; w9 R+ l3 S: d0 A, q! e4 ]; \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ q$ ], m5 y8 ]! `, b4 ~* T3 }
{" k" ]6 q* cThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 E( A% I' Y, u, j % K: n8 @. Q5 ~3 M. Y. LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; s7 G0 ?/ q i, F o * a( ?8 E+ E+ ?! s4 P9 @The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); W" B1 Q; g+ b1 }( f O
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' Q! D/ |3 W# W
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / U ]1 d ^: V, Y2 q( c( Z) E \1 {! W( W$ s& d v& J) _
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 q7 C! c4 F% C" T1 j; D' q2 ~, _% c* W$ J% w
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 0 }: _8 L+ ]# x# `' d 9 r1 n- b$ a2 H2 l+ KWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 d4 n: [' u$ K' V- i* C* t7 V% M2 _( Y3 ~/ D. z: g/ t% ]
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) v+ J' @; ?6 n9 J% s1 ~
B; E. p6 X4 E" F7 N. Z' a这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: L; d9 w9 }! w% `
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) W7 F; l0 z U! v) v& `8 t C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) B. I9 l2 Z' ] ( X0 C8 {% C" a1 x* b2 k例如:7 O; i+ T) G8 |
$ G5 c. L% i- I8 N8 s1 ~" {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ _5 u! s- x9 A) N# d! W
( r& A- y' ]0 D& N2 UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 k; Y4 I0 P1 U6 Q9 ]3 s7 S+ x9 @: Q' w0 _3 ~! p
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 t x3 v" [- S6 B* R) O$ X" \- E, z
`2 v( [, H* l/ _$ X) wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " V. u, b, Y/ U3 a # N1 e9 x* T, ^: F3 C( O; |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 B% O* ~" A6 O
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ ]' r) t6 h g' f# k
; f- [8 g" C3 E7 I( @. X- kI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! }. P! _2 b3 H7 S1 Z H
3 g) |$ M4 m+ G; A6 G! d7 R: T: T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % }/ G, c4 k6 Y' s* O9 K- |; J- ^" w
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 F' f. F+ G: H; v. l. ?+ O2 V+ v5 ? a9 g! X
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 D" }4 E% S. _3 y& ]" K+ Q" h+ J& y8 G: B& C
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / y' F! Q! N, N4 b) q/ m& Z+ \
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & B7 k1 \3 Q& d0 O: R: {9 { z }9 l* k! z# f
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; a. S5 }/ U: e0 d C4 Y! E1 I0 c5 r
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 h; N6 ]4 o+ C; j2 `! } , ^" C8 |3 t( d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) `5 l2 |0 J8 I4 ~" H) I/ R" B9 I1 c% U6 X8 A
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 C6 L. V I/ I; S7 I. o' P
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" Z0 a2 @& {# L' I8 Z$ m' \ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 p7 U% e# V8 f/ s
- M( F9 Y8 [- m# ~4 y1 ^' @7 k0 ]例如: ; P4 }2 P/ p; X; w7 u4 W4 |4 \3 F' |0 X; }& l
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 }# t3 o7 ~# G4 p6 S f
9 P) X6 @3 t( D* m6 ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# E+ G5 I. A5 m& T/ ~2 Z) y
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): S: Q$ g& i+ a
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& _% y" Z) n, n7 v
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + i! M& ?, e- K" f+ j( H9 f) B. a# q( d# ~
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 I' t) N% V, u6 u M/ ]5 E9 U7 s1 @% `, ~" E) p
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % L6 Y% |+ {5 H5 y4 i% l0 v7 }# v9 E7 l, }! D- x
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; h# M; }' o4 P, s- T5 Q+ ^- ~4 B% w
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 d* a1 o* K4 v8 S+ N3 v% m/ i, z% `# k 5 ]7 R- M5 Q5 w. d# ^- _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 U6 f$ F- X: l( w3 I - K' S5 K$ E& G) V* L/ e6 `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 a4 ]& Z7 ]6 { a+ ~
: ~6 P7 W- R4 @- s H" L对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 G8 I7 w6 [- v; x
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , R! w7 g8 p: e, a% m1 u+ a$ k/ E- H# c3 r
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;5 w6 Y% @9 s1 Y# [
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ m( F' x+ z/ v3 P% a* _
5 O h' {! C( }. e8 Z1 c3 V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 v3 J" W. j. T) t3 ?, k* C/ D% ]% Y& d& L5 T9 p7 m' {, Z% w
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( b7 K+ c( k# o8 j) X* ~