本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 d, E" L$ \3 h" r ~8 v" a2 j* {/ }
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! _0 ^# g* S! |/ S ( k5 B, q% l) I7 V: ]$ {7 d( {例如:/ W; o$ W$ s: O# c3 b9 k/ v" {6 r
5 S" I4 ~. a3 E6 V5 W: wMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' f. o/ t" {- x3 ~
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) _) {" t3 |8 h U8 Q
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' o8 x" W! ^. A4 N2 r
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : X) s# ]: r8 _' v' _) ~( W4 j/ q' X* Z Z ! d+ M! R" l+ e, tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 ?8 g. `! B* _4 ` 1 Y% z: v' ~* mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 ~/ R5 ~ U2 l" V8 v4 P& c/ x8 J! o! G( w" v7 v) L+ e0 k
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ x ] E( ?) D3 ?5 V
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 x" _( U+ X1 h) F8 i: u! U( y- D, Y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 N/ z" L( E% h3 M" N7 \" v6 U5 m' S; X% r3 v
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - H) N3 v; v2 H* ~ s/ r# p, O4 z* N4 z
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ ~8 I, Y. T, d; M: R2 `
1 u$ v$ f* U5 q% i _ 4 d& u! f8 ^1 n9 B. I2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % H% A6 U( c& c" f& F) J0 Q# S8 z- [" C
例如: 1 r8 | ?8 H& S7 L: a+ B. x0 a ; m& f% `% f3 r0 g6 \; [* G5 W5 ^" yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - Z; f6 S* p4 ]! ~" X- Q! j8 M5 r( R: {% y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) t7 r5 J5 F. E' o% }) z! U; R# y4 }* g6 G9 a: U
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 G, X: A' g+ S! M3 c" D! n) J3 o& ]5 M# b; \+ x8 l4 r
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 c3 [9 P4 O9 P/ @
; Z P; V3 R x, g( zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% \; j7 L: L; {+ s/ v; q
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) S" j) ?( T6 [ l
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& F n% P7 _ z
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " K5 }9 `! H s5 S6 l7 T: w# I6 _$ p
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 D6 b$ j9 J, b/ L$ Q' M( D' i
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( \! {8 {' f2 P' K+ [$ H. H5 Y
3 P6 M! I7 z- K4 U0 d7 pHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( S) B: M7 ?2 S8 z( O$ }& x: C
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + x" n: i) Q1 O% D 7 ?, I3 T% y+ U+ f# S fWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - O. I4 Y0 Y7 S6 j + i0 o5 d2 @1 d4 i9 HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 U# H4 K5 `2 |1 x 7 g5 g( G" r7 @3 ^6 N" T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 H" [; }- o/ Y) T' |4 O* u4 I) c" `% H1 R/ Z2 W0 [' C
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # L' k; i6 }: B! m$ Q) z : @( F, w+ @8 L( ?. f; K$ K0 S1 b. o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 {6 d4 ^& G- U+ w# c2 n
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例如: 9 k6 V% H" {& ^$ ]% O$ q7 z$ l 8 z- {& ^9 J/ L$ M5 tMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 @7 h0 h% n- c% k) l; T& o( B2 X
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 T6 Z( d0 m9 W- _- u
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), |3 ~% E. Y& i3 f1 y: z
! R% ?1 P! |" f0 Q. y$ lHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); s/ e4 \2 ]- x/ c- e+ x, Y
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( g# O# }7 o/ t9 M' g! {8 o+ Z - c6 Z* ^7 U4 L( P, m2 X1 HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" @# ]! z+ G3 r. G
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* R9 @6 j7 p! s3 f
' P* a5 ?2 w; MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * v( ~+ I/ y3 a9 P; A; }2 Q" Y 5 I3 }6 u* P- C7 B9 {同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) O% ]3 @; a% |+ _$ f4 `8 c- E- a# [8 E3 J) Q( J$ N
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:2 h6 F! V1 w. n' K* [
0 a" ^+ T" d3 |, W" n! V对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 ~ f Q6 H$ ?2 q7 n4 ~' ?, O- s# d
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ J5 R: L R3 i2 k9 V2 F/ L" B
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 K. S& _( r: d! X' `" m$ m- t, o, b$ ?0 T6 G# r$ K3 @
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- }* U5 L3 i% j: f& ^& }' c
( N) ]' g& e5 ~, [& g至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- J5 s# D+ T- k. {+ P
6 p1 J G& g! V% A9 A' T& ?, O7 Y3 }还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , V) ?+ j, P7 K; i# c " O- `; o3 a/ y$ f/ f3 v有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% ]4 n) y% Y, B- l5 |