本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 I8 T+ s2 I3 V9 s# X& ? + x1 a7 \. L2 {. S& j转帖 & w, N- ` E5 @1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 K- O; ^3 G( [
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 ]- e4 S3 ~8 O, R1 ?
# d6 N+ e( E! b6 a4 }- [: KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * H9 i7 e/ b E% U2 K: T4 [- r1 B& V4 k. i
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' b2 |3 [- [2 | h
. \3 S+ z5 d( X8 n% o+ L1 i2 _& SThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 V, {6 Z# M) n7 b J/ c5 x" W
8 Z$ U4 ~' b. ]; v" V# f# ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 V7 b8 }7 \* h( [8 ]$ u 4 A( V) C4 t7 [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 N1 T+ T- y5 l- K' l : U+ A& N- P% I+ GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 j- V) |* \( l
; a6 F3 r" x4 v/ k, Z; E+ dThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 i' [! _( c( O, c4 k+ c
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 ]! x! B: E" h; f7 I5 ]0 Y
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - C! |+ k7 t: s8 _+ e2 q2 d" o M& u# @# D3 E3 X- g
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 Z0 f8 {, j( X1 \) c1 x8 R# n2 L* ~: B* U
5 H7 {/ l j+ n' d9 m0 F2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 M! _3 O; c8 z0 H# ^' F* q) l$ U; `5 G
2 j. @! A: c! U! F! jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " u6 W4 H& s; _- ^; i5 x/ y% x6 K2 ~' D* l* S
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 |8 M. j2 J3 d7 z2 q3 [# q8 h: F% j6 w2 j! F, a
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 l. F1 w* f. w & y2 D& x7 d" ~, r/ b' sHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . J9 F* D; t* X o- W8 S' ~8 L% }# z- q) m' X* P N
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' x4 i0 Y3 T/ s0 K- n$ S8 S& x, O4 L1 B+ B9 ~6 w, b+ x, `, C- h( p
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% J1 p j# E( m3 j) `* A2 V" q
" T0 S% |8 ^& u- yI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); Q6 ~$ S- o! E. {1 h) _- r
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& T1 o" {/ z9 B5 u5 U
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & x2 O2 K0 F; C0 O2 P& E8 X4 d8 w. d4 j/ ]! @+ f* _* x
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; |$ l. e4 Y3 i( T; `8 z& ~/ I& q! y) t8 o6 ]
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 O2 H- e% _, H( {# S, L6 F" p6 w6 C$ u; ?) a
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! \' O9 w) @, Q) q! T3 W, i
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % e Q0 h! R- P3 [; @ @ / x* T1 |$ e1 g, x: MEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) B& \: d' w0 b' v1 \$ B2 k+ Z$ H: ~+ F9 K
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + m; }# t! C: f% k V% B& I0 @ j: `7 a; ^
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 A5 Q' S* |, m( ?( r
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( D* F4 y: h" R 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! t8 [3 [) e$ ]: \$ P
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: P7 x( s4 I, {6 ], YMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 x6 L; U$ |0 I6 L1 i) R: z5 B8 A" v+ D& k6 z3 n- ]$ C% d9 p
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 G* D @, b- k( D! g: c: s! _/ Q" R Y# _: K/ Y3 l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; ?& P0 ?+ [% a" D; K + i& P' h1 ?& z- |He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" k" p- u4 Z( Q8 o/ s( c3 H$ S" H
4 Q, n& I4 y8 ~, NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' N' e% B+ L0 _
$ {9 l+ }3 C" g- H, aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 [" `9 G4 F( k$ H2 I; c& b
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' O1 z x' ^( Z* o, D) r: W
7 u$ L: J% P- b8 I, Z1 EStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# z$ U% E$ b$ j* `
3 E0 ~5 |, i0 t v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ W/ o& V1 M, {3 c8 Z5 {
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 c) x3 `7 O: a5 l3 K ! W7 v8 @% x# V5 ~7 ]0 U2 R6 H对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) ?% c" ?, O0 U" p - G" w! }' Q! P3 I2 i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% I% `! h q @0 u! D6 Y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 `2 P! G: U: l6 {. z - w3 \0 ] A; J2 e6 o4 C对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % m& U* X- S1 N" b9 Y- V" k1 {% T$ \3 E, A
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( `8 C; g* x3 I" O0 l, u7 P 0 i! r- N/ n0 w( v4 j1 U3 S: v还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% W: i2 t- w, Y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * v( V* d+ f- P. }0 h7 I