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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 u+ S U) V% L& Z8 T' A; W* Q + v' C |# n! CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' v3 F6 P5 \3 C+ W/ f4 \. E
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # j, a; C7 W. }% S$ O4 h* @& T# [' |9 Z* [3 G" Z4 {
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 g/ K& k5 I; u/ O* u9 l4 b5 R3 P1 V2 q( @% N0 H
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + ?; o0 M) m; A9 s W: x8 m+ l
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 h9 ~# s6 v) F0 w1 L% T" h6 G1 L$ a! \1 I( R" W L* O
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & k! [/ C0 l* N+ }- \4 W' ^4 h & B. E% Z% ]* \7 C1 zThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - K4 B4 v# q3 t, o3 x! c4 [' h) C1 ~" q. |+ t& z7 S# d( N
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 u6 A5 @) X5 |2 ]; K/ X) V' [8 l% ]. K
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & T5 k! B4 ]4 o" t- y3 C$ J4 l$ A0 r8 ~9 k
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ H+ I! X& f9 z5 B2 V* o4 q8 Z1 A3 t) q: p0 e
+ `( f7 S+ |1 B' T L2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 i, P$ m( V9 k0 ]9 A
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例如: ( c- G9 J/ U) b" M3 Q& S) o ) R) ~4 j! o4 ^8 P8 \1 uAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 V) t; h' ?* J9 e/ G; o( t* j: }
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " g" O( g4 }9 i. ?* _" T* P! d. E4 ^
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 i9 Z* s5 A2 g2 O, ]$ j7 N 7 ]6 }' U- G& F, i; W5 H6 }He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% d a/ o& z' A; R M
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % y/ T0 {' G7 N, S3 C0 n/ _, p' _1 |3 g
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* F) N3 w5 w/ @& V# R
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 q$ t, h" I# Z% v+ c8 V- l4 P 5 O1 I% Y) l0 ^. K# Z% d# }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * D7 d; v: K$ v& ?; y) H4 V( o9 R2 X( s4 j. T m7 y
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 x/ O1 T W1 r/ w. R+ ~1 H/ [+ A* \/ X
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 |2 L5 B p+ r. |+ M6 A, |- C* N% \% V7 `9 O# G8 f# t, o
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * [. T& m8 ^. Q6 A1 D$ X# c& Y # u: F' m' _6 ^2 ]0 _* tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 l4 D+ K' J4 t3 p, E$ |% l7 D! @ g) Z0 k5 C3 H( S. c* |
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - B4 \3 M1 t1 d2 \# U& g, _5 H0 r0 Y8 {! F" W
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 s/ h E0 n9 @) T4 j- |8 }# J
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" N* ~# F5 ~+ z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, l$ n1 n! p1 B/ G5 ^3 a ~' u
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' E6 f) H' H7 e: N4 O6 g3 T5 B% ~$ Y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 ~5 l- ?/ Y, K) v) `4 l( W, p5 H; O9 ]/ `" I# \, g/ o& r: c
例如: 9 H3 b3 F1 f$ i$ K; ^ & z9 x, U F) \( [7 XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 [$ n8 @' e$ g. ]; Q$ e Z6 k) m
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , P+ c* h& u7 z" t2 F) t3 }4 K3 p5 L6 W3 y' U9 B
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - p" t; C: @+ i9 | H X; ~% r/ z `2 T
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 u+ ~( K& A% {8 q- A
+ o/ z6 P3 T9 _5 NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 |/ E6 |1 i/ f. X( m0 m. j! v
" \% U) C* T' s) c7 e) xPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 I0 G& v# c: p# V' A5 v, Z7 z @
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 Y8 W2 `& q- c e1 A q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) P3 N0 d0 Y2 q, _6 d
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' v7 M0 p2 R+ G" Y1 h
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 P4 d T& c! _/ n4 i( P + d( a- V, g1 f& K9 c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + B& j8 D# s$ s2 p6 G; R 8 ~9 t5 K4 ^% l) o对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; ~5 y# m2 C f4 }% Y; F" i( u4 Q5 _: s" K" o! g
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - Z2 I! P9 X# m + n6 I# ^; A, R对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 H. @0 i Y& v, F3 F