本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' P u% t# ?' G9 a! e' @6 X) B 3 y3 q8 w, O3 P0 l& e转帖& z: d) o! N! ?1 [( T# N" J
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 h( }' x6 p" G9 H7 `1 u" }8 a0 M5 R5 Q
例如: : a% Z8 _5 E# g* N ?* v- Z + M+ D3 R4 _2 J) I$ H/ |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), U: D$ k- x& I
3 F# X8 T- u' s& j- CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % ^( w# }1 T1 ~$ N4 v% c) ^' \3 ]5 k$ l3 {6 O' I# K
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 o# \6 G6 y1 y4 G7 T G4 P: B+ F2 }* D2 ]The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" F$ ]! X0 @! m# e* u/ p
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 |) E5 q/ h# _1 c3 A, O. w6 Y
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / b) R3 K+ G+ v4 v& i. M, Y" L" l5 a9 w; a: _' ^, F% z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" \# ], B! P% s( O
+ G6 J4 O9 z! W/ J5 c' eThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 A- ~; k) z1 g; x" y
6 c' L3 l) @$ D$ {$ Q$ n# g( V. gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 x$ }# K! M& M* r _( ?# X' [0 n# DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 N/ Q; O, B. w- _) c $ Q/ M, Z( Y6 n. p d这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + D+ A9 L# ?9 ]' @+ w+ c8 D; { D: h( Y4 N3 _3 U3 ?" I- S
# B7 @/ |; C8 A0 D2 e例如: & s* g6 F4 [: h! J 1 v9 {& d" o; l4 t6 jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! [* X0 @6 H$ U2 Z$ i0 N 5 l% T+ ?4 o- I/ x7 uDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 E5 {! ?- z8 k7 J+ S1 X7 m+ v3 F
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# Q D6 Y9 m5 s W! v! [1 a A; U
6 l E9 X+ r# A( I: n3 RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# |% m9 d; A1 X% Q R3 K' U# J
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* b5 R1 `7 c X% P4 k2 u% A# Y
9 |& s/ v4 s* dShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 U/ j8 x" I# m$ r7 M3 x ( l) b: p' K; n+ ?I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), o% A. h$ l1 |" ~7 N+ Y$ n% I% u
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. T( r3 ]1 s# Y `+ e2 j0 B+ Z
- _$ w. y. D8 ?0 qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), L, A5 p) ]* W; [/ _
; R G' {5 y: ~, f1 X! DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) E8 H4 B- l8 S. z6 H) U
9 m& y9 k5 c9 `3 fHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : |6 d: h- c1 ` 3 R `: O3 q& H+ c2 UHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 C D' A1 {- V h( s
) I2 i/ p/ o9 N+ Q" sWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : v* J2 s* c) F2 d ( G% e8 k/ r3 Z0 [- U6 J- `Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 z- t% N% p0 W3 u! @. Q; r) r# o
5 V( f- B V: u: n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # o3 P9 b7 V, `( f D% ?3 I6 w1 q# ^; M+ l* u+ e, ^4 V
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 U5 s. Y8 r4 t% L& Q, U% @$ f7 b( ~' G( H9 I
. e! s+ A/ o% i$ X" e3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" c7 B4 {) I$ \" Q# P
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 X# W( {7 _9 V4 J, `3 i/ g
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 U2 F% e( }- ^" v$ i* ^6 U
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 G. Z7 l+ Y0 ~- f6 H
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 L9 d: C% {" m4 ~4 R6 k$ L: `
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ D- K' n' b- k. i$ _8 T# l 3 o+ u, v7 v3 y1 d) q. a X% lPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" ]( W2 r. @- n2 ~7 H7 [: N3 W
7 j8 P' a5 O7 U8 v; dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( _# x* p: f5 f7 s% C# D( @: a+ R
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 a) G) {( L8 u c& G* B / @2 F1 B# j4 x8 }/ B5 ^同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! @+ E0 F3 m* x* ]0 R8 h 6 I2 H4 y2 l* H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 E, [* b }* _: b# y$ V, V, q/ n( c- ~ q5 N
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 t0 q2 Y6 ]5 O8 H5 C( ~ Q ]- s" N$ w, U/ L3 \' N' v0 N
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " Q" `" h% ~5 @0 R& }, { 2 E5 A# |, s6 |0 \8 }, \6 g- k对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 }1 W4 [& p9 B1 b, g; x% A. U. K. A& ? @
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# \. L. E0 P+ y9 n1 i
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " k$ A, K1 Y* h' p, r4 W' s* N1 L' Q
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! U8 O' h8 x: D# J6 s$ }% V+ H( U6 `: a4 p, q3 A9 c' j# D8 k3 ]) o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 `: b& R5 N5 h: P% k8 O; z