本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 M0 k/ t8 J8 i2 Y& @/ w & t4 X" z: X5 S5 }& L1 Y转帖 4 O# l- b1 W" e" ~1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # c1 M) Z) [5 n$ p2 |! s ! L5 n! {- ~2 {, ~6 @+ `7 B例如: * Z z3 B; E! D. K! i- ]3 ^ Q 1 C6 {: B" z Q9 `% j. w% j, B8 C2 yMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 D( e R7 V+ H
4 L! V9 S5 ^: z" _+ V! HThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 X4 `1 J9 ?5 v3 D" ]
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ Q" z9 A$ Y- a( r4 y# t
, A5 E3 [ a% e/ y5 [/ q2 i# T1 z CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 R5 @; ?1 E- k! M4 [
# v, R% C, f2 q* K1 \, s& LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 k" J1 q1 T. S4 v9 i+ B3 k- D! I& b( R* a
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / ^6 D0 H) ?& E+ Z( r8 y3 T& w4 Y / p- g- b# w( ]% D+ l8 s( [We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" M: ?. x, n' S6 ]$ `7 G @
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 `( b* [; ?" O5 Y( P; n. _7 k. ~) m: ?+ d
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + y0 m& L. g4 H% ]: r + D0 W2 P K) h/ zPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 O: G2 C, o4 d' \4 s3 m9 f- x( Y( D0 H: o
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- q; f5 K4 b) X1 U. \& _
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( e7 c( S& `/ S- t4 q) C' d: V 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ i0 D5 z; `- X) K' o q' w% ` f- {3 x# R3 _8 `9 ~+ t
例如: 4 y" c' \; i8 z- o& r % z9 F g. }0 f6 M6 sAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; l0 E9 t( X' K w3 F% P7 c' D& L& k( O4 Q, A
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 z! i( l9 N5 ^* @; h$ W b' l) v
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( v5 U0 c9 |" [ 9 j% y1 G6 M8 M! F0 nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " [( p4 G+ E& b' F9 Z" ^' M3 S1 B+ {1 t/ N5 v- S
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : H$ I& v. a& f K; z n2 \! C# E$ j4 s" @) A0 r! |0 _ L8 h7 \, {' K8 |
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , U) {# J2 b2 w( y) S" R m! |0 m8 w+ }) |6 q. \, b
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) c2 T: S, r4 n* [0 i4 V( u3 i0 s" z8 C/ E& z! _4 z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: F8 c" y2 H9 o$ L( r, F
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( s' ?& ~2 K# O% I" M6 i: m 1 U1 F( Y# A! ] N* dThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 D$ u8 N/ I5 n: V
! c( L7 E; r% |! e8 g$ XHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( U& f+ u0 t& N! h: U% {: v0 i2 _6 ~! ~. J" H+ L. H# k, G
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . q; S* t1 w$ V; f1 F- U" k/ I5 z# M) K& [6 Z. w9 q
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ S5 Z. E# p: A+ u; C) ~7 c
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 d: O( Z1 r( q% N5 f; T. ^8 W4 L$ }; }9 ~' p/ M# P" v& t
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 _; Z" P$ E6 }9 _ # ` B D2 g: b此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : `$ [# M' @+ G$ C6 |" R& u3 q* K0 m2 X! q
( i: g. e: I8 R- ]. U n, ` 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( x& _' E4 k) B1 I
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例如:; X% T) S! e6 H( ~$ j' ?; A
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / E( m. A g0 G, C1 R q ) x$ z4 S! D1 F2 d& OManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# ~: r9 J* ?2 i0 a$ a2 `( Y
+ `! j$ [6 t# Y3 V. i; tThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( X4 o# G) d0 k5 s; z$ U) r T4 R/ ~0 ]. J! O0 d/ y2 K! }
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) \7 [6 G9 i: V R+ N0 M' ^
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); v. F5 n2 R- G0 b1 d& a
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ _. q3 x/ I% _ M$ \
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 y4 N/ Z3 {. y3 {9 }- K$ @ % }. n1 J* x' }) A4 QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* V: V: X W% k- |( r
^) y; N' ~, k& I$ i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% i' ?& t+ Q0 p& r! C" z5 I
: ]4 R; I9 E& B7 f当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: C/ [. Z( r" b, K% a% _5 h4 I1 M( q* ~. n7 K5 R
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' Z& C+ g6 s. a& f& D& X $ ?' E3 z4 D8 L# ]9 N3 B: o9 j! e1 c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 a k' i: o0 f" t" z( k5 m/ e ; S0 c+ x6 k* r0 ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 s' l3 v+ d5 w: b6 Z7 r& I3 f5 u ]
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; G+ p+ ]; @. l 4 ^8 e8 |, d6 r( w% E. x, m$ y7 `至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + G9 m0 v; e, j5 v# A, E3 n, L" Y/ c, D% s9 l* ~# A
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 M' M) @& f) k/ H
( Y* C' X9 k* G1 R$ g5 F有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , |8 H. Q; ^+ H6 `/ y; Z9 s4 m