本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; G2 B* m% i4 M( \7 x. C/ h - ~1 Z; b: `; M2 y# n转帖 3 ]' D) t& ?- Z; j2 C; D1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) w2 z5 Y0 n: F& \" |- o3 N! i, B& r$ m; p+ j
例如: 1 F' x" n" u; j V5 R - n: H3 _" T% d! _6 W9 _Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% y6 V( G# d6 G$ q
+ X# V8 s8 A7 _* ~5 j2 b; fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) \5 @$ c- q+ \/ L6 l) ]
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 u. J) b7 M7 j B0 C% o
1 H/ o. R$ i6 I. XThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ \/ Z" i4 W; d
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) e* h \; M- N U/ h : b/ j8 ^4 O) V2 b% FMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 C3 J9 N% c( Y# w( B) q + T. I5 H# f3 H6 i e/ ?) hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 J# a% C; I/ _" E$ f# b9 K' k# `, \& Y. [
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 r* v* m! [( W# x
0 p2 {- \2 F- }We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% _% R }* v" Y* U& N8 `
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % W6 ?& o% @% |6 F2 c9 S2 r& v; M/ |& l9 B, U; G+ S
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 K# A) @8 ]6 m( e, x 7 m! K( _* t1 r! g5 N* T: N! ?3 e' i0 U% ] @7 d 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 `7 f6 R! {. h( ^. z' B& Y- I- L# R+ r" q. S" W6 ^1 c
例如:% d4 Z% N3 n1 {! l# l0 L
# U. v( T0 n% V9 Q8 ]$ d; ~% fAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - R3 _2 `/ J5 \/ t* b4 Q9 k5 T* l* J2 ]) A4 X
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) n$ Q- G) d0 W8 a& V
( r* ~& C. C E1 w) tI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 l2 s S1 c5 n8 C, ?5 o
6 T( t4 M9 U5 u! _6 RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 ?% ^9 `, j+ @$ b: Y7 a* u7 e. b
8 b9 S; [; r9 j3 v% ~+ cIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( S: ?6 v+ w) A& D
& [: g# B( e" K; E4 }% V# c, }9 T+ MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - P- ~$ m% [) s% R+ m# ` Y9 o) W' Z( q! q# F
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 j: N/ P0 ~- B3 u4 v: Y% A5 G' c# W* \0 A5 C4 [
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' I0 d2 ?' T$ ?5 S4 B. ~$ l8 g" }+ c' k7 y: q4 x
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- `# k6 c$ s; A
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " J: ]8 B' j' K1 z) x4 \/ R! V8 V. f, u) z: g7 E3 H
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - h% T; S' Y$ y9 w1 P1 {3 m - [2 m' W3 r! X0 \" k# VHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) n$ d0 Q) o' I P: B$ D" S* u. p
6 z( t: l+ K4 e2 wWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , [! U4 t' T" Y6 s+ t. @ 6 N7 t* O4 R3 Y& d$ s Z5 S3 QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 \7 Y$ Q1 e6 i! Z6 f! _4 k: j* X# `/ N: W) ?& }- d+ z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " U) r) e& N- j. i& @8 X* }' J8 \8 Z( F" s
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * F, l. S* `1 K" F6 J % G2 a" R6 R% _, n" y9 h* j2 C# b/ k 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: d( X& B% x5 D8 e9 R% V4 T: g
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例如:/ c! e% b5 b: n6 w$ j2 e
' o) E: f/ P, @Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / }8 V4 e$ N4 K' ?7 k) a, A& @' b0 S
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# J( }; x' y/ C! `8 T
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ V2 c8 N: \/ @" h2 ~$ x
+ h* W# | Z2 e" C, l* |' Z$ o# s# tHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), g7 U+ ~/ [: ]3 R5 h9 W4 Q
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 u" \9 f3 C3 f
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ R3 L2 U, s2 [3 }$ _
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . X' w7 d2 a ?- v$ x 4 A2 ~% P8 p" t) r" DStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ K# ~0 R9 ]0 u6 R. h9 ]& e
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 ~1 v- d: {+ ]+ D" S0 }7 B' l- B
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 A# F! B( T: I) A: ?9 z
# a5 Y. C/ v1 r1 r: K对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 N; x2 V0 }, P
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % H* A H; ~6 k$ R1 @; ~) q& r; q6 m. A e' E
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & c! B3 s& |- g$ Y7 |' Z( V 2 k7 K4 ~3 ~$ M' v0 o A5 E对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . C5 n8 j/ v* m$ K8 o# G2 k, N & c! E5 ]' v9 d9 o: N. U至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 r; T# s$ ]- T( B
* m1 E9 } c& b5 v还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 N+ Y2 N% O# t* c 5 l4 W$ k& N6 P9 I* r+ \+ S" f6 g有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ b) x7 X& ?, R