本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 l' o/ f6 L- T& v7 E9 ]4 x
" t& l s2 ]3 E l6 O- K转帖 ( O7 t9 D2 Y2 n. _1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 e; t7 g0 q8 w+ q5 a' M' K: }# V
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) @+ E% T2 v# q" \5 Z0 b
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 M* ^0 q1 i! A: v ! r2 }# r5 x0 _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): Q' E& l& P3 M
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 c( ~& {' E9 q# ?, F; ?2 \- A
5 q& D" I D: BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 B4 t! m* z$ w1 O- l" Y8 Y2 J
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 Q$ G0 Q- q0 _! V" n; s/ f* u% B# O3 q! Q! ?- x* J
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / o, a; S( U, r% N; M( z6 g ( b6 T. Q, i5 i6 c1 X5 {The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' i- A4 T1 \* q2 m 9 U8 d: U8 A& ~ w6 |& NWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ B" P) m" d' g% W/ p, b- ? 7 U" _. _$ e: ]2 g" X9 c4 aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : M3 y3 X7 i z4 h. w! W : j6 V8 ?/ N C4 ~3 m8 j这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 ]4 b {5 M, ^2 u1 e
$ ?1 S; d' b: f( {; a+ x* r D% r. f, F 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: t3 X4 }0 y1 X; \; [
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例如:# y9 T j7 h D- e& r
- M8 W* I' K7 g2 M0 VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' B% w: ?- K$ L0 F" y
5 t: R0 d+ _1 NDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# q) L/ h8 V [4 ~/ A' |
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + [; |5 o7 h0 @" R3 K( [; M' L, T# b: b4 B f% G* W$ b
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! g3 a5 f, r) s* a* F* D9 u% M 1 h; }8 t, E o; A/ c" UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ U* v. d5 z& ?8 v6 U( G 2 w ]8 I* C* r' {1 ~# w" D3 _" z# JShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * W, y2 y4 P* h% T; s" i / Q0 c* h, E0 X q3 II will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! o9 N5 |2 O! ^# ?% D
5 v& S4 |7 c: J. _4 O8 Y% e! l如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 X1 L2 N: A$ `. w8 X; M
Q$ j6 F# s4 |) z/ f/ d" }The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! g7 g* j0 S4 E" j5 e+ o" x) S) O6 D5 J, _3 o! T
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 M; h8 i" F7 z2 S3 M; W; |- M t
. J" \! a% J+ m$ oHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 z6 k6 _0 n" o7 }8 u' E! |8 N" E7 {; r# n# f7 e, `
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( l1 B" Y5 h" g R3 J6 F7 A. _
z4 U! y* p+ H/ m1 J( \) {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 |) t& C$ C8 F4 P. X0 X9 I3 d
& W F& n. z5 J9 X- o b* YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) e6 `( ^( }$ Z9 Q; H
: f! b) c3 E/ Q) x! R写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 V# H1 q8 m8 Z* u/ y2 O, y
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; O" A6 s$ x2 X: X' x' n8 X) Z9 G0 v. f) a, v2 p, S% Q2 ]
1 A7 T7 J$ m, _ P( ^- I9 \3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 A) ~ u3 b4 K* w4 ^, X
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! w! K9 E* c$ |/ N& ? k! L) U6 J. a' M3 @" e
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- }, P% D2 f1 G4 O$ I
# [6 N# x+ Z) S9 a7 [* nThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) b+ J: {) \3 N0 d& L# b6 T% `) ~. U3 @( n6 d
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 L; _$ `: C/ s& p% e- @6 \
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! h5 ` @, F: S* N0 X# h5 m# Y7 ?% @: d9 S& d& K, `+ a ]
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 B; I$ a! p' ^, D
2 v8 e) n. q) e9 rCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ ~8 | G- P6 G8 [4 X! p7 x* e: T* h2 p4 H9 z( V% W$ I \
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( Q8 Y2 w0 d& n ' _% Q1 H$ ^1 [- G同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " {8 |# l- B# N t0 F0 m9 {% Y8 O5 o
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: l6 V$ H0 q; p& {* x
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 C" m- t- U, q! v% z2 L | * `/ L* G3 n6 [9 o. V对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; }0 W! Q! \3 y+ n) I2 {: d0 D5 U % i6 K3 f* l5 g$ H对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( A R E" \/ a) b, e8 _3 X$ k* G. s# G + l* a6 M! X9 i0 W) ^8 B7 p# O8 i对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 H' R# L& L* v: w" x: z# B. v7 o
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 Q$ u+ y' ], ~2 q: \/ V: p7 r- _8 F" c
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # o/ N2 b) g' I: n+ Z$ b2 a . ]# k6 Q$ @$ q! ^% x有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 r Y# f5 E8 s; a6 _2 H: D* [2 w