本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 X) g; g$ a; y& J" X- h9 x5 x+ e% D: ], I( h3 f4 ~ 转帖 : q( ?# d9 G# b1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + P. j4 c/ Q1 y6 y! J8 C8 J" _ # P- k3 [5 |7 i" ^例如: & I. M6 s9 @; j6 ^: [( t5 \- x) t& \) }
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): B. |( ?2 E( p% A8 G& w
- m2 l& Q6 S' KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); y7 E! D4 Y m5 j6 m* f9 Q
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! I/ K/ U/ i; q& @' x
7 T! K4 h! n8 u3 VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) t+ F9 Z. e5 K) C- ]
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 @% x* i* W5 _1 n1 ?6 C4 t
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 _" `* j& ?; ?' x8 I0 [! K % h' C1 R+ F. C* b+ c0 BWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 v6 W# E, G* c5 C9 u; p& w" T
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) K9 {) F/ k; D 1 X/ D, ^- b O/ ?, K3 K8 h, V& LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) M. @3 t1 q( r0 p: k
# g6 D$ g& a5 e: DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 G! o3 w; T3 G4 T2 v% q6 e: F
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 a3 H! U& `0 K# L& p
) e. S! |+ `8 D7 s) E2 a6 @) A+ R( l0 {" x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 b# @# X# q& j3 t4 G * h1 T. M; |* y9 q例如:% \8 z# `" r* R- ~
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 x7 z+ O; r% R" K% e0 }" E
7 z% P) ~& }2 N8 eDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) y% q8 }6 X, Z- R& @ % B- \3 i" w9 e, j2 M5 rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 R% {& E$ i" c; H/ g* F ~! @* z7 w; S9 y V& X& N! W6 @4 C
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * G8 J. c0 F* z( ~4 o4 }- Y' C9 }' |+ n# A0 A( \
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; M' G3 _- r2 Y& J8 q! j # D" H+ Q' H) `( y* J8 M# yShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 \/ s! o; v( {& v8 c H1 x g
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( _- Z1 D6 C: G# v8 p3 z4 r# ]8 z4 a0 |" U5 K* }
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 b) G. e4 n! W' |
7 N- J2 U+ E9 T9 y4 Y' a( A) zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ p. e- ^; B6 k5 {
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ `" t9 E, i, r& o# ~# Q0 B# H6 ~) m6 Y# x4 e& f
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); H6 |3 |. |3 N+ T2 T0 v1 K& I
/ M: _, t0 y: nHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - [ l* ?0 ~7 e" q& u4 G: K# I) I0 {" h: W
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ H" _ A* l, v' H
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% I4 ]8 Z7 }7 w6 h- w
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 k/ V0 d5 j4 L8 x/ C! Z- p& `" w8 x, K' E% W E
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ u! b9 p' c' k! N% n+ C$ e0 O6 h- V# h3 S0 m6 u) Y
7 B, n. W5 j& r7 X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ i/ Z9 f0 |2 B R n1 ]! y
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例如: + I( y) x9 t' c5 g. G( ` 0 W! o* v5 Z& g4 G; w L1 |Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). r ]- m; Q* e6 p
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # v. x7 s, d7 S2 ^+ K! X' Q* E, @* Y: @
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 Y# |" r8 D/ ~' q
1 L' e* ]& X' u `0 iHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- `* R% B' S5 c+ h$ a5 E7 ~
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 z( E6 R& X4 e. p# U" b
, N$ Q8 F+ @/ |% RPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " `1 _- m8 n( M0 w- w! p 6 d) B5 K6 G5 L3 I& u& Y6 GCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 N; n5 h1 z |9 J6 l
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 s4 o& x) j0 z' b% I ~7 ?( Y7 c$ P% S e* ^9 P
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; W Y) ~2 B, s" p% U
* r8 x5 q) L& o a* l+ J当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' I d* |* t/ g6 p6 K' b; H9 V( e6 M/ ]7 l1 D
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 A5 W+ P. r* A5 F% X * {! q0 b# E: g/ h; p* n对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 O! x+ }6 @5 ]# u) r
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; F: p# u6 T9 I) ]' z# r; Q, ?
6 ]6 G+ T+ z# v2 F对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ j" |! b# {* v% k! g. m& M
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * M/ m& J& m; R3 f' |* B % p8 c7 E7 T e8 g0 a) K0 ~还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 o. ~: O% f0 C, E7 p+ x
, E' Z* B; e' S* B有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 j. Y9 j# e. y& W6 ?. t! \