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[其他] 英语写作三大注意事项

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发表于 2014-1-8 22:50:21 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
HuiTong虚拟卡
本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑
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0 A- R4 |' w$ A) M9 k1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)

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2 r8 q" M4 M, d( v6 a2 G" q例如:
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3 L3 @4 I) {! `  f+ m1 o5 ^, fMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& R4 @8 z5 n) c  w7 N
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( b, l+ \  y$ S6 j. Q4 _6 q0 D

$ C- j/ q, w2 ]5 w/ _3 UThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 ?8 z& {7 @. E$ b) y+ h

( O3 V9 N* z9 P0 n: M+ X+ Q, RI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! {( {; _; K. k/ T

4 j) R" V0 m. b& Z; oMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 K5 Z6 G9 O" X; d1 g% q7 `

4 H. Q6 \+ _3 iWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)
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3 _, \/ [0 N" z. CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# ?$ d# t" N% j" n" j0 H& j
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)
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$ t5 L  `9 {# u% e8 E- }3 T5 b- {& P% bPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 {4 j- P7 n. i8 p: I- b8 k7 g" K
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!
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2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 D5 v" i2 b( j" x/ I

: T# E( [% W* `( l! f例如:
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9 {5 G* ^" C$ I& t- t2 Q. l+ zAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). i7 @+ w$ b# _% Z
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 E) n0 ^& r9 i
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) [' q2 ~0 G  A' }. S

- R& _- O- }) [- b& EHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 e; @% C. G: D# d$ q
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)
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) t" G, X+ q0 b- Y5 |0 C2 L$ SShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)  |5 |' [- Q6 l# a; |. v; F

+ I* ^  a: N6 y# r0 J: _2 `如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- D( N" q. p/ h$ l

0 H9 q! t# W2 v2 x6 o6 _The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)
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6 X/ ]8 u: j0 ~  VThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 Z4 ]2 a& @5 E+ @7 F5 J4 j3 `
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' k. F! j- ?* p/ c" G* F# q

$ P! @3 @% R! F6 G. E% F# Z1 ZWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ n8 n1 E; a* W2 B
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% t! s; Z' \8 ~) v6 Z; P( ?1 S: @

) c3 E9 |: }. |1 h% v" c) S+ @写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)
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- @# J4 y, z# C) `0 e8 o9 J; g此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。
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) |6 M7 a% Q6 F( u" g  e3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」. J2 b2 l1 }# j; O1 F" m# U# c3 f: ^

! L8 i/ _3 r9 y) K. X% }( f* h* g% J例如:3 d/ g. [7 A! w# Y6 d8 G. ^

- N2 T6 j" u! s7 x3 i7 L/ BMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)
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6 K! W) |# t1 ?$ a4 v; pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 O0 U7 Z7 y4 n+ K

: n% o8 n6 N& V* ?* M- z5 jMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)
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) g) o3 Y* P9 p% o0 C4 b: }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 F1 y# {5 ]" d6 w/ `" R3 _

+ p+ e) O) B; [( V$ i) }# l  z5 `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)
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  N: h# k3 q: c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:
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$ m+ }+ A+ L; n# @: L) b1 G对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. X4 b6 z' B5 \1 _3 ?, g

1 s" H# i  y; v5 |* ~( {6 z* ^' t. r对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;1 X7 f( ^) B5 ]. e

% R! q3 s8 c& ^  m对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;
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( U- M- Z7 P( }: |" P0 V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& f# U6 Y; ]1 E! I* h

# ~: i5 _8 S! E) E+ _- R. \1 n还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' Y' i; R% i; g5 d

, ]* k" q: O. M7 z. Q. t有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。
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