本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 k) E; o% f" V* n) a- X: b
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 A% J4 i3 _& N* q" y9 A# E
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1 k* K" k, x. e3 @! G( MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / H; ^4 E& }/ O. P$ l; B : Y4 t7 I/ F* ?4 G: }8 s& P; K: MThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : }, K7 s' [/ o* ~* h3 R( p- \8 N) C H/ \" k# F0 T. l: ?2 d
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- E9 |3 _: f \* \8 L% Z+ {
7 K. l" D5 p5 n: R8 U6 }; s- C, }The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) W7 @( a4 [7 ` , l6 ^# p9 ]9 D1 {9 A0 m! J1 _- DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * l+ y* K6 F# I) _9 n# d. w8 ?5 }1 k$ R/ {2 |. Z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): j7 G6 X8 ~& F, d" O
" ]7 K5 N! _7 N; d6 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 B% z+ D+ ^: G# c# {8 b ) [1 J4 Q ~( I" e; C# y* g( uThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& N. A) O4 b+ b
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 X; W1 f; R) ^ q5 L) S" _/ \" [1 K2 o/ j5 \
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & u& b: O& }, U$ g6 ? W4 Y! {7 r' p9 Q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) a- f/ D3 c( U% q/ O) O' G- _
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" G, \# F! q1 M8 n2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , I2 n' G+ j4 d2 x& j- i) n- z& y g$ x8 M
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1 ^3 T( \# p j: D: i. J, vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 f- u+ U0 G( Y6 S$ e
% `9 ^/ R y' L' c; \% f, g0 x4 B" k& ?Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) @- r$ ?9 _$ F! a8 Y" ~. N, R3 l 2 U- s4 {# `$ M3 M8 a9 r% cI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 x+ n6 R9 w* ^* `: P( a) I9 z) F
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) j$ c \6 |" g" E4 E & ]( }9 t1 D! D) r6 Q. O3 lIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ g7 X8 a' t2 n/ M
0 l4 t6 `, ]! N; jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 Y- f) @3 a! @) X , K/ Z, V$ w) C1 N6 LI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 K; r. F* }; B; z1 e% w) e' ^0 ~( p, C9 a" _) g; ~0 D0 u* X( U
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ E. R/ _$ g! Z Y; P* U
6 a- {: T1 X4 GThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& b& ~8 N5 v: G+ ^+ D( G
/ x$ N. @4 y( i2 k: g8 s& b5 ^The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* p$ j) g+ M- t& n$ Y5 Y4 ~" t* V
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( H) u# M" E( k2 o- H* F& K+ X1 x
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" z* ]: s. u2 e7 k
9 i$ C1 ?3 Z) k5 S; D9 m/ S) ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 j$ k# N G( V
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 j$ K1 h0 ]5 @9 l4 l& l( g, Q! ?! R
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): e4 M4 N# A, v3 f& c x( j
% p7 l; M( d1 h& K! u) V此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 M" C/ U# {4 E3 L7 [; p' H! G0 ~ m5 A) j( ]* y" O
C: a7 A/ h, v, x6 t& }3 E3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 s3 N9 u: J K. K/ Z( Q% Q' _; M# x) j l
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 s5 p# [8 B, [$ _
- v6 ]% E+ m6 T4 C+ z$ SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 q2 J/ A# [/ R Q2 u! }9 K9 X% C: i
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 M) P0 G- U4 S
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % W0 [% J6 f7 A$ c! ~/ w1 o' G: n 3 `1 B/ @7 \4 w, aMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; f" M. c2 S/ Z) w) F* {* u% i3 [( [# d( M$ O9 e
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( @. v- a/ g9 f& Z3 V! a, C6 ^8 y# g6 C
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 e3 |7 E6 L+ E' B1 U8 ]5 N
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! C1 N/ W/ I7 T7 X1 y" ^( v* o' \% r7 B6 Z: v
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 d9 b; M# D2 G7 O
* t% j8 e4 s% S; |: _0 k当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' _8 ~8 U: W m: q6 s # L, U H" B s3 K对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' U' A# W6 ~( e: h 9 _) i8 K l0 \$ G$ B对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 F$ s+ u' S1 q4 |; Z* _1 ~7 K) j. d) r6 E1 M. D
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 ?: \# I; s% {. b( l/ s+ x 7 v4 R; x" Z! z: R# R对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 j, B" N8 e5 Z$ }4 j4 A V' d$ y. J3 d至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % u4 `/ B3 @. h/ m& S3 |" q6 k% b) }8 M) O% L! t, i" ^
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 ^( P) y J; \* Q1 a$ L* q5 J0 {0 [8 N$ U7 x/ c$ V+ J/ X
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( N, v/ {$ [( B2 [, D