" U* u& P% S$ L5 ]5 U5 R% p- T( F5 \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - ~$ ^) L% t1 H/ | , G2 w+ S0 H& V2 ]5 z" ?$ FThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): `( D% B. a4 l3 U8 K/ G
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & R( N2 o& Z8 {0 m W3 j . k* p9 ?2 z0 F9 T/ t- K. vThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , T& b; C+ z5 H2 c% t4 _5 Y 8 s9 S* V7 ^2 s R) lI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 f Y: o; X* y% r7 m
! J) |; d( X1 m* l8 T5 ~7 v9 [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 l9 y. n0 r! E) }& l8 _4 T3 R/ e1 }% ^9 }# _4 Q2 I
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 O3 t3 ]5 D1 ~2 q& x# [% j! ?
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! H1 q0 e: U" b" i+ ?6 m) R- ~$ F 3 f5 c; [0 d! P1 K n1 r% bWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + N6 q! B$ z: F+ f / B# e" E9 B$ K, h6 _- K6 PPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* ^5 z+ v' {% `
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ ?" B! K: Z# I$ H3 }% v
! p ?% M m: |: v, ?6 ^- `4 A4 i Q+ i& a' z( k* I% Q4 D, `$ p 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : r4 @; q3 M& S; H: F& v* C& V % d; x0 y0 v3 k V F! w! [例如: 5 k" `% P! g" R% o1 V1 _0 g6 k {
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + g0 H) z8 }6 g( L+ e" h0 ~ ; v0 ~( j7 L- b: _' [$ {8 T" Y$ nDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 g( y! @" q# E. v# j# V, D! t. H( Q$ k/ d
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ g3 z9 K: |3 B$ P
) A q- z( Z9 b# u3 X2 vHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ e) `9 Q1 J' C. a
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): F4 t8 z, {8 ]) d
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) n0 n2 A$ N3 g: m* N( Z
7 Q" E9 }& d9 Q7 y2 Y+ QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 \8 P; q, z. R0 U4 g
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% X9 y' |. r8 S& t
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 }% [+ U; A8 b- Z, n ) N6 L+ J& u" n5 I3 lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 c7 {! Z* ]) D- A
( O; `& e& K- J5 {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' A; Y" y. N- P8 |& ?" U }" F* {' Q3 i4 m) l. u; a
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* k# k! v; b `* Z; L1 a) q
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 H* n* H: l3 K; @& p5 d3 I
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' P4 B3 n' Y: q Y6 b
2 Y+ j) d$ c) V' G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / h- d- t, o4 Q4 Z5 a! F# G, d, ^; X ^' d0 x
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # L; v/ S6 |8 g( o) ?, ?! S# ?0 E+ Y& G( q) P+ s: b
& }) I. _3 R6 g3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! A0 y$ s5 N, r+ k3 H, a! g% Y
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例如:- ?( L2 r2 b$ F; b
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! `( @4 S: u% \( B
2 U' Y" L0 m% |: g- R) DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 a9 [& Z% E, C# X, w4 H% o- D( \6 F& b' d, P5 d; q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" q7 @2 a" B- D; ^- b1 e( a e
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 W# w$ H$ v4 ?! l# k* |; Z/ |# n. h& b9 q% p
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 S% z% a9 G* w 4 V7 W; a9 E q1 W9 Q, n& jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 _1 r1 g6 ~1 t1 ]' u0 c+ f5 r+ W
2 e! n9 ^- S+ K0 f( PCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 N" ?8 S% ?3 X. @' [
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% b8 K" b7 T ?" o Q8 d1 @
) u' o D+ Q- n8 j+ W当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- A- D3 r B/ ~& Q
% c) y+ v" J1 D& Z3 R, U0 f对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 d' E: g- }& b' Z7 Y8 _
8 g5 r1 R1 |% B0 d# x, ]$ o" M* }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( O7 W7 k* e: J ? ; n3 G% E$ u6 c ?+ Z0 d对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. G8 f8 t9 R; S: p
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) x+ c* F/ d, _& F* B% D
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: m6 P$ S% u, d, V, |, S5 S% M. g3 x1 g4 R: E# k1 o7 M; n/ M
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 m+ V+ E+ S& b* M) ]7 O. C T
/ n7 v" r$ G0 F! E有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 [* _" y z% G& h1 s3 A