本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) M1 ]3 U! b1 G% ^ s ]2 e
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 u$ @4 t, ?; t2 L. _$ L. w3 H% a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- }- {' `; \/ y" u: g
) g. y, a: s% J" V4 p$ o8 f" A# S' E9 |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ ^7 W+ `3 Y+ e( H% Q8 P O6 e! m/ d4 h
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 S% h: B8 v. _, q' I6 R# x; z8 l9 _, ^" `+ L2 ~
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 e+ \3 K j O3 [0 @
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & T/ S6 e$ g9 d/ j % O7 c: E: W" G+ wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ i3 D6 v! e6 m# r! H2 S3 a
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) T a: @( { K6 }; N7 L4 |8 H/ s; x2 x % u/ m7 Z9 v" I7 EThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( o, m1 \1 z( Q" I5 g5 V) g) l + A; x8 f5 g1 b; p- nWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ t/ i2 |; U* J2 k" ?0 o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# s. a1 z. E- r4 f1 l! o; V
- ]0 x2 X5 I5 C4 o! F+ X这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 f% N( o" u1 V5 Q$ [
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( S, O) P- }+ o! O, z- P2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 I/ ~6 l) x) H; Y2 q. Y. _; E3 |* n7 t
例如:1 Q! ]0 ]* R1 K3 f- W7 }
! a# \# e# T) \At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 ^* m% @8 |$ I( V. v& L
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) V* [0 R4 C! G/ h4 j8 g( K
: j. Q% Y# p2 K, T0 |- qI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # k2 O% ]& O7 q* v$ | 4 _; ~# y- k/ A: ~/ _He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . j$ q- d- b5 p+ J$ x; x- Y& L' a: G6 P, I7 q1 {$ y+ F
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + X: ^/ I& @) g" W C4 o' [, B8 G h! `# L& a# R# r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 A# y) g. o/ o& K$ s S
$ K+ H/ P& [4 S D: T* I) g6 gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 _/ m3 `7 _2 n4 u
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: y8 Y, y! b6 Q! q
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* F- d# m# z3 s
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# g- _ v) E" V( a; @. N6 O
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 ^) B: ?) n/ Y4 i2 m7 I
) {- u( @" C) m1 g* c, sHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : h7 m% k8 o$ X e% v% R2 J& X; O8 D 3 t `) U7 I: p" H+ F( ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 v# f/ ?7 a; {) b3 D
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 U& r% W8 s7 s0 e- c* w
, K5 Z# H" M3 W& P- b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# K$ L' l+ K) w1 Z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - N! F' t4 v# N+ j. H0 a' l/ f X8 G0 k F* M
6 d& m0 P2 T ` 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 u! R6 {* _, M1 Z 7 P y: ^* V5 {- U4 z1 T例如: & _. ]- V Q6 Z4 z6 E T$ |6 z1 ^ " h2 ]3 [9 _$ |6 mMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' Y9 H3 P% B& F, I
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % D( E; A4 Y# ^' d2 M. U) e* ]( y ]& `! u! V
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ C3 v1 c7 e; r+ N+ o& G: z% L h2 r0 ]* b: I: fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 _5 Q% [( v2 v: t$ s# l- Z1 B
; G% h- O4 ]1 C# H4 a' VMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + P$ S% ?( F0 l0 x! V- Q# f K$ q! a) h0 E0 [7 ^
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) Q8 ^0 N) Z5 u* K7 U* p7 z( Q3 J7 W' |
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 W2 K/ X' M: e6 o1 P
7 y2 q: T6 g3 \+ i+ m7 P; P( PStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 k6 S) |# ~8 G; U$ ?1 K' U$ { * G/ [) `5 |' O1 @2 r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: k: D" Z: o6 C8 ?
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- R2 T0 ^+ Z) R4 \ o* m4 v
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 f& w! C( S R, H * E/ }" c) U8 V+ H对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % @. L' j" P( {+ u9 R9 e " D9 ?! m7 ^5 _: X! g* D对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 P. ^( j" B, H0 H' _+ u3 x7 N: {6 c5 @, T+ A) [: u
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 D, m! |9 [! g$ T0 C, `
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + i O( n& ?0 l6 Z. R8 I- [( U" v" o5 s' \7 v
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + W& \5 b) G2 I: W" P3 ]% H 0 |: S* o& a+ p% D: g+ ]6 c& `' h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / M! c3 [4 i# B2 D( M