本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - T( ~$ V* t+ Y. V2 }$ b( Z) q( E+ ]4 e 转帖 , Y% c1 W$ \' n8 C. c7 C8 P1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) D5 f" a g7 z3 ]0 h3 Q& d$ g5 o- Y* J- c" P, z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 G$ p, B7 j8 h# n8 y( g: D
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 O z5 s( T4 \. e7 F
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 S7 G( o6 E. o; ?) Z- m( v3 ]
% k8 J+ o+ w8 g/ b# Q+ v4 cThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 r; P {: r: ~$ E, P. E) b6 c5 {: v% {; [2 N- ]. G4 e+ r
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 E2 ` a/ c7 ? 8 F- s9 ?8 e3 k. NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 g. A9 ~, H+ O/ a# q" M! K
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ D% B/ g. M3 u+ N& V I! y
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - e J9 H2 L$ P0 `! X7 T% i0 s, z I: s
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 B! A9 n) M( N& R: {& k+ K/ M$ w4 b0 u0 \3 u" V% F O
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' D: |0 G9 S: e# W. _' M6 l/ V4 C: W! ]' v s
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! a" u- w$ V a$ w8 T' }$ R+ Z; I R
+ S7 Q' J6 q1 r3 T6 r1 T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- c5 G; X2 k8 C- L6 ~/ ?
1 b. v; K( _6 I# S, i例如: 1 I: M( W: p# S& y7 @% n/ x5 y/ ^- w0 W
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% g' k& d I: z( x$ K
K" d$ I5 q( w6 t+ hDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 q% k+ V8 |5 O# g: G X( L! }+ I4 R; @5 w8 m7 U( ]
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 t9 ^2 \; ]7 K$ r , d& y/ L8 i& v" f2 R1 VHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( ]% l$ v, g! c. Y9 n* ~3 m; h8 \+ j
2 M* ?5 Q) ~2 G S- J: aIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 P( c- J& |( o; R. j; Z' z
) d+ l) p# F0 q. C9 f. JShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 f' r; o* c3 E# E
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 v" c' }* x- t+ Z' C' f% \5 `5 \) {) E& H6 v/ b2 p
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 \' l( }$ Z, X3 t1 h
2 \! p9 C8 A7 b( E* ?& m2 zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; S1 [3 ?6 v0 h# N$ r% k5 i R7 X# C : N$ {' s# q* o0 W8 |+ vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 \! U1 ~* _: ~! \& {$ C& n+ k$ ?* \4 H. U( A9 T3 P( |% b& k+ n
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . J) e- C. e4 I: c ' R" H5 ~# C" i5 I/ |2 ~4 T2 E1 MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% L! }! [4 L- v# f& D+ _
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ I& f4 Z7 b$ v: V6 }4 V
: G* f9 t3 B# @Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 h3 N) _( F. H) i3 A* N! T/ g# y
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! k4 D$ m2 H. ?- k/ H" Q; j% E" @+ Z+ ?8 Z& o
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* s: b a) B! T/ _( |8 _0 v# e' [+ D, u
: D5 ~% I5 u& | . j% m |" P, c6 }" c; @3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 W2 x, _* J r y" h/ W- `$ G+ l
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, q4 P5 O" G2 f: HMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 Z- w$ T5 ~8 d$ D/ M/ a
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , o' m% s" h, A B# d4 A3 ] 3 k9 `. Y' @1 q: U; [- `/ m+ t* N6 u7 q9 }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , `# k" g r" s0 @ , u- p( G& ?) AHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): A( y! d% f: e; q5 e) u. j
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + E# T6 M, [5 d `$ b; N9 c% o- f 2 i' X% z6 a BPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 |/ Q' Y; ~. a# `: k9 A5 c
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 X- k. H# n2 c5 B8 a& w( s4 m 3 J+ f" @# m# R/ l* x2 K' F( NStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . t! g x2 U7 l7 o: C G) z; z# O8 q7 k# z1 D9 T! o$ ]
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 |3 P( x9 M7 s5 g+ K! |
0 G' m! k% R5 Y5 `1 D0 r; t/ E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) W3 y1 C8 A8 \) R5 R; | $ K/ B5 r) u5 h% a. ]4 i对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 n0 w0 K- I5 X! Q. U! t" P2 w% a( p6 c* E9 o y, j
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . d& c# b8 R; [/ q) H- k( \: g. v" o, l: v* N& H% Z2 v7 J4 C+ w# E2 w5 o
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 n4 H$ J; Z" |: U5 h
& }) e( v# k4 I# H; ?& q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 @5 c7 y' q! ] t6 ~
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * H" t, M8 c9 n" R 1 @( d# j! N5 x ?! ]' x, S还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! ]8 |9 N; o0 c( T
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) f8 r6 e, C9 R