本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 |' L8 u, ^! n6 l% e. G W3 B$ f7 Y' @8 Z# F+ F转帖 + @( K5 ?% Y0 ^4 q7 C" o1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 ^& u t) V+ T m, ^- t3 D 5 T' T/ B8 A4 n. Y& G6 F例如:! R! o! M2 `# _1 Y3 O& b& m
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 g6 K6 r& T( }6 f# U! d9 p# l( J! G5 Y$ c) B
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ R5 Z* Z( \/ e# e' \ % ^: l" r- W) AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 j+ y, U+ I3 S* V$ T' ~8 i * a; q. s: n4 OThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , K' L: N; k3 [# i 4 U. ~. s5 }0 }5 f+ ~2 M& wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* @( l: T: @8 L6 z1 g1 w' B0 P
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : `! Z6 W& x( U; B+ {0 x& I) S/ d' U' G; K- k" k
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& L# r, C! F0 I
6 |/ H0 D5 c8 QThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 g7 @" K7 @: j, `1 F; m. y& u0 E% n$ Y3 g+ y" T
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ q8 d/ m* u$ e: G+ |3 Q3 E( G$ ~: t
! \* U' m' F+ e7 r9 }3 e- r, @Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% L0 p* B0 X8 k; G: P% J' S
$ Z* L9 y5 Z2 ]9 ~0 U, k3 |! v3 Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 A2 d( T6 e: V
# [+ q% k, n6 N$ f / H4 N( w. b0 q- g* o3 y! Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 U% B+ o7 B. I7 a
9 E& {7 Z/ [8 ^例如: $ ^6 D- s; e% ]7 J! i' w9 j* G) i4 J, j, R9 B" b- \
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) j: X" ?: q! U' d ( r$ p! L/ m" s" g9 @Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 p" G- e3 D$ t& b; G0 ?
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ t! F( l5 x9 H
& K, U! b- [: rHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 ]4 i( a8 l2 @* ?+ s# m( G* e ' U4 i& y& _" L* \5 J$ o, V( CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 z) G2 j8 x3 R4 p 0 I+ p8 b1 r s- n( CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ H3 Q/ P- t4 N( V8 p+ x# F5 a
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 A( f# d% c$ ^$ _ F3 Z ) q; W8 ]% G" a! D& j如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . K, U( H& }3 b! f; I& y2 h8 q 2 t2 Q6 o% `+ M) b8 ~# A* yThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- }; G$ c$ h' Q( M
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 `, A4 Q3 J k$ c- T# d/ {9 J5 ?' \, g
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & E- `4 G6 }0 Y0 t3 U3 P( @$ k, s% U+ {$ e' w' H
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), F9 M9 a( e9 }- S3 }, Y7 u& l
1 r) ?+ s0 ?/ ^6 U( c5 z! zWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 v3 v1 b+ ^/ W
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" a) ?, h5 ^! v, n2 K% Q
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 `8 Y# X0 T' U; C: E' \3 ~) r" g7 I7 T, _
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ @0 m6 ?" U2 I! O$ @) {' Q
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( m5 C/ }% ?# A( j) v+ _5 B( J 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / k) i" Q$ S! _& g! \3 n* F+ H" Z9 _0 U* d5 [
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ o. ?9 X* N- p3 Y
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , `' W$ m. o8 [9 d+ O7 O l& G/ `/ x9 i4 y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( j9 b! }) K% S1 t H/ ] 7 O7 n, n- _8 [" pHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % v0 M7 ?8 q+ z8 ` ! K- f3 @: g' c3 @1 J7 H E9 ~Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + {8 @6 h" K; d- k7 G1 u# `' r2 q0 Z4 }1 R8 T" d5 ^
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # ?0 U; {* t$ h! S; ]6 S# ]( ^, P1 N5 l+ }6 P9 a, R/ a% A( x
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ E5 k. L# G% A$ J
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! s8 ?5 m0 X& V: ^+ W ! d$ i5 _: G3 j7 f) w# O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 ^6 P' M* k3 l3 D! z& b1 w3 Q; l4 [1 o% H6 l* `2 i
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " P, ~; c. P6 s; z L2 ` - W# e* I1 i( p' M对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , u6 f7 | S; M + y {5 z" L3 r6 \对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 D- o `$ N' L3 D5 F& t. F / b3 O4 B" S( J4 |* r* w) R/ g$ f对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& l$ g" k% q3 A! x, }6 X
2 U4 O% @' {8 E/ i对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;2 s8 K' @4 @" w4 E1 C
$ R' I6 s7 G" q6 g+ z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 l* R1 _5 i& A; h5 i 6 S7 `/ @7 a8 k2 E3 r还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# @6 ~7 |8 D# {4 b# U0 v
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ S. r7 S }7 m0 t* d