本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " E1 a# ~ b( f, B* g
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word): x, I ~* F, `; g5 r: X
9 C5 V/ M2 o1 l: R# Y例如: $ _7 O q2 E) g" O. O. a* S ' X/ a, a& r" R6 b( V3 ]. P' d) nMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % D; W& t7 i y3 _! Z, X( j' T) y* x% |/ G) O) q
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' V4 m6 D) w- o, X7 `" Q 9 V* X( {' _ f3 y1 O3 }& wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 H9 N! F* t! W4 F/ M5 M* Q& H \. a, t6 s& k% u: C
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): B1 J m7 z( d6 b& _
# ]8 F8 g Z5 s0 OI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 `, W; w( m. c7 E
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) S; _; |9 G! c: k6 { ~
" e8 n) C% g& e8 `We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 R- [7 q) Y+ z- r+ m
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 ~& C# [5 r# z4 Y3 d* Q ^
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : n7 l4 A. ^$ p& }- ? 3 ?8 c" [8 m' c VPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) S& |' M, K6 c . M3 u- m* r, U, B这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ F. P$ o' I# v+ U: j/ W$ \# N ^- `3 u8 V9 T% j
K' Y6 `& X. Q( ?2 u- K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) Z2 ]7 J, G9 V9 V* A4 H# s8 D/ r3 F
例如: ) n* |# U% A0 R - j, f3 j' o; S5 |. s; p5 |& Q' A& ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 T0 T( j( A9 ] H5 Z $ [, f; r% L. q2 W: ]$ A, CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( {. w6 ?& z+ M% Z, M/ K
! U* d% t6 I/ M3 Z5 QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 `& P2 o$ y$ F5 ]/ p: Q 8 K) r% K; Q1 E8 M2 H/ K+ `6 R2 m/ E7 j& cHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' L2 y1 X G6 u6 p H+ _
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 u& N% S% i9 v v& a 8 \& A% z; d$ |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( T0 P3 a% P# f 4 \3 Y1 e8 Y3 W6 B7 h) cI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& L1 a. A9 w" [: X+ c6 Q
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , k1 ]5 T4 Y* v: K) B' B0 r+ ]3 y" o/ ]9 [5 z% V! `, x( t8 l
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % L# k2 X' Q9 m7 e; k * o% N% }* E' oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), f( F) j7 f1 w" M( K! {9 u/ \
. b. n) X/ K7 P% Z% C( G$ B# gHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- Z/ J0 Z" k- q
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 \; r L" {8 n. Z9 I' [. f* X& I * k% q7 g. V- v7 ?2 l5 IWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + U( z9 l* C5 p7 ], U 8 q6 V# {" C W( fEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ! T$ p* a1 Y0 v* [3 g 4 B y% g/ M" ^' ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * v. Y5 F' f) x% y( Y 2 b3 T6 e5 H2 N% R# l此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* [; \- q$ y5 d j; \! A' {" d
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- U. Q5 y# {3 L v' u; x( e) G3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; \, M4 s0 g. N2 [8 t
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例如: + P8 k S, |, x" O ) Q% m( E4 U/ v4 d+ F% H- _. cMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)6 d$ S( ^3 Q. b$ c. W& J
! h5 r+ Z* K; U& g2 IManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& R9 V: U0 y# _5 C& v% J, x
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( u5 k2 C! ^- p3 h; g1 h* b 8 R: ~: X7 ]) E! GHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & n0 g I) Y) J# {- s $ T. ]! T4 ?& m4 u8 YMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) t7 C' b5 p" h6 E
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 |/ R# {$ G4 P & h0 z' B; [$ {2 ?' f) g: T3 `Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 U& K5 C* I+ [4 n
[# Z9 @* F* [Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - Q& E0 C: b5 X0 k+ h) W 3 u, b$ F8 n8 W+ r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 a! k8 R8 ~' g1 Y0 {# J, a! W' G; P- q' P
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) W5 U1 O. s9 }5 K; Z# X( c. X! L2 A6 L5 j
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 ~$ E5 t5 D2 ?" @
& i! o; c0 ~' I( q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 K' v" z7 P8 t* M6 H% F 1 @- E1 ?, Z7 v6 Q) F' r" u对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 B- t( E9 v+ Q- ~' K & a( ^1 m/ t7 Y/ B对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 |. e7 S! n* N+ x( b' ]7 B$ }# K . v: [8 L0 c+ o) i至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 r, k. N* t, Z* z' `/ m! Y$ F$ v3 m( n: b2 n+ w: p7 Y& h) a
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 u5 U/ m4 {, i- v0 H+ L; {8 Q0 L! |
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! N9 H6 H1 n. ~& p/ ~. q) \- s: L