本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 W0 X8 [5 I3 z& @7 N l; l6 F |5 |: a
j! J+ @/ x' |: C3 z! J 转帖 0 _+ { U# l* A' x: }. m1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 \7 E! e* f) O* N; |; ~/ _4 B 0 Y5 @. i4 r$ w+ l例如: ; T$ C5 Y3 z# Y4 q, B- X2 O7 U, `! S/ w7 R
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 D- ?* C4 k) _3 s+ I9 l/ l
$ S% n# O4 D% GThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ H$ c0 s3 X) C1 \+ l( ^7 \. @* g' \) W; t$ X: w
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! F, C# S7 ^) v4 z: Q8 }8 R& s. w5 l$ W* U$ }
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! t5 D- }7 ^! }( o% U
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - ?) p- O+ Y7 R6 j B / l4 i7 `1 m9 @/ ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; B* u. R# r# o$ w: C" s# v n+ ?, E! R
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# f& p$ g. z9 @3 }2 p0 l
, |/ a: ~# C; u% pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% d# k. }8 o$ Y- H! q! V0 Q5 P
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) }' J! _& e/ D3 G ; o, g% ^5 Z3 V: E2 w9 PPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% |' C8 S1 {$ ~. Z y6 Q) w1 }
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! c& u$ N$ T2 {# a' R5 W' I
% A- @$ f' n# y; U5 a, z% J* o4 g7 X, k* g2 D: A 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 p# _8 H! }: y # k8 D- G# W0 n3 ^& V- B, @例如:; l) x5 p: }" k9 \: S. o
) f! R* m2 D$ s/ [: g, fAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 p% ]; m2 ]2 M
8 u% K4 q) ^4 N- Y' }Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 L7 K/ o& `9 x; Q. ?: T! j* v& r8 r. p6 s/ k- a- I
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 s$ u0 t1 Q4 L$ S& G1 {8 B! b$ u" W: v5 S m
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- A5 H5 }9 ?/ ~+ r
3 Z2 l4 S7 n0 d7 fIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 p4 X5 r$ w. J* M) `) j
+ k }- R h$ ^) b' `9 Q jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # j* X2 t B" q8 A: O% ]* U [) `( O7 a! r
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' b0 p8 Q$ j- q% } + q. ~; u3 i7 T' U' V' {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) L8 c" e; V/ m. K2 t% A; G. B" O$ b: Q. s, j
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 z, |0 `( u4 I1 b: u
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- s g3 n e( h; s' Z& z. o( J
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! X. X5 q4 j6 X7 f# Y+ n" n7 ~/ y* n* e" z# m( g0 j; `& \
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), S$ ~2 m; E2 W; \. I$ L" Q5 u
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 r1 h- o; ~9 H, q) C( u# @: d' {0 n" m! O3 [- m" ]
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 @- @+ P% l4 ]9 K6 ]
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# A, H0 A/ A$ G0 N$ Q; a: s: X1 {9 \
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" `9 ^1 c7 A+ {! Q+ n: y
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' S6 C/ Y& h) I. e3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; O4 e' m0 H5 m* U% r 2 E, o: @: y. ]/ f, x# h例如: 2 V- U8 I4 D4 _ ' Q. U$ z p& W; }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) {; O0 k4 F7 }) }9 i5 }+ Q ( }2 a. k, F. h6 AManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . r" C; Y: u' n a) R ! S2 P. o6 s4 Y) a8 z% m- IThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 P* |/ q) n, A; N: Q0 s) A 1 z8 f8 x4 Y* R& L: m8 n# [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- C& D" D- X5 P
& {8 g, X4 ~* T$ W# NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 c1 i- F* `1 _
4 N2 Z- v3 Y4 {/ R4 E: mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) _* z+ \% i+ `4 y* U8 b& q $ l) G: k$ z T5 G3 _- G$ VCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 T4 W) C1 V: O. W8 \+ K ! p4 o! I% D0 {0 O: L# A) B0 xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ }6 n3 ]* ~* W/ f" r6 R; d& |* W7 c
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( f; G! Y3 q& N9 L, |
5 @; I+ |* `" X" @1 Z _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , F5 ?7 t7 `$ f1 o# o 6 C1 S! w) c/ V# ~对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , a4 k9 R9 S; I" G( T 6 Z, f0 M' W( `0 R- h! O0 ]/ V对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * Y$ d8 V J( S 1 |( z3 ]6 Z% A2 w对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 x3 R/ g( b! K- M5 n5 Q" y8 O I9 {% \* n% I- m$ u对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; : {) Q, c. b$ T! r6 ?% a6 ?6 y. F4 c2 e$ a8 q; a
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" x# `. h" O0 W, O4 J1 p
' q- Q$ x8 @% w, I# ~还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 z) W( [1 @: u3 b7 R/ q& N6 X* K9 [& j. O
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, l* R" S1 c# d