本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 I7 K% u$ A+ \5 Q* C2 J5 B 1 Z1 D# X/ K* D2 v# A转帖 : u6 u' B: d2 C/ m7 a, d, s9 W1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); K0 [( k1 Z2 l* Q+ n
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, x9 |: \3 i0 o( vMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' c( ]) F) A0 ^9 I7 c" t; y# a
. W+ h5 y9 l$ J: V5 mThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 U3 o# P' R+ y6 r1 H
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" c6 J7 e2 z( z* z/ y- x( V
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 G) h1 ?' j& |7 p
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# R3 H" ` {4 Q( Z! K0 A/ D) i5 W
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ E1 [( S* p" R; t+ W5 p
' x/ @8 C) X9 a1 m) v9 u0 i* JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : G0 m4 M+ D: p , B$ B7 g0 p; w' T! J6 qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( {2 l! S6 G: S9 }6 t. w( A " p k# N U0 r' O2 r, _We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + l) s% J: i5 j0 A5 R% ^. P0 f, k+ m2 p0 _0 Z
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + ^( {0 S$ O! ^( W' A: H: W 3 q* j, Q. i+ |/ W3 Q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 U" H$ q! I$ V& ~* s* @( P4 K
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# X- `; i( }' J2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - t( R l- e& O1 A4 i* s1 P ) v6 t+ g4 j, C# i% [: N4 X例如: + q! e9 ~' M, C0 M2 t, W1 ? ^6 f; g3 f+ T( I4 s! jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 t* E- n; @+ s# o: Z, e# C3 W/ g' {: b9 I( l+ E1 D5 w. P
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 j# f5 s. Z7 U% {( A* G( W0 H. n
l' |! L# _! C) u/ p/ N7 `I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : h* `2 h3 w6 t+ D/ ?/ S+ k8 q0 x$ g ; s1 h2 P& w# Z2 @7 oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 v# e; X) e: S: _8 ]4 ?. p& K v7 _+ W
8 a) T2 k5 z: D5 L/ KIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 @" K1 \ o Z6 {$ [1 A0 u5 l
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : P0 x7 T9 m' s* q, ^! r! I5 o6 U7 ] 7 X6 C* B5 D4 f6 z; @5 HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : x! M& H1 [& G& n. x; W' o: J# v; f' Z0 B" x; b* o6 v: |, z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ c. @* R y4 S
$ x3 L4 s) f D) N, kThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % J) I+ x% i( e7 J6 D; b4 \! L' q# P6 W* }+ d% f
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 S) k: E) Q5 {+ X0 k
& v& C. t$ q, c9 |) Y* ^" ]He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' Y6 p$ S5 f! r9 I
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 l0 x8 e+ g% y4 L# d$ m8 u* t$ z& ]
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 R' z7 O$ c( c: e' W
3 n" ]: q5 }$ `3 IEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) \1 I/ p) M' L7 K : t/ |! i; I+ E: s* P. \8 y2 O G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) w4 W5 [) D7 p# @8 y: `
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' U- S/ y! [( H5 q3 V, ?/ M
- r+ r9 f0 N1 o+ M* H: d$ O$ D( { ^) C- O* E- p) ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 [' h% p) @. ]
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)6 N, C; @! T8 i9 e4 ^* g3 e" t
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 |5 w7 M* w+ ?! ?2 }
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 U3 @, x( g W3 q% Z7 ^% |9 l" M0 E0 L! d& M9 T+ Q: t
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), a7 m3 P" t2 K8 H1 X
0 X. ?" G! D8 _9 X# f6 _Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ O4 r( @: r" O+ B 6 c7 U7 }, Q; I7 o! f1 @7 `Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 ^0 K; J2 q( K6 b5 @3 w; O1 I
/ y/ O, D) ~* n: VCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 `, b8 r# V! E
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / L7 x+ w; t) o- P( b6 o: D& f" f0 B# x) g
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 M( J b# o' L3 d+ W4 j% G8 m ( T! n* L6 o( D0 {9 s当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , K& W) ]9 J: u) E1 [, J4 j 7 I5 `6 ~; B2 w, O/ w0 T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + y! c; a1 }6 \( x+ n ' o G$ q' i7 b3 L4 p/ [对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 ~7 R% [) Z, I w$ t
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; ~8 k0 k, q5 v+ i7 v4 n
& p4 s8 @/ } T对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / \& B l! q: u6 R9 O# @ ( K( K+ n2 f/ ~+ ~至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& V5 C0 e) u* u
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 q4 z# O X4 K3 ]; ?
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 [! c5 ?* v7 L7 w