本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( C0 t3 _* u' v0 {
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " U3 q4 @, T/ @- s3 [/ w% ` 5 q) C5 ]5 P. B, @! w8 h( C. j例如:' x3 X* _9 g! R- z. J# c
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% l$ `8 s1 B. }6 X
( j3 g3 T. W5 x5 z2 w fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 E) f0 B! v k
* P" F4 B7 j% G$ F. QThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , t$ O9 R% t5 A6 W$ q. a- I, V& A7 t# h' q( r
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 ~; {3 I: ?& y r2 t6 ?. _3 w' W/ O/ z5 }3 e$ { K
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# `$ E/ K v5 G; I
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ a" q# ~3 c; C& i9 Q' {
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ C3 E c/ L- q $ C2 E' g- t2 c$ s/ ]' j9 IThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& r* J5 n( J7 z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 E6 c; N9 u# C4 m* Z, w; t7 X: n( ]& e0 W4 G
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & p9 h; H I k' K9 J+ w% \4 _3 G+ r( x5 U+ r, Q, V, p: T. R
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) b( n8 X" _6 B7 p0 l2 l8 t. X
& J( a6 L# F- \9 x+ K; { $ X& G& I. i J r& Y8 R8 K( {, O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 l/ ~- B- I2 @0 {6 M% _ & C) N0 b5 s" U8 E3 q( D. u例如:( L: p. a G) C5 X
; {* k2 J1 B+ KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* K# v5 Z9 K3 H/ f4 D# z6 t
! o4 R& T$ P9 X0 M/ R' m' WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 ^9 X4 P ?3 `6 X1 f6 n6 c4 { / S# W8 ?0 G. I: P8 hI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 ?3 Z0 @) {% P
8 T& z% J3 D6 P9 |& M; g. GHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 p+ K, b5 S/ z: m- c
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# V5 R. h! E/ g/ K. S+ y: @& q7 ~! ?
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 m4 R8 S3 |2 ~ ^- m+ t* y 8 ~* P' l, b2 w, `& b0 HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 [8 L- ]& K& O$ C7 j/ m- H; S6 V0 l; P* u d; ^
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& b" C" U# D8 r0 X% a/ ~7 `6 R
' P _" M# j5 B; [4 yThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 Y3 \$ E+ U; L+ ^/ ^/ T
* x2 u4 B/ ?0 L+ {& IThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 U7 z) |/ E1 w4 ` 3 D% _( a( V1 f$ _9 gHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% Y# I1 f- ` p) s) t; \* r
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . B0 Q3 S/ U5 D9 b: h* Z/ e9 o2 C2 H$ z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & I! S& h% y- l7 Z. {4 D6 _ - d1 |. X0 `- ^5 [$ {6 t7 Z, REnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 \; H% n' q+ R& S- I" I& X, _2 _6 |4 G$ ~* }
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ O' F0 h# b# J
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # T7 [" H' |) {* v9 E4 [: N$ h0 j1 D( S3 ?0 E
3 S, c& n) h- H3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : X0 {0 I% Z4 b% i8 W : K# ?4 j+ L7 M* A例如: ; j2 z) ]6 S3 o) o) U, D* O" g$ \2 ^
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 E8 T3 }4 O1 F% X0 y6 J4 x 7 t! }1 n* C5 T6 m5 ?! vManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). E1 F7 Z- D! i: X
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 O. I- A: o6 `$ W9 V2 n9 r, X
, j E( o3 T0 m5 j, F* QHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 e0 ?' V( i. W " |3 f& a/ d9 l; j. H3 HMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ z; o! c4 v. Z: k. {9 o' {$ t6 |3 R9 v, r+ C5 E; P
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ f. j8 O9 Y5 `& q
; S- @3 h4 L9 h9 Q6 w. ECongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * |& Z, |+ J3 z 5 D0 p, y3 i" O. z |Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' P/ l; V: g, H" Y9 k2 v- f* X! @ # }" ~& i1 K' }) e4 w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # E8 Z7 v, r2 U1 n" Y& {# Q0 [+ T6 {* r4 x+ H
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ {2 J' ?5 L- N5 x; e
' O; X4 p6 B! b9 ?& a对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; Y) T5 f. Y3 Z: ?$ g7 \' o. F
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) j% s1 q6 R6 v4 Y