本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % o6 v$ w5 d: Z. j. M: S, W ) [6 @9 r. M# q7 a0 q转帖 ( w: J: ~: K; f) C+ C1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) & N5 g* y) L8 G f" I$ C) V. a" q; t; N: C5 l例如: . u( r3 r" j3 T8 D" V- l8 p& [ ; M& W1 e' N3 x1 u0 q# g6 [ T* yMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 P1 o+ \; ~) [& q/ G' F* P U! c6 t# I% x7 t! C& sThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 R. b- ]4 |- o, k8 u u G5 |2 c% T: d9 U
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * c+ r, M* f( S$ s s* q& R+ [ Z' u0 g% q) B0 b( N( m, P" B! R
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); ?! j5 a* g1 i8 s% t. r# T+ S, }
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 t- w4 l k+ ]# @) _ 1 a, Z" N5 U8 w5 l" }2 LMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + `# F" d8 t9 r |7 s/ S c1 f 5 [0 H, [+ u; N4 DWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), T; K3 n& l# t. L2 e4 \ `5 Q
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' N; ^0 L& p4 C5 S * _! M6 x$ x6 g, ]7 h5 k7 EWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( [6 ]& N: g8 M( V; `
9 B) ~. j8 ?' u8 oPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 C# h4 m4 Y8 u4 ^ 8 K" y6 e* v( {2 B4 \这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; I! ^) a! d5 y3 o! v1 n! \: R; A6 Q( E
/ p2 X! _' f1 p$ l+ E* w: Q3 v0 l 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : Q' C; [( V( |4 b3 v ( @( u# q* l$ b例如:5 a7 Q7 O6 y0 W; w1 R. j6 ]4 |. X- ^
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 m* C& v# a; m0 w$ S+ j
& i9 q: Q& E. A5 |: k7 V; H# T; W& NDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( Q6 ?" m2 B* D3 o) c
+ w) P/ g; C, y$ ~I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) {5 A4 k& s8 I! j1 l. M/ N
+ D% \7 O7 u' p4 zHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), K+ a" q6 z) _9 p( y* ?8 O7 f. X
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 N; O1 u) c! o+ R
9 d! L/ l& X- y4 ~) i# n/ K- y1 MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! |* n+ `6 ]. h+ \) h; I; I1 }
% ^4 \" v9 S0 O) u6 ^' [3 j8 U3 YI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( d+ |5 R, A1 I% o5 C6 v * w* q1 c) n% f5 d& E如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ W. x9 |, M6 j4 m: H
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ h4 |/ z0 I& V) ~' T
8 U* X2 N9 s4 o( S0 x% Q/ J" k JThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' [$ O2 M- m' ]6 e4 ?1 X9 J/ S
# p D4 i6 H U9 s2 `5 V, lHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % ^; Y: I4 m, R" g ( F* ^6 ~: t0 B/ }/ O, RHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 x' d9 ?% V" [8 I; f1 |% K' G9 r! ^3 O* b. b. E
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ \% ^# c' d) N$ F5 M1 l a2 D& k: _1 K! h+ p: ^( s
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) R6 b: H0 F; q ^" g: ]2 r8 x
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 v0 Q8 y- V/ W5 y- D, [( o* Z! U5 K/ ^0 Y1 K$ U3 C2 ?
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* ^6 a( m+ o. V4 p+ J
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+ m0 q* w+ v0 V# u; y4 V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# ~$ X2 R2 B7 |
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例如: [' F" [: X2 m$ Q Z) o1 I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 o, q4 _" c! z( S
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . O3 D: G4 }2 [ 5 j x0 r- G3 }: h5 `) u' @/ GThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 l# Q3 O( \& e+ S4 ] A
1 i0 g( H. ^8 M, j0 ~9 nHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " Q' u# A7 R4 m7 F0 \; b . R6 P% m( F# [9 v9 q0 `Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! W0 Y/ a$ v$ ^* @& y, y9 v ^ 6 E- ^4 R! ~$ J0 VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # ]$ d# u( ]( R( Q0 X) M) N# ^2 D( L* N9 M+ |6 O8 B
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% Q# E. F, |1 k. s8 \& M# p6 W2 E
; @/ V+ e: l; N) E% Y9 r& kStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! V7 V3 ]/ }. E" U1 P# N0 A+ F
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % ^1 l. ^ A* Y) g% j' g; K, F) d& M, t" Q0 {0 `& k$ X% a
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * R7 W9 K2 H( c- @) R f9 K/ i) z) B5 P0 p9 ?+ \7 U/ r' h5 [
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) {: a6 m. D8 F4 S- g0 T3 ]& l: U4 v2 M: W! l6 K
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; + M$ j* Z4 v) K" U) L! f( W4 b6 E y+ k! t5 N
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! w& t: P9 t" V& }: [9 `% k
; ^( ^* C4 |: E/ W对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , r& B: j k0 ^; U2 I + ]* q$ W H5 p) Y" E: f至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , }0 J' _; M0 E; ]7 k 5 D. i. W( P+ i7 Y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( {+ g' U+ D' J9 M4 p+ K' K. ^
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# }- J4 A+ @: t