本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 v( B- k8 ?5 ~; _- R
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) w i* o3 z" n. d# D) M( o: a
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6 d$ _) M6 i, d b, c Y) M9 ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ w+ G, _ _. `7 D ]( @$ _1 O' a# g- ]
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 V$ K, ?! h2 z) ]& ~4 h: D
+ w/ A4 E8 i. u! X3 CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ k L! u* B' H% g ^# n/ b0 y+ l
1 V1 ~: S# j- [ yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! D( [+ I7 J, t' w/ [
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 J: f5 {% f* E3 I0 i; u
2 k! @. p/ Z# l. |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + ]& I; X+ p" j( j+ N ; i. K1 d( l/ X- c7 `' t4 [We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ x& ~. A$ v/ J& l 1 c9 z; w" s& [+ y$ ?0 b8 g2 DThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), q. E! T0 [& s0 p, I2 t, d
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). y @: m q d4 F5 d7 p6 B
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 s. |/ j8 z, O- u
. c; K1 O8 X: s4 J8 p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 @5 o& z4 |$ ]* |, R D, |$ L 7 Y5 b& v1 I: M+ X; h1 X- j $ g6 f( c. B. K9 v2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; M# a, _& h) i4 f# N. i! G- U( v) Z" K: @: I
例如: - d, t4 M+ k5 o4 _% k# d* e; d2 u; g7 Y" P6 M& D
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) n1 w2 ?7 ~' q1 g2 i/ ?) y; a7 _' L
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 r; A D: f' F0 C m. D
7 [' i( r+ Q3 k& k6 \+ ZI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- w# D- s8 o% H4 Y
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 Y, G6 W) s5 M+ P. C5 R/ f7 w
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 s+ j! }9 F# Y! O4 ?
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% y( Z/ F- m) g: X0 V8 b- l. i
L: i" a% F3 Y8 P, y3 x# jI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 K4 g l3 g$ l$ p( d( I : L# p7 m1 |! C3 x如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 a% q* ]5 e& t& W, i/ {
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 x, |$ C8 y7 p e
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 g b4 {8 U, @. N' \% k+ e
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& }1 W& H! }9 {& w
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * } [; _3 m- I5 K( [# j6 X: C0 Y4 x7 t$ m8 P; A/ r! O
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 a# u9 U$ X0 N& p7 l 5 M1 S3 i9 e1 _# \, F" x/ \9 UEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 d9 Q. z' k' E% M6 y2 n1 L4 F( ~9 P7 L
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) D2 r, h$ C! E; ~& T- e ?5 T9 b7 Z; C$ a
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 O2 |# @, N0 X# V% e8 l% _, [
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" ]9 F# t: y0 g3 j, o1 x2 L 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 O( w% V, e' c* ?
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例如:# A# E P5 Y+ `& J
* Z _# h4 B$ M6 j8 ?) E+ Y0 VMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 S8 G5 I9 f& G) z
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % W6 b) w2 C$ x, O! q % ~8 F2 Y0 S# Z3 Y$ }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ H* C4 l% U- O' i$ i6 r+ V ) F' }! s2 a3 y- RHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , V0 B6 _+ f6 a6 j& J( F& l# t$ M# {2 l% e, ~3 g* ~3 a
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 e1 N9 O! D1 W9 `5 C
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 f \/ n5 J S7 i
+ q) O9 Q% C& fCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 d2 q* Z3 E) A+ j* n4 A" n- D ! X& {6 I1 |2 w- i9 QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' R6 W! ?0 u0 x: Y9 ~( g! [; G- Q8 ^
2 j# S/ K' y9 x同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" {- U0 X3 H6 x l. v! d
4 O% P* o) n: M/ P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , d( R- s2 R4 I* i C7 v% _ - O1 W% w9 P$ b5 i2 x, O- [对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 ?' F/ f: Q3 l, Q3 H0 V
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 b& o! n* c3 @+ j0 g
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 D& U0 y' S& K- w
+ L/ d O, T$ f- _" }, b0 D对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 W, u, |4 c% n6 D+ G! ?
3 F% k. x3 g1 g至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 M; X- h% R( n1 {' ?, ]( t: ?4 A# ^2 P3 p; D
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 p: B) @ q2 |- w
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 X# a- S& L, z& a. ~