" D, n! E, [! ?( X2 ~& C3 P例如: `* o( U* x2 `1 j& p, P
, i: H6 i$ ^# N/ M/ [, ^2 o: SMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 N9 z3 G6 }3 D" J " b# v) w2 N, [. ZThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , U1 [! Z3 K( z7 k/ j3 _# k; | + E* o% ` ]+ ^+ _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 Q3 r6 ?9 h$ w) P4 `, W
/ x; q( M+ u1 s4 N+ v4 p1 l+ c" ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 Y1 x/ W. Q( V! [0 _
, F/ Y0 M c5 @; u7 T+ t7 x" S) ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " g. Q9 g; ]' O0 M 8 ?. V" z. r% B8 TMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 n/ R5 ^+ I& E' r
, q, p0 w. k& GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) e6 U1 q, m9 L# C. h/ c/ m) D$ f, t6 j4 m# T) A. H
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ G1 X/ p1 }, ]9 }$ C 7 w. b, f6 w* G# ZWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 `+ X9 {. w5 n6 d9 u/ e% V
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 o+ p: d. m6 x + I9 P0 R2 B' `- ^+ l) k这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 B9 }" W2 z$ R" \ 5 K: [& `7 a7 G$ K) p 8 `* R; z7 {- Z1 S: _2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( \# Y [# l+ Y7 d8 m
) j1 `9 I8 k4 V. X例如: . \3 C5 r( e$ l# n6 H. b* U4 `; {, f- s4 E& M0 N' R: b
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + I! }% C2 I& y U . ?5 g" }9 K, C8 [! \Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) O4 Q$ R1 \; B: q' {% C% [. N2 N; P4 j
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) G% |4 v }+ \ " o, w; P9 ^! n8 d: N9 ~% j8 ZHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % W4 p& r& n4 [3 q9 s2 J; ` $ k) `& i @1 K' h* aIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! X8 }" n; N1 x6 u% n! L" z
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# y, f' e" I* q- Z6 l
4 [* O8 V% u$ S. s* l: {6 B1 `1 EI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 I, `4 C0 R- S
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + ~/ Z8 q8 c3 w3 B, {9 `$ P( U$ M; z; U4 p6 u8 b& m+ y' q& A
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 ~ H2 A8 W0 L2 v
- g# c% j5 c2 hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) p* C; g0 Y6 _0 J( k& t& o
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' j6 ~, O3 J6 V! R% ?, T: a& v* ?- Q4 t3 S o
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 {$ C! {% I9 Z) [$ l" `$ `* y& j, D3 O
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- a* |. P, ]5 B8 ]9 S0 C
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; x6 g+ Q" N; [" ?) C/ E6 f9 n/ X1 J' o2 |# K0 I9 P _ x/ g- O
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), e9 P2 i; T4 t" I8 u2 H. f
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & d3 L+ l8 J: ` # m6 a6 x& i. X! o/ u% A$ U6 H0 i% k4 }( |5 d4 x 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 G/ Y% m4 A* S5 `* M0 L ! y4 v5 t& j% r8 D# b例如: / R6 t" L. {1 U1 _+ N, K& `/ n2 t9 M8 e l! v
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); T% E% m$ F* c# _% r3 m+ u; E
1 T* z0 m/ B. k4 [! @% x9 jManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 n7 H V0 n' t" j9 S, S+ d
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # W: S) [8 x _7 X+ v ' l% D& O: I( y0 z' gHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), I- d, \5 R6 w( T
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " ]: e/ c( _5 r4 { u+ ^: d; z$ X $ ` T- j# d7 y7 [% Y1 OPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 @4 F! V+ v2 m, v' F/ i0 ]
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* G; t9 @' l& u! Y4 R4 \0 _
$ K( t5 X8 ^7 i6 [; dStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 C* D9 [+ F9 @3 H# { 0 _2 y% e1 S4 |. Z6 m" I7 B; C同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, H4 | \+ J# i5 X( A l
5 o5 w& ]4 z* q! Z. s+ N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . O- J& v# k2 {( M0 K( c: p) y: R2 I, w$ Q. V- {" z. f6 _5 w
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ F# |0 S' ]5 k& a& o
_; c" B6 E+ M" O0 C对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * z I% Y; g" i1 ^/ s/ M9 e, o 3 S/ m* n& @7 m1 E @! {对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; p" w1 L9 G% ~$ ~( ^4 X m2 a" e
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" R X9 P, `! s; e+ j4 z) z$ [
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 g* O! @% p1 Y3 v' p& b% G9 q- q1 O7 |! G/ a
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 ^5 Q' G; U a9 ^& p 3 O! B+ Y9 A* V! U' R8 Y7 {有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) i |) f& C) I$ M$ A) z- [' k