本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 C- g$ }" e' W; a& Q s) J6 G8 r. Y9 F4 l: _& i$ w& z) O2 S 转帖- p; d8 m% R% h) s
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; {! D! f, o4 u# q8 g5 [+ Q# n2 V, T7 f0 i9 L$ g! j: q4 C% y; m; N
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) i7 a; t! T: ^4 [
4 f# H7 T0 A' ?% O2 I2 AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): w0 ^3 z5 u# Y3 u) P# Z$ U
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) n/ x( K0 F" Z: K* u3 T5 c ( Z. u; B, e+ i1 f0 A* PThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" e& p2 S" J5 _/ m# I
6 X! P. G9 N x$ I, m( }4 JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): x) B7 w! s# z5 R8 W0 L
' }5 R8 X, c+ F5 w7 X' {1 zMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * D7 j5 Z8 N- F; H6 O7 E3 [# Z; h' m3 k: ^$ S
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 Q l! I1 K% O9 t- }" M
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ L. }, ^- i% |; z5 d
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 Q2 a) _1 b3 `5 E ~9 D U) |" x. z; x7 ?! }" [( v
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % ^- T7 ?# w" r( A ] , ]2 U0 o# j: S: y5 I" n这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; j/ H3 r' j& |' X; p& b& K 5 f4 r! V9 s% L4 s/ ]4 H# c1 n / {3 _ d9 W/ s0 M% z S2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) k9 L- i8 `! o4 b" q
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, s6 ~, e+ Z0 y% r% ]( LAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 g+ x+ ~% r2 f+ z 5 H& D# c( q7 _) h: N: b6 xDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . H' i( w! b% {) a0 D/ r# x6 P; h4 z: e* R: z/ i# z5 W+ @
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , j/ _7 u {" ~6 x2 |: k5 ^: i2 ?6 d5 j9 |5 W; b
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' T7 @1 f* T) b* O
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 D2 ~0 r6 v/ R f8 |* F
: J3 s. `' A: P4 z$ q1 l, ]+ rShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - n- y& ^2 _5 v' p; o. s' e& c/ D
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); e% f; E/ D7 \* r, N( L
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " `; G0 A" [! a+ K( p' q* y0 \8 @# Y b
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 f2 H ~7 u1 |
; u* X. W" e8 E- B+ ZThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # s; G0 |( ` }1 J5 w/ ^ ( @! W# g6 ~2 V3 R4 h- wHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 v1 }2 O; P2 x7 g1 u; T
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), m' [( w0 ^; \5 g
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ E5 C# i- I: \5 L% F! x. R8 V0 v
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). l, M# G1 S' U! E
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) P# {1 I; o/ k3 G( c
6 B3 ~2 y& y# E# e, U5 L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * d W6 T1 _- C* Q/ i4 w4 f& j% w
8 C3 D1 k2 F( g+ F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 L3 V; X8 c7 B
7 q" b6 F% G6 a7 q' @3 e* e例如:2 ]2 o& E! v! \5 ?! X5 w A. C
% p; w0 j8 q, E( h- MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' o: B3 M2 b7 w& A' ]! }! { g8 n& I' c4 r; h' N3 u% w
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 i" f& l5 t* u# h. V( V' \
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / d' t, K" @& R k# G4 G+ d' r: y* @" }% c/ P8 K
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): I9 f+ H! A7 s
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% [: v) a4 y5 k3 ]( t( _2 Z
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 p$ a' m1 w+ P
- ^- P+ F ~' M6 t$ A' qCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) n2 H: ^2 V; E9 p8 N' y
) b" }% [9 V4 O% Q% pStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" y% a2 k5 g" d% v; F T/ R
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 r7 p7 g a' Y9 d* h2 V& o" c5 x
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; ?1 b8 i9 l: r# Y5 A% D e6 \; a; s7 \$ d
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 `- y7 z" O3 h4 z3 `* b+ Y2 ]: v$ s3 c$ `2 H @
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : R2 i O% N$ C% h2 `' W# X7 w" ?* u
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 f6 i8 O, J, U; g m% x, O; z ! A+ F( u- \5 [) J对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + p' c7 H F7 [- ~: e+ V( `& ^: z5 y! k0 [! H2 T9 {
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ Z0 e, Y1 B# H+ @1 a3 ?8 f8 v) Z& m, D- \- y- v% j+ z: ~! x
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . [, R$ P W% z# z. c$ L+ d B, f! q
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: h: h# k& T% V7 E* q2 @