本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 ?- w7 a1 b0 X$ i6 J5 n% \8 t3 K/ {) g
4 I$ F! ?0 Q8 D4 N. t* M. q+ z 转帖 + k- e; x4 t% d1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) Z; g/ P6 Z8 h2 G
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 f( F2 ]2 F% j3 g* @8 l
. f' u' v& n! R2 |( h* D7 t! z- c8 IThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % O/ ]. h( S+ z 8 ]: M7 O8 e0 B- q: `This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 l" X* q6 Q1 a9 V* P
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - [9 c- O# ]. T" L, \( b" h* a. {7 c& F) O# r
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * R: ?/ ^, d9 [1 C$ b2 E% y7 F9 h( t% W, G
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - f* K4 n6 D: G: u7 ^# E7 O . M- q, Q. H9 \4 Y2 Y" z! ZWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ l8 f$ _ N( [6 u/ o* A7 [* G+ o% v6 ^! O& Y4 O* L
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ q5 a) \# @% \* u8 G+ {8 h9 W& o
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 b9 G8 b6 D6 w( c$ T- k) K
; W$ h: j2 N4 h1 X: FPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! I: q7 |. x5 G, | A5 n8 h; n
3 S8 w5 D2 R! Y. a1 ^4 S这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 u/ ^" W2 ]1 T! n6 V& U" G7 k0 }! ?+ m! Y; a7 \# }' e8 O
2 t8 m+ p# R5 X6 T3 i0 n2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 n! H8 S$ G- h7 |7 z' r6 Y2 Z: K- S( Q) h) n0 o9 b
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # ]9 G, Y- p9 t% K) b" d$ L # f3 G" ^7 H+ p3 r6 r; Q* z/ ?Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 L4 |5 x1 X/ M3 E- o" I
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) i b4 f" G5 {0 n2 o F
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! ~" g7 ^2 B' l7 x- U* R
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 f( j4 L5 Z* h D, e- _ i6 W1 f9 O; p9 w( a
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% Y2 C$ a% Q1 t# s2 |
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 |# d- f8 ^: c' ]# y. W , ?( z% i/ G, U1 a& F7 h如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( w( }" u2 q. u7 \; i5 t7 \# ~ ; Y$ V4 ]" ~$ L# zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . m" m4 J* |* D, w% B( j7 q1 t ' l5 P- {3 ?# b; h! F+ sThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 l& t* l7 p6 O j- _ / v+ q) H) X; }8 xHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 x6 s- a7 i( i: j4 c& x; L3 M / D) t2 z. x: bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ k ^1 r- S* u7 m' F0 x8 {4 D0 l% [1 g5 Y- S
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). U% t9 m- @3 X3 a+ V
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " F8 L6 n6 O3 W: m( y : v& t! p( K; b o写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 O1 C$ X) h$ ~7 j
$ r4 ?0 F4 f+ M3 F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 h( s# F5 ~# e1 `, C ?# f
1 K6 A# A' N o # a' r- x- D9 m( F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 K+ f; ?# n, k0 C! `& J4 s: w" ? " ^( H8 A- g6 {) j2 W例如: ( V4 f. |7 @; e0 U, a% u6 G% ]8 r% d/ s- |2 N' p
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 \ t6 F4 e# r1 {) N1 @
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 k6 n) c" m( D5 y7 Q* I% b
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 {2 G! M0 Q% G3 c# A
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' C7 K% V5 Z7 y
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' l" I6 [) r$ h8 R
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% b6 p, ]+ S- I, t; R
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 a1 `& k3 `+ p7 ^7 X; E2 B
% v' w2 `/ s$ `& R* v! `+ H7 VStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! s0 l7 y/ _" ` n7 k
7 D1 j/ R2 b0 T. g6 ?- f+ m同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# e7 M( g. O2 W. s2 m
7 p# d9 p* k$ g u% N) M' D当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 p! Z N5 O; O6 o6 X$ P% X9 I6 y9 B5 H
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! R/ P4 J1 }8 z3 v- T; a2 r$ U
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 G* f4 L! Z. s9 X1 k' s1 x+ _& {0 u# F" e$ Y8 q, K9 b
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& D; D9 k2 i L6 ^
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;5 i% ]) N1 g! w
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # O2 r4 R1 m" D3 w. d8 k& K8 Q. I- A1 t
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- V c) d) \9 m: F
3 K, @: H: T4 I1 P. T5 i有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 j6 ]9 W7 I2 ^: A