- S% t! Y% z) L5 _: W0 m$ [# Y7 ]/ J转帖* ^8 _8 {; |# T: w
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 E$ Z H7 b( P; H' I2 P+ b. [5 {% H# N/ L
例如:3 L; @, _6 X4 h4 M
3 J1 x e& f0 c, P) A! N+ D1 _( K+ `
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 e' r. ~% ?) X2 B
; m: z$ F0 [ v5 }
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 O0 d7 [+ o2 l8 m7 o1 C I- H- M: i4 W& Y$ y _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / ]4 W, C% |; i$ ?3 }/ F) l 4 H' m1 [- H7 vThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : [+ r9 b) {3 X. @5 m) k5 E+ s + o+ G% p$ K6 D( k% g7 AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): A8 h# q0 C0 n. I; o
) H8 g; B! e; C: }
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / V; k3 M0 V) @ _% f* j5 h" }, x- b/ ?) l) F0 Y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! E* l$ [ ~- o8 X' c: h8 T, A. w2 k6 d $ H+ {: d( [6 _) T, U" _The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : L5 ]% B/ T' x$ ]4 R% v( D+ n5 p( ^& O) N
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" S4 s" G3 _3 y q0 P4 T2 c
$ q9 T0 }+ v) P! @$ z8 B# ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 n- K3 f0 i* F7 d% s
/ s6 @( @* k* V- F* Z- c: E这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * o# _( }5 V1 x& D7 A6 A. n% Z2 B1 i
2 K& M1 A, X# x8 ]; t+ X/ ~9 v& l 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / ?8 ?' ^! i2 i2 j % I% J! G0 F |- U$ ^8 m8 i例如: 0 F$ i5 k/ |! F. o6 k; M. I: F$ A ( b) K! t& y& k0 M4 \% EAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : m8 D! Y# }0 k ; o( q' H# H) z) `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) t, r- _7 Q5 e3 |
3 V5 W: w- R7 X3 |3 z+ q
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% q$ n% K2 n4 [0 H) k* a# a3 I2 G
0 w: M" {$ |" K8 y3 PHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 E' S# @' Q3 S/ Q2 ^# P, s3 }8 M: g$ F+ P7 w& J1 o
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 C+ n0 n: F$ q5 W' N2 @ 3 r6 I1 k6 t' J6 mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ D0 g6 Q! L7 y3 R6 e
. b: @ R+ k. i5 A# {( B) aI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( T' R# [- u# R) Q6 R9 j4 T( q& H1 G$ J - b! U, A. g$ O9 c' v/ C2 {# J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 X& g) Q8 W' i( X# O* ]+ F- q5 w: W
8 u" g/ ^9 l% k0 O0 O# cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) l! c1 ~1 D" Q# x) p. w. T$ v& z
8 X: Y! N) r$ C+ y) e0 J+ C( J
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 l( R2 y& q2 S/ }! W# X7 K
5 Q8 H+ F; Z8 b# I; nHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; k. N1 I+ n; e* l. J 1 E" k6 u7 F& v- _9 q ]/ bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) }7 b. O' H+ T) V. u
, N* m8 X l7 E& Y) ~2 n( X1 h9 H2 V: AWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 i5 I# t7 ]: q9 ]4 U7 P
+ _8 D% ]# b* L, T
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / M' g* ?% [4 P& s. r 8 a0 \; i4 z/ U写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % [( c. r1 `: _/ G2 W3 ~6 ] 7 u: u/ C( i5 D6 E8 B5 t3 v' p此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 A& g. G: H+ n0 K
& }& q. l7 a' e& ]! h5 l# p/ v 3 x. m: D4 |2 h% F: ]1 G9 Z8 I0 V. X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 Y8 C6 U6 K8 U- q
; K7 g$ C' G/ q7 Y, N# H例如:/ h9 o" `" u5 V! N; n
* x& L3 T6 b* n( g# L% z0 B L
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- t1 C& p6 Z- G
: a) o, O9 D6 ~' U; G6 Y$ ~
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 H9 g+ `8 K( G2 ]4 b
/ i- j* W" i# l, t" O& F/ mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 u3 ~6 g% [! Q' R
/ i& W5 C3 [2 w1 b6 f2 w a* FHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& {- {3 {: A: c# ^8 i o
" n! [) s- W w# M# w, A
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 F$ Z: D6 j8 h7 K4 n
. v9 E8 {0 ?: F" `0 b) v4 |
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) _& L7 X8 \( {8 \ " u( K5 T$ @, C4 X, ]( wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ o( G, _, z8 K" `
+ X3 x& R/ z o, ^9 `* q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 g( M/ i. y+ a( J
* |( L9 k2 V4 Z( _% a/ B* v
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# ~4 K! ~$ z& E: h
$ }1 O+ U- I$ b6 o. g U当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 u, f* j+ l. H a" ?6 L. u! }/ w4 L
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , S! S0 I' i5 E/ k, \ % ]3 ?- b, L. c' o对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 h& f# i9 L* l2 x }. G& Z
* c6 _6 r C1 b8 c5 \' z5 W
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' B# e' {$ t0 v" G( C $ p8 ~( F9 R6 S. g对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;$ L4 c4 t* W3 G) m' p8 |* A4 h. R
0 }0 L3 H' S2 q1 h7 c7 `/ N$ C& f至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 B" R8 G3 e2 F, ~' F
; L0 ^5 |% d8 [' B9 \/ G
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% |3 K9 e1 g1 U7 _
0 ^, n% ~: ?+ K+ j
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / F7 s" f- ]) t" r2 `3 ?