本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 Y$ c- J8 ~3 e! _; M
) C& Y' d0 N6 W 转帖 ' X( K b7 k3 O. A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); G+ K3 {" a; Y8 e5 \( j V
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5 [/ ^+ @/ ]; r0 i9 t- p2 _6 {Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( _* n2 Y% { R/ |, a* Z0 C ; z" k' l. I+ e+ d) XThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# G# c! k% T/ {3 s3 g
1 N7 T9 V9 m! V5 h( VThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' E6 ~4 x* T' o5 @ 4 ?% {7 B' Y1 G7 t' dThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); A! K. T+ L8 n4 K- o' ]
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ D' k8 Y+ D4 `( z
, n/ v! y- x( ]Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # G5 ?) g5 V; e% B# ~% g+ [7 P: |; z. C" Q; B0 K& r; A
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 ^* N1 `$ s' g- P m
; {" ?! Q9 D7 S" n; o Q1 EThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . `$ _: J ]- D% u8 l% N$ R0 k$ D% E8 Y! h
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 l2 g) ]2 P' n0 g , ]: f/ c( A' s) p; \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" u8 m6 f6 w) `8 C8 `
4 |; f5 O8 C! b% W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# }9 m3 s- J/ E
: ]- _0 k' r3 j z 7 a% @9 Z* {0 B2 z. J2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ c- q4 m8 d# f1 ~% F* x* X
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例如:5 e8 e, f; A" @
# } K( n4 M8 B _At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " Z. g9 Z1 y) o0 s7 } 6 @- U# w9 H* H: jDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 ^" M/ t1 F$ I* E+ V Q& }
3 c% t9 D0 ?8 T' e" TI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ G" I$ N# D* j0 R8 c
) Q, Q; P, e$ T% u( kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 B9 Z# U, W. d* v) [3 n
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( a' k$ e4 [( w6 S r ( C8 ]: N" S; d, K1 GShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 ]6 Y9 J5 o' q) v
' S2 d$ u9 A6 z5 X& a" @I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 b- G" c0 s3 U8 O. i, K) y3 l; A6 b
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 a2 _) O" G5 C8 z
9 m( F V, d1 [- sThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 m. G9 B$ X* C4 f& H: J) i0 q' V5 a6 {( J7 c: r2 c
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / m7 L0 ?1 a: ?$ W1 w4 [; H4 I9 l2 ~ 8 }4 S% F9 G |5 I! K+ f7 z# mHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# W% w. d/ v% d) u7 |/ ?
5 _# J+ L. x' q* i9 [# L7 tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# N+ V6 ~3 N+ h! D5 { u0 ?
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 @1 A+ ~: a( C4 ]* V+ h% o% D* Y3 u& S6 J' M1 H
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 T5 y( v; @/ {. f: x) z' |: J8 ?
( X8 g. Q: v$ H3 s: t X: g; r# ]' S% Y m写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 X/ s9 n+ S: }! |& f 9 o; D9 R0 _ v: t此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ |! e |: p$ H3 L3 G
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5 d, ]- K% [1 h2 @ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。1 R7 p, }8 [. ]# B3 I
" x$ S9 _; x& A* ^; @3 r0 C9 @& g例如:+ I1 p/ d" G" A. z8 r* N9 ?
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 h! k+ z' y6 u) J
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + M: h- ]" S7 r1 k8 R# o / U: I6 h' y& g# VThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! }/ r/ @' q( }& E
; I6 C3 g& q! AHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% r: K# u7 |7 H* _/ k" J, o2 U
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 z( L Z+ N6 u" W
# n" r) z6 o( Z* PPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # ^ ^% I6 c! ?8 U 3 K; B2 Y$ l2 Q) v, gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % Y! T* X2 H5 R; I1 X0 H# o 9 c- U$ }4 f' y! |. N9 \! {. SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . _, [: u9 ?; F* i# h 3 [$ C3 K, ?3 j1 B& _2 S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 x' x8 C ]' v" J- N" j& z
) y, M9 [' B9 L- k' K; t; n当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : \# B( V2 j/ z4 ? Q9 P ) P( r: _: F7 c0 g" y: V- m" ~) N对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * M% T$ U: x1 U+ X1 @1 Y+ N% c& [" T4 t O9 L7 ?" L% j1 E! b
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; T; X" x$ ?$ z' z* U) j+ B2 |6 Q$ O: H6 e4 T6 d
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! z( p$ f7 h9 k% c
" b/ i9 T5 Q: S! d9 _8 O( a还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 e( S, J3 ^ u. P' E W& ?- r: T! d1 b$ y' q* I
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% W' j0 y2 Y& F0 y+ v