本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + n1 G8 [8 P' Y2 K) {
- Q! p4 j$ f( f# A U7 G& e转帖 p! |1 p' S+ w4 N* s1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& m# D1 y, ^$ t
0 l5 e& H+ n0 e# h. a: k; L1 `例如: ! o. W: ^# s# _# b# o + ^1 e, j) r! F) J9 x: jMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 C, A% T7 ]! R! J! U6 @1 l, Y. A; E# _$ N$ _) b4 x2 B
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); P: p7 z7 x6 y
+ {/ `7 M7 ~5 p2 u- ~7 {' e0 XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ @+ [, A: [! l1 B$ v6 g/ [' c7 `' D5 i5 s# y A
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* b1 S1 J7 K) w+ O* R. ~, I2 p9 b, I
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 d! ^1 P! i1 R9 h, F" i" r/ ? K& \7 {7 g
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 Y/ l# K) ~9 V) ?( M 6 f) F" d6 _) L& {6 ~We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" g8 l# z! t& M) I
) H7 _3 @' P7 _0 s6 FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( N3 p0 M4 c. E: G6 D
* M" K/ d% N6 r5 R& tWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " d& D8 s7 Z8 p; r # C2 r ]; Y$ e( i1 r& P: cPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 a: N+ ~( F6 S8 }. B/ P7 L5 B# C" q+ f
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 I* O, n- }+ A. Z$ o2 S) R
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0 O5 A- X# c/ W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & g w) V/ T4 c* U * \$ ?3 F0 j! F& q8 L例如: ( x1 m7 f9 u; [6 R7 \( ~) { 7 j7 Z8 o3 B& g7 r: `, M6 n* yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ G( F$ M5 J0 e( _ ' Y/ B1 f! ^* A8 sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 N |$ C! Z8 K9 q5 R2 Q: \( j
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 C9 x/ [, E& ? I2 b5 ` W" o
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( n: }) ]% h5 W0 [/ W- W 4 E. L# L v* o' U# o. zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' ?* j# P# G+ W8 d) `5 c! ?
% J) d8 n/ C0 `) ]( w' }5 NShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# m# W7 S) R. B3 M8 K! S. P
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 E% X" ^/ X, d! t
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % t1 l7 j( Y. l" Q9 Z5 w) g( I* [ c- T' }( u2 ]
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% f/ |, Q) B$ `# x
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " j" U/ f% H2 N( w+ s$ J+ M0 M, q! o6 k; H- w
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ G# o' E0 {$ ]7 f) q9 q9 s# u 4 c) y. k) @! UHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! w4 z$ B8 r R, s9 w
3 f" s5 ` ]! ]0 ?5 ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); o9 T0 i; C: l# D* F" C
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 G: g' b- Z0 Z) b7 j" Z7 T+ w7 q' Z3 k+ t5 a: [) \
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 W" g$ \+ ?* B5 u" Y
+ E8 a9 o9 G& Y" K$ o8 `' g此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& T ~( }- z" T/ Q6 ]# f
. P( w: }. P& R- Q6 _- h# P8 S% ?$ {8 B( O" \6 X 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 w/ M8 @5 B5 E: r; B) p: m# v6 K# G0 g
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* f6 m# F/ d4 ^6 b5 [$ t" I7 aMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): M: x2 Y1 ?6 G1 _
% f: ^3 D( L" t1 K3 z+ RManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 Q# Q ?8 n9 P. a: s$ K3 P/ D2 j1 V% n( |/ G+ l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). Y: O9 Y7 `, n
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): b$ u4 x( s+ }% M/ K
5 d3 |% [& { [$ [: WMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 h- E4 {3 n( i+ Z
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 |+ g; c+ F' |1 M$ Y P( ?% U7 L2 c: N3 J" [' h8 i# T
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( V# X4 b, ~" m5 z
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 u0 j2 c; X ~' O6 @2 x$ e
/ S$ K% _) C4 u3 a: |/ D$ y* ?同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - ]) ~! j. O2 j1 U( R: C; ~0 ?7 J) l* J# j* p' [6 x
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 V0 }; G$ t; A; |$ b; `4 W. }7 d2 _5 c( H" Q
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ w6 h2 N; _! Y/ F( i! q( T
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 ^1 `9 ?: w2 D- C
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: ~: H# _% Y3 P9 i J# H
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;2 `- x0 h$ Z- D* d
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : U6 C3 S1 x# _0 v' z) [( d8 G0 D) D( E1 s3 h. c8 A
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 {1 Z$ A: b1 b/ n
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 `$ h3 c5 z, ~+ B