本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 F3 p8 d5 d9 A& } % ^1 G/ l O4 D; u, U8 E9 ~转帖 7 e* E* |4 o3 ^& d" M1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - T8 c7 b% j- \ . O I$ }4 ?% k9 R, w4 F例如:0 B- r b3 k9 A" T; o
+ h& W" M. W2 U: WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): u7 G9 ]5 Z- l( g- R
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 F2 V. r2 n( V5 t0 N$ W& I! k3 s+ G1 _6 a/ W
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # Y& J, L( d; |( m! K. i0 a6 ~; Q. w3 u, O. r5 G7 w, g( C
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 ]8 m1 t7 d! Z( w0 B( ^
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( A2 @/ J! H, z2 \
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; x/ T' ~0 z( v/ ^5 g5 ?- C2 v- p; y* i) j# r8 e$ G1 Z: c3 ?
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 Q) Q) p3 Y }: o/ g m3 b( U$ W% ?2 M
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; |. B7 x8 L' B# p 2 C4 ^; K' _. j5 @! K2 b' A# x# kWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 u/ f& R3 O" S, \" B" t7 b; V3 h
: | q( k5 R1 D+ |! |8 N% }4 s4 N( OPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / l) k: v( Z6 t( B( d8 e1 l8 w7 t* n5 E( ?/ H) {
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : {+ ?% o, m( s7 A l1 a! S/ C $ S; @6 V* Q" a) T5 M# }3 x5 E# G* I: f: X( v$ c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ l {& j _8 X+ v* G
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例如:+ z9 y. \! I6 _ o: `6 @
1 ^7 F( `! A+ S& N2 ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# V9 I, h, C4 ?3 q
+ o; z |7 f/ S5 K( J/ y$ |* EDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , M$ F9 Z0 y# S$ w! L * J6 V3 D# V$ qI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! j+ l/ i0 j6 x. a
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ Z5 |, W4 ]; p& @7 U: W- I
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 a% t+ X4 b5 q a y- w7 l' @/ F4 c0 B# W
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 I% B! F! Y$ x1 a% }# }( a$ D" G. N5 `, B3 y. H
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! \( `8 r; y( O9 L5 x& ~' i w
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" P' s% r: R: i
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 \! v0 W: r) \
4 B- Z) K& q& z0 F4 H( IThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( d/ Y( f: K4 T ; {7 ]1 r8 I& P3 UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( i+ u. s4 Q3 S3 H8 M1 n/ ]
) u: Y0 k4 _' X2 g% {He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . C+ K, t& \) v0 E; p6 @" C M* f) p+ ]& k
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" [3 U, C5 ], ]& J& v9 ?. L
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 D/ a0 C" ~) G. Z - b1 U4 Q) N7 V0 K! D写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); R$ p I; e" q
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : z8 F# {" V$ g$ q8 g/ d; P1 Z$ h3 L* i
. f" @( o4 Q: x, O) W3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 x7 v. `' U! `7 k4 ~" s
4 R. o3 u' U- H4 c+ s例如:! j' U- W, V, n+ a
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 s( \) O* B. E # x S* V+ H* z- q2 aManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 b8 `. ]( y+ U" v6 h
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " @9 f/ c. {( ^/ ?7 d9 B$ K! W& {! I; q2 B
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* u" B7 l9 W; T _
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " D7 C) b" l) {7 N* |1 F& T3 e$ ^" I. G2 I6 {: u
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% Q+ C+ M/ v; R. n
' a6 |) E& r6 `0 R# dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( T7 n; R7 G$ C1 F. t7 D
" S5 T5 \ {* J& ]- r) mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 l- V; k( R9 x! i9 S5 O; a / K: D, c. w1 G1 H4 s5 a同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 J2 o/ ^6 |: P/ h- b
% [# ^9 H& G+ I% Y. {. g( F当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " B+ i* z! _4 F3 P/ E! c8 o 9 F* g% B! P2 h$ D对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - e2 C; A3 F0 M; H+ n3 x 6 T0 M2 n/ h- o* s对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " A" \/ i! t2 h/ A# T, {6 d% a6 ]) z! C; p$ L: i* P: E3 W
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- @2 V( e4 T, x; R
# z1 x9 a p H7 j" A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: R" u) s n$ _$ w- Y& v
" h$ ~& `1 E8 L( H5 x7 f) g至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # Y3 ^% T+ \6 B% f8 b2 l5 b3 `1 w: z# U. y% ]) g! p. t1 i
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 g) R. d) B, C
2 o; z/ B2 ~( [4 h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- O3 L1 K9 `! ~* C! ]; U& l% t