1 x( Z! D+ r* Q) x例如:6 w: X: d, a& z- h$ q; m
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 K( z2 Q: P8 ~0 k" d H" v
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ Q+ s& T: {7 r) _) ~. O) _0 I8 @
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 p! T& a' }; h1 O& K ; k% ` }! L2 a C1 U$ _. sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % M$ j" J, s! [2 D' h- F% S s . b5 _% d D4 d; q2 LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' n1 Q( w( B# E; C . F8 F8 m8 b6 J) l6 TMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 p( r( _* E! |5 r: K7 I& j
4 o# T1 _% f9 T4 c/ QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 p9 s' i5 B1 g9 P9 H ! |7 l3 Q2 {5 x5 e& k' h9 X5 p. eThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" G5 i1 {4 r" Y3 \5 A
9 w5 U0 b" Y$ |% t! W; c7 R; NWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); G/ s+ C8 l3 @: z4 N k& ?
+ Y( _5 ^+ M9 t. Z2 ] {2 c! bPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' |$ N) U3 T B2 G1 G! ?
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 E7 t- l# k% a. s
; v% Y2 I) d8 x4 m l% Q# F5 q& o" c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 y% }* p7 M8 Q+ t2 Q8 B3 H5 B y5 ?& O% r$ W
例如: # v( C1 n/ X6 [( Z 7 K5 T; w5 b+ xAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( B) d- g# n9 {, Y! R2 V 7 p3 l+ t8 b/ r( h6 j tDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), J T0 f; L' z; P
! k/ H5 a. h& G! O* ^9 u8 \4 s* II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , j( U, |( F& i6 d1 |. e+ a2 C5 ]# I4 p6 `5 Q6 W0 k, W0 p
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 ]/ a" Q( o' H7 |' T; E q% R' y
8 T1 z7 e2 v* r) lIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 Z: n0 Y6 ?& v/ A8 ]! T4 B7 ~4 _! w5 y5 c! \
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). U# ]5 A Q* M
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 y# q# y# `( ]/ i& O o $ b) ?! Q2 w1 r& o" Z, c0 H, u如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; M# }! z% L( E3 [: }7 _" G9 ~( R1 X! c( A, C9 M
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). {. d+ ^4 {) b- w. D! j
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 h1 ?: w4 B" I+ q% o; Q# M
" Z$ n! R \& X9 m& E# G# R0 Q' JHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 c% B) _5 v4 T# o- x
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % C2 {/ P- M8 p+ h: Z( X n% j+ k4 w& i, D/ o
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 @( O3 u. x: ^9 h2 g 9 e q# g a. u/ ?: _, ?Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 o) G F" F+ ?) M 6 {/ Z% I( v) m8 m/ e u& q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ J3 y. D3 ?( B. l9 i# k
- m( r; i5 U0 L6 K此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 E4 }; d! l ~4 i" r7 j. t: c5 i 3 E& ]4 m Q6 C; i' g" }0 a( Y% [1 l4 {( `5 J2 u9 o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 A1 T; A% f3 N; u7 S 3 j7 p) q0 i" k$ `2 P# m例如:! ]0 u" X y9 e% q* f9 U- R5 [1 r
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 H4 l2 M7 C( j 1 u6 q8 H: F( z4 E& ?9 _8 l; zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 ^4 ~2 q! D7 ]' D; l: l4 @6 V2 e( q' m( t8 `& w8 k
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 Y: f2 [, x2 C, ?8 J- O& Q5 Q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); ~4 K0 V* y$ H1 Z1 ]
& J& z0 Q4 G! _3 xMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) O5 Q, C! D5 v% Q5 u: B o: s
% l$ g; \% H6 hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 a8 B# u+ J/ u: Q2 T1 x( ~" A * _5 f3 L0 J) d4 @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( l0 P m. `; V& g+ T( _4 L
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 I( y) |+ | Y& ]' D& {2 Q, K1 j& p
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 V. f2 i& H m$ U# W R
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % U" C/ I* M! R2 J( p* X$ M9 {6 D$ ]" x* H' m- o4 h, d
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * `/ a5 \9 t4 h$ w# W6 d 1 R' H7 v$ t& G; l对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , L! L5 p6 s; y' l/ T: [5 d; f* e4 I
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 k4 K' f2 I( H6 x) Z
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& ?. @/ t! J+ I. j: ]1 B" M; r
- P- l% Y- R4 K8 E7 d$ T$ @9 D/ m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 G; w& _( i9 x1 u+ G$ n! d e( T * @! H: U; a5 D; p- q: l还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 o: x& o5 ^5 v7 E3 d8 Q
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 p% E# U3 Z/ k) I6 C5 \