本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . R: Y% C' u4 H 4 U n* u7 f) {转帖4 u8 v4 t3 Q' y1 Z- j3 F f& j
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)5 D9 @0 r+ P: [
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) x0 i- B% w$ j ]* ?& s5 h
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % _# W: n% c# ^0 v4 i % W2 `+ V, }/ c1 m( |& BThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! b. |2 B a3 N2 r h4 H. g" S8 N5 \& P9 r2 Z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); P4 ^; t0 \! U
, k6 [. G# m+ Q3 f. }* TI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% j! Z F s9 T
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); E `+ ?& s: X: {* t+ D9 X
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + b7 ~1 l0 T* N2 Q( O1 I% f& D 8 F& `7 |& j: {5 {. t% NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & n. w h% k2 k) p% {* x, Q: y0 M% _* t& c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* a+ I6 ?% _9 Q/ |
$ r$ @5 H) d5 t" BPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( s f9 @& H! ?% c- j, K
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 s! n J3 a" d( F x 4 w# O7 ]7 ] M; W# ^, P3 {$ h, R) b; ?2 p$ `; r+ b! h6 w 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ ]% D# A: M- _" L
f0 u( A8 ?2 y/ e2 b例如: ; u* D% s, p6 _ ?2 C9 q" `% I M2 E" ^7 f- zAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" s4 l( c' a2 A3 m, `" P
3 M# X- k1 q+ B9 KDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- E& Z8 t3 K8 h% K
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 B' y7 @, i/ B3 _- [/ v % v2 k$ x' s1 b: n% R/ nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& j4 L1 v _" X. |. B; L+ |8 c
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . a$ W; _( t* d' \/ c& N / x3 ^9 B3 G2 _' ^6 YShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ d% z3 t! e; ?: @( A" E! B) R5 C2 c
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). U! X5 _! a. r& s' H
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 W. M( y. n7 U" x$ j 4 \ S/ @8 R( C1 P' K( HThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 e A9 W0 _5 }" v: x
8 u: I. u! Q/ K1 ^The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # d! Q( H1 z c( F) o! S- n. j/ i; f2 N* Z8 g
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! B' ~; b0 }7 ~* H) }) W6 D + c# Z" u- |* l6 g. GHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 ^. i" Z e! e# B7 O8 _
3 j% w( t( x) T8 }4 i% V# ?We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 I3 S* K3 P' `2 N$ V" d , x7 R4 y3 Q/ v% n! u$ l% SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) Q' R l5 T, m8 _1 Z$ y6 b , l: h6 c( i0 g0 G0 w1 h" F Q1 ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# U4 O7 W5 e$ r' f
- v* W: M% H! L4 ~4 D' `9 Q0 o& |. _此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 C2 b6 y4 k- Y% x4 Y% H 5 B; O! [6 F. H0 H6 W- ^! }3 b9 q8 Q- C0 q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 K1 T8 p6 {4 K/ N6 s8 K" X% `: [% r4 u2 B: e+ @$ B
例如: / s+ T1 W/ I8 a 7 j& m/ r: I! W! r: x: t. P1 V: j3 }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 R% c- @0 _* l' ^: f
2 A/ O2 \7 Z+ V( LManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . t" u# ~) I" T. ?' A$ s) |2 X $ q! s7 I9 M+ u7 z# OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ S! w+ {+ P5 J# \$ j9 b7 D
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - Q/ e6 }6 K7 o7 q5 E; F! `! S' K" X' [; G0 Q" m
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ G. f9 Z9 r5 }& @& u: ^
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 J, h0 y% g3 _1 [5 @
4 }2 l5 v* l. _ p8 QCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . Y% ]6 Q% z1 r2 w# i2 g+ {- r2 L6 C3 A: O
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - T' P3 m" q6 d [. o, Z+ Q# F5 q% x% u- Z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 h3 T% l- A2 O9 p5 |5 `( e i' V, W/ ]+ b7 X
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' _( x( B# c0 x2 Y1 R& H
1 y1 }6 v$ L5 _5 y( a对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' E& Z+ R5 Q6 ~$ {$ O' ]5 {
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 x5 V0 F! Q5 p7 T! H( ^
4 U T+ m& V: e2 K2 @有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 {, ~2 Q% @$ |$ C* M% p