4 i# O( V' h! o5 e例如: 5 r5 b6 E5 d! X) K! x# A0 x: A6 p4 a: R# a) `. N2 U
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' d' {, w4 z( v0 T' _$ U- \. Z
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 q- W* R/ y! s1 U: ?! ~; V. e$ @) P; n1 N; j4 l7 ^; h8 o. ?
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ O. |# k. f& c9 n+ _
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # ^0 c; @6 g1 z0 G1 L/ j8 Z2 J- s5 }/ l& a0 a) W' W, k; V
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" o4 u. @6 O7 A1 E$ P ^/ u
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 |9 U" z, e/ ^' Q/ A ; Z" u6 [& c$ o6 h5 @* F" f8 KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 c* y/ y& r5 O, K, J ! f" p! c+ d2 _, ?% C: nThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 O7 _% O' Z, W e! i8 y8 Y3 t6 f) V9 V2 R( W& D Q( r6 w! t
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), e9 G; d" V8 H3 o( M; }
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# a4 |0 p" p5 L* Q, G# L" }9 ^" b4 Q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , m: E& @7 p; r7 k& P+ ]2 y$ q; @8 e$ {9 f9 v8 Q
( r2 S7 S. S: S# t {# k( [& ~2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . w& l6 Y0 |4 _% B( j- e8 ] # k2 f h4 [( M6 w例如: 0 B- C, t7 o* t9 c2 t% _4 p5 H Y1 I( w- j6 m, P4 t
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& z' q8 e3 O8 ~8 B2 Y8 Y, c
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 @* _9 i% @9 T8 s$ q+ Z9 d3 u6 o 2 B$ T: D4 ]' M/ g* G, h! ~) w5 [I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 ]- r: Z+ o" [" }. T& u
0 r% N1 l" C$ O( \8 hHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , }$ c" g. n) O/ ?) a# D- ~6 n1 e! C0 w3 U& I2 [
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 v5 b L0 A& o1 o' }5 f. E: [) s5 a) D
' E- B7 k& F6 n6 c& SShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / t! Q2 A* b" f2 Q1 _) @6 _% s( E0 @! E- j: y% h8 D+ s. J
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 w% Y0 h+ l0 p% `9 F8 u7 \ # }9 K, A8 I- d如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ ~/ H% L. U& ?: C/ f! p7 d
( j# D( p! v" ^. O+ N. sThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 ?& U2 B2 u5 U/ G( L; | w) L& f ! L6 G0 E) _2 m4 q3 v- t- iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& Z5 [0 k2 \ i3 W) X% }# \( H2 K3 s
4 G1 W6 |8 r1 SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 D1 S: W$ I. i! R; l9 p1 {& J- i: |2 y" Q3 U
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & q9 _7 P* W6 O8 i $ [9 ?$ d$ D. o2 a7 m! r! bWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 d) c! W+ E/ F( @5 L# K& g% S' F, f
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收): M+ L; X4 J6 Y5 k- [
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ r" I, `; l2 b$ A# B
, @ B8 T: y' Z3 a" Q& `. m$ r此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / u6 P* z' E, ^* B z7 h ! |0 n, T8 i/ h; o7 U) X' x% S- i# ^ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; a; i. G; Q, g6 ] 2 B3 c) y; d0 ~$ k i例如:( l& i# |0 v2 t/ N8 \ U9 X
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 Q5 a) s2 ?1 \3 e7 y6 z
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ {* k1 i0 t7 u' _" s' g' |9 g; x4 ~: l* B1 b) I5 ]
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : c$ x+ c" W) ^. }! ` # F/ w# d% W6 f% C% eHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 x5 V" g& A7 I9 n. ^
6 j2 S4 X- U- {* fMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + N P4 w+ R8 y- A6 o8 J: p2 D4 X o! n, J5 U) \/ u. z: |" q4 X& n
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 p5 H7 C% }' \# d: r x
1 Z. I' }: x! V, i, k. lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) L; V% `) W1 `- ~. |; p3 a M
& E+ Q" N" s1 ?Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' M7 s* z: x4 T- g8 R, G9 H! L+ ?
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' \; T% c6 D" ~" K
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* I! ^* N" I1 _9 y5 }5 T
4 l! O4 ?6 e9 U7 m. ]& g9 A C9 e对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, J3 o0 ~2 S8 o( ], I
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" P; A2 T9 T0 |# d0 Y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( T' X' j& x* O: H0 Q4 }5 R
) O4 G" s2 t8 y o3 z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( R0 ?4 v; P. N0 f7 R# w: @
0 b, u8 V, U0 G+ J+ j2 Z+ d至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ X: K9 R% S/ R5 y
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' K. U q n/ f6 W) {8 u 4 G6 @( a/ e0 T+ x( H5 ~$ s有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 w1 | k4 C, L1 n. [& z6 f) r9 E