本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : W4 N5 D: s0 s5 B3 f/ K: I% i l: w Y# Q8 x. L; ?3 k$ k 转帖 ' A. Z$ A, {" F1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' Q; S6 y0 ]+ m; @ L 6 q! I/ l" |$ z' z例如:7 ]2 f* ^- X) o3 n6 ]" e" ^
8 A$ H7 ^% J$ Q0 H& \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 _6 m& r2 A$ U( n
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% |+ \, h( V) G/ a7 G5 C8 U
' K9 ]9 K/ i: I% i( D3 `! D) [ zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ g9 h5 g' h% f1 L I# T# x0 P4 V
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 o& L0 U# g: w& ]/ u; V4 M1 A& ^* m' x , o( b" `9 C0 GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 e% k) {# S* @( t+ }
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 t* ^% J: T1 h/ T: q( I! D
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 x9 B7 V0 ]7 k" W( @: O 2 }( x7 q2 L2 PThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% I* ]. e* B* E
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) Z7 e; d$ b; K6 f% b6 |
3 L4 V" e) `& L. i7 Q; g3 yPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); o! D, E. s8 T L T
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) |; n5 J, y% @" E! B: x $ S4 A6 B3 i! d1 j/ E, Z2 K # p- N, u" o5 y# E) r$ P2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . f2 i$ D/ N, h1 g" _$ W) I0 e4 J* L7 H5 Z, Z, o* g, X
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' k1 j# V/ V6 V- c0 o2 F 7 {. e0 J8 }) N: V4 `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 d) K7 j8 |9 U W- x$ h6 K1 @# [5 v& w4 [6 c0 rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 ?4 Q& W* L+ ~* G7 A
- u; l/ V! s( L. `0 Y6 a) VHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . u4 y) T8 ?7 p . D& t4 N' I J9 ^5 U0 OIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) N( O1 T# u" V. M' z8 p) n8 Q
' o: H' L9 v) f+ P! W# R# _She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ u( L- {5 Z" r# z! |1 b! `. X0 Y
7 \+ y3 ~' t1 ~; @" J6 U. ZI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# H. x2 e' o: b; s
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& d( b1 X3 R& O$ Q) X3 `5 W
4 t2 `3 ^9 q, L& B9 H$ ~6 ?. I, \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 I, S& O5 i5 ^ O4 r( p; j7 C
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; k. _' J1 U9 `/ Z 6 ]! \% e% D9 m) J( Z, y# J* VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 l- |& l0 p: [
/ J& @& @+ r! p S, {, z. |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 l# G6 L2 ?: L1 `; w2 Y3 J/ w, O5 y& G/ V0 j% P
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) j, M9 t4 Z/ D+ Z7 v$ |) |3 h3 a4 J6 Z7 Y8 n) P
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 M; m# p! R% K) c$ W' Z7 F& q2 [# ^' Q$ r- T2 A) h
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ }5 t! @. S1 ~' Q
& _' I6 u& K4 Z* b2 n$ F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 h* w. z6 m" n6 f6 m6 ]' ? O. o" p; M0 d
- P- Q& q' }* j7 h3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + U2 v( a2 w+ ~$ E' v ( E; ?! r9 j% v: b例如: $ G6 `. I% E0 a% L$ Z) u# N5 Q# q( R; e8 a* q, N4 O9 A
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ O/ ]7 _6 J& y3 a* b* J: N! y$ v, A" v/ N
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 y3 A0 L0 Y3 a7 } : C3 C0 o4 k$ V# BThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 L" C# l1 m! A# R8 ^
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . J- g9 i. d' y/ S8 F# b ~5 Z 7 n& H4 L( e. p: U: M/ ]Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 Q' c ]( I: {! s
% k/ G! i Y! I& z0 P, I$ W+ gPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : D; C" D4 D$ {* N& e # |: x& V( ?5 V* K- w8 |/ qCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 K5 E7 m4 J& q3 | ' C+ }9 I9 L) o5 nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% A0 |7 ?1 u$ A0 o% X8 H
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 e, d8 s, _: Y- m9 ^- X
$ C. Q, c: D. |- ^& ~8 G当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 ]% j! v. n. h( |) c t4 b
+ P, k. g3 b. |2 H# L3 z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 C# ]' d Z# p! C/ U8 N( N4 {. y1 m+ Y3 [# X7 ^
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" ^9 I* p T! { ]
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" H% S% F3 q& N5 l& |
& M4 k2 r; o7 W还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 [6 [+ j8 V, T2 n' N9 Z( r7 b# L3 j9 P! k" X. t% o- r m
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 W; f2 o' F" v4 ?8 [/ z! L