本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 X8 B: M+ N- o( a$ ?' N/ |: A
6 b' K8 u7 d1 {- Q* c+ f7 [5 N 转帖 # Z2 Q; J0 k: t1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! ]& E4 x$ u& K. I M
7 S N3 }$ N1 i例如: 7 t% ]8 j/ _/ y! g " _/ l+ }+ S# Z# q0 c7 ^Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 ` e3 ?7 |5 X2 o; u* h
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 }. G+ I$ k$ G f4 a+ ]. Y5 o8 l
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread), W2 D1 e$ r S/ l) s2 w
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + J$ D% ~, |2 d+ Y * G* F& g' T L; }3 [6 M5 W* ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 ~& F2 p1 n) m& b ' X" @1 S& O. O7 v% E$ _Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 f# c: |& B" Z) ^. I: o: [0 \* N/ ?$ g2 ^% [% [
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' ^) n- g( k" ~; o; L# i5 Q
' a' G: Q8 ] } n! z' N1 EThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * L2 p* `2 o+ z7 P4 |4 W# A3 _& N+ W4 r* O
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! W U& f R/ F
: d3 n( A$ n* kPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " `# j5 M& @7 F. q , t; @. c% Z3 w2 N1 m/ @; Q7 k这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) q/ \! m* B) E) ^# L* e9 p5 i5 L
- r5 Q/ M- i+ Y- J. F2 U% i1 u1 k J/ x5 ]+ @" d2 w9 o 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! Y7 d8 v z8 _5 X. a- w c9 n9 b' T% w& [例如:5 a7 c! a4 J& b. w/ z$ `
/ s) p/ L( a9 y7 t eAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) A, J2 `) Y Q" Z+ F
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 D2 R. B5 [5 _, l) N! U# b1 j2 m6 [; k/ ]6 K% v. e. `9 ?* F" C4 G
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% J+ A, x- J6 N5 E \' b, o
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ [: X7 K0 H8 [; V! c, ~" q5 R j * q* n* t# b3 ` ?; W& FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 l2 C s* B& }5 l/ q9 l2 ~& y& R& z6 F8 ~# e
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( }1 H* ^; Y! `" ?5 P) O$ | q6 z1 `3 v
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ y5 Z. J" Z9 R, `2 @8 d
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # r; p4 r, f9 S! O- J- }5 m" V6 F7 h! O! [0 z( R/ ]3 Z( g
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , f+ Q. q& f" } o$ r, Q0 `) B" g) F- w, L5 I1 X2 L6 s- Z
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 v, Y+ w# t7 O* H- m( R' p% t/ X7 f
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : h" L' Q1 b$ S+ b5 Z. _. w, ] ! a) g5 Q9 \6 I uHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 c& x& Y4 k/ V: P; h
4 C+ O1 q0 o5 w( IWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 N$ f/ g' _9 I3 ]/ ?* }7 o4 o+ E w) u2 M3 \3 E! s- REnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 ` O' D. R7 @3 N* C% v
H$ A8 s# h4 Y( k写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' f$ G2 Q9 \4 G$ C+ i. y( {5 v ' S' d8 Z! J; }9 i( S% [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) O6 C) v% B/ o% i. r$ {* M3 A2 ?. K9 | s6 C
, w4 P. c6 A/ h0 y a( L K例如: , A5 _" r7 [) T |( c , q/ e9 e5 v! L, V# sMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" l0 b) I9 A+ k3 a- D
" `! t- s; W. J0 ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( o9 g0 K- p, w6 ^1 Z $ i$ v( ^5 _% [This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " T! q# N' f: `5 x' m , K$ m- o" M( L( R. AHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" {& R: _( u) {
; n! i* e- B ]Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - ^' ?0 k6 ?. v- G, y: X( h2 i5 J4 O5 v$ j2 \8 a
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" v. Y9 D. k, M$ U3 z" I
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & L1 i1 j) [4 f* C. F6 V' }0 n( u ^0 U" _* Q& n1 x
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( C6 j% v/ C9 [* r8 K, C% v7 ~4 B1 m
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " u5 q6 M: ~0 H, e5 j3 {! |4 w5 i& v/ x. s, z# t
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- ^2 w" b, ^$ o2 o3 T% i$ o9 \
1 \, f3 Q9 k3 m! K+ @2 \( f' x. G3 D对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! F# R/ z( s3 C/ B: @
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% u4 @, D* o6 {4 ~
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ \! g8 }: d; k8 M- Y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( m, K Y- H$ b g* v q
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 @# k3 e6 q# U& \9 P7 s" x
8 T* \2 D4 Z h+ L# y- z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( C8 p& A9 l3 J" v8 v) f9 ?+ ^. t7 u: V
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * q; x2 n# o9 {' q