本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " ^- J; K" R M; H# U O+ O9 N' {1 O; k$ t a F. ? 转帖 8 X% _! j8 E9 n5 L* ?4 @- _7 q9 s1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 m9 f/ Y5 i+ a r2 P& a8 n) h: W3 f% Z& @; w( Z' S& o2 g
例如: + u* R; O: g' F6 }! q / x# y4 @- R8 R5 F3 LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- l6 R2 ^; S! g: }" J0 A% t( r; w
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) J6 p1 d0 {: g
$ p0 O* s- Y3 X; U' n4 q& j5 xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& ]1 Z! x* g" }* V( Z- L6 Y9 r
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 d' f% ` _+ g! u1 h) A1 [% i! ~
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 Z$ [4 P4 _4 P* E4 p8 U : i2 b$ |" N2 g# v8 eMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # |5 A, \- S# ]9 j( w $ P9 k; ]0 W- f( }2 T& gWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( M& y" h. Z8 c1 Y9 O* h9 K; q: N$ a; e8 D9 q
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & X5 Q% Q% n% d' e. y 8 k$ z1 z9 V) {" k/ ]We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) s3 M; Y2 S2 T" Q7 C' b$ P5 \# v) w9 w: V
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ r* {) B6 y) g+ i+ ?
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 G7 V* Q: q& b9 {' U' g 1 ]9 a2 c/ F# o; h: L1 a& k' j* k9 g( l7 {0 h* l# m3 U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) M- q5 | C" z: I# A ( B5 K$ n* m4 G- h* J! b/ u例如: 4 f- A3 s' \; `. f6 T4 \ * S) R1 t) [& r- M# yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " J, |& C: ]' T) _0 W/ Q- C " y" p2 `0 \# [( b+ vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " W! b. H; [3 a- O$ b4 o* v ) \6 U N. K! t0 F1 M' ~& P0 LI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * s; h" m; P- I! p ( \/ Z2 H8 w& \. @1 ^4 THe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), }( ?( H3 p- j$ }. E
0 s3 \ h$ M6 `, i9 f xIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- {' v# ?4 k- ]3 m1 L
) _0 \+ k, \7 i9 @' L0 ]& d6 N& C$ O& aShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; \$ i, ~/ @( [3 |; T8 j- Q2 M, e9 Z4 S! f
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 U7 f7 p. E) X! u3 A$ f& J& ^! `6 |$ R* q. W
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 t+ k( u7 R$ F# K% H p y' P: a9 h( j1 ^# f
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 w: P' v! U2 d& l( J) A7 g( p- K; z" O. x, T4 d
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 `* k$ O; C* B9 m) S; C. @+ Z5 j: G( W5 i6 X! Y/ z! n2 W
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 y. H: x, t' a4 M F 5 j; V7 u* F6 l- aHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) i; f7 {1 x" y1 \. }+ q' o4 P; x B2 n* v `
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ i" x; p( J4 [# P
/ w5 P$ b1 Z0 f7 I' VEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& B2 d; A# C3 t# k. g
/ i+ |6 e6 l& Z- ~7 }/ }) n; T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 I7 c1 x( N7 ?4 o6 ^5 v
2 E, [$ X4 O6 p# V. j! S$ T此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( K1 z/ Y: b1 h! F# w5 p% [
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% s% U0 D: C# ^( a* E! Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ ?( g& @+ Q% k, w7 O1 w 5 p# }) N0 l9 H. e5 h. h* F) p例如: / K! E" d1 G7 @% F% }$ w. J2 L) m$ b3 h
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ g+ O4 F+ ]+ n, A2 R5 }8 I6 N
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * ~7 |$ i' p/ S; o; ]7 O8 e8 u2 F# d& N1 X9 e& R1 B1 ]
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 \+ t4 A9 [2 J' ?, t! l5 C1 C+ f% q 1 T8 o) Q+ X5 y& ]3 }He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ z8 K& j# T3 v# b2 G) Z/ H$ H, Q# Z7 M5 c6 J# S
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) V6 m0 X" _! u: Y3 q2 i, @& \; m0 t1 M k
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ ^3 y I6 T" e+ R
% @5 d1 B1 m) i, U$ [/ B+ @+ K1 o% @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). s1 ?) k l5 M
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% n$ }* ~9 Z: `1 O/ [4 Q
; Y* H# `, O" r' ]" J1 g同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 A0 x$ l' p1 R3 F$ J3 l* L
( f. {5 W) I' _* t- J x当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ d9 `6 u& S) E: V+ [# ?
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ r; Z0 U7 S: `1 Q! z; I9 e
+ O) n4 t2 O; f6 X对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 J+ \/ H# N( x" E+ ^! W+ e Y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 q1 E, G6 K; W: k' A7 k
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 J4 @8 T( S7 N8 Z0 n' Q* l" ?. }& m. d) t0 H9 J; y9 F/ |6 V$ @
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : f/ ]3 J% p j7 S , X7 n: [ u( U. e ~还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( q; c+ R0 ~% t1 T: M* k0 S
4 }+ }3 Y( P( o/ X4 B/ T有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 o- O7 N( J2 k- I, \8 p