' \ l1 i- Q: k7 @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): U7 e! \, k- U6 y2 C+ D, S
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % m% R9 B6 N3 W2 N9 Z+ E! ~9 H g1 a4 q0 R7 Z0 B
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ Y, j: W& ^/ S; L9 D& S
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 E" F3 I0 G$ S9 Z) U, N. J5 J# ?. B; N
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( S# }/ V. `) \2 q9 G
. n/ H, v# }4 |# C- \! q" K1 NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* L4 g0 M M) J. B; A& f
, y) n3 R6 @$ ^* d; HWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 m9 u/ b4 n, w9 v: F1 q8 Q
; {$ R* H, l0 l! u7 ^' ~# O* iThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * U7 p( I% k9 x% u$ ^7 K& [5 Y0 A5 s! Y, e2 m. I
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 T e: }4 e s
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 X. d4 ]( m, o
1 _5 @( b O. ]# m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / x: {! f) v; w m) J+ g, B6 v5 ^8 M
7 {2 |' Z* G2 r- @0 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , P; U1 O7 u9 G' ^2 `! e8 ~4 M5 B8 U/ i- Q, ~9 W F4 t# Q- Q
例如:( z# b: y) u% q2 d
i9 u" K$ _* N+ C4 P2 WAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& s1 {$ J1 d: Z* G$ _- s g0 N
- H" y* h' E( i3 j+ ?: KDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). }* I7 N" \ l0 O. \
. R* T- Z% @, C% r. G! E' g1 II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) C5 v- ^5 J. ~7 u0 x/ J" L
6 x/ ? E* t2 ^5 J5 a8 F; }He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ `% z$ z# D2 N% V! `( d/ m' i0 Y. R$ H, j* o
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; V! Z/ d& @3 f* ^$ l8 v; @8 m0 k, G) d c% S9 U( j! O5 X* T% Y( t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # N4 @0 N& Q9 d( {' y9 W3 o' v% s, B2 a0 v7 |" U
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ Z$ M; O* s5 Q: g1 W% o 9 o0 d! J6 s2 q$ N# B5 ?如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* X R" q# `5 b f+ L4 `$ j. A
# A5 R. X4 m+ CThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 o9 m" ?3 Q$ D: V0 S: u" k 6 Z# x* e! [- ]5 ]6 ~( m# hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' w) u/ `, d T, V8 d' ]- @
# Q/ ~2 R+ Y+ a5 T# cHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ]. k9 O% Y% [: [2 _9 X" J
& j5 t8 j. }8 w. [' d1 JHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ p3 i9 y" `6 a, [
2 `& j% C2 G! T( y0 i9 iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# ?+ @ W; ] ~9 P9 d
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 p f" }3 ]1 @ G& M1 |. M' P/ Y
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% Q+ |, X" U4 ~9 d L: u) T5 L" s
e* E% j2 ^3 p+ l; d. ^, v1 `7 B此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + a8 O( _! f- U: T4 ]! } 1 I" j' C1 o9 t. z# w* u) w0 m/ E* M" F5 M& z9 {" `; |- o B5 K, d+ O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + m* V) p5 y, n3 l" n6 C6 [2 o' Z, O5 g! r
例如: 6 ]; G7 ~0 P; T5 w! u. J4 E' N( Z% ` E' u, C& ]
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" }! O- Z# L8 k( C c0 [+ @% k, y3 ~8 l
# Z5 A; r: N$ ^$ P5 B' C* P$ ]2 uManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : X. J2 d; F3 Q$ F ; l$ s H$ O: hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 M I" L# J+ C4 {# G2 F
- b3 X) S, M9 H9 `$ x* a5 SHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 d7 i3 s: ~( Q, {3 b7 F
- F" k0 O. Z) G+ T# m7 E! t; RMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 R- B" U* Z- I 6 a; @ L! q( aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! _/ V8 N* P( u4 Z' a: g' B; \( n8 O
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 q$ k# T6 A! B# b
; ~5 E4 Q. e+ R9 r" s; s# e% J; v6 wStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ X% p |; Y6 p9 E3 d; A3 ]) M: I; g( N9 i# ~ _4 V' R
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 d9 |' \( b7 V3 K4 r3 n0 e. i s1 c8 L6 E& ?6 L$ `) R* L& D/ p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 \# c/ I, ~7 e
" x- U& r; j0 l& a; c: H# x. R% K对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 V8 ` E' x, d, o: I2 s 6 l. Z! y, m& N对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ H2 U9 x1 w7 }" }6 i! g- K% k2 H) X1 k
5 J0 k- g7 H: r3 x. p$ B. M4 i0 x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . w% R* M5 `9 S! @) d4 I2 t7 ]0 _* j: s6 l1 p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 ~4 d: |1 X" e) [& A) ?; Y! i1 j! `3 ^% z+ P( c
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ) }& P- A! k- L# b7 Z" d! q# x3 ]* e# {% w; y
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , a5 l/ A. O# n; O1 c! D$ h( I1 `1 r5 C* V; }- v- h
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # b# ~% s, c, l: A W% K! B+ R