) e5 B0 _1 V7 X6 |5 s) h9 ?3 h, L例如: ' Q6 f! c' l. Z L. z3 ?2 c: l& G6 T& }4 t0 u8 n
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % Q/ M' u; k( `8 ^/ s5 p& y j; B+ w' D$ C# p
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); |& t: K% r F
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' j5 O9 l$ l# f . ~) {1 z1 e; M7 v) U% ~$ Y; @The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 A6 O3 b3 _. H# Z / i4 M/ H3 D# s/ r5 u; z' hI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 R+ d7 G4 @: m: G$ ?7 }0 K # C. a% h7 j8 [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) b+ R- \8 L# S# K
7 Z# z* W6 ]: K: p. p" \6 F3 e* jWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 } B9 {6 [9 V: |2 n- B+ }1 V2 C! P7 x
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! P/ \; Y* e, ~! A. N: Z5 T) c- d# x
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), R9 V- ]$ W% q" Y7 w. y p9 |2 L
Y8 {+ _6 y1 F: {8 [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" q" b q4 d, i: H
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( W! i, x# C: a9 M& _% l+ g# m& G+ n
! [& t4 A6 s. P2 { e2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. X9 a- t/ ?& G$ }9 K7 M7 K
J6 x; M8 ?$ @( E' Q2 ^; [例如: 2 u1 u/ P" R1 D$ N & }8 a e2 T8 v+ [7 }* |6 M" L8 {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 I. `" e5 g. n g( y
; Y) g/ h! H5 }Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); u0 g( v5 f; i- {
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) w3 u: n% h! k, s 1 H: X0 L& |7 o% i; \6 M" Z0 ZHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). E J: \- l1 R. |, |' J5 o
4 x4 k# O3 k, x% CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# X0 k7 G* a- @- a# k, a1 E4 P
6 p3 K: a; f0 I& O3 _She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - v+ Z5 A$ l; {* C& s $ m0 G' o& e0 s' y9 EI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . D8 Q+ [; L$ b L$ N% o8 O3 n" O4 [; @7 ]- E! z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . v- W8 y! @- V: W& b1 P; e4 l$ H8 m6 V/ L. ? G+ v3 M( z6 g
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) O* W* }5 I1 c3 M+ T. r
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 S0 t1 u* ]1 M+ \ : a- t$ _; }6 l. uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * d& \3 N0 r5 {; u$ Q7 [- V4 `9 v * k0 r2 u( [. Z& ]- D6 j9 QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " R1 K! B3 K4 N* ?$ W: J* G+ ?: m4 G' n+ y
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( D' q8 A; d* P7 U5 M8 ?
) B/ K' E6 o- X7 uEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% G/ ?/ ]" v1 O% w' F" P+ |7 A
+ f. g. J/ g# m! x6 ?! |2 T0 _写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 `' L0 E1 x) p$ x4 ^
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - o( e j \/ ?6 F 5 m' |: t" \% l% { x* i0 l4 @; M2 o6 `7 B6 d& V" ?- c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 z* ~4 ~: I( z2 n4 {" ^& J
% ]2 f- l2 y+ ?7 y8 k例如: " a+ J; X. p# E7 a0 v4 v( w) @. C( G* w$ ] r, B) b: F
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); r3 Z3 i6 n/ v- I, C; |8 A+ t
& J b4 T+ S& ]1 D; B, WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # }$ y1 U; W2 i' z7 a4 t' S* B0 E" l% Z9 [
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 y4 C! f( p U4 V + I% q5 k) N, }' _6 r' GHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* X! E& r- [1 p( X/ V& D
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ O" H! l0 ?5 g9 p f8 Y . l7 W* y! A+ ]5 G: DPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 \4 M- b; e2 ~- ^
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); w- C$ f( K4 K9 r
) k8 X( r1 U' u7 o3 eStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), F; o$ U$ r5 R5 O+ y- g6 J5 ]
$ I1 E+ J9 m; }同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 [+ Z/ {( P1 k- V8 T5 T! I+ n1 d/ ~& e' f5 ~) T. N
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) N4 z9 L# i( v6 X9 f. L# x