本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . `$ h7 f8 R) R$ `) ~7 Q& U& ]: I8 C" L( [/ [$ Z5 ~" V 转帖 8 w3 f' ]! {. J& M2 a3 y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' R* |% Q, r. K! O( T2 R3 C! l( q/ b& J o& x, t' y* v/ _
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " f" g; K6 W8 ]8 a1 R " h2 d/ V+ }" j2 T5 U5 ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 @& Z& `2 s3 w% R2 f8 ]7 u
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! Q7 u9 R5 |2 p1 }; y. B 7 l1 B9 M; z9 z$ P1 S2 RThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + q& @! r; [0 y8 a; y' s H - q- L3 C# e) OI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . l; b+ L1 o1 x9 x: m2 q4 N& l+ B6 j \4 R5 s5 B
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 z% K; R6 d5 I
6 k4 ` \" H: _, bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 S+ ~' N3 w2 |# ?" N9 o0 p- o0 J$ N1 [% u! t+ \ v9 {/ h
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 C# R* M1 s% Q/ H! F% w( _9 h G9 R& i0 A X5 v
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) X r8 Y9 n" x7 n/ b5 L5 V; ^+ u( G8 I) ]
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 J$ D' z) g$ C : U% C- ^& l$ S* D# l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - W, F5 J( y7 u" t! | ; ]' y( |# C2 w! u 7 a+ L$ D. d7 z5 e- n: ]2 H! z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) [1 p* {; @' m! }( C ( }' f2 r1 k5 a: y# o例如:* W" I6 j" T% X( p0 |8 A3 @
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& [$ z1 a3 M" @, T4 D' W& R- Q5 T
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , f% A" q+ g" T0 n; W* `9 p; A" Q$ ]. b& A# E- Z6 S/ Q1 n
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 D! G, c1 | v% z; K 9 | f Y* e9 E8 e. ]5 X# \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 K M% m1 Z: |: q8 L% b2 C
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ R8 N+ e" Y9 r
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / G5 W! U# R$ M; c) B+ G- o1 `, h4 {' |4 T
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& Q/ X d* e5 L l( ~+ O( }4 i
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * V/ o: b% Z% Z% ~/ v9 Y# |7 q: q ' M# u& g- d: OThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 O* l' P, Y7 C! Y: r$ J + W7 p; X, m' F' q* a& T. TThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 Z' ]- H8 F- O9 c3 b
. t( s. P1 S# Z3 r+ J4 {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 ?/ c0 }5 U3 j3 ^/ X9 x. t" n+ M( L1 n2 n
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' B8 Q8 H% P8 m3 w, v1 R1 ` . d$ S! R0 a# p9 }8 ?! xWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 \) r! F' m9 l5 i7 o
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 ~( }0 d8 v: [$ h! C5 a
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ M2 L! W; u A
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 q* Q) v+ e& I+ X+ }1 I d" U1 j* }2 o" Y+ Z
3 K0 Q+ p" R; i% G' }) Y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " S* ^4 x( O& d4 k ) C( z/ {! B' Y3 P( ~/ A8 e例如:! U7 r i! r& ~" \% I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . ^% p' v" q6 z- c ! M F; n- y- x4 ~: e) HManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 B% s8 r$ w' W) n B
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! Y* ^8 [+ W% D4 u
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; m+ G' r% Q$ b2 Z 2 g1 a( Q, B* B& R5 hMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; K3 ]% h9 D2 E; _ ' y9 n0 v& _# O* _+ s+ {! mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); e( n8 _, d% h! }* f! Z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 Q: G' o0 U8 n6 D, E, c
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 ^! G) S8 L3 n. q" B* G 5 n, X; H1 [7 _4 z& c7 {6 O# e3 h" k同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 o) m5 R- O' j
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 f6 d# B7 L. M* V" p: w7 P& f2 h* x g: ` i. W! a3 l2 S& p' x) T
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 u5 l8 H- ^% ]* [ # T# J" h0 o4 g R* h对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; f2 a9 M; b4 B
) y7 W9 k% X5 [& G对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& n/ e8 [. V c. `5 a