本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / ^, K1 E* e# ^+ o# Q# |; j# A8 H0 `/ O: @- I _ 转帖 2 P! {( u6 C& S/ G- Z( b' a1 B1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( }/ n E. w/ u# F9 }5 @
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例如: 4 d+ A& @& k6 D2 j0 o( N & ~5 ]1 C o3 R q% LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " R& k& |, X+ s0 w& p$ |6 S' } 4 m0 ^# j# _: K* B& v9 n# uThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # W: j; q: ] N0 W + p4 B: T; z$ l7 |6 _3 L1 K) j2 AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 t E' x! ^) z" E: v$ l
. M) d, C# A0 b) E6 ?* b: u$ iThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 t7 e3 C& l8 B7 X0 V& A! @) T) B; T1 T* M; P+ S
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) q9 ^6 f9 m3 L1 `9 s$ z3 f J7 R% _2 R3 E
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 @7 w G9 b& W( p! u ! k5 A0 k# z% a8 }# d/ m( y( S& gWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 V9 N5 Q { A2 m
% m7 X' P7 }' @: {8 YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " y) m2 n; A$ @+ M! a% g, O6 f 7 v7 \8 F6 i3 v, E' tWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 t0 b- l# T( ~( Q0 j
0 H% Q1 H; K5 L. lPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 s- f0 X" U0 u/ ~) `# y3 g& L c
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. X) N; y" i, `9 }. i
9 }" c1 E0 j7 i7 ]% b- I2 b4 m3 R' n7 T' a. y, O 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& p: g. c2 j: E4 E- m! }
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例如:9 V& d5 {) J, u3 o) H5 z
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( i D( f6 Y$ o7 B" @1 q7 k0 m& N8 X9 Q2 ?0 R& ^$ D4 n8 u! H1 M4 f4 a
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" Q! K o4 t) y' k" O& ]" y- d
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + j8 O8 ^+ c1 y/ e: Q4 \7 T, C5 V8 h$ z( J) j/ t* b; W" Q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 ^+ q) j( C5 ?0 s6 i$ B# u+ E! n- r8 q/ R8 b
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& ]. [. A: y3 G" V9 V
3 d* F( A( j2 P3 w* \. a3 X/ UShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 T$ E$ w/ s) c( M
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' R% G) _7 G' C+ W8 N/ s& r
! B( u: ]( k4 C; V$ U$ |3 \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 N& j) k' x: X a8 j0 S6 U8 P0 d
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( f, x* O; f) v6 b5 b+ B8 K5 d5 O9 N) m+ O
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , v4 p: s; D; B6 w6 [0 \4 P9 d8 o* z- p
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; {# M' G y" G% Z( m# D( u( p) p* G! k
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ G& ]0 t( I6 n* r P # M6 e/ \% T* K$ I8 s& L8 @( I5 oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ u/ i9 W" D/ g9 ^
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 O9 o4 v2 Q6 n4 Y3 Q
' L. Z3 L8 v7 c0 ]) o& J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% r3 N3 p! N5 l& f$ b6 X. i* ?
# n/ `& r& }) @7 B+ s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, C4 j; _: L* W* u7 L$ a2 \- u
' I/ V. c z5 r$ i" n+ x& l! n4 Q' }( b 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: r2 I/ `, ?4 X+ g* h5 }# {
/ s2 g% R7 v! }- J& s& c例如: 7 W! I8 N! c8 f6 }2 d* @ & s8 y4 q& [( T( p' W+ EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 Q/ p1 c0 R0 K# B2 C5 A& a" q) e 5 B0 ?, }4 B+ U" j" WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - d, Q! V$ C7 q/ |; I: G/ r6 b# }2 V& V( v8 Y) G
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 u: {9 y, [4 K' e+ `6 s
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' n- [' o( t2 t) u! L4 }
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 O) S2 r7 K+ j9 A$ j4 z. |6 X) `4 `8 o* L& A$ }
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别). M0 q9 O) p1 v- g9 O( a5 e6 X
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) T/ E2 Y- {- y8 N5 q. R5 [( z3 m8 ] 1 N4 j' H1 r, _4 Y; b% o. m& uStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& h; F# n# L. Z& h( y* h
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 N! X3 k s; q I5 Y6 T% d/ C e
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; q( P0 u* B# `
; V# z1 Q o' z* l2 Y" q1 S对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& R+ T6 x: Z0 [- ~7 \9 e