本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 m- ~) G9 J6 ]8 x( D) O $ b; p- k ~+ o' H( m) O7 |转帖 ( Q% F7 {1 x9 f0 [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) j- p M- K- t' W! }) @& g: l 2 t; C, j6 q' B, E例如: * T g: G) k& U7 t4 d - e+ H+ z0 Z4 |% h8 a" n3 ?/ UMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& t& w8 g: H+ E
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " N }' M' j; X& v' n; _: q B- K! `6 S( w/ A/ V( UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* u9 ^# f/ m! {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), R( ?/ r8 E ?, {# a
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : J% u6 Z7 _- j4 ^3 L- u0 x8 w0 m1 V7 j3 |! g
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 \- g1 Y2 x+ J2 V0 R& Y- Q. W
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): S4 n8 _8 M- ~5 B+ H8 V
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ R! m2 a' V. p& Y& \5 k" Z3 U; l) l1 q
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* K' B: \% s1 a* Y- ^6 f6 p
& i5 g. j; w3 ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 H7 w- G9 m- W4 k, Z0 h9 |2 C+ O# c ) |( r) K2 I0 W ^! L. U: B这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 J- Q/ m3 h* {# S8 q* r0 Q' D1 u, A" Q$ g9 ]2 E; A
5 b. ?4 z. t1 i/ S4 Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* y g# c3 j" Y: g& }
6 G5 _, |0 L. j6 c* I7 D( o% u: r例如:7 Q& ~ W. \5 w" x. e; M
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' M+ B9 R( c! D: s4 h6 `( O/ X. K
. z0 Z# R' o. Z7 w" w# s& x8 b1 R+ W" rDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 `2 S) m! {4 S2 r! `0 `$ A: F! N3 S, M+ @$ ^! F; u
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" k$ \; e1 ?+ [
|9 g7 X) |$ s8 t- z$ QHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 | \" t2 z% C1 w3 s6 v% K
8 L7 d$ T5 ]; K. uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): t1 B* F% q0 O r
E- O3 n, t0 L) DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 r9 F6 x: r% z9 _& [ F8 I2 b$ H# f; }! b6 K* S& R4 V
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) b: w$ G! J+ e" J4 W+ o4 j/ p
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' H/ S2 L# ?* ] ]8 l3 K" m/ `5 m# @8 Y& q' x3 F0 Z) ?
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 K2 M% t2 `& L* ?
9 C: g5 _& q( I" e8 E9 NThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ Z8 g2 R" ]+ ~4 r+ k
9 L9 ^3 Y5 y* \, e! MHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! }7 [7 U2 B1 d" D0 Z% T
5 d$ @ u" L6 Z# R+ EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . B" `0 M; B& G' t3 f! V6 y5 K- m3 \0 b+ L, k0 H2 V
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 X* e3 N$ }$ I1 U4 l& i7 ]+ I % A6 m5 X" F% h" \; ~; ?Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . f. T( Q1 |5 O; v8 Q3 J: B' Q3 C+ N/ ^5 D: x
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ I4 o) @. P7 v k" Z( N, R& _- s
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - t: n- q# O- A7 g/ j5 J * b3 a7 S7 u; F3 t) z" \, H8 t- i& I- w( @4 Y* A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ M8 u* G6 V1 G7 Y5 D! T* w9 o4 x/ @8 z2 u( w- `
例如:9 [- L+ P. J9 H2 R, h0 z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; D& U& H# f$ ?" g4 B 7 q, t: d! q* q! ZManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & }/ O( p J* `7 y % O$ {( b7 `) j$ pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % t; d5 ?4 m$ B2 H ) o1 U V/ S1 B" kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * D; N) o& A) o( o' W3 l# K j$ I. _( |
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % {$ B/ |. i- u8 b1 ~2 }6 q1 Q0 B% N. i8 S5 C" P; F( ?
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 k; W7 r/ x B8 I/ v ( U& f f8 y5 i# }4 f# _6 P! P1 pCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % {% G7 k6 P* I0 {% R ; n" ?6 x# E9 D8 K' @: v" j! H5 RStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" N" A6 ~( U. s* B2 X+ \4 m
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; _: I6 W; p" n8 w9 X' K1 k : S0 r" l* l6 R4 n当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) |8 I4 v8 |% ]5 k) {5 a
7 E; j- V5 D' F! B/ s6 E+ d对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 P. T3 R9 T: u: b' g) p2 u
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 r! B H! K/ ^7 z. a' @
+ ?. o5 M3 B- {! u& ?& l) w3 ^# T对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 w2 h4 E `1 f2 }/ |
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' P7 E; N% ]' @; g8 q# ] 8 z- _2 v8 k) w) _( l/ H! X5 S至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, i: F' p3 n$ Y, A ]4 s! _0 I
- m" j3 y- Y. r4 |1 s- s还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 ~" s3 _+ \; p2 Q+ A" V
4 }! b6 I2 [$ v) c! ^& N% V7 R有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- ~1 N/ G! p3 k* W/ p z