本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # v( d+ F# y$ g
+ P" m+ \4 G( q" O- Q( K9 j 转帖- f/ U, O5 |6 j( N1 i; m7 L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 p. Q- Q1 |8 o7 T' B0 b7 C # C, e( K! w2 ]/ n% N例如: , p# {8 ^* n/ p- s4 h4 j E4 E9 q Z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' o% W$ d$ I' D# m2 D# Y( O6 ]. o/ m d6 C( u( U! f
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 e( w$ i* I" ~1 A( r ) \& x9 Q- x0 s+ IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& f; ?$ O2 @) C8 e. R/ W/ i! Y' a
. K/ h; d* ?. R& ~ j; r: a7 r5 l: P6 ]The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 n. S$ \9 M( \4 s
: f9 G3 J5 o* a! A/ r2 {
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ e; _& h9 x: ^: s+ R9 E
5 \& s7 }5 W0 k, M) }) E$ G1 O- X( ^0 H) @
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * o; Q. ?% ^- D7 j; Q( M( ~5 @* H 0 ~$ e @) o. _We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ L3 |9 f" B- M& D8 z q3 x
1 E( k$ ?% @& e% }
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 T8 f, f$ x5 D1 i- v
% [: {' T6 J, Q% Z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 t1 V4 B' Q% h2 U
) r6 ?$ r1 r/ S7 b/ |7 V& r, c
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); W8 O q- M1 z: e" G: G% J
, V6 S, P# Q: V( o
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! I5 G3 P! y* X
- r4 A$ C6 {9 W & w& O6 Q" R' r4 b" \2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. @1 z' j% x1 H/ k' L- }
6 E1 R& h! D: \3 t$ o例如: 8 m2 p4 @- B7 O( r; E) I3 l : u2 M) {' W+ }+ p" |( l" V1 jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - E/ Q |) {/ ~+ g/ f7 k4 d " E" y/ K H6 @1 m9 x( g# g! H0 J9 [' d+ ?Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 {- z5 B$ Z& ^9 _9 c1 z9 V7 ^
" O/ h* V. A8 e0 F$ E
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' i' ?' q0 o! }
+ G2 f& {) A( tHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 n9 k+ g: N2 r0 I! U$ V, r
. L, Q8 J% V2 g* Y G6 JIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) K' P: q* } D % `% Z7 w1 [6 w. nShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . u: o9 \' }9 D9 |9 Y; ]4 ` ~6 b( j) X; B% b# @I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! K6 _" e; z- | f 3 N6 b0 M; |* h$ I+ |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 c( G8 r( D" U" _! p0 Y
_6 x! O% c8 @( k$ @2 I: P
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 h( j5 Z8 Z8 x1 |) q' h
6 B! g* o" Q% SThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ N2 ^8 q1 F) H/ M" a) g3 k, \
- o. O- X2 b9 O5 x1 `4 [% J8 j2 D" PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( d' @3 _5 P# O# G; p. u% P9 {- |. \" l
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& q6 F$ x) h( h# S( |7 B9 L/ t
& h. g6 J5 D6 S& m
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . |2 P) ?( K$ R7 i X% d. y+ b1 ^$ N- ^
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 F0 C, y9 Q& J Q5 {# x/ m
8 h% B8 e( Q. l2 |. U
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ U# e7 T# `6 ?. q: w( y& @8 _3 l: G$ G0 B+ a$ s6 _# i
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 M) X" l7 N4 L; ?3 w8 f
1 J. [& @# c3 h C ' e: Z9 D6 w) y5 T3 n; q% o: d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; `. e0 h/ ^; t0 p
! q" A" F& w! l2 j7 X
例如:$ o7 a$ V% F0 V Z6 f2 [+ g: T
) J- n u8 f0 y7 K$ c' a) T
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' q* S# Y& R5 b8 k8 F6 h- n , W* {- [9 N! D2 v) |9 V4 j% OManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& D3 r5 G4 p" F. [! H
0 r5 I, _* [0 c
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 G4 I+ b: V! m7 Y* A 5 `6 t( Z7 P7 JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- @3 I+ ~/ D' V( j$ q
5 i1 p% T' q5 F6 w& E I: T- e2 HMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' K0 g8 }3 V) j2 R; _9 R+ F0 _" |5 m9 W
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 h( p$ K9 p3 x! W( x, w9 w9 `6 D) S' m' F% N. T
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) ^; ~3 m! C9 t. }) M: w* u# p- }- f# k3 Z2 \( n! r+ `$ N3 {0 P
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), _ B% x+ y' n3 v3 c9 p h: s
5 z' g5 |* u! t: V( S \同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 u) `4 j a2 [; t; Q" R
3 r6 ]0 j9 m- V& ~0 ?" H, b$ f当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) ?9 Z9 r' E5 p, Q, q/ C, e" V6 ?7 N4 |) z. B7 G1 A# o
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ h3 g3 _) Y" ]( t3 S- H