本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . d) j9 D2 J3 Q& V+ q) g4 A
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . F0 S5 l0 A" F) z9 [ " Y, A( q7 a( D' c) ~例如:; z% p) Z; g0 y* J5 A
$ l0 W3 c9 I1 CMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' U" W' `& e! C5 p
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( g+ z' _+ |9 H( J6 ^: `, J8 y5 F4 Z 5 x0 y) C( @3 u# a: d5 O0 g% pThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); H4 m5 D, E4 q+ Q/ N9 U% t2 a
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( V, D% ~' |6 o! S5 s2 ?
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) s: d9 d' o& `4 c* I3 l6 D( u
[) [: r6 N: }0 o3 t# i1 Z/ `" {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), Z1 f8 j7 b" E( R d2 z
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( ] m- ^7 F6 b! q" d* k2 b
8 b+ m$ H6 g7 E2 S3 i8 MThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 T" y! E' G$ u1 G% i; P7 b8 i' `. d) f2 W7 T- P. Y r3 p: ^
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) A/ _& q: r4 G* S1 |- A& i: J9 z% ?
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" |; W$ p) u" Z* i6 `5 {0 E
/ W3 C6 c X0 |! \7 g( g这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! N% E; W! F1 D+ M( V
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) A, Y0 K6 p5 |0 B! O! N0 x5 s 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" K& ~; l* ]- A* G8 K4 s
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例如:4 N* `' f7 ^2 E* z9 Z8 w& R: }
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 n: m1 _' w; p8 J
- v" a9 {; m) r7 P6 _ ] M( _Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " D. U: Z9 ?- m% J2 t8 O- Z* J2 R 3 ?6 w0 ]1 A$ s! hI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + H) z) @& l8 z! K1 I 3 J0 y( W2 ~6 M- ]3 S0 wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' J3 z* }$ X7 t2 d " s$ ?/ V' a0 }2 Z" ^' o fIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / y* ] d u# m" b' }( [# g, s* O: K # W2 ^3 K5 T/ m( oShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 G, E( L; o) q9 y ' G- q! L: @3 C" m9 ~) w, G2 x3 VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : ?: x1 t) B, P' i4 B0 i; o! U9 g' C ?7 }5 P4 }- }
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 ^" F1 K( f' S 3 G3 Y$ @' Z( j* u3 QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 d: k1 S8 I [+ W0 n2 e6 u) t3 ?
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 |/ U- ^0 o- n. O( `* h1 L" K6 q! u# E1 P# _
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! W2 k$ v+ ?$ J# n2 w
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 b% k$ l& K4 \) B
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & B% j( S& _2 u' [- ]! {8 d3 q# _, q' R
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 Z: O& `: l3 g4 D , I0 P+ C- a4 @6 w2 b. P写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" W4 o$ v( B$ O: l! \. |/ Q
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 D9 i* Z. q! g1 T , j% \5 H: I0 B/ u; t 5 ?1 h# ^3 r% j: g* E3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) _! ?* L: m/ `7 A( E
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 g9 V) b0 \) C+ l7 T, r- e
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), X: P& H( }6 n2 ^; O
x* ?! Z( o; e/ M' \This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! X/ D2 a# E5 V9 e& K' F+ u
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 \9 `( v& }7 C* k& z( z$ ~+ G7 V5 S. r! Z4 f
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ D% l4 u+ Z& n: ?4 C* T9 B' i! A4 e* k$ C) a* {, a
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 O4 q' ]# C# O1 I- e
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * k+ }0 u: M0 z' A1 H/ E+ F. m8 Q+ W " Y5 C" Y+ N, ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! |6 ]+ N) k+ Q " t4 f6 o: M2 q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 q9 \+ f! [& q& b U2 o3 w( \4 e
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 d# ~( V' ^/ T- N* W* E
1 z7 g }: A g$ p/ s$ p对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- x& [; ` o3 p7 l/ r( n: U4 d. Y
; ]& H( E4 s6 }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! {# |7 c, m8 J2 G* h u ; G6 ?% g( o, j0 y2 U2 V对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 _0 T8 g2 {9 x* ]
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; N2 i& X' k; h" {; W/ f* N * \3 k% |3 n) ^1 A至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 @3 `; h, s# L0 |
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 L6 o& \2 f3 j( G8 f, r
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ ]7 m/ {; L w) X1 i, D$ `% e