( p. v( A/ p7 W+ d$ IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)* C0 w* J n9 ]8 ~7 A
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 T! H- r8 v% I: y+ b5 f
" u" L5 R+ |, L# WThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" b; @2 B( s6 P* C2 n- O7 J
; Z2 P3 b: K. y" J3 FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 @) A) z3 I/ [& `# F8 v: w! m
% J% V4 H7 F' g1 PI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 w) t; |: W7 s' N# K+ e' T9 m 7 r! \% k" ^' }Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( H1 I1 I, a9 D5 \2 l
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & q3 G1 B0 x7 R3 y' [, T2 m0 z! o) D1 n1 z" Z' d5 R
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 ]" @# ~, k; {- y1 x: x$ D1 Z& s u" |! e7 a3 [5 |
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' P' p- Y. r8 F$ T9 S
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 @" r1 a- W) g5 D ( d c* U6 E. R" m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: V$ G+ M/ e/ n
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6 U& [3 p* A- F/ z+ V( Y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! V9 C9 ?! u8 C- f8 | % j3 p, G% |# ?7 W例如: + }3 K% x/ Y( B& s$ [4 K. r) E) V# N" Y1 e! S1 ^ k# w
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " |- S! W. ?9 p! T3 T# @" X; v / j5 y! \$ o: {( ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 T. h+ O4 ^, Y* S$ c
4 K& c" ?0 U, z+ I$ B8 M- i% HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 h9 W: M: Q A: w2 K
5 |/ }5 H5 [+ [9 g+ MHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), z! X( W( h, I, p6 P3 N
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# S# G) ~/ t v' ^ t& N
- `$ V$ L. k9 a, G7 w2 k: BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- [3 ` r. z) C3 ~
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ u( m0 W0 [1 W" z
. G2 ]) p3 P# q4 K5 @( |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( u9 T# d1 k- t, U & N! |$ [9 L: J' n" oThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + H( E1 E _4 J. ~' Q( z! l) B! a( G a
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 g* k: g8 k) I0 i# U* w8 C+ O
; [& g+ ^; B2 l1 k1 a, c$ d- \5 ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 u% [3 P7 \9 Z* O3 a! C) G) ^ ) }' ` a$ ]/ P+ Y; t5 X5 jHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) `# b) A! n9 y) B5 C
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 [: l, @2 w) t ( q& I4 ?# d0 U- |" u6 G& QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; I w9 N. L% J% v5 O! [' |; G# u" n( X( l( q1 v9 f7 T" [
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 ]0 S. p3 |& C e0 f9 O ; g1 q( |1 n1 z/ |/ H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" A6 K5 l6 `$ @3 o8 U, v
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% c7 S9 |2 J5 [( D3 S9 M2 v例如: + t: q5 a2 r t# h. t , z) H3 B5 I& a8 l. n4 ~" @& QMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ s( i' T* Y" k4 Q
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 j2 d% _: a! H* x* y9 v+ T" z; v# g3 E
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 Z, N/ P3 e" l, p- A5 b; {
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " q7 \. D' i* F, Y8 N2 s; k! a' e" u. U& ^4 O
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! M; }! G; E9 _" z% k , N* d& Y( W* A- K# ]4 z8 BPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' P5 ~1 n; n) Z+ p5 p9 l- o6 @ Y/ x( T3 }% `& P; R. \
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : E+ {. _% Q0 X5 I1 {5 {4 e- |7 W9 ^8 A. o/ c, p
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* s- S, n+ a r# k% B+ J
2 l5 l6 t8 k( O* U! J) Z0 r- }' z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 X* `3 y: D/ N
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 x% Z1 @9 e! O6 j. i" Y
0 |9 Y1 O! W3 J4 b( c; _: ~" ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 h+ b0 j$ t4 {7 q5 o+ `# I# Q9 a) c( p1 h9 f
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - M! w& Y5 V; i, U* v " m. F' F. t& ]* h) k对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; W# l) S. _9 `, i( R& P % n' v0 @( ?2 ^: V) g对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( ~0 ] L4 }: h
# z1 t4 E" g: z# [2 a$ I, K, P至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 E, o, [5 J0 V F/ D / ?* U# L/ h* x- `- k. P* \. V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ Z* L+ F' ?4 v# R
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' i. o) i' B% P9 m, D$ |