本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : C: k; w& A& D5 v- q) g5 ~% d0 k" }' n; y! K 转帖+ P' I' \7 A3 o( K+ H/ s
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 Y' x+ `) G9 Q+ y% k1 V/ s+ e0 f5 C) c3 v8 F* S
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 W: ^3 e5 K0 E( i+ m* D4 L
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 N4 Y1 \( A; V7 F7 E+ Q, ]# V0 Y$ `# w& u5 x5 l, X
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 R& c6 G; _3 x1 V+ H. C) Y. ~* \$ Q2 x
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( t! Y: r3 y3 c, ]
: }7 P0 R2 J& \( |& q4 g+ bI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( Y/ ]) [# w. L% l. m ' l/ S1 l9 d; f& @5 t% H, a1 z! ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 {3 q8 r: x# N) P
5 u0 Q6 S8 O/ U5 ?* r JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 G, x/ Y/ G9 J, M- A 2 R; f9 U5 Q. i' F" ~The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ V0 X9 V+ W/ i+ {4 L
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' r# J/ _2 P. B5 U8 B* s0 X( b2 ]+ X2 m5 E- ^* i8 E
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 w1 [& j, u$ f: F2 Y 2 ~2 X) k' ~2 d: K' H1 }这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 |+ U6 W, V3 H7 N, U
5 q, S |$ H0 |; ?* Q; Y, q2 F" N 2 G1 i+ b6 u. g, X' \2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 \8 q$ k' O0 X/ n4 l
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例如: 4 o+ T: S% b: D. a& b7 b $ y; n6 I# |9 E) sAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 z( I3 @( w S# ]' G
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / m' m# p; \/ \, |# c2 [6 T, s: x- o$ Y- V
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 z$ Q9 C& J% {' N 4 V/ a# @, Q& C ^9 a3 SHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) G/ q* a0 a* \$ V5 c3 |- O0 `* f5 Z7 X7 n, l M9 s4 Z+ `- Y7 D
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 g/ l6 u. K4 V: I3 j* t ! @; k6 J; B6 a$ h- bShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + s- O: _3 C2 S* J1 M8 y n; i7 J8 T, P" S
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 F9 V, x* O, u% {1 N# A
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ e: ~. ~& s. D9 [6 y
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# ?0 r8 m3 p$ C! _
: V2 v7 ?3 N" `* I8 v' |2 I5 ZThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 P+ C: P: C( q, d* D! `) |
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . S2 p0 m7 Z K/ F2 ~6 S ) I2 M2 U6 ], T1 B. h6 y+ q6 ZHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 k, M3 _9 B0 N! c+ |5 f9 ~/ f % ^+ T/ X" p. |& L# eWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 t. {1 ^8 M8 v8 T4 P ! Y* Z2 R* n$ g [% G& w4 IEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). A4 f. U) V! K: r$ y1 v
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' B5 n& I2 f9 Q8 I3 f/ y8 N
" u+ k: @- _# Z, G9 b: w* h2 r* c此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 Y7 `$ A% Y! }( B; O g! C1 v% W
}# a6 I. t8 ?( x1 O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& h8 P% z* k, r0 F
( E8 r( _$ h# W5 Q例如: * w3 T+ z J7 u8 @ 4 e; p z; `; h( OMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) I+ F4 R* x2 v" q5 [1 N5 I
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 `( ]8 G: o0 x1 u" P / V j8 @0 {) m- ^! N1 b2 gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 L/ P; M1 z+ y! I V
& y9 u# I! e) g6 z: G: I* eHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" b+ Z ?0 x1 u
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! P9 n( F1 s2 ~$ M' ?1 G
! s7 [) H7 {- C( T3 d# ]: \Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# r! ^6 k# H& \- |
8 w* q1 A Z }7 @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ ?# c2 r! n% L$ Q/ p' E
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 b% C) g& x* n4 C
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& Z+ S4 t' b$ ^% c0 l/ S1 G
# r6 Z! H- {$ A# @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 p6 ` {. o6 T6 Q; q( Z6 L ! B; I! q9 \. q6 I! `( M对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! O( L0 k O6 k6 q5 f3 b& p
4 k8 |6 C) W6 N对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" D- O7 a5 `& o0 h8 \7 F# H d$ K
8 I" [7 _& u0 Q8 L对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, j. D$ W7 P& t; A. K
& P0 C3 G4 v2 T. m, @' w ]1 V对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % r( S! f0 ]7 S% D' I- U" d! o- K) O5 ]4 `" H8 K1 c: K v
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 Y Q0 v4 D" s9 h
4 Q6 v% c+ n2 h) d' \0 E) C! p: _还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 Y8 f+ A$ J$ c6 E/ D5 d + K% j L" \. f$ D# ]5 z& L有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) W/ J4 a) C W' O/ @" \