本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 T" C/ o5 f) C9 [$ e1 V4 g( S8 F: q" s- V/ f 转帖& Q) P# t! [6 f( z
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), S% l+ `! l7 U6 T
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# C7 c8 k; Z- d- t
3 |) Q5 D1 V& K# V B! r) M2 [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & v' L# R/ B: O) e% f: X b! ]/ O2 ?6 ^3 B0 t( B5 [2 w$ M% ^
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( U1 b+ h7 w& w* `3 x! O ( \5 a' r, x7 V5 tThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ F2 W1 h3 b- V% y9 l
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 c% ~9 h8 i9 ~
6 F5 _8 |4 ?, h+ r5 mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* M& }- W% ^0 d8 x& [. @
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 ~% G2 j% P- h; y5 X* e + D, A) T: C( h0 G& v" EThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- X/ R0 [/ C% @% Q
1 O' J# b9 G3 A, k/ nWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( O6 N% f% S& A' {& T8 s
* g! g2 a$ k+ U! @7 D; oPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # V( e- x: V( a1 T9 @' d @9 s& O: n+ o- P7 w! G) W" s* V
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* M- g% L& p! ~. n- O
- a9 f2 N* r! [% V* Y * t- {/ c* J0 W' X& B2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 M5 s6 f- O$ ~6 ?0 }4 g ~) i
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例如: 8 Y1 a! P$ }- ]0 K2 a: s, l : A7 J' K( z3 r7 VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& V& p6 j! M. |2 p
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& p0 w) }* w* I; @: Y( {/ ]
: g+ H+ R( M0 j3 R( C4 @7 _I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & H. s4 b- d' _6 W8 {8 k9 T4 Q# ^
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), C# H$ y6 F* A
; a& o5 Y& R/ C; H" }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ w; V1 V: i3 r! X. Z
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 h4 [4 f4 J) q3 {& s' O : Z2 C) q3 B$ g7 R' LI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; S9 S, C" z @5 B1 G f* A8 Y( H2 A- R如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ^$ R0 M. p0 ?+ ]% b. h+ Q + a" `9 j1 K% }/ F6 M$ n0 nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) i5 g5 z2 H8 {8 T; |5 R! `; Z& j
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; v! [4 z, {" A+ v. S: H/ Z+ ?$ N. u4 c
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 R3 X! L7 u" T, J: y+ [, f
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# d! Y! m: {( x7 `0 _" m
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ [7 Z8 w4 u) I% C6 r
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ q; E0 y3 Z5 t1 r0 F7 v! g! R" P1 ], F) \, ?- y0 z) X& @
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # j5 p3 k/ V) {$ L: r2 B0 ?. @' N! n. F# p( E' b
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 k2 D7 L8 P5 M3 Y/ m3 {4 u
7 c3 B0 B% ~. B( f2 B; ?# v* h4 T4 m1 \" Y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( d3 h* e) u3 z- ]3 p7 R1 r0 t8 q8 U
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 c- F$ J8 P9 I( J& ~, L) R2 q) b1 `9 Q7 O
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; H; B* S3 m6 D. `4 F: I. Z, _. e / P. O* N+ u; H8 E! l/ f! `This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " t _7 {7 t R$ B + Y; q5 f8 U3 vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# V( b8 X4 a/ v# s% g. S& u5 C# S
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) s: v! h* O& H8 C8 q7 D6 J+ ^# K* v/ J7 T. X/ [0 M2 s- K
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 u4 W: [6 c: c# f2 d3 | . {+ z7 b3 a& n5 L9 M* fCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 R3 \2 t- S+ K% I9 a; C# \0 |
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) @: c! U* E) |
" m5 L1 \# K) o同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * B; W% b: p& m7 q; l, f ! L7 p: X- @7 z1 S* B! ?当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! h) | L1 d1 u; g $ N4 |7 p3 t% D$ n+ z6 e% @对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* R2 P2 A c( a4 b3 q' N$ n* ]7 Q- @- d
4 ?- K$ x) g( Q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% c7 p4 p* e* m, @5 I: g
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! n A5 z$ d) n* r- U& P1 k: C& `9 N+ \( ^, I( z# {: Z
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ T# c- ^7 d7 v2 S" Z
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- z$ F3 ?, p- y: _8 i* Z+ G* Y
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. S- _+ f5 V8 j/ q
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 \$ s2 L$ S) v( f8 w6 ~! v# _6 w3 j