本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 F+ r+ F+ F1 T/ |. Y: N" O7 S& @
4 I) ? F8 m7 A% s: V 转帖 ! a1 i! b, Y+ D, ?1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 w: N: A- m) ?- l, G% ~' w- {; k* s8 v0 O& [) ]
例如: ( a$ K4 l5 O I: _5 o' N# F; e7 `3 I- Y% W7 Y+ h6 U- }' Z- B
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : U& K5 v4 E* _1 N! H6 a 5 j+ N+ `! C3 F7 i9 X* q: b# H; wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : U \, C3 D S. s: C# P6 a/ [$ L6 F$ v: @8 \& i
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& G. B' X7 y3 N
. N( D) z! ~& T# E. r2 ?2 pThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! j+ |3 |/ ^$ V/ j7 X/ _
1 q0 Y% {' O J. o0 N. @4 c
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ s; ~1 N" L6 `
0 z% U, v: {0 FMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) q. L& R: s1 b6 f. y: K4 l: ~5 T7 I5 G+ T$ W
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 \% G! n+ ]- F5 C5 O' z7 F0 a1 w3 c% B
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 }/ S% `( M& ]* {- \4 F# ]
8 B2 ^% s) [8 S: D( ^We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " P/ y$ \ g# B) e0 J5 o$ E3 V9 ^
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 F; P/ l4 w9 L$ J2 v
3 {7 V. |3 n' J* x, U# `8 P
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 K3 G* E3 q" |% I! q7 E7 K
8 C( f2 g; H0 h# U' Q- ]
Y7 g$ C) A/ x# T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( e ^% ?+ m% [! r0 E! s7 i
' P' g& T' t: I1 `- k: ^例如: ! i+ m4 G1 @' z 1 R. i; I2 p q; j( D& I: ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# \6 \# L( R" M7 s9 o+ ^& w4 p
; o5 O' [3 j/ d$ {5 c9 y$ MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# T4 @- k4 j3 o- a- J6 c
' ?) J# h( J: y+ m
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" z p7 i/ v7 E. P& `+ y. s
" X }+ q$ j5 G7 T& B @$ l4 w
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 ]. \3 w' P" [5 H
9 C6 r4 r, L1 l( d9 J2 e% f
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( m0 G- y( ^8 N& k( A9 C7 w, x: u+ Q% h; h6 w/ j& `8 b- b* t& L' E
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); O# ]1 y4 @+ R6 e p& i" b
2 S7 d1 r5 h% Y! a/ w" Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : S9 h9 O! I& H. Y' z' O' F" E1 q" ~ d0 V6 r' f; G3 s
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ `! R9 Q& g7 p' P- s5 N) E) n' M3 E
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" J. c/ K' b/ t0 V0 }
! Y( v( f( L8 k7 i& EThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 q8 O$ y( O( j3 D2 Y
1 Q& ?3 O5 ^' l+ t9 f
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . z& }# ~1 p% H2 c: L9 a" V: h% z: {
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 q% ^" @; v$ V# r& j, U
5 w" y4 q2 ~( ]9 K/ A
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 f6 n: E1 V m7 M) @
" v& [5 ] F( C& j5 N) ^! v; `Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 l* B8 {' r( j4 y! f5 k6 } U* R& s3 F6 N; N# N
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 h* g' B& P( M 6 ` e T `( Q* u6 @此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 b* m" }' p3 c
r% s" A$ Y8 H1 o. w6 F( Y 8 N7 m6 C0 z; v# R3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & y/ m$ f( L6 f/ l! T : F9 z) V# l# w( v% \: E例如:' V! l! S% A$ C+ m9 ?0 z0 _
9 Y9 r! a3 D2 }6 ?) Q
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : {7 F3 z0 L) F- P 6 O2 l; K& U2 N8 `' ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' u6 I. a2 W; Z
7 \4 m! A& w6 l+ d j6 Z% }1 mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' l( X% m8 l* b% @6 w, E- b
( D' D$ Q$ J9 E. h* f3 A3 \6 dHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ f$ Z; ^3 O- c. h, _+ K \ 4 S- k" O+ I3 B: M/ w0 iMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) q) R' ]& h: E8 {+ h
4 c! V6 W, x: q. {Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- V& ?; [6 `* d
: Y4 T1 i" E; ]6 uCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( ?8 x9 W9 ` P0 i
4 J) p; F& D& }- q" n i: lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 H; T( K' a- E, ]: z/ c 4 }4 f) d4 d% ^* E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 x# t% W t! _+ c* L+ K) C
6 P+ Y' g0 j1 J, I1 I/ [
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * Z/ N( y4 h9 [9 r" v- E 9 [4 H/ F, Q8 c; @4 _5 l& r对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 w; P$ S9 y- y6 L4 E( S; Y( } : G& `8 S/ l1 C8 g对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) b3 u2 `& M% O2 U: G# {8 y8 ]* l" W d4 r8 [3 E+ a
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* O4 V. {: t+ m4 m
3 {, n5 u! |+ d1 y
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' ~: y! s" T0 \
" r" J) W% X! O
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: v+ H% p$ C% |8 \8 a9 w5 A' z2 O5 m* ^/ C, e
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , m/ }/ r/ l- r h. f% l+ q7 B3 w5 o2 r# o2 s9 B, K$ o3 e; f
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 S; R" t% d k" a2 [$ w) D4 A2 s