) I( @3 \- D3 ~: S9 u4 S9 v% z% a- H) |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / [7 p; }/ k4 h 8 ^) P. o7 K3 t" k' JThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + c& U' K V, Y) T2 L + a/ ^$ K: e% M( LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( h0 E2 a9 K5 J; m, v
, a1 d( t6 U P/ q1 TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- I2 z! @$ c5 ]" H, Y
: [ k' F F* y. ?I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 D6 p9 Z2 e. ?# X8 U7 v
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 s: `( o* L9 P6 g% S" m) g2 h% e+ Q5 A. V9 ]
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 Y N& h# T! l; d$ m9 S" _3 r
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( |3 x9 ~1 C. D
; {, }: ?6 c9 a& p+ E$ f& i) w7 oWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " C. \" @6 q% T* |# D# q $ N" y% ~+ y3 I* C/ z$ H" ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 r* c$ H. }. i' x/ h7 E6 E2 }0 }& L
* M' p+ X& b# d3 J8 q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + G! E: ~3 A. Y, y. ~/ k5 f/ Z1 o, L, K+ l' W! H; s
9 `* F8 C& v; v5 U7 b6 z0 e" j 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( P# C- G$ J% V
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例如: 1 d1 B+ `8 D4 s* X |3 f" ~4 v2 y 6 _9 _( C. `9 k0 D1 u, d, P1 bAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + x, `3 Y$ U" F9 E; s4 X2 J' U 8 u( w& l0 L2 Z1 H' Q6 ?Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 i6 P! y- {3 k4 I" o- C2 K4 h+ { $ \, B/ f5 X+ eI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" b! q) B$ y' N
: M$ ~' W4 w. C/ P2 PHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( v( T. ^' Z* ^6 b3 m+ x+ w6 {$ g6 e" h. r6 _9 G
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 z+ k! z$ e* ?: v& Q: A# m) D/ v! o% r# O* y7 D7 A) J9 r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% b5 W8 Z7 O# F4 F8 o
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # o0 X1 u3 f1 U 7 g0 r+ C8 b. L+ @# j如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / }; J9 } M% k7 v4 ?7 } S6 B0 f. s5 h
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ `. J8 W, g( r$ D, q7 c / W, G' l# S- g7 a" nThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & ], \ g4 O1 @! V- f, g4 m8 W/ T# J+ f% U/ ]! r" d* S6 D1 j
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 ?7 ?4 r1 i& I; J 1 k+ ?" c M3 k/ ^' @* L4 gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! I8 B. d$ w: S6 x) I9 d
' \ T8 c" \! z% o6 M0 EWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 x" m/ n' e, p0 r3 e2 [1 j
8 {! I0 c! B: v6 D7 C3 EEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 V9 p* B. B {3 z9 h 6 q' I! A" W E5 s( K4 r- S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 F6 C4 T1 u N0 O
4 T5 M" O9 F. K2 d6 n4 f* W此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 x$ x8 _9 I& R1 U+ F0 ?/ n2 x# ]: y$ O! }' L$ y
2 x5 L3 s% i; ] n4 l3 M+ _8 T1 L 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 v @, O+ P; i# C 4 w6 A; _) l! Q# w+ k- X0 o例如: # q+ ^+ Z9 b0 ?+ J3 o C3 b/ C f" c1 Y, l$ O; Z( K; {Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- b0 Y7 s p9 J" l6 K4 R/ i" ?: j* i
% i4 T- q) ~- i# M$ ~1 P) WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 c7 S( d* b7 O2 A
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- u( ?5 G( ]: i: o6 N$ C V; _
# f2 Q; i B A7 o: v1 IHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- H7 o; |4 Y8 K
' }1 d( k( p! ?6 s/ eMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! W* H4 q! F* `* M: T+ n( e. y& q+ J
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* N$ d4 A: E, @& E4 N! @7 A! e. m k6 C
$ G; I% R1 n. }5 x* D% o' MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 A# G; f8 R! Q3 _4 Y. {) x
- Z0 t! V8 _& |9 d: K8 w- I( VStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) M' u% x6 ^% L, q! W/ ^+ o: w6 J8 {+ r8 N" b
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 O% a( B z* x
3 g9 z. T% Q7 q4 l( W P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 W8 H. N$ \6 G/ b# x+ p @& `
4 v7 B1 b; O$ a% f" n% @对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % Z' u' K J# C$ z. ?+ ]* k ! U1 d- r! r/ u, O8 l至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. V( ]9 ?( C: z3 S) D" t
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! J0 N. Y- D6 T" m
8 J4 U) W7 _# @) G; g4 I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 h! Q! @* w) V8 x. J7 w g