本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( |1 m8 o9 w2 w0 J+ j9 i
& O6 U" s, j# ^* @+ X! P! X# b转帖 % o$ O h+ G) y( g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 H( E8 h6 s1 I6 k8 m- G% C) T: h: ?* I a3 ~9 R0 R
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " ?) B4 G N/ L8 X " r p1 |4 C1 u/ [5 y- yThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ g- }& O9 S" h$ ~5 B
) ^. U% o j0 a' Z: yThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) \2 |& m) U' d! E. U) I# O# A
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . x* Z- w8 y; P9 y0 x8 c: o: n3 S4 [ ' o9 ?$ A, n6 U& Y6 JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 n; c- Z3 S s5 P' b3 k+ D |. S$ T% |# j h) k
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 A) w, b& @4 Z9 X0 u7 N) y) H' f) [9 |# X# f/ K) U1 i
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& U$ S# L1 ^( l: b. E1 P& H
5 W* J. _" K9 k I% u. hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) T8 P9 ?# ]: v" K6 P" p1 I
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 c5 n/ c: V; U2 i1 Q1 n
5 S) ~9 J H0 ]5 b" M) YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + X: K- k: }0 a$ ^ m, c6 T $ k$ j' |) E8 z4 @这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 l0 w& |1 I7 R. S# l F- e2 ^2 S
! O! c% |0 j, p 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 U3 H& W3 L, \* p3 {; {$ B
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 Q- _2 `5 M( ?) F/ |: Q. I2 m
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ i" S* L: m& W( Q u
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 G: ~! e% Y2 E/ @! F & b# ~% E) C q+ DHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 S, `' M3 }9 J- d. p2 i3 @
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 c; C- u# m; W5 I" R3 X2 U' R. w / K# y6 w, I& g8 B3 ]3 b8 ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 _/ u$ B* A0 l9 A% r
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) |6 D7 E& d* K6 Q8 G" q! i# M
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : g) q5 T4 W, B6 Y/ e4 }8 r* \ 9 N' A$ V/ P; O$ M6 z1 s( YThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% A& H9 i! I# @9 i3 X
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . o+ H* j+ c, W% x/ A/ F; m0 D. R$ L/ Z
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ c R- F2 M( G2 K) X
1 P0 q9 m9 n' ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 z/ M: t3 F( W/ n; D& B" j1 B# P" {( p3 b7 H0 c+ B9 `$ U6 h! v
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 l% O9 c6 y9 L# x4 |6 j6 X( F0 p3 b5 A& ^. p* T5 l% ~/ M" w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- _6 p4 ]% B1 W& X# ~) h! [
A2 b! w4 b6 P. f: B c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% S+ ^7 j$ q3 `+ t9 z
: Z. y' x. }3 K此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % O, Y; v" ?/ M; X, ^& R: W& ? : W% M& {; x8 L- \( ^8 Q7 b( K9 K7 H9 }7 X 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " P3 a" p; o' M3 n 4 `& o8 ]/ _2 Z6 F, U1 w$ k例如: 5 j( s( Q% r. p/ r 2 R2 ?. Q0 ~: |; IMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 ]2 ]+ ]. c& O/ o( o8 v* p! o/ x+ k+ s; V$ `$ e+ Z7 |
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); l3 x1 H6 X: T. H/ n
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 Q1 Z7 G/ T( k* |2 B' Y' l" H$ k
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), C8 M. {' l: R p/ m$ T+ E/ Z
! @9 O p# W8 n, qMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' n9 |: A) I3 ]4 Q- T& P
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' I0 b7 F$ {$ f. \9 B( y' m: |) [
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : |$ G; A& r W* p( C- M3 F: M - b9 P0 a' [/ Z2 ?5 W% |Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# N9 r$ W7 h$ I6 C4 n5 Z
Y/ D6 ?! B! \+ n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ b. u, A3 y t7 O: Z3 s& ]2 A6 g) k* f C* b! R8 ]4 N/ e
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 A# ~# J* o' a+ D: r* c3 v 6 t7 K& [8 @( c+ _' q! k" T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& y$ A; g# I5 G
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ N+ X z* c) g2 n7 y. W) G# r
3 C) F1 p* S3 M4 ]2 \0 m X- V( c对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! [7 p3 E, H9 V* f9 Q9 }+ Z5 d
2 G' o" [0 _5 ^- O5 K5 p有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * A+ S! Z+ k0 x$ P9 y! d