本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 i1 b F, @. o* y V' Y8 l+ D4 m+ ^ ?; z7 o1 {1 t 转帖: p# ^2 ?/ m% y, R% }! U
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # C; ]6 \2 t" l# p7 ` C% j: v) H$ a% L0 O' I# V# I. V
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/ n; S) y0 A7 Q9 T4 ^Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 _/ G d3 m, `4 M1 l* o$ S; t% D 7 K0 N, u6 W* o4 j/ ^* w: {2 \Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . M0 T# `4 v9 W ( Z5 {4 p! F8 e% n$ |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( O, ?# s7 R# Q1 Y7 y& o ! F% e' S4 n5 V+ X- E+ l4 A7 B) `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- ^6 b6 W7 Z& x7 t5 W1 [' V
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . M# v; ~; @+ U5 P7 d( ] 5 q+ a2 k9 y9 c" b2 m$ }Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' ~6 W" q- v" U8 i, E9 e
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 F, g( z1 g( F3 p# H3 X
3 X( ?9 C a, LThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) W! n% H5 q6 h3 R4 I( E& K8 ^
1 ^9 D* g* X% }8 i: H- U* eWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% I' A2 k! z8 D9 q8 X, O
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / I- r- `- W/ t) R5 A: V5 Y; W- v5 k4 G
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; Q9 e+ }7 }9 n3 w* p # G& u7 n, x8 p9 W. h; V, S # k2 {# {) n7 U9 W- M3 c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 n0 s9 |* [5 P2 Y8 D
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例如: 3 O0 W: D6 J$ A: A 2 D8 E7 C; p- [( n w/ M0 @At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 ]/ B& A$ p8 q1 w2 [
N# `& J! q0 ~* Y. O* r" J. W" VDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! P$ f7 y9 j( {- C% V/ @
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # C2 [" m) n2 d7 h8 K: A. S4 W3 ?+ }0 ]0 Y+ r
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' [6 N5 d) p8 R" z, z( {
9 ?5 v) l8 w3 ^5 P0 }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 L) E" l) r/ ~0 Z4 N6 e
w- A" Y A/ p5 w" |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 w2 g* c/ L4 O$ F
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* w# z7 T: l4 u: {0 S
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( [3 b+ N% V0 J8 ]* J
6 r1 R7 q# T0 Y; F. XThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 t# s K5 n4 l) @1 O. {1 B
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 E' e4 m `8 s& v v2 y8 h$ F9 z4 T3 N! }% B, L
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ A7 H+ j& v7 i# `# G* v& x9 Q; D
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 `2 _8 f( b1 @, a% e* { % t9 A7 V5 _$ ~6 @/ x O N1 o* tWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , z, F( T o& l 1 i" Z! ^1 p0 d0 w5 sEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 C, n K9 k+ S4 z( Q- S
$ E2 z( Y3 X! p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 x6 F9 l! H2 C/ R
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 U3 V3 U. |* e( i* e) g
8 d7 W7 m! } E2 _+ ~; @5 s6 z7 I8 t4 `# k 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . F1 w3 Y* K6 L7 y5 j' H- i . z, f, l1 ~/ v% z8 ]; [0 {例如:# K8 K( b# c: |9 `+ J8 Y2 r( Z! z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) G8 \ v' S4 ^* t- u8 X" i5 K1 L6 N T! C+ R" v$ ?: m
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 E5 U2 ^( x8 S p! T
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 H( w8 G9 J% y+ T3 @2 s! n3 e/ C, c( N5 z! \
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 a" A" g8 R0 n4 A; S
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" s5 p# _6 X) c9 O
% Z" E! `( V# q& g6 ]' WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , i+ l( \8 |; g }: v6 g + Y7 J* H4 X/ F8 PCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( p1 j, `8 D* @1 ~
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 A1 P" {# t$ Z4 s8 _/ T7 ^; m& m% Y& Z; k2 N+ N
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 Q2 f) y( s9 {7 q9 V4 }; _
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ `: e, E% _( `
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; Y$ t* Y8 @% [
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% u6 M/ p7 e$ o3 p2 [+ \4 D
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : D' z8 h; K6 y7 e" O- y, F! _1 ~+ k& f5 M/ ?) p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' P: j) b& L! m; _
, {" t4 O3 o+ \至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) {7 e7 h, c* u2 w) J
( L: X8 v6 ~8 Y7 W0 s: Z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 c5 E7 C1 x% m6 E$ K: Q' G3 s
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 ^6 Y" X4 Q" q9 X9 u# F8 F