本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 y6 ~$ E/ Q2 f) v% ~
0 `3 F f* \ |0 Z 转帖 ( W9 e( [0 h! V1 p1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + ~3 p4 @) K, } y 5 g' X; S0 t( U& n例如:4 k% K( p1 [8 N; y; w
/ p2 B( T& d5 d5 ^
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " C4 R9 d/ i! v9 ~) I2 }, X: R 0 d; J* ~7 E+ b$ { PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 K0 H, W! J0 Q4 V+ p. E ?1 }
5 Y0 S' t3 ]4 J- ~( U; F3 z
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : ?' w0 J, C% j1 }5 X 1 o7 M3 p- d3 z) y! u1 _9 F8 rThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- j1 |' Q* p0 D+ I9 l, V
- V. G/ P+ i2 M( n; ^
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 S2 ^& o3 T5 `- _9 s# @8 k/ @
: e& P" j* [" {. E! G1 j. |1 g8 n
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . J$ S' w+ j4 @$ w $ `, c% y, X/ B7 T3 sWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ ~8 r k9 {: I' r
1 T; {/ [" M4 K' {4 g
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& c9 D! q& p* B8 N
/ T! [5 W5 j' H' S3 `4 @' \4 Q$ n6 M
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! S% Z2 l e7 t! C- t3 g( h2 T l ) p' u. j7 v8 n* V2 L2 r" l" LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ O2 z% G! L: E: o. z- F; C# R
2 o% F5 }: T1 U; f5 J( f5 v0 p
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& e ?6 J$ ?% t2 E, |+ a8 E7 {
/ \/ u# q3 _7 u! ] ! C; z3 e: G" {: F+ f1 }2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, ~' @* |* O; c Z6 a* c
; g# u4 T, s% l1 C3 Y: Z例如: % Q! A- v. O/ i: H) \$ g & s" x! ?2 `$ n$ ?; wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - ?8 Z8 m* j0 n- H* D! ^; A7 d- m' M7 b0 f2 }8 v7 k
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ y. x, q% b" u( A2 w8 O
5 h( }' p2 S n1 Y' e. }
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 _! q. C* c0 o* Z- v & R% I6 Z$ Z+ ^0 RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- v& f; k% M% n! D& W
, h2 n- z6 K* F F8 v- K! z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( K+ g* x: _& u0 P' _8 s . `1 C% r2 G2 t- }$ N+ |( i: ?She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). V! U: A7 {* V! n5 i5 a
6 p2 f5 w; d. g l8 b6 _I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) g/ s% v) s" a. p" E; h& d' _0 d9 d; i& i8 h: T: Y5 A
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 l) |; D5 q W6 L
; F# `5 y3 l6 e0 P' UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 \- z3 L2 M" l' r; I6 y7 S+ R* B Y8 g" _! ^1 [9 J1 E) v4 i6 f/ ^
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 l0 E$ t* M! O# g" {" t
5 x8 l. J' E5 V
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 ^, R% r8 J* L& l" J
& L/ W" Y, S4 Z. }5 y* n/ G' i
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & N) u+ B- q. p% Z! x! E , M2 L$ @( y. n% ~* SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 h: B. b' q% O8 \7 W# g6 ]: j3 Y4 I& j
6 d3 h v6 G- A6 U/ zEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 A/ J1 }* E y) o( B% L# W& g: h$ }. y" |
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . O+ O! ?- K9 z; v; s' h4 P5 r1 M, W% E: \
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 D# K, Q2 h# x% X" m' |! ^! S, D/ R1 x
1 w: K! Z+ \9 f: k/ f' r# _1 Q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # G G( j5 r/ u( f3 j# h8 X- ~ 8 o! G _3 t. U- j$ _; s0 K8 v# t: D例如:7 @. p3 R" T+ m- `2 M6 ~2 @
; c5 J* G- Y# x( J. {/ g6 A& t
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 Z: J. j" y$ d/ g
" ?* U b% Q9 ]) e; o mManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , Y0 t: _4 _& B , Z8 n& Y' ]3 S! D- SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) U; f ]6 t& V8 t2 z6 P6 u3 k6 m n
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), ~! K9 m7 k, R
6 ]1 t2 M: i8 x( f
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * {7 z1 l3 a7 d$ ~. i! h* H0 O4 j& U; H6 r! U# _, o; x9 {
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 R. q: Q J) Q% z1 F/ ?% P3 L0 G& K! p7 Y# j# b. C
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . A6 ^6 q: E) v5 l2 k s 3 e: ?( F0 G! P: z6 Z rStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 F/ |- O, Q3 M+ d" v" S( R; T/ Y3 a & d# g, ~% a" d' O4 v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. o' u2 [9 B* Y
# j% ~; [8 Z3 r: c当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + ]3 E! X5 n' P* {& I: F9 J4 }- o. X- {
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 q9 I+ X$ C% m z
( a: A' h D+ m% G- a7 `
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) s- o5 O2 P% T1 A3 o ( W# {9 p. p& ]& Y3 Y) x) S对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& ~- f6 k7 X& k! l; ?( u
: Y% z0 Z. [; q& r9 `% j B9 ?% R& O
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% x; W! D% L6 j. a2 X. B
' D+ G/ J$ ^- [7 |
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 t+ j2 G4 G7 i$ o; [9 _+ A
4 d: P' v/ a$ O/ a. @1 P还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / p1 l1 u/ [- h1 W) ?' s; Y" A% d4 H6 ?
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 l) e# h3 {- W' T' L" R