3 u/ ?0 {4 p4 j \/ } ~4 r( D) k4 oMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 f# L6 u- F4 d9 w9 Y9 P- l5 O M8 J) X" d1 B* W1 |
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* m/ |! S4 h' x! H3 `
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ E2 ?8 k3 X$ u1 l6 k9 r8 r: y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' I2 B5 ~ k9 |1 @; Q+ G9 q9 A0 v, _0 w" H
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), q/ g4 ?( J; c% h7 z
8 K4 g2 I- |5 D0 wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - T6 P/ }. u# U4 \' B* i; H- N' q Z/ u8 k* |
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) |) _4 b* D; B' d " ~' |+ m$ P& F/ ^0 U, M3 kThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 w7 h6 c6 A% w7 J/ i2 m
8 r% }1 L2 x/ Z8 p c. Z" O4 XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + o$ E" Y' O) ~. D3 h & b: n; U3 t7 n! nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 N( O/ K- q! ^: G6 }
1 `' u& j! f/ k/ H1 o这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & R, N. I* }7 {( ]6 t: y! ?! j - w ]6 v) {. n* U4 q% `! S! I- I: h+ T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 @/ b2 f) J, W: s* S- e$ A { ?, J. W% A# Y
例如:. w8 }7 a% u2 K1 q" j: D
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 D, N6 N- ], {2 F* b% ~2 D - ~3 G' I" g, ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 D7 H0 G9 {0 {3 P- f+ R! p . v5 ]/ ?, _, i4 a- OI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 _! ~( m, e6 e' y" |* {3 J: S2 x8 V) _' Z1 p, p5 c+ X
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 H! G6 z( W. C6 w4 ?' g$ ~2 V3 ?8 }+ M9 @/ H/ s! k2 Q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 J5 c! W. e; H" ?6 l" d3 [5 e+ y0 a8 v' l: s) u
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), @, T- J& l2 n3 i4 q' \/ }
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; z' r; O9 k" e: a; n) `. E. W
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & v. y, j3 S# l- J6 r$ X2 o 7 g- x6 c* e9 o* m& o+ kThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 d* q/ X) D9 t# k : }2 k$ w3 T% VThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): d# v' U4 ~/ }* K+ C/ k
4 [) r' `0 s' _7 v- kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) |7 N+ t$ b% L. j
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" f+ t- J( N: [$ ]1 _
2 a+ {' _/ P. X0 ?We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 K& P: |$ w+ E# H$ _; Y1 X! A- E/ g# q, y$ x! T5 d. g Y. q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 H! u T4 V% N . w' |- z/ z, g9 I6 m4 M! J& Q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " X7 Z6 ~' {* v0 {0 \/ f( ?" S' S1 }' X( f# c9 ^/ z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 @, c* |7 r; F1 |- Q3 @
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5 |. k: l% @" o' B) A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , W" l- g; n/ y# A& Y& O. U# M, w. w5 ~1 y/ M8 b9 V
例如: 2 [ s% i( F5 c 4 a; w) v& z7 iMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# E: }: c1 O, Z
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , u* v# ?7 d8 Y/ u- L) _; W* j) ~7 t f, Y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), t6 m, A2 w9 s
3 @ }1 R4 c: J+ kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' u0 u4 D- f5 _3 }, @4 z( u: \8 |. n1 o- b$ p- O3 G% M, b3 m
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# T$ h$ H& z- v6 E8 u0 T
! ]; t9 b( M; d" K) f: VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 @1 O* L- V2 C9 p9 S2 n9 i# n' }, `$ m3 |: G
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 x# _$ P- U; v8 T' |8 m
0 [, J" d+ X- G* D) @; z" k" EStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 b: `# f% K& G V% P; S
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 n6 \+ \% @& j3 @, h
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # E c' M* e6 Y X( I' y$ R T " g, D; q* ], y4 l+ H1 q* B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 z5 F; r7 X) l9 Y5 e4 X + s- D# D4 g) Y6 c1 l0 j5 s7 A对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 l+ t" ~* q2 S @7 k- u
6 u: I0 P3 t3 Y0 X" Z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 H3 v( T& V ]& I4 i 8 A5 b' A! ^& J+ c. e/ H对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! j4 n: N) L' M7 e$ f2 _$ \+ O4 {6 y) T5 [+ q
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * w! k/ V3 U& e7 k& _ 0 h. ~/ Z8 _( ~- f/ D还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 w, D- v8 s. h! I% P& M- ^7 K5 `
2 s( H1 X% j) u; j' D8 w& {# X有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; F/ K% _% j% W. L1 ]3 U0 ?! q7 @