本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( I. f% q1 q r+ t$ a1 o" o# |2 I! E# T( n9 |8 i' O, S2 c 转帖; C9 [+ R# g" W$ Q6 j% M- }
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + h- t7 k' r6 J7 ?' W4 N! |7 {) [2 W/ N3 b& s- a# }
例如:( o, f, `7 B! n& X( j/ k
9 D4 m- t7 S# QMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ _$ ?; b* O& y' A, G
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 W/ \- R: l( ]# @2 w O |" E. {$ z+ z j( Y
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ M* p0 s8 K' R ~4 M
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " ^- Y$ F; W* Y* M+ z5 b ) O8 B) p- Y/ SI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - j# }) u4 h0 }( B7 q: G" J7 q: U2 j# S; H' T( f( X ]$ H
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! B" o$ M+ N! o: c) E0 a
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 U; G% U# p: @
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& f q; H% K) w2 V7 }# x
+ e2 g2 k; m$ w" ~+ ]We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" r; i% c# V) `7 `% m) R
e% p, R3 @% X9 \$ s, b: xPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 x# B- y' z% N: J) w
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ p4 O- u4 L4 i( x/ w
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7 ~' G2 R/ N4 C" C& c( a 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / Z8 B/ p7 j- R" n 9 ~) O3 i( Z! A* {, d: c, \* v$ E例如: 5 ?- X) H T# t1 [: @2 E( S7 @+ r, z G. d( M
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% R6 ^8 Q2 z$ M+ v3 T0 |+ s
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) P7 o4 s! S% n$ G u
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 X, M' l9 J" x1 J/ G1 J
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 J/ ^% f8 O4 K5 ]
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' k3 b6 D/ s, y6 d3 L1 i2 _5 L# W. j
0 U9 C& O; f, v4 ?& m4 d( n3 zShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : g t) a& Q: k2 _4 L ) {( h$ M$ c A) Y1 o( sI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 K, ?$ _% N8 M. n8 ]8 |- ~) W8 ~8 ?7 y- M6 G3 \- {* f/ q; p* [
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ {7 L# ?, Y! b9 p1 U3 [6 c
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' F# W, g" q/ t. g0 Y1 i! T: a; ^4 d + o- M6 K6 e' R$ wThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ _9 `9 E$ x# Y8 s8 B. \. c
" E6 x! u- L; d( z: LHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- Q5 h4 P3 G/ a, x8 u
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) e8 w: c7 r/ q
I% N3 I1 p7 c2 f# p* g2 j. ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 z; [: l: C0 d
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 N4 M5 I+ ?+ c: r/ L1 b4 q/ M. [8 ^. B% ?, b' f
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . E' U% i0 O+ s0 z, v 3 e/ y3 S3 a1 p1 s4 b此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, V. a2 i, V- f" H: r4 w+ m# j) d, I
3 ?+ W! b0 X- M% W. z6 L; L" F+ q$ D3 [+ E3 q& W* s; h9 F6 B 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! X& B* P% u7 ` s0 y! x. c' P+ t! X0 z1 i( T
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): X+ b/ Z' B! J) v) ^5 V
$ R7 l" F4 s! C3 s, z7 C: y9 }7 l5 y. ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( G! U2 q6 e6 a e) t7 @3 G) I3 W V+ s+ w9 n0 s" D
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 j: z% c. Z5 }& s, w3 D+ s
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); X1 S* g: J; s& ]
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + Z& F2 A% K% m* D1 `0 c* v9 |- {/ C8 g: z# x
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + p1 _; l# s" F2 a4 @ Q' J q J6 N# I, h1 U
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 |! X5 m' h* U2 Y0 d- f2 `# ]2 ~$ E: o' J& f- b; j% u
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ Y9 p8 }8 Q( X% S9 t
/ g1 G+ L$ v& O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 |2 ~) A- a8 _& {" G7 i2 ?* m' G @4 k2 H
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:7 s; m3 O" J* C9 X
- m! |" Y- c% c1 t3 e" B9 P x对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 o6 T- d% H9 i 7 A% [+ m$ I3 x" q" ~对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * m( P; R/ H0 t; N" e7 }& d& }! `! H( S
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! ~ u! [- q9 C- ^: | K c% X2 q9 D$ d' Y! T
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 C$ e8 v3 D c4 [- I2 L& z 0 }4 y8 w" p/ m$ x* O, B至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 d2 A0 A$ ]% x" f; @& R% @; y1 p D
' e; w5 G; I- e5 ?还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 j) z0 Z$ \, P! g7 Q8 d
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; K; k( d+ t( J3 g3 [