本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , Y1 P; [ U C( k' n
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , I; O" p! p o5 K( F' M0 {: C* y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - }6 L2 D% F) s) V* X4 y ( b. y. j, Q5 NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 o" W$ q4 c$ Y" p L9 {, H# {
9 O9 e. ~$ \! I4 K$ @6 |5 z, Z: Y- R L$ |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 D8 ~. c5 S, g! w' {: t: a! _1 m6 _1 n& b& b
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . _% ]5 Y7 X$ [' l2 _* z 2 l8 I% ~4 G! _/ Z) h0 BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 D3 }+ O8 {3 m; W2 y- X" f 8 [- C* s6 H+ l# `9 D$ XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) f, [2 a+ v8 O. c ' f# F2 A. D; F: @ cWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 e3 h |( l# `, p" O) ~/ ?: J# y1 B% P
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) `0 V. ]9 B) Q' w% F2 [! y4 S! z$ q/ [ L4 M/ o
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* b' H: v# Y# d3 T( m. y1 k
0 V6 S$ n0 S7 h+ ^; p0 xPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 g- e0 U( k6 l2 C4 f6 W: R6 s& v+ F
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; \# e; m- ^: @! P) q8 |0 u i: C2 l n5 A" M
# j3 I0 j8 S* R/ l- r2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 p) a2 J% {1 G! n) y2 ?. h% p1 D% P4 y1 n. m
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( _7 t$ h1 B$ v" `- l2 U& W
0 h6 z7 s! p* ?% o3 |7 g( h [3 i1 IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ K+ ?- X: y- @5 k6 o7 e6 B) n- k1 {
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ n9 R! V) i7 V. O + ^+ z4 k! Z. @8 }: m) j/ d9 gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 N W6 N1 _. G' m9 ~: z% G0 b
) d: e1 W# O- V. t; EIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # j0 V. _# T, V+ V) W / D( Z9 W7 v2 }% TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . e/ u5 l/ R4 `. A# X0 y 8 e: k9 h. I7 |) s: ~# dI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 W+ Z3 e1 Q; f0 Z . s! R% N1 l) o' V1 _5 C8 S# l& G5 ^如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: X i q" C$ V+ o( l* H % X) A8 ]! V* c; A' }0 @2 {% vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " `4 Y! A, l" z, @+ C r # A2 `( u+ w7 w8 [' r" ?% b7 xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 o) T6 ?- l% n- l
* r/ \& W- m$ D/ ~: [ bHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # ?1 B! A% e) P1 w1 P: k " }" b5 N+ I; ^# o1 b. v z0 bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 C P2 M1 b' r( F4 g% J% x: U ' ?9 {" k- v1 m4 h. z- u8 d4 c6 dWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) t1 u' t- t& ^: ]" C( y. l
8 j9 o* N5 R, a& R- S/ iEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , o7 | b# r6 t& e# q# W. ~3 A' V+ C" I! L
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- z1 _1 O2 q$ Q, j6 L
- l0 C( z, F+ \3 j7 u此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 `" m9 ?0 w0 F* j- h+ p ( c' Z8 ?' E0 n, w" B( Q # Q3 q) ]7 J, [! n$ l3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 {6 @/ ~. }1 G. i) M# o; `( b1 v/ S p+ o! v$ |! J8 S
例如: : W$ Y" }9 x& z+ z % m8 G# Z( s$ J* E2 v; KMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ \, x% l3 N1 ^, j / Y+ R1 g% U% }- ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 B* y1 e2 @* |' J3 ?' I: M
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ q4 X' S" h' r4 N5 N$ X" N% R
* W& s, m" c7 X+ EHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , r0 u/ p9 C* F$ Y% g8 l+ s6 \$ p% G1 l" d# a. a/ F
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 D% O, w- _5 W" i5 N8 ~, M 6 n5 _( _$ V U! \8 wPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # O& j! `9 O7 e; K8 W& c1 p5 k' P; x ' f# K7 q* G" D; |3 j DCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . n$ B: U8 E0 O; M3 ~ + Z+ L+ r0 U+ D- M8 k' W( PStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " U/ K; ?, F n7 h- y3 w; c1 R 7 o3 _8 G: P* |5 g: x. I同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! P/ S l! ~& A8 B# A* r: c
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: W' p; n! s% P) ~- \
2 u2 q. z- @2 p% A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' `' M6 W/ Z; ?: I- |& L / l5 ~# F# E' W& D对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 x% C+ R. |% g. s7 C/ [$ \& c) u1 U) V) d+ U" c8 {
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; o, p0 A' c# E0 }; q4 f/ a0 K2 p" w9 ?+ `6 n
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " v7 j% X3 L- z3 _" `% r1 ^. x# V' u" T. x! _/ ~3 c
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 U) g1 G ]2 H' X8 [$ @! M. [, m' S5 ?0 }. h
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; [, x; p ~( O6 f
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 t5 t5 R, l) k0 s* I( h