本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ g! R1 O3 p7 O# k % u0 \. H2 u- O6 B, W6 J7 z% S转帖6 D" Y& @: g! ?% r4 C
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% D1 T2 k. `( M2 C+ r) ?( L$ v
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 ]+ `1 J& A6 D O0 D) K! u* s+ j9 U* |0 J9 P
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 j$ w8 L. G: A" m
6 [- N# s/ y6 m' V0 P2 QThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / T- H2 N) K% ~5 P, J # Q1 O0 o: n m3 OThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & U8 _1 P! l8 Z, d- E" z2 M$ U* h: d1 I m8 [
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 [* p/ D0 Z M; T" S/ |: k1 y- @# o+ Z0 S
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 C, P% y0 c, B b$ |( H: X- @ 5 V" a2 N# J7 _- HWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 @7 R8 B% x' G; A) C' U6 T* I
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - Y t6 Z+ T+ }, u# q" w; e 0 ^1 z/ n# u4 q( P4 }$ R, }We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 w; a& r/ L1 Y @ ? ) o. |+ W; z# t: WPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! m/ m2 |- m' U+ t6 j
5 W. l5 s1 r' k+ ?' x# ~! k这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 J7 }/ T5 A7 A; M* v ) J1 l. W' d3 y- Z I+ @0 s6 n! k6 m: k, ]1 E) y6 M 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 g$ G `' S" Z2 d5 V9 k 4 k E a) D7 _# C2 K7 ^例如: + ^ Y9 Q6 g9 _" W4 E5 H# o1 I9 N; W" m0 f' V' U; ~, b, Y
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 H5 x0 O9 j# k- S
$ \* C# c' d& T% H0 C5 u; r# ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 `, z% \6 {* n* e; F! y4 s; T. n4 D! i& z+ i. M% D
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / _# A: w T. _/ g ) B( d! q4 t. A; \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 |) b7 S s( U( N- @/ l* V ( n' U0 X8 g$ K* G0 a9 zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! F. K- G/ g: A* k* O, J! R6 @& Q% t; {0 U- r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 X, P" f0 p3 S1 j
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 _% d w- i# O: j
5 `8 A& p$ }& P* z9 z% i. C$ X, c如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. V9 o- H, E* r# `
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 X( ^3 z% ?2 c+ k" u7 s3 k E
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 a- {3 q" o4 A Y
t0 g5 g, T- _4 M, i6 K8 X4 F& Y3 W( SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( f5 ]: B' l1 b* r: J* w - B3 N& _) j* ^- N4 @He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ C' D1 u7 x% ]
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 e# F+ c) V Q4 M( l- |: p1 c2 ?0 L4 L4 b
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 O! z$ @7 E8 j- A& J( J' Y; j 7 u& M: H2 a" ^, W4 u: L4 |. ?1 K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 h1 N+ n# _% k p q 6 O0 A5 r5 r( F5 Z7 n1 J& }) |此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( z1 E ~- W2 t9 K5 ]7 p% M; y2 E
6 E( m- u S( _9 g3 z# ~7 [: m3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ f7 h! i5 }" `3 V6 ]! j7 j " k% j/ x3 t5 g9 ?. Z例如:: e7 r& K3 H8 T- D! m
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ y0 d+ [8 J+ e
) U! ?! P0 p/ m* TManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 S4 w0 W' ~4 t# h' a
2 {0 l; h# _9 \3 r& o- L3 P+ {This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) i6 u# w2 N3 o- f( n+ D& m$ K% j" z7 y) R N6 T: V ?" ~6 z/ c
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 x h6 B* D4 m. g! S 6 r, X! t9 r1 b9 {0 n* jMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 I% m0 V c' D& }- J/ D' F& k; L4 ^
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ ?% R( x' [4 J1 y- X) f" Z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% _3 e0 p5 N6 ]0 n& k
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- [9 c5 R7 v9 H, j$ X
" t' e" P$ M) U- w' P5 f8 ?: ?9 d同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' D' m; M0 X, L8 d; S4 L# B4 X! b7 ]
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" c$ u( u* u Y% m% i$ i1 T
: A/ H- R4 M. X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ K9 ?2 h; E8 n
, I' R& t% G! I! P0 h; r } ^% ?对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 w, i) H% Y3 Y+ Z* l8 K6 h C0 f3 I& ?5 m& f
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 U/ I$ g) y" H9 t( J3 B3 O4 Y( K. \% t4 `
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " e% C! }% s5 p" a/ K4 R9 z+ [- d1 h3 `& \- H6 v" u8 W, E
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: j5 X! p2 Z( m5 R/ F 3 f% G9 n( u% N3 V J: }# g还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ P# c5 I# o, b% v8 D
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) t) I- T" O( N$ m T- A