+ j# l. A. ?% U h% r# kMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! C" G, Z0 }0 G. Z9 f- I) N' @* a# J6 R; C& m
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . h* }8 G3 {" V4 u" k & i7 ~% t2 a1 l! G/ S* n. sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) t/ i+ L: L4 p4 U+ P7 h. g0 ~, i
7 B9 e, W. R* n9 {# fThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); e6 c1 \% x3 ^" o
* N; j+ K) c7 ]; G0 FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + S# R# O( u+ P; z3 x+ F ! n6 C' N/ Q6 QMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- N2 u1 h- B+ a. g% `! [6 L
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) w) \1 v. r7 i* {. R L
) S4 j3 R. X( _! O! kThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 h& U% @) m( {2 m& j9 [7 I% e . @" H/ N. K$ xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! k; Z0 }& k* T) n8 @+ F7 Z
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 @ ~& K S! |; U( O1 S) J0 K
. x& V* v7 q# N# @; z: @: H这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 K$ _2 a1 c$ K8 z / y/ w2 s4 f( `% m1 q5 [% _# H2 |3 K- @ P 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 K4 T5 q" k# y7 f
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例如:& R' L1 F, i ~4 u! D8 A7 N# p" Y) B
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 w0 I/ ?3 j: n" j9 X; Y5 O
& T8 O8 N- G$ J" c1 ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # X9 _. {+ L9 p I * ]$ X5 W% I* H5 bI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! `0 W; k1 F" d
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 C% a, t8 Z# W' Y+ [/ @, V3 r1 G3 J5 Z2 c' N
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' g1 I. n# X5 T7 T4 S% A; }* q! O$ i% M( L
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 j7 B, J1 i4 C) H; b 7 V4 Z4 o: n! VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 I& t% j3 T1 D, S6 [( q! z
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ o- b! y$ d Z% P- E( |! ` + S9 N; z( b. E( v" t" _3 N6 i) wThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" ~& O# j) T# A S% X$ M5 I, Y
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); F d* S$ O+ c* R
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 ], {& k9 u: Z# ~9 ~" k, N: c; p
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 _ E# A% J& `& e, t
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + H, t( ]7 S2 A- B- z0 D: M9 j$ }4 \: \
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# Q" [( Z' L$ Y( y! ~2 m0 q
6 A1 s4 ?5 [" O f! R0 u$ F$ K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! J6 t9 C0 \1 Y4 T) E, j8 ?$ K: S. f* D" Y! t
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 A# }# Y" |# ~* R6 r
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1 w: O4 B0 |( u. A x; L% q/ r 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - w) ]" B/ d( R% @( q `# L" |4 T 9 v* i: ^; C# Q+ K8 V5 s ~ E例如:" ?% O5 @( x7 F
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 R- \9 Q' ] o1 m. P1 |5 @ 6 D- T# J& O% v7 [( L, CManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# _" M1 s7 ]6 ?+ H0 E$ G- l3 n
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / j$ ? B# }3 F6 M L+ m+ K7 p" a5 A3 M% V& H* Y) A( N# e9 P9 A5 k
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 m/ ?4 X# {( E! V* S! M$ K
5 ?9 x, m! d9 Y+ U0 ^, CMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) A; o o. y8 X+ m+ h7 u7 T & L! ~% c5 E! EPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) R7 d6 n6 O5 o
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), u3 @1 q# M. [7 A* V, Y: Y
4 X4 ?6 _% J9 D% ~Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! B) {2 b M. t4 a1 w9 ~# ^3 O
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* k$ g; r, u$ R7 b
^! s+ K) W0 E& Y+ W& q+ k当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ U6 h7 O! n8 z
8 d- g' D$ o8 C# _8 `2 V对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; t! A5 q4 K' M) A6 K6 ?: @4 y/ J! n
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, J. X3 h _- G
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - ]: l. Q a1 y. ~. S6 Y, G1 k: g2 V8 O2 [6 Y! T; E8 p; Q
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 @2 N* s$ O, _5 \; \, C2 B
5 u& Z; M$ o1 A4 Z8 I至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 D$ J; O' I+ Y [; R( X
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' ?6 a& [; j2 T5 ~! v4 q 1 u6 m# D2 y6 T有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! o! C" Y9 ^- y$ @* e& X' t' U$ e1 `