本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 ^! \0 j9 ]9 J2 c( @ 9 C$ `3 z9 \& b0 r/ ]- H! h3 \转帖 # `4 B3 {5 z9 V T1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , D- g {# @& k/ \! d$ Y6 @$ Z! {, N0 G3 }6 n
例如: 3 W) |$ u' C# d5 W, `& z; f / l$ y9 R' [& C9 s* WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : d: W: y6 W" Y# C& Z! P ! j% S6 g! L% D/ ?$ Z7 ?Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 G! v+ i4 A7 i( f1 G" Z& f ^7 d( n" D) c5 V( K4 `2 H
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): J! B2 D9 D7 b/ W2 b. k+ _8 x
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ?( ~( h$ [ i6 \: \, e5 ~# e 8 a3 m" z# L( @0 T* m- l; b1 \I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& W9 M. r; L0 m1 K: i2 h& [
" h' |/ `5 s) ^# U6 m6 O1 RMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % m$ k& A2 L8 m# [: x" B ! }4 M6 [0 P; n% K3 P; TWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! ?& m' \1 m% N" z" ]) x / u5 o! I4 m# U% Z# X$ MThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' i- u9 `# i$ n2 ^
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 K* l5 d; V# X. Z' [4 `, F- q8 E! M0 Q8 u4 Y* { l# j, _0 d
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , e. s! X! N# c 8 [0 _% f1 T2 w) r这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * l4 k8 b1 d$ D3 e e7 U / ~" V' }* ~% H. _: U7 k( q2 j1 y9 j# W; Y# ] 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) e$ ]( g( A1 s5 U + t% |. T5 z' ]: _! s: [1 f例如:2 J5 |3 k( \6 I
* M2 B, u' `+ _5 m6 xAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 T. N3 F2 Y' r% G
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 Q# B6 l6 f8 ?; j0 N + {- U1 X$ j- R- ?, c0 nI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 g/ j A- s. f7 E) r% _/ `
" K7 j& t0 g2 ?# `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 w8 B: {7 N& j+ u! v 6 l/ l x0 K J% j& @) c9 }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ n5 G; E6 p' d9 j9 M
- n) g. F' Q4 n* RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # M* Y% Q* B6 _ # e* Q2 X8 U& T. Z6 OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 C) j3 Z3 f0 z. U. W$ y6 P* m# R+ \. b7 B9 d3 W
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ^' @6 l( t) i1 m u& R0 Y) _, }) L- \: ?8 ^+ J. X
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ d: p2 @4 x5 O( }# L8 ~
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 n3 q& b2 ?& ~) m' Y3 `# f , p" n3 r/ I, q, |1 I7 G, yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" s4 P' E0 N3 ^' H
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% }6 L( ]8 }) K4 j% }$ O
. ]" U! W' v# \7 R! L$ y' gWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 Y( m, O D' p/ Z
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 `5 F7 J( R5 O% W& n0 i
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): n w6 i* w6 b: X' a! f. M/ k" I2 u
: S: A! P/ p5 S此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# H+ X+ t; ]3 o7 u6 I1 K2 F
& Z; b4 L0 _4 R- J" v, |. e 9 m0 F N$ w* N3 x' B- U* q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / e3 y2 o/ @: G, ~2 L$ ~/ l8 w % F5 U3 U) A! c7 e: j" M例如: ! t9 w0 }. |# ?6 C$ e6 R1 c/ F2 _5 j+ Q6 Q2 M [ T
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 S8 I5 b" T0 |2 P0 }
U' q6 z. Z5 `+ ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% ~8 }7 Z+ v5 V+ r8 b$ G
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 x. h; {/ m9 R4 z* M. ]! o$ o8 M3 |9 m _
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - s6 z) |% }4 Z7 q P$ w& T7 _3 W* l- z
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . `- s, o# G4 o O Q0 f % ~) R, a6 O2 ?' }; dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* S6 [8 \# v3 i% {+ U+ H# K
" t Z6 }! p/ D6 LCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ Y. V3 L( \$ @* T. P# B8 ?( a
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ s/ j5 d T$ n
' x" c: U9 d0 s3 n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 \1 n5 I% t, g
7 |, @3 `3 n( N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 ]8 U( T, h5 x) ?
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 M, M% H; \; J. p) a
0 d! F- G1 a! y6 p/ h2 p对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " a8 o U* Y" `# E0 q $ p ~" t% k$ f3 }: f对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , K" Y. t4 U( [- q + O& S; {( K& _: l8 z! v对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& q' F5 ?2 ~9 j$ W7 \' Z
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 y+ p `% L. }3 G
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + G) k! Z# n8 X$ R$ X 9 f& l" ^& l1 d, H/ o. ?- ~有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 u/ W5 E7 F) U }" j