本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ V j1 D' m: }: i7 R& K
+ a" e* u+ K" i4 Y y. E5 I转帖 8 l7 \/ Z3 T. a/ y) g( g- M1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 V( O, d7 {* `4 K( `
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 O8 e( F @: A3 p3 V! k
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# {$ P# P5 W% u, D0 d
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . [- c3 W" R) n6 Z0 D2 L2 w: {- x; d+ C6 e2 a0 z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! |5 `; ~% b" p- r6 ]5 X* w3 \4 i& J# i2 n0 I
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * c* e- c- f& K0 n; [! Q 6 \3 U$ s8 p {% T0 S6 C9 UMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ y& ]5 M; G6 f) G8 J 9 W# a' H( J. U! EWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% t* E9 o3 n* A/ A
0 ^/ J3 r1 d9 _The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 x: u9 f3 U$ b8 j& v% q% B) ?% L2 ~5 d1 G& a( z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : {# T& @# q. K/ U0 X& ` # P; Q5 l+ D0 E3 P' I$ {) SPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 A% m$ ~0 I, z7 J: |1 b. W- a
8 A+ J% W* S8 _* ~2 L3 y* _; q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- k: X' J! t& ]8 z& @
" `9 z+ G& z! ^6 k1 J $ J, C: u' j H/ g% s2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , ~) |% G* _+ l# Y/ P$ L: u7 ]- G1 x, {+ |" W* j6 U: a
例如: ( X) W! [5 ^4 \! d 7 N4 u! z5 `- E3 @& ?8 t iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% Z( o$ L. h7 {' A1 K
4 E: R! `" U% |Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 e- n# E; B2 v" p: p. Q6 ~ \+ ^- o! t
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 y4 S0 X8 b- y M# J' ?4 Y9 w5 f5 M% E# X9 D8 x
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 I/ e8 J* N, O/ m' Z6 o9 f9 J% K3 `
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # o' p: F9 \8 B e# `* g+ p C2 }: M5 ]% N. E
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); I" ~/ H, V9 T7 L- Q6 h
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) z( y! d$ m4 V' e 9 B- A0 n6 T+ h- p& T( W如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 D# ~ i" }) @( j& G- |6 |. z * v7 W- {' J5 R- D; uThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 W. G9 y$ h D2 K0 f ?0 O " x$ M, k; B$ }( r. I* I9 p/ @# pThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); p1 ~( ?! c `. d
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 G: k/ H6 m+ U% K, T7 W) _4 M; t. W5 b7 s" Z/ {2 Z
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 y& J- k9 ~4 g; m% X8 K) H: x s) P$ i
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) F' e! L/ W# m; e/ f6 q' @3 K5 b1 S# B0 d. W) h
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 ^5 ~, l% e$ t- J6 Y) q( S8 s- b
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 @* q* S& E1 e; g3 |
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 o; r( H8 F- A, o- r% Y + r; f) n8 F& T1 q : O0 u1 U0 \8 V# H* ~! f3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 N/ \* ]* f. A/ z' h : P" J6 t% ]6 w6 o+ |9 I6 l例如:: c3 U e* D$ D' c) G3 \; T
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ M+ i" I, j0 V$ u
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! k, L( a w- S& H& w
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! _* ^# ?! \6 X2 F) i# s4 K8 @+ X4 n9 ?' v" { @! u
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( |3 ]9 P" `9 u
8 G+ b. @4 a, }( @2 B, J$ z! lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 s' i. V9 P5 B* [# r. q% p
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) b# C% S9 {4 v" x" T 7 c& L9 Q' O" T8 l7 {7 W1 V/ _Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 h$ z! Y3 h# c 0 V6 l( f$ G6 I Y; H8 gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 a8 I1 b. P. b9 [0 {
! w; @; a5 @, m3 W7 ?5 G同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - y, A/ [/ F6 o* n- r! O0 P : }% i& t; c. p. d8 M* E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# N) [* u# o( @0 |4 _
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) F1 z& \& R! m/ \/ X' y |+ X 9 B1 F" [" g; a' b对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, `) x" C0 N- Z- X; R0 d% u/ t
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 {5 @) s- Q# g , J, R0 `1 p# p J对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; B8 G$ |4 x& l6 N# q% x$ L" Z) m i* I' `7 X0 |1 I. D
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! g$ I/ Z ?3 F5 u' u) e$ S5 s" l; s9 T! V0 Y" c
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。5 ^2 P, F1 U% ]# w% ?8 A, c
$ e6 H; I6 B6 m有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* c+ h, F9 I! Z) [