本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % S( W! {0 Y6 e: r c
1 A7 k2 I# k/ D 转帖 : d( I5 S' Y, Z# d* H1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 j5 u4 t7 K* Y. E0 d1 q) O: D: j, U" E
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例如: $ h a0 Z' x: O, a$ ?1 o4 j( Q. d& X' a4 B" W o7 v1 N
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 ^1 v& s3 v( R. k, d! t& V5 X7 d
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) H* d& D& j2 {, i. W
) u; O. {/ S" f: ?1 v. LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , o2 e0 w9 L M+ e: q# |9 w4 p% L. N" T* \8 g
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' M, B4 o+ V" ?& V - m/ g- Y, r! v yI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 T+ y. a5 S/ J7 L
3 R, m' Q# [3 a' \ ?4 r* bMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) }4 U+ P+ b$ s c' I S& E4 s9 H' S: p; o* `, v; rWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 }1 _6 |; @1 i3 u5 @ , ^5 g3 @' J7 o& L* L- NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 M! | n5 k; Z( i9 F4 _8 m
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- }2 k/ i' n# U; r) k4 n0 p
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 r: ]0 O/ T' r4 m
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ O. @4 O4 z+ `" N' k" `! A6 c7 b0 @- v- N
- _- d% W5 s& L" c) a* c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 " l" b8 g* V% x' \; p: J( ]; N( N7 {0 k1 ?
例如: * A/ R3 c: T: m' ]* [7 q # H1 w! Z0 k3 E/ C8 ^) r; X+ R rAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! o. T. N, ]; [, {! E+ M
: @2 F' y& h- f5 `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) I. P. \9 P+ O: C1 {! q2 y
E5 ~# L) Y yI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% e9 ~0 {! y2 R7 P' O: p
# S0 T, m; R- f1 N9 \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # ?1 i8 p3 Z C7 R1 U/ e + Q' n) v, u4 C! o: u0 ~2 EIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 |* p+ H0 l- [ }; I) E/ E( ?% x( `& z F8 f7 t0 G& w8 ?, t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): I% G! `; a% L: R6 _' Q
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) J; @0 ~7 u* C / O" |# i+ [+ ?$ J; J) ~8 ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ k1 x) d+ u0 T3 U6 _, x7 p% C4 v$ x
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# a! [ w( n' L* e w- b |2 e
. H! F5 C3 d: K# J# s8 [# ]! h! eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 Z; B, ^1 E6 h3 f/ L# s% s: Q
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 Y9 F& o; D2 W6 K N! |8 \( `2 s, d5 q/ V Y
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 C* G5 f8 I3 z F1 O6 ^0 _/ A4 P$ o! v
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( G6 y# ^( _' }8 O# T
$ Q. q/ v8 P0 `# `6 l: Z& s% n! \6 QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 a+ R) l% q) ]8 _
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" {1 c4 i7 l2 ]% ~
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / d n, U# p W; e3 j8 w7 [ / A) x( u% l" H L0 ^3 P# @) |: T 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 c# A) _4 x" e9 v, ? , I4 J, b F; w! K! E) L' a, g例如:7 R3 q! ]7 c) F: `4 e7 z
! }3 C, }. J+ w m* w( j9 sMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' X& L& v6 F( h
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% \' R# D* K: |, r
4 X/ S2 J. ]" V' d$ D- y$ NThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ r7 R9 {0 [- s4 _+ A% W8 h: P
3 s( i# a n) Q* |; W; MHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) _/ ^9 {' F, g4 i; g+ e8 H" b) K' A6 \$ u3 g- H. {- R2 o7 {$ p( W
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( L* K/ \' J( N: R6 _8 o4 B ( O' @9 C3 T1 d: C# `' {6 ?; ]Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ g* c- s% g" G1 A/ |7 H% D' ^* t8 W! o( H) f
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" B K( C# w3 c: Z
5 P. s4 _/ H l8 G4 ?, O, eStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 N1 X' y/ Z7 X+ `, P# w r ; ?4 S! ~9 w- x3 E% ]$ Q* _: |同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& k# O6 S6 h5 d: O
0 e- K h. t8 J3 A1 i* Y' ~4 F- D5 P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 ~$ ~, u% C9 j% P ]
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % }- e" C8 ?3 ] % ]; C; @& c9 ^$ Q) L! y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - y2 W4 C; v" x8 Y: e2 g+ @, _1 p, m& O Q
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # X$ d" V& `% w/ ?0 g2 H, I# F: x* q! V6 b' R, {/ \) f% q
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; s x3 p, l6 R: b0 H/ s
6 w, L8 G) P0 s: R至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ c' ?3 n% E( z3 i$ z# b1 K
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 f# @2 Q4 H! h9 C
* e2 P% k' p( v& U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 N( }' p" b/ [* f! W8 x