$ j' B- U- V) v( c' RMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % s& _& f: v6 u" Y6 G! O5 B" ]5 _% X
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), c7 m2 y1 L4 X6 h$ d) V% k
. k( C- t2 {6 p* R
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 q3 ?/ u% [! T- X- C9 z1 G$ O
" H, r {. ^" Z. I( |- x8 h$ c
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 ]5 q+ G6 ^% u" Y7 y4 O/ u: _4 h1 R1 I3 ?3 a
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" t/ A$ f: V7 \ V3 E, ^) Z
. L( F% ~2 B! w# V3 u+ HMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) _& F( P& `0 T3 }! j* L, P6 V ; V( W, d+ E0 n' a0 q1 FWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! ?1 z7 G$ f0 s+ G( J8 d
; u+ _' m* M7 v( h7 \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 A) Q3 S7 ~! v2 g& O0 E$ V
! [, X( N+ ^* T
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , S8 S3 t9 s) Z! ^7 A G, y# ~% F! q4 d. d
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # G+ G1 V5 C1 m0 f4 ^/ A* e" ]' z' }- E6 P
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , I+ {# i9 ` c( R- l , i8 l$ u; C. N( e 9 N7 e5 P; c1 a2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& o8 P( c4 J$ j) E, [) y. x7 V! m
0 D( z, b5 I% Z% k- F例如:- A$ j& h/ s4 U. }" I8 r- n
- b5 c9 \, b9 Z$ H2 q5 | rAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) Y% ?4 _6 y8 H! K; I7 Q% E
, V4 K- a8 I0 [- Y, D
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - U W8 g1 g6 d5 O. ~ , K) d" F1 g0 S+ |I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 z8 e7 Z- {! ^0 ]/ G9 h! M/ o) c( M6 m8 E0 O
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 @4 p0 V8 N. `( |! k: S, U & \5 ~! M' G/ \8 {" Q: mIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 c- ^: ^0 ^6 n m+ l' p0 @' f- |& N; _# }' [. q ?) g/ K4 w
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) C2 \# V* ~* D
# \0 q% D" Q) P5 V! Z' U& M8 MI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 U0 b: f# ?6 Z" B
6 E1 M X# r7 t6 T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 `, _4 [9 S& I. X8 F, N6 O
9 O8 ~# f0 r. T2 l+ {3 [9 PThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 g, M! b' e2 T- N5 T [ , [# C2 U4 B. T3 e; i" L9 p$ UThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 C/ a* d- ]. ~# |8 z- D2 l6 i
/ w# W* ^) Y) Z- s2 h1 @1 N
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( n! W. K3 D1 k6 y. \0 j; [! z
2 ^& r3 Y: ]' _# D: l' a+ `He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! ]5 p3 |9 y7 I5 h5 V8 A2 a, r% k ' l. L0 a( s% T g! \; W+ |We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* ?; l/ T, H- E
0 N5 W, }) q2 l- c% \0 i* A7 `
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 G& k3 @$ _8 L* o- a9 h
6 H4 Y0 F8 p9 M' y
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 \* S8 L% A1 p7 u# X, s' L $ F+ X% L# Z* N% x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* l6 n: I3 o7 T7 _% B. f5 u) T
1 ~$ I5 B" C4 r( {9 }; }
" N7 [7 y, ~) |2 j1 E6 @8 Z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! A% J3 h: A3 R4 w# E5 e' v6 ~' }# @$ D" r+ ~4 d- J3 ?
例如: 1 e: ~- V. z% d8 U; M+ ]& _# f$ F" W* {) K" m4 l+ \& r! E
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 |2 S0 |& h* e- z8 B
9 h; ]8 }5 i- ~" [" t _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! L+ B) w: i- a: }, I% g2 @1 J
2 w/ @6 r) G& f: T0 a2 ?% P
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " b) @* D2 z5 |$ w# g7 K i5 o2 i1 u1 N( _6 f, L
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' R; V8 }/ e# Z1 m+ b
$ p, x0 Y& B6 x) M8 E' k+ S
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : x; s6 C" W8 m* I* v# r( F3 G% | 0 G9 R- a6 b9 a; J e% i y, N( mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 w0 `. j4 N. J4 \/ o$ s' j% j
* P+ l8 Y4 `, z' V2 V& A: }1 v
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 R4 `( v, j% b, x' R# z: Q0 b
( P' r, N! M& N) i3 L$ }! Q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - t+ l% Q2 c- L : P3 U' l) {5 p; ^% c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 Y" z+ K/ W) ?, v5 R l 1 x. G9 _' {* N* X9 F+ @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 X# I! J9 U$ |# }0 o2 T5 w0 n7 |' y* M" ?1 c& ]2 z, f" |5 W1 ^
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 o/ p5 N7 d- k1 B q A& R# h
8 A5 v ]; S/ y& M对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ K5 f2 @8 T, M+ X2 l f' {! z3 l X& _0 s! `5 f
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 F# r! f3 O r& m" \2 S; [ Z9 h2 F* y9 J
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, i# L( }! S5 `; \, P. b i
/ s) [# {! }! h1 l& X
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 P% m& u$ O' \- r. D4 f# F$ Z$ Q( s( J5 P
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* E: M7 W; A* {* N* R9 a2 y# ]
3 j) }8 t4 i+ Q4 B有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * h3 h1 }9 P' E