2 e/ L9 u4 q6 }( a3 n9 `! s) kMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)* {- ?" M8 X- D( i; _+ [# H
" d, V& m, J- T9 A$ }$ R9 RThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" D. p' Y) m6 O- ]! l. z
: N! r. {4 Z7 m: F* ~' tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 S4 `/ s7 X- X3 i5 ?& y
1 [9 x# g. @' {: G" QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ Y- d! J3 Y5 E; {
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / x/ F( v& {- Q" F1 d- x% _ - [5 g' |8 v8 F2 v2 q) UMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 t+ V7 y# S7 S& v7 L) H. y9 i1 } \& ?
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) d) c b Y7 S3 x7 d3 o
- ]) |0 \; K. J, dThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): j# G5 f3 ?% o' w
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 b; y7 z. ~1 t! N5 b) I
6 n n1 R& f$ r+ B ~; [% EPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , \' V( [$ j8 l% _' Z! U" h- e% S6 |, u
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! d5 I9 U! k. S6 T0 ], z& V. i K& G. C6 @* B6 E
/ m9 P* I2 ?2 X: J( D% u- o- A 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , w7 }2 n9 ~! j8 W' ]9 {2 [! G0 b1 A @& M; U; w" R" M! ^9 u; U' D/ R
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; l; Z9 i3 ]+ c- I/ h! j' _) ?; l) w
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 j6 u! I2 b: f1 A+ f' ~- `6 b
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); l/ P% y0 g K" b! \& j) e! R% L
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* w: B5 e. k* l. p3 x( z
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 J" e. Z$ Z( U' ?3 V0 f
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 d8 n7 g0 C' s% X- J2 T2 I/ P, G) _6 G; L, g
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) U5 i7 ?) b0 X$ R8 Y. M) s , g* n c6 j9 `0 |7 E! T' K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 R& T2 b! {8 z7 F. x; P
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! S! b0 n3 N& }. X% z! k
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - k+ | g! I4 z3 C( m * l0 V! ]6 ~* h. oHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; p' r6 @! v5 g; P6 q2 Q% a. [0 o( O+ T/ ^
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : D6 F( J, W9 a2 r0 [& ^ W0 k 8 c/ m2 L* h: b- n/ C$ y; [ n/ H+ LWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& N5 [1 x/ c0 M% ?# V
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' w6 z% Y% @- t+ j( T) [2 _5 o6 z6 ?; V
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): {$ W3 I6 l! n+ H( c2 O3 `
' u) e9 p* i/ y' R- g1 U& b此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 E$ H2 ~6 e) v+ s0 }
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- R; X8 `( b4 @9 j3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 y8 D* w- D$ r# u) h$ X4 ~
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ H; n( a! S+ Q 4 m) }% n' C( _9 j, `& T# |Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 S7 G( y* J' Y" s s" {8 Z/ n: w; J" K+ ]7 N! E+ g) ]
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , U* o& w b$ x; V6 [. b2 m% I5 a- A" f7 C6 c
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! p4 `1 G, M) ^9 Z! Z4 h0 t
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ W3 r' B+ J+ R) d3 i8 \
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % l: R( E; Q9 X, c 3 G2 W( [( j& J8 P: ~: ^3 oCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% l. E3 U+ O7 N% e' i$ T5 n
8 C w6 D& `% R7 x2 jStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! C, w) W- C1 i$ v: q5 P, ]1 }% H' v4 X- R& f" o. U
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; [ C C: \$ e/ o, ?" N( y h. Q$ N
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( }* T. |! [9 V- M : P# {1 y* n; b对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; r; d9 u% d8 c: E
4 Z8 ]8 r, k& S5 ^" t) ?对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 D- q7 t5 B1 o% j2 [4 M; r. _3 _$ {. X% b
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ _0 J. t1 V$ @4 H- @
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) m3 }5 D- `& ^, |* m0 p . o; ]6 C$ ]1 X5 ?/ N" d至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , V, J2 m. K2 j5 g% r4 k6 l; G % B# Z9 S. G' f还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; ~8 i0 ^' s! D6 e& l) g% v6 X 3 C1 T N6 T; S+ l5 Q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 e d3 w9 W. ~: T# k# b) X