本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # l( _( R% F3 q/ x8 b 1 e- y4 |) A/ {, U2 b转帖- f8 E! h# h8 j$ z B
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ ~, j/ k# \1 I" i7 a% w9 K6 V, Z4 i* R) B
例如: 4 J1 Q% i3 J/ R8 S6 k& c 4 ]7 E6 r7 I* X- x5 @7 |4 sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 x& D) I, j6 o W# `; I: b* n% T O9 K; ]: \
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 c9 I; {+ _0 i( ?+ m7 b: N0 U- \3 D Z! e& L
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 H& t! L: c0 m/ ^2 C7 C# N* |2 e$ ~7 R& a
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * T# C8 {: Z- X% w/ |$ S- X* |' L+ y) P7 @ f
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , ?6 w: i5 r7 s6 W: z0 J, D) S) |7 I! q/ B6 v+ L
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / S6 ^7 L3 p6 q5 Z+ k0 z/ B 8 u7 n$ [' W l3 r1 }- F& c# yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : A! C5 B4 G& s; r3 Z; h0 X . }! [7 Z9 l1 C8 `. qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# _8 [& y5 z$ ^! t; _( E
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 t* l0 P: C3 i P6 ]$ ^
, K$ {, u3 J1 c4 c) \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) F; t/ s, I5 p3 F$ ^: |6 P
9 @6 i5 N- y+ u# X8 v这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 f+ E1 i. ]% z4 A O2 }/ m% P/ _( z2 z' Y. `; z
5 N0 T7 x* Y" m. R7 V- @ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* V: R+ k/ Q8 E1 Q/ M* E( k
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例如:2 G6 H- ^2 P1 |7 Y7 i+ n# s4 R
" e8 W. X4 \! ]/ ]* Y KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) D2 m; E1 o9 e1 G
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( ]' Q. ^* ^3 ?$ y7 {; ^ # f* z8 w0 c, CI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 M! G n' {) _9 T7 x/ M6 k4 x# D; f" F8 f- n, v. r) B
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- I: H1 P/ f" ^0 u
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + }/ u1 B; }% F n& r( M9 U9 h. n2 E$ N7 [ TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 X$ ^& C- q6 ?2 I4 l: L# R
8 t" o! s0 C4 F3 \! ~8 f3 S# T0 BI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' t: x/ ?' p8 Y r7 l0 E/ }$ h8 w2 s" {" V/ M3 h. o$ N
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 Y4 w7 a$ D4 F 5 o2 P/ g" O5 W" K) sThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- d* n- l9 s/ j9 u- c* f3 y
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). \/ `* E% ]. f3 N8 o* `/ A
2 p7 {: h/ W4 _* [7 W( G% BHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & ?* O4 o4 h' B+ { " Y) p" J- a! j7 ?) O5 F2 D5 ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & y k1 ?' K4 Z/ S/ r, Q1 W: J6 @( z: R) H8 ^
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & z2 a& v3 @7 N- Y6 [3 _. N1 {5 D% T0 r1 P4 I# N
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) f! m- X4 O7 L1 { 4 l' @$ _8 V! y' v# x/ F1 I2 p1 Y8 q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " E; S! W- Z4 p# E: m# f) R8 ~% X) D: m9 a l3 r0 S7 H; G2 N
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# G1 P6 g/ A% g. V7 s
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5 M- e* `0 l5 X9 H# X 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; o6 C4 [% s w- D! v5 V7 W; w1 W& T# M% q. a
例如:7 T$ T+ r% A# x6 o" M3 Z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & n7 H* m: K/ I. _; V9 J' Y! ? 0 w% s/ i# |& M) |% Q2 fManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* v$ |2 e4 V6 l6 O. {- I
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 C; Q; Q6 o9 W7 u+ i
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - b5 e" w" B' R; [0 e) `# R0 n7 N* N3 [$ v6 [/ |
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# V+ N# M. r. f% P" d
2 R* N' {: H% W' a; }1 i( v# hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : k V0 x' B. J$ t 4 |( X6 s4 H3 A: j5 ECongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - w1 b6 N; e0 _' i% k) [2 A2 U: o 2 S0 Q8 u2 c! G$ n0 W" lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" ~0 |0 q# d( h' c5 s& ~
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! y. L# ~8 e% \1 @5 w- r
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 j X" c2 Y2 {8 p. e. `
" S. x! \+ Y( u8 I. D4 t9 F* Z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : R# ?) v) ]4 ?7 q 3 n* I; I: m$ F对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ Z" N' T' _; A. Q- O0 U: D3 J" ] z& S# r: X
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 Z1 d: ^0 X+ F! Q
+ V4 i; t& K' C- x6 n8 O对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; k" U) Y5 `5 y7 }9 ^; d( F* L) l
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: h% c ~6 k' r- {8 q: j: O5 T) R7 E7 T p
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 L$ y. z0 q. Q/ f9 V) @- j& k2 ~8 Z
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & N i8 ^# H+ n- I