6 t1 t; k+ j* W4 a. _: ` h3 ~例如: ! L* E7 c+ ^0 v' u7 Q: W3 a& c/ K% j1 n8 C# x
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! R+ s+ v5 R) [/ A6 H
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( ^1 l2 l8 A& d$ A
/ V5 ~" U* k0 _: S0 q, [. WThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) M' k1 _! n6 |8 k
, U0 w* k9 c) j# P& MThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 N! w# \" _, |
8 b4 w9 k4 r- {) x' \, O: xI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 ?" F3 F6 R7 B! g
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 L: p n2 p) `% g) L+ Q& y# \8 m0 O% Z* ~6 A$ B; v1 }5 h
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); ]/ x' h5 m0 b) `( x7 V+ p
: t+ q! i6 g: G; qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : q' Y6 A- h8 k 1 [# v" ~) {; ?( E* Q3 RWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 k4 A @0 l4 h: k/ | n
; A( W- \& G* C* fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 l9 N! X+ S3 ^2 d/ B G6 g% X8 F6 ?* A) p
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ j) w9 Q/ G; Q2 Y$ C
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3 l/ ~0 M& A" p' h0 P5 P 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . v3 `: b8 I6 M" y' p! O! v * H& {( }8 e5 S# o# [- I* h7 d例如: 7 d: y7 N v* x) w+ z5 i- P ; x: l( |" u7 v( i) d2 l& QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( b& E7 v) p: |, O; o& L
# ~, t: p: [; @' h8 k- _3 v6 Y7 TDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # G9 j1 |$ B: A0 D' F ) s O# G$ R: v+ X2 [I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % x5 Q" p" Q/ i$ v/ u 6 H0 @- G# d" O3 Q* m5 YHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / H( J% S8 R4 V* e8 @' u4 H; o- ]1 W0 V% ]% B; G1 i
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ i4 ?3 i/ N) M% a& @0 V6 C
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 {' ?8 C: w3 u* Y% {4 L& W, `, U( x' O
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), v) _) s+ w. X/ D/ j' r: Q1 \
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 e! k5 J- g0 }" d9 Q+ b
8 S9 H" K4 K. p1 L( ~The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# A$ R2 t% j/ S2 r
. n) @' D, P! o4 \- DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( @( p& G6 l5 A/ q/ f 8 e# ], I4 c6 m+ R% \+ i" g& THe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - h( N, b4 |. C6 o& U* F6 w# S% ?' O3 V+ Z* p: |
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 J8 Q* |* B5 S0 s6 o! K
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) k2 ` A) u7 p5 U$ v
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ q' g' f, {' P5 j- |/ ^4 Y4 @
7 ?4 q. a& r* b) i写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ~2 h7 ]4 m- ?9 o! q* q/ R " [: G4 e. m+ s* P此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 Y$ h. A/ ?9 G. v6 |
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$ k; Y, }7 w6 O) ~6 r# t3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , e' h& t: G6 e * q4 \2 f# x$ e+ P k" Z例如:* y5 h" m+ v% V5 `
$ z# g, S" k& R5 p+ kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' F q t. T, C3 C: r9 ^5 o4 Y# \5 i7 B* ]% ^
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), B$ n6 U' D. Q$ M
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % j8 X$ B5 J. G8 y& d & c# `' L; N0 ]He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 l) E4 Y$ f8 k# k' | 9 }+ \" t; s1 A4 g0 ?6 W XMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / a9 {% u$ l) A& `! s+ ]4 e6 B: ?/ u! f, y! }, X" W
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) U: G% G: e6 A 1 J8 s7 \6 K5 G9 Y& u- @. n+ lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 ?7 Q/ Z/ ?, s
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! b6 w2 o- r& \2 Z' u- [
O8 j4 N+ _) w; X8 _( G同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& L1 F1 V P# P) J. b
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 I* Q0 ]3 Q& k* n : I+ `4 p/ I' a+ ~$ r对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 Z$ o) I W7 v7 p9 Y$ x2 _5 S. e; B' M' R( D. a$ ^9 L
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & R1 |1 i, C" D6 X4 u* ^ j) T0 b4 H( h0 U
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% j3 u) H, [5 g5 c
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 l; Q/ U" i/ m }7 Q! {5 e
9 N# m: |3 T+ C至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ M/ }5 ?7 r5 J9 h
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! i4 C9 L" V$ _- G- \ Z0 e% u, M- [; y
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, x. D# y, b( P7 p2 V0 Z% Q