本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 N4 U( j1 P& @ B, E, S C
. G; v. @9 L/ s 转帖 - @0 }. V" D" H3 w. S# E1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 s- x7 w9 [, o7 F6 h5 [
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 W+ C$ f1 D! J9 @; Z9 {- q) O' t7 C$ w+ G# B+ r+ z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 ? O8 t) r7 l7 \: Q 4 K# _! s i5 f" W9 xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 z1 L; n8 b9 u/ f1 U$ o! C
: n. y( W8 [9 nThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * i8 A, a/ y1 C8 N$ D% B/ i' E2 c
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% Q0 _) r; j4 H) O5 E2 \$ K
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , d( S, B- @5 L ( m H' W! Q4 {9 r/ pWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & L$ b- ~$ c/ I" \6 x7 e7 u5 m- K" Z* [4 G
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 A5 |/ e, o( \- k6 x
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 u! R( W5 |$ x& v8 X2 o0 _) ^
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( X! J( h+ q8 `4 `5 t/ @/ o
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: {* e# E1 b3 P- Y
& b# a7 p! }- K O- P% p9 R2 j2 RAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ ^' T- E5 M: @& u5 u
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 l1 P$ K! ~. T4 A8 t, a4 O h
5 C1 T0 N* _; Q: `I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ W U5 X) w) W6 l
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" ?! l1 J. V" M! S: c, `
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): m# |! {- ]" o* r Q- z
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - O: I% A' [0 e2 w* k" `, [9 c. V$ j& o- L& h; ?- A" D, i
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % K' O# n! E- X6 w0 @ * S+ l6 r# _- ^9 ~+ u( j C% |, {: {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; e8 W: f' n0 V4 |5 Z( I2 z* h) V
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). W4 {' r. o, ^& h4 d$ K& X
! O+ F. x! H" yThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 f/ p+ @ T! `2 |* A8 b: w" F O+ W & ? p8 N; S, ?3 a2 @- H2 qHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' B T) x# I/ x" \5 r5 A
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# B& ], F e Q& Y
7 V" j7 \6 J/ yWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) H- j, @: P, V6 R h" b- u& O4 U5 H# M2 F' W
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- K, m/ l$ N* ?# t' f& M5 {
1 M7 _8 L$ {+ G: ^( S' n: g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 Z3 W6 [7 v. I6 M8 _: e' I
# f$ O* f0 N4 o6 D# o. r此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: c! n5 [5 _5 b- U6 Q
' K7 j4 y8 R; O& s# n! i p$ E F9 X+ T- u6 {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: N; M' H7 n8 z) N
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( ?. S- D4 N& y8 z8 @# y9 F8 I( [) L, V9 f8 u" p
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 v# H8 K$ P/ }. b5 ^2 H
1 w" V* n% ^3 ~* |% Y3 XThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 M0 W" T2 N2 G+ s- C
; C4 W2 f' ?! r( OHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 u! U) C6 Y; u; h
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); U" l! ^# ^0 i8 V1 f# U" z# o
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- _( l/ L( ~, r* F# F; ^2 V
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & K" D* X2 t" g, A! C: R7 P, q. `5 A: |" f$ x& x: |# Y8 f5 n; W
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ \( j% Z& u$ x" |+ N
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / @- ?' _* t/ H2 f6 D 5 S- X7 m0 `; c5 S, @. [当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. a I# X9 h( D- F, A
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 u3 Y9 M+ G" F+ B- e' u+ [7 S- R4 a
" n/ {( E/ U% w3 d/ i6 F7 ~# ]对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 U, T1 L2 E, a; L - t/ X7 t# W& [* Q+ }# h- P对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# y5 F! F% C1 J* f
1 ]3 h0 \7 ~2 T R+ b' \, M对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; Z# n3 M5 ~; S. J5 Z( q7 H9 v. K& ?: U1 i' D" z4 b
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 u6 m# O" f* Q4 U6 e0 F9 }
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。5 B/ M* d" F2 N0 ]' f
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 Z! ] u' Q$ w8 Z+ _8 u