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[其他] 英语写作三大注意事项

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发表于 2014-1-8 22:50:21 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
Influxtec
本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / y, ~7 q# P8 S+ T+ X( @  n3 N$ r  B: a

/ ~) X, f$ I3 R7 d( a转帖
, c5 z! B, w& f2 F" N* E1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)

2 g! Z8 L! W8 F' U
3 s6 h' ~8 |5 f& O. J例如:
& W# Q+ M$ Y2 I) `: n1 l# H* p) z& h( c- r+ G( [, ~1 b% R3 Z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)
# X0 K/ H- q9 P
/ W; ~8 C! |" c8 MThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ K+ l8 T& z/ w1 V" s* ^

4 \' _. l# u! M! ^4 e: ^: ZThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)
$ M1 R* n. |: }2 ~$ C0 T+ c
: l+ Y* j: y1 [! g/ V7 GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* W+ i2 J* }6 u$ g) c' Y- _  R5 t, q

0 c" |9 L% g* w1 F$ Q! A1 u6 VI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), Q$ X8 a& M! r$ G

- p$ Z4 {) I/ W/ g. MMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)
4 C7 m9 Q9 c8 J6 U( h
- N& V' o5 V# l! B  _( d1 oWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 f% \- f' e; h6 N) O/ H% b
6 m7 h4 N% L+ F4 i9 U7 {
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- i) J5 A6 K- |# a6 L; r: m
- j& E1 @& r- o5 i6 ^
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)
! c, I' u/ e$ F/ x
- r* L, t6 I, }1 {4 ZPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)
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. ^( O. u! Y4 }' K* `9 A8 P这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( ]: v) U" s2 U+ U% c
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3 h9 X" g: Z& j4 ?9 c) T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 ]2 e7 X# _4 S  [

8 o* \! q6 `& @' {1 n& K) ?例如:$ F# F4 b7 s5 u& y: D: A1 P
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 q. J% {7 V+ d) K
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 [) G5 P5 o+ h4 c+ l

% y- K, b, P1 b. z" j, y( EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 j1 @) X5 t5 R  c6 w& A, c
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)
1 _8 Z" h7 \' U+ |9 m: |
" B- g2 n5 E$ |) r' t& AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)
$ O1 w2 _3 X# S4 I* V8 @7 `: }5 T! U3 z, {1 f- V& u
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! O( }2 ~$ G! m  Y& C

, w9 F; r: e  F8 A! @I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)
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$ h( |" _3 ]' j! l) |7 b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# r0 d6 l$ {" f& g
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), v' s- U& S: _1 x

$ q: ]$ f1 S. {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 X/ S: I/ |7 C1 F7 B; @) K* q4 m' v+ a
5 {; @. b$ }7 ~/ }+ b: ^3 i
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)
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8 |/ p1 f3 D! |# CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)
- X0 o2 ?0 g1 {* V: \( l% `+ ~: u4 x0 ?) F, b
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! L4 m& R, h0 ?9 S; R

+ \# Q3 c1 o  N" b3 j. i- _Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)  o+ K. U1 e: N" D! J0 a
5 y# e/ _3 \9 ]( o1 ]
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)
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+ r! a- V; r  L9 b+ s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% `- B0 U, Y7 I9 k8 l1 N4 G

. R- X# O. u* S. l
- Z! d  \6 [- a$ i; ~3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ j1 E$ d9 T6 v7 G' B, Y# m" E

/ j$ e$ Y) w2 t$ l例如:) X& e+ r+ z5 Y2 Q2 ~( @

# G: q: y5 Z3 ?9 ?0 G6 bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)
: v- y; f9 t. W4 m( \! j' d7 V) ~% u2 H5 y- J
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)
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4 w3 z( o$ f  c- u$ V1 h. dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)
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" Q* {4 |) D3 d; i( iHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 ~, j4 x! d; _$ t

8 n7 O' @/ T% iMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). z7 q8 V; a  `6 o8 G& C" u7 j
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" S+ K( r  S4 L8 F7 I  h* E

6 A( Z: j5 T, J) U2 Q  J, \: V1 GCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 d9 D8 O8 D, Z5 _; @+ h' W$ q

7 M1 c4 \6 j3 U0 i3 t  D; IStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)5 O7 M& V1 S. y

! I  [& S5 e/ ?8 F* B" g- u同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ G: E! p7 Y) B. ^4 f

7 X+ s# O! E2 w2 c当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' r2 u7 g. G3 ?$ b8 |

- g4 j0 t8 n  x对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;
. }6 x5 w' [2 C. r0 m2 D
' I* R: Y+ o9 O9 D; d对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% y* J1 Z1 |- e# E% E, U1 r; X
6 S- R+ N) q$ S' W. E
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
$ _: }, m2 w; a7 }& H- H
# Z3 F5 i! r1 \! l/ z) [+ v对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:
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, C: s+ r+ Z) W& y' c# L+ v还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( O: w& K5 y4 e. i% A! T
+ |; t+ \/ ~4 @
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 z& |* Q- `' e+ a3 B' f  V

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