本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 w8 j0 [; l; s6 A" O r! X$ q
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * s. o- X2 ?6 v' y6 k/ A8 B' o) F1 i( q' x7 d! n2 f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# G W" T% j( \' d' l. n
4 D: s5 z5 @- p- h9 e0 ~% L5 z+ [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): f$ S' x( |5 b+ ]: ~* ?! v
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 N5 C/ t" R4 Y4 p* s* n 3 P* X" ?6 v0 k, p* n! TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ ^5 F# F+ S0 j7 S
D( M, s$ ^9 c- S* W( F+ J6 DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 A5 i5 |4 o5 Y" Z$ _5 [
4 F9 O( b0 o, u8 [" _Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . j, r* T3 o& \: ~2 } 1 r6 j' S4 K# u" W' o& KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ I' {4 Y1 h4 Y8 X* [* R2 P0 T4 o
9 F5 m& Z w# g- {" }The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 I& t' E/ D W" V& {' L+ M
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); }+ m6 ]" R, y% t
; l" W( [+ K0 c4 @; z4 uPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % M" f/ ~/ q$ [ t2 t5 k4 L4 F! N2 a
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& s+ n0 C5 i1 h4 Y2 b1 v
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/ C% o% i& [- \6 Z0 K3 W 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 l) |7 r. ~' J! f( q' v6 _% y$ C' Q7 r. j) m2 j# m& o
例如: 6 b! S* M5 A' a9 g+ G* ]* ~/ o0 P5 O6 ]; W' V
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' d6 S: B G. D: U( p6 `4 R
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ ~4 l; Y+ q9 S
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) T7 D V4 Z: H4 C7 b6 H+ i 4 y' O# M; s0 iHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) h4 _ U: i" O* N; C 3 U8 e, T J1 z, V4 NIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & r. k' _( g) T' q+ { " l5 c1 ?; b7 P: ?7 {: Z8 D3 HShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) S: T' Y* {! D) }- h$ A
& Z7 h2 a; B T6 P6 w, {I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- D# C% J0 Z$ B$ D
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 B: K+ E A+ u0 }
& \8 q% z, F: g4 FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) z; q8 q- J- a( X2 M
5 J, m/ @5 \% [" c+ p/ u- J- D$ fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) H) a! P8 J/ @: T+ H7 q & F z; b* O/ t8 F' l; L' \" J `/ kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 S- I' \$ w' r0 ]' B1 t* `8 E9 A! F5 w \
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 k; K" f( M2 d' O 0 ^3 X, \$ d F/ Q" s! m9 [1 ~% kWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) U' X8 a, t7 ^! t; W" ~& I7 X" k! e+ R& e7 M
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 D6 U( X, d6 C0 m, x
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 v- |9 G% T0 p; M3 e
# G7 l6 ]# T. M9 r9 ~4 }8 s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& c( m+ H+ A- s. W9 b% z
0 T" v! U( [5 B1 H8 C' g8 u/ b 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: Q& y% I X% \5 n, D5 L
; v# v3 D& V; c& j+ `7 K% x例如: 9 m5 f2 x, v# M/ R$ O5 ]6 q2 V+ o/ R" r5 P
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; m: ]$ G5 M% l( u$ J8 M5 { # E4 `. [) `- ^, V8 g4 xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 _6 Y) O4 D" Q) y$ O/ J
: }+ N3 G3 R+ v- U& n( dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" v ?) m; `/ Z0 j
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 D; ~6 B2 Z* |" |: t8 y
. l7 L/ O' H* V4 |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 d* B8 m6 U4 u L! ~. G4 a F' m# O9 p0 V3 a# s2 u; jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 y/ n7 d- z( B* m- P& W/ b
; I2 B: C, y3 y; [1 t0 |Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( \" x M I1 N) z- x( @, v [4 P) ]% N
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! [. m- l/ p" L: }$ s) S3 i' E, e
+ d* l% g8 P+ A$ E3 `- @同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- s3 E- Z9 z( H) W5 a/ _6 t
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- z8 ]9 o x2 T' p5 Y) ~" t
3 `" w6 F: S! j( j0 d$ h对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . j2 T0 `9 O5 {) A( C! [% v , [2 O6 e D5 U" e对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;; Y( ^, w: l$ b
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 l2 J5 A1 S9 m% _# G 6 L7 J! m) H/ `0 N对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;2 Y$ L. O9 u/ x) \/ |
. W' q l8 H9 X# y$ V5 H% \至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , Y; E* B2 B7 {8 p" T; x% ^- _$ l( u$ _$ E
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / F6 t3 M0 ^! C& x t; \) Y5 p0 ?* B4 l! k8 @0 w2 i @2 r: z. X
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# A* t, o0 f0 b6 o