本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 U$ F3 ?1 d7 z6 e # O- I" E- c5 K! g& P' V转帖: r( L3 o0 x. |6 ?! v+ p7 `- [5 ]5 B9 a
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) n; U: L+ M1 j5 s$ w& X! n6 z P$ b1 n
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$ j9 }- z/ F" w& D+ V! y6 DMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % x' J# ?' i2 ?6 Y1 a, `/ s" V/ w9 m4 v. H
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ U, Y+ z, l' N# v; |
2 Y9 b. O9 R% n& fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 ?$ B+ O% t" K# E4 W8 T4 l1 ?
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 _# m( x/ b; ^
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; R* A+ x9 L+ v" y1 e# A* `3 t! e0 p5 _0 b+ S
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 o8 f/ ~" q' r {/ `1 b# Y& |
0 X, c) t5 B. P& O: u( rWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 r' M! R F. J9 F5 l) g, f6 t& y0 r
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + \2 B; |/ e, o$ A2 c) { 5 O7 p' b* ~% e8 j0 [, h: jWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 h) L( E1 G: y- H2 c1 e" W% Q, _- M
; S. a" P4 M U( fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): N0 p" u: S3 g
5 _7 |% l5 L5 H6 Q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + t: s0 j0 x0 o( p( V+ \; f$ U+ r( p5 x. G
& o! |1 o- C% u- ? p1 h& s- c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% q% k2 W+ b; k: Y. `: V+ `
5 F8 I( y: r G5 q/ c例如: 3 R A+ N, M9 m5 t2 j' Z5 n a9 z. x$ g# d# @0 T7 q: [9 j4 z% R; J
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # H' v3 R) ~4 r0 o( Q: w2 p- E: a$ w0 B4 e* f
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % k# V0 _7 p7 y5 j9 @) A5 t2 g: m3 P" j( ?: t4 Z$ v# w3 D
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" w+ G5 r+ p+ k- P5 t# f* T
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 ~$ {# p/ A! {$ |% b
/ r* f a- |/ B; o4 yIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# K# y* g% C7 N9 M% b
6 m7 h3 W) v. k: ~/ d% j% ]% {She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) d# j* `1 T, J! ]& a: P; e& T1 R0 p' r( M# T- t/ F+ {; x y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ T0 m( h8 Q: R- g( H2 W/ N
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# ^# A" J& {/ r4 s
; t2 Q3 C/ D; G/ _6 V1 D, ^The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # S& k( {+ H% @ Q. O8 A# L' r, o' L) {9 w) K; }& I
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# I3 L" T% w- q/ z$ V
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 r( i6 Q4 S0 T! X- O 7 l8 s. a, h6 U9 I/ hHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). o n5 D+ A$ t- M. M, j7 z
( k7 S6 O/ r6 x; n$ |We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ g& L# [9 S) V: N1 ?; l, ?2 Q( @0 X' L% \3 p
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' J& M1 l/ G4 i6 X9 ^3 o3 ^, R1 c; a
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' Y: n8 C# v, u5 m/ O! r1 o4 C& Z # b9 g. C1 m, {+ h$ t此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, [) P7 B* l6 w# M5 |/ h' _
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5 b6 Y5 U9 y X; R 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * R( O* s$ f) O$ Z; b. v9 }/ Z) r
例如: 1 b2 h S# Y, Y1 z% h + ?% u2 w/ G* d% g4 PMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 ]+ P T5 D6 q3 N, u$ r
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- `" V2 J% j/ P8 z5 X5 H
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; ?9 }! Y1 `/ _$ Y& b2 ~8 |5 o' `' f; e- @5 M8 ]2 z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# M. W* H. O- r
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( D9 m5 b3 N1 N& J; A2 J2 M 2 n- T5 J. g5 {: |7 dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " m% h' [2 e' N- N ! S ]7 Z: \ wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 S8 L1 ?5 s7 i; d+ r3 L, ?* \ B3 t w; x
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% _; D$ i( p l9 `
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! K$ c6 T! I' W
2 C, X4 e; B" ~ d* \当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) d3 V) |% r( g8 L" [2 w6 }8 G# B7 D2 K+ J) V3 p$ X0 F8 |) E
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 o4 ]4 {9 P T; v3 N
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; n' r2 M8 x% q b( x& y# Q % c* ~9 W- v; Z9 m对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' t6 F1 V& q, Z" t
5 I. l) i/ U6 F% M对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 c. ^ R' P( R% f f
6 n& j# @ m4 C5 r至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: e. X* ?, J) [$ u3 Y, \! g% Q: P - U7 ?* }) M1 U* z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 v, M5 k- ^) [
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 k6 [& o4 B: i8 j6 N$ p1 I. t