本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + y( d2 _5 w- B1 p& Q $ z4 J3 f/ v" K/ p% H转帖 6 a" n! }7 i0 k% v% Z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 T0 H& O* o" a6 Z1 w; n4 U+ f; e) Z f
例如: ( G! g5 ~5 ]" L7 c; m# W: ?- w+ g - J; e% V, x2 G' D8 GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ x. P: D" n( m0 p2 R3 V; ~
/ t# d1 F1 a! ^, J6 U2 NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! L7 g2 s0 l9 c- y" e3 I
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 b3 u @- X8 @' Y# R! C
/ ?7 i5 _; J! c EThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ Q8 \4 y0 i$ U3 n2 o7 \4 ^
. ], M- z) A$ v6 f- |2 ?. hI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' _4 v5 {* u1 f% M" `$ b: w9 K+ r; p% U [% |+ x. R T
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 g7 G$ s2 s% c% _6 |
/ k2 e9 {* Z: ~8 @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 b. _2 d9 F4 s+ Q' |6 O& P5 U5 l7 g. o- g) m# i, C* m
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ v9 n5 V% x+ Y( O' G$ E ~
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 B) H, \3 c$ b6 W& [- p# A
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ Y, c# \ g( G( x. L+ H
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 ]+ t- y/ B4 S2 q& ~! b
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% l+ X. V3 u/ V; W& v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 U/ v+ q8 l/ q7 q: O7 M" R' M
* |' \& F4 Q% @9 R( O, B例如:+ l& O" |: d; c$ { R
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 a; m: p, u2 V0 e6 q3 ~8 y( y ?# M
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / n( f% V( C- x/ ?* p- F7 v8 w) ?6 @" t( K
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 f. ]6 Y, l9 g 1 j3 V+ R" V. A' G& j6 z9 WHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * P, J# K* _. P( O ) A+ \9 Z7 T3 b ?2 z$ y1 d2 KIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( \* r- m) ~' @( h/ j ( z5 `' Y- R p. o" R. D8 D& DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 ^# N6 ?2 j8 G# [8 d
+ }" D- }; U g" V8 pI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% J9 F) D v" _6 ^
W, J5 z) M+ ~# _# Z% O0 Y M如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 Q/ U) s! O: y: }3 D
/ v1 G3 m* K2 N: ~$ v, m, h& H: qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % w" C$ E1 M/ k; Z: |& Z1 Z 1 Q8 s! A1 j3 d( z) y5 w' iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); h( C8 R5 M: _9 ]$ S- N
$ A2 ~8 e# v0 K% s* I$ E7 J4 vHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , W ~7 Z% s/ d5 d& E4 n7 H% W0 y" S2 m8 r
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 I! B0 \( G3 N |$ A* V2 i
% \5 _8 v w B7 E2 HWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): ]0 B h1 |( `
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' e* @' |6 O" C m$ a$ Y' t
^; u6 {6 y n+ X+ Y8 S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( B5 u0 g6 g0 B; W7 s
/ l- j8 Z* u5 R" u: b此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, Y7 ~; S q( y* o
. E3 d9 d+ O$ r& k5 i. y j' n8 P4 n3 @: u, b! @% r# B 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 t5 h7 S6 _9 C0 b
; V6 ^5 C# f) o3 p例如:$ {0 c i- m2 v5 [8 z* g
# A) _ ?4 D8 j3 c4 k$ p( G# |Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! F4 Y/ e5 ?4 x
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) o3 n2 ?$ O' a- m : G5 B4 u" q8 R5 Q- h2 k% T' qThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ z6 G- A, m2 o6 V H2 {% a b+ Z
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 B) J2 G9 f3 w/ k; Y ! [8 Q+ a4 G- g0 T: ]' pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ j+ t2 }6 I; c' \ 9 Q9 x- d; D0 p0 Y, iPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 O2 K& ]: J1 f
! _2 @) Q' B; |! N. X8 RCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ S% c: S; Y$ y G
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), d% `. _7 _/ `" }, X8 S
+ @% [! B1 r& Y4 b同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" o2 X/ L9 }4 Z/ }( w' ~
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" _# k2 C. O% w9 v
) W# ]+ \) ] F1 y7 ]" L0 U对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % R1 F8 N+ ?( w8 \ / w; q: H, U+ {+ O对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; + o1 R* n. J9 Q) l( z# D V4 D# j: \
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % @5 H- G% y3 G ( Y4 l1 z7 \: k1 I. w! c对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( f3 l8 ?8 ]: \5 N/ O L0 _
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 a0 b1 p# Y& N/ ~% {7 S8 w$ W 5 b% \* y1 f' A3 H/ I, M还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# K( G6 t. ^; P& k( n: U
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; l& K9 ] M, Z( @# W