本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * B, Q$ X0 [" T+ c. ^9 l; {+ u' [/ L. Z1 u( T8 G7 s+ C) X3 K* D4 p 转帖4 T3 l$ T5 k/ M! I! e
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % g& r$ Y: E% b" M9 z9 S 0 I/ z _5 W2 M% N9 N% P. ?1 z: v例如: : R- E& A3 [$ J7 P( Y- ?$ f , e, }0 ~, } H: jMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" y* t8 N/ j" z0 r' A
, {% ]0 h) a# z; Y- g! B0 i3 `Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 U" l6 B" L/ J2 o0 ?
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . J0 y7 O; z: O9 E; _$ E, k4 x( u9 }5 C' T1 j
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ p1 l% Q: M0 X
) E, P. ~! o- a' L1 e! AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % n6 E+ O* a/ ^- j/ v- c5 S2 s3 ?: J2 L! t6 E( c
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + Q- p$ L8 Z! N8 n7 p; I8 Q( n5 z) m4 a& |& S+ q4 z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 f* q/ |1 X2 r# q. U
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# P3 ^' e& N( {
' U9 D# t- | K8 P0 C' E5 ]We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( T; n8 Z6 s* I
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! ], u2 v. |, k6 A/ W
, H7 i7 V$ D. O' U这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 i. h& S# o) a) m' c1 K8 t1 w8 m1 z& R2 {1 l7 j0 g
. `% U1 i- |/ }, { 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: e! l) U& H2 n! |
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例如: 5 V+ e* d$ l; q 4 }2 Z* n" f* ~5 X, F% ?At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 G3 m& | G5 ~3 _ " e* ^* n9 r3 g$ ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( |% W0 u4 \7 j
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 g# f# z+ Q+ G" \5 Y h4 t2 j3 O# x0 n: s% R% tHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 ~9 a) E5 d8 A1 E
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! B) z+ s- e( i2 ^+ n d
" E6 N6 z+ l& HShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; K) Q1 Y$ _2 t; C+ {6 z- j( X8 i5 a3 R6 R1 ^& x7 v8 p) C5 O c
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 \& \* x. a9 E4 j ) d2 H% e0 i0 d5 H+ G. T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, \$ ^) m5 V9 s% O6 n; H3 D R
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - _! k7 B- r' I [1 l$ [, d " q, n0 o: j2 R8 U: vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! {) ], c1 n& G- z, J; Y- ?# a' I( i& L9 }, w
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; I" h- `0 X- I8 i3 }4 p4 b* J ) r7 i( h u7 o9 c OHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , Q% i/ |% X) z& X! M . H7 u& f2 L, }0 J! KWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 O2 A6 t" |- S, k- D' v, [3 O
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * `5 q% O( s) \) u' t4 e, E* T9 {7 }- l" d
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 h" R/ @; l: C' ]0 m
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# x Z/ x& W% f4 ^6 P
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5 \8 M. P$ R e$ I2 u! w" F: h: IMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : c7 J6 K+ v& Q! B/ ] 0 D: w- f. l' W3 {; _! IManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) [$ v: ]6 N% [, s% I+ b
- [9 ], ]7 b7 v9 X5 G' wThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 D% X' i. I* Z- h3 @9 x9 ?! n# d, L1 o7 D" a9 i
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! \+ w0 _+ E9 `6 B- {
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : u: F3 b! F: x, e1 | - w% J. ^# u; F7 W) X0 C2 q2 gPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), k. ^9 C" n& z2 N5 U
1 |5 \+ N2 e) cCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 P% r* f% A. o. C5 u. I0 e' u, a+ W7 u: R" c. t* d
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 _ Y: k! F* D
5 D" m l2 V$ Q/ h! V, M% c1 G同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& U& M0 [6 c q4 H5 i. i3 G: c
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + r6 c5 a4 ~, E {# D : R# I M% T l6 n0 a对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& ?) ~4 ]" T' G( h
0 h6 H# h6 k B% H$ ]' o对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 s$ V" l6 w5 j# E( P! ^) S2 P/ O, a1 e
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 v9 d+ b% \2 o4 o3 l* C; J+ S( t( Y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! ~ ]1 V% C% {2 T o1 b * y- u+ |7 u4 r# `( L8 i# N至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 B1 H: L- T: G; r5 v$ }1 T7 l! V2 X5 K. G$ E1 U4 k
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 k' G: x7 R$ [- i1 L/ l
! y2 X$ h- I5 q$ s有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- I' H% W- j% h% I/ |% g3 E, ~$ ~8 N