本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) A, k! T: w9 |; r! R: e# D0 E
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) s8 ]' s3 M! s' B
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例如:4 ~' X( z7 i5 ~% b) \+ H1 d' j1 {
/ d$ e9 z) d9 g# v; qMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): U* @/ i a: ^ ]) s, `- Z
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & L* I8 W9 L; k4 S3 F + ?% }' o' e5 T; W, U- l; H1 lThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , b& S: y( e0 `; F. A7 m$ ]5 C2 B9 p; O; g4 }
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' Z8 |( ~6 Y' q- V0 u : o5 U5 m+ d; ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* D0 C: @7 q; t' x' k% N2 \
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): y% y" z* ]# e% @" P
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- C3 z! b$ s$ k7 C
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 o1 n# o3 |' U+ J2 z' D4 s8 o7 Z: X: A
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' I8 O* b% ^7 q- u3 i2 G; V J ) T& ]4 `1 C5 n( `3 W. V% kPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) [$ g w* h! r y1 n
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + t& d$ }9 ]1 G9 U' B u7 b! h1 M, y; h' o5 o: E
9 h: k, X) ?! }3 h4 E2 n. v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 G: C& }( n4 Q* c4 `$ Z. M/ \, Q- j# H* }& @- l
例如:$ y- g% E6 j4 V6 K+ S) s9 ?% }
! N2 {: Q9 H* U I9 TAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 y3 n @/ T; H1 M; O
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 c2 }4 ]. ], v5 w, ]0 K
7 h2 ?0 U7 \/ `$ @% ]I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) B& I. H/ q8 B* |5 I2 ^" G1 X3 E
2 [/ s0 L$ M, ]( O7 `/ L" ^He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 h7 K1 x: U+ o6 `) z
/ C" H4 w+ V9 ^3 ?, VIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) Q- J4 V4 o. w7 p- a3 }
7 N. p( N. G2 _' x% U: D$ u) FShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( H3 _' d' V% }( J7 q9 a
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" i+ Q- r+ _8 f* r* y( ^: F
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 @# J, S5 g! f; n$ P3 p
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) S' \5 c9 S: m! `4 A5 [ - r3 v* W) u; B! ~* b' ^The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 r* U) B/ J" H. K
8 o: G$ P) b8 v# d, NHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' E" z0 {6 e, {/ q% p% D5 z9 F9 V# B D) w% x; z+ |' A! r
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( ?+ S/ M: u5 X$ q! b) q+ `' y; }3 Q0 K, Q9 R
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % `& ^& A- V1 S3 w/ I, m {9 h1 V+ I7 g4 h7 @Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( m4 \2 l. G/ u$ p4 z$ A
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), q( q7 b, @* m
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 s3 T* N% a6 e' p9 @' j6 j1 Z2 \4 A6 {. Z$ e
* r8 Z! e" p& ?: ~3 R; C5 O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 I& u0 q* |( X6 g
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) d; c4 g1 i) }9 u' k4 TMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 v e, {. P$ Y4 I# t* h3 q$ s( S; X/ F' h
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , O& Z$ f S: z" g4 A8 P8 _9 x' e3 ]: e
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 O3 O' I9 P3 @( B& W
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( X6 U6 `* k/ v2 U d# d 8 r4 r; F0 s3 }: t. o. |" E' lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 {0 S! d k- y6 ~- w7 j+ A5 I9 r - A/ i, n. d, zPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 d I. h" L0 Q! Q* f
+ c' C0 l+ W& ~' [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# l R9 C! B7 K8 g
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 w1 m) ]5 s6 }. u& i- V7 w( L
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 f6 w4 m! l: K; V2 |/ q' Q& ?/ U, k
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 q) n5 A8 \" `* f4 e# a