O' F' S8 ]
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) `+ ?3 R: K% |% F7 r x2 q! O! y/ U g$ k+ C写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , }9 d' ?2 I. k& y+ I( } A0 ]6 Y( `2 k. O6 A" f9 i% D0 P
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( k5 u, P( M" D
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/ M$ W5 t3 I0 a! e# n& p3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 P& j0 C$ g" A- b } E7 C5 Q9 g2 N" J. n: }' Q( ?
例如: # q6 T5 z) J, @0 {4 c0 O ' z. K: ]8 f4 P7 D' dMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 S9 L: |( _/ ]1 {5 {9 M' h+ U8 }0 A 6 n2 i0 c0 @/ I0 @4 ]& N1 aManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 N+ ?$ F9 O& A9 y- S( F$ N
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - F1 i1 n, D9 E* k( r3 f/ {2 _9 H4 h) k2 _ c' x8 g5 `
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 K( P+ z0 B/ e' R0 s! k ' @3 K( X8 @. GMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ p" U2 f& _9 V. V2 t! V$ i0 H; K* B$ L" c, y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 S! P2 V0 b3 O" ^8 p9 G+ V4 T- _0 ? Q0 S6 S
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! j: b) P: ?/ ^/ ~ $ f" r/ q! |+ O5 mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # a1 c9 x8 ]! z1 ? 9 L, b4 q2 }, {" W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 D/ C4 C5 y2 _( q8 s
4 x' |1 F$ r& a) h3 T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- _- k5 M( I5 \
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; I* r; U" ?$ V$ S/ m. q4 B* F
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 H# ^" R% i0 z2 v( v
4 R P# i9 n% g3 {; |! M对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ e4 n8 F+ |' t0 N; Z
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; `' M! F! o% U8 Z" X9 t
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 d0 _; Q8 \; i- P1 u( h
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; V+ M! y, P, R) y 2 ?" V" O/ T! g. b) v有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 c- `2 L, M* N; h" e