9 k+ p/ n/ V. h' @转帖 5 }% y5 y% _6 P+ R+ H4 d# b' Y }& r1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) j% k& S/ B7 ]. S3 U. I" G4 m+ w9 N& e& w, a* ^) |
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 Q% i) |' ^$ t2 x! I9 B, x: T7 R1 u+ E6 W+ D
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 O) _0 e- q# b8 v6 N$ u/ Y 2 ^' o2 O6 N' E4 s* hThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% ?4 R6 l3 e1 u7 A [6 I
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 G/ C2 j) T e% m8 x9 u; t J, X* S' J( W' p
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 Q& ?" v6 @+ F0 o' e* \ 4 b$ ^' J& j' ^' W4 C& R" ~Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): l: N# U# w D- U% e1 ~( n
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 g/ R' p2 \) B9 R) Z8 t: y! Q! z8 c
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : L; }5 A' r& |9 U' y0 p' _9 F1 p' H3 b ) X- y8 v1 i& @5 k' PWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 X; U$ T1 g* O7 o/ c& J8 x 5 L# n% @6 n- `4 }2 ZPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 t5 Y: v8 L& [
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' e* g1 p- K7 b2 F0 h1 R7 U4 o3 k& }1 l2 s" \0 u
2 n+ g2 I( `4 F 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! R' z) R8 ^% G* g! G
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例如:2 M* m2 h2 v6 R$ n) d
. ^! y, `8 q. t3 U% D G) AAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). |# T( g4 j: H% p2 A' J
' b* f% V4 U2 SDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& F6 {/ M/ D6 a. p. v& o% p7 W
# l3 z4 u! B9 M$ d. c( EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" ^9 Z& M K! d9 Q' m# u* o# b% `
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 M: Q% b3 J4 r6 [1 I) _8 [( i8 t( o/ M9 K' M& Z: I0 E
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 { a- x, _6 L, K2 x6 S- ~
a9 T7 `' o. \8 W jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , [4 ~/ W& q& d/ w1 n" R# w/ O0 j! w% l. H( T
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 B) y# t( M# g
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# R* q: }' R" A: ^: r6 N4 o4 h( _
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 w8 k) i2 r: @* M2 z
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 {& c& i) R. [1 G
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : F- D2 k% ]9 V- y0 `' ?7 ~5 a/ u& s9 X, Q' M7 `" @' q! R
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # R f. j* E& R9 I: K) N7 G" m1 t5 `' m! g6 Y5 z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 U( s2 r- R) ?' A$ S1 {
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & J! i7 x9 S0 Q' ?& U/ h2 F 2 W* b$ o/ a4 p* A2 S: J. L$ ?写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 t2 w0 ^/ I2 A3 \8 X6 M
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 X$ k' j( ?0 f0 r, J' A& C- R( j% l; F4 x$ l! f9 v
9 E6 z; ]" O: s. h- R- W! m1 L& W 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 S4 K! e% V6 H% ]0 Z! d1 q; Z$ ^
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例如: 8 Q/ Z' s7 o6 t1 N# g / m# @* B8 t: k! J5 f* t) w# bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - K- v+ Z' Q9 E" h/ I5 ]3 a 7 N5 p9 z: n9 K: W/ f1 m, k( G1 \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 U0 z7 v/ e4 t
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 i$ Z' z5 m% t6 I# P! B7 E9 P3 W7 A! E( J5 \. ?7 U% f
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 f0 H$ G# T; U. w
8 q* t: `) P! i/ f* w i7 T4 K% k& hMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 ]) L1 v- B. Q8 I( w. R
' `/ s7 E; T5 M9 ?5 LPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), s4 v/ m! f, y5 t4 u
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ K9 w8 c c0 `: `3 o o9 _! d6 [2 I: E7 N5 ^: U' `) d$ L
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- W& L/ a- w: d' W4 P9 A; I
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ T- s& o* i1 I l7 R
' o4 W! v! A% X1 i( U# q d5 q; } ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) @8 j7 z4 R& k s1 H# q- I* G . B( L& y/ X t. q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 `5 O$ w, q. j& S0 e # G6 \4 [& i1 z* ]% b对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / Y a/ a5 O9 [: R& i8 p( D9 H3 P % t2 R( m% m; N* j. l; }/ \0 c对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 U' W, P8 V) {3 j& L: L
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' i6 a* W* S3 T: T5 P6 } " B j* p6 o0 W# P至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / g3 N; D d& N4 N) e/ M ! e- w- {# R6 X7 J* |8 U还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 K8 c# X" C; Z/ v 7 u+ G6 S3 \% W" f% b有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 d7 d- U* S. K0 ^( J3 V