本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; t) z+ R5 f0 u/ k0 x! X ; E" b0 {' N: V转帖 5 U+ L/ v5 h, A, C: \: Z' w+ J1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)" w. h; H r! T2 I. z
# [1 H/ E* h1 u! o, `例如: ) F8 U6 C; Z# l& L/ n# S0 O2 l( d 6 g' j' c3 _$ m7 E- _Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 U2 Y% y1 i- ?4 v' j1 \6 p7 V4 f/ K- F$ {
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! m* Y* Q! p. x, z, S( D8 @* g5 q& T( c/ F! ]
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ m# ]( j3 |6 T' J3 o 8 H: ^. [- U7 v& c( gThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / r! d6 n/ i* \! d% z. V; S( D* b1 c) F9 S' q" P+ ?
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' r) S; B% S# `8 r# V4 R
/ ^3 D3 P1 O4 y9 d' T# OMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # v# P( A6 {+ @) ^1 T2 U# N & L0 n& J" R3 i) I! b- v3 NWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" L. z/ R3 D2 |- ~1 I, N+ I
. ~) `! Y& g( }, o0 hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) O( _! o/ t1 C E& t! T* k. D# N# M' Y8 c- L
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ F1 Q# T+ C1 d/ W! F3 T( m O: t: p
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 d# F9 u- s. t! c8 x# b
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; Y, f% A) e3 d' u! R- S
, p, v, i; I( G6 T 6 |& v0 L3 d- W- X; u- Y6 R2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 " U' A1 D% U6 O" V1 _5 o" E0 Y4 a" P/ X @+ T
例如: , o/ `1 h" q8 a- A" J* R3 ]5 N* x* K, }+ E6 K7 } ?6 H' o4 U1 E
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 X" W+ \# h0 a9 G4 ^: q# r P$ Q- [7 ]& O) c
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 x: d; W4 r3 }6 ?6 N7 ^$ ~
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & Z2 c+ o; C/ u% H4 b: R1 j$ e& z3 q6 I: y2 B, G2 a( Y
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 ^) t8 K; Y5 @# W H- L) r& l# z# ?: D8 C- G8 G! C" y7 e) x
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 D0 a7 Z7 Z2 O: {3 h; L9 \
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& h8 u0 q4 T$ Z+ J
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ ]# n+ b+ A+ `3 u
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & j; H$ B/ V* c; R' O& w ?9 h* K
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 A* [7 }9 i; L2 ]3 k7 C5 O. P$ d; }+ P/ U
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) q: u( m2 c% R0 x% l / @% C9 |$ O1 M7 {1 Y4 C KHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% W5 X* m# W2 f- c3 ` p3 K
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). A4 c1 U- f! x+ r/ ?8 F
! W0 ^# K* c8 h4 k5 J# OWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 h2 F+ T1 i# P; e! f+ Y( J# v
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 \$ F9 W, G$ l, |; B" H8 p0 z5 q2 I! @/ J B% a: G
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 L% |0 W5 N& p& K# O) @
5 C; P+ n# v5 m7 K9 w9 j" a: `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 @, T9 g) x+ v+ g5 g+ A
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3 Y3 _7 f1 L: w* r9 z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 J8 Z" u, J. H: s! l& a* O* @+ y P* v) d e7 e
例如: 8 c' s. E; v- L( O6 Q# I; o) v0 z% ~% k- E% x9 R! V0 O
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) t+ |6 u4 f, e; [
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; N, U( E( v, n# J2 c7 s1 Q/ {# \8 H9 l! v+ b
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . G3 ?$ x$ l5 J; {1 ~+ z5 Y: t. _" d7 L0 g
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 o, n& i; p: J/ i8 {& @; a) N! c$ L# }; l n- f0 L
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 ~2 \$ A' h5 I/ u+ _. O' {# B6 w; p$ }6 a) u Y# ]+ E
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): X4 b( m+ Z( |6 k4 M2 S- \1 @7 B2 q: A
_ Y! n. o4 w$ _; g3 ?Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' \# `% e4 P2 k& c' m% i
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 R- t. y; i% p3 y
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 y6 G# b2 X; `& i2 s; K
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. N! u4 K! G2 E Q9 p1 L: X
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " @( c% O! k1 J& f" Q* H u* }$ }2 l( A8 y7 ~: `8 t
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) P9 B' K$ y, e+ ?- |- f6 e- x/ f' x ( C* ?7 t- u3 t* q8 U对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! ?7 u6 ]0 y) ^8 @3 R
, w$ k9 x& U$ f9 R& I: G对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# l. k) B' f( L9 t0 _+ H& ~8 C
! T o4 Z% Z; }$ O有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# ^$ Q' l6 _9 G