本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 K% x6 t5 _# ^" ?7 f1 a. i7 Q* i
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 N3 P6 d, T4 B/ C1 E: c9 u
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) x \1 ` a0 C& S8 O& B
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; z& t9 A9 H8 N6 C! S, L5 n- C7 ~( d$ M
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 v) b- \- m% I5 M* I% M6 A! u 2 ]) H$ v% [$ l q! {$ xThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 v% R+ l+ c8 Y! i k$ [' W) r2 s0 e% M; s2 q. p& u" o3 c
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! @3 }* X9 G! [; j
4 L! E, a' ?0 I3 v$ t- cMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) p8 C% W& d- w7 l) G8 o1 ~) p ! z0 `' ^- ?- L/ v; BWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * @% o5 u1 a) k$ U- n : `" `/ v; E" j$ y# A0 X: kThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 d0 [4 d, S% @" U# E! ^& L9 h ]# D; D$ ~( K |
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + {6 G8 Y0 Z# X: |1 x% v - B5 C+ [: G- z: |! k7 t; rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) X b/ I9 q0 b+ [
: _& C0 x2 J0 }9 K0 G7 t! X这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 b( q5 U/ `+ c4 Y
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0 ?' J6 Y4 W! S3 R- E' A6 P# _9 ^2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 T& z2 S7 w% j K, w, ?1 j
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例如: ' p; _+ r& q* o, @7 M ) U" t' {. f2 ?6 E9 XAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) Z8 w D6 B6 Q. G5 _' A& E' a$ l0 Z# y4 x2 y$ j& F3 U, x' C
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - e; t$ m# R) i) a& ?! m ( s+ m2 k; Z7 M: L1 vI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - c3 J+ h$ a6 m8 o- R5 z3 w7 L4 A" z# l
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 M* \( G) W" e7 ]9 @+ v U' l, _) [, l3 ^9 k; @* h
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), K& L9 g" n8 C$ }
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& b* N2 f( y$ g0 |) u* `+ F
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ x5 W# u9 D; |5 Q: `
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) W# V! L" b) r3 t2 c! O" M3 z C. p( O8 {" W
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( t0 n; I7 Y9 ?1 h: v' G5 d
1 ?. o% h Z |2 ?, H c' QThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), l( T$ m$ X) w
' g8 R! o1 n9 }; w3 r# WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . e# W) |/ A4 b. H9 f) p# U4 \ ( W0 w/ z- k; \5 H3 b$ MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 C0 F) k0 n+ i6 V' g4 R! U s 9 H1 H2 i9 x0 o6 i. r! i) [0 V8 bWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; C1 c4 A- h" K7 u5 ]7 i0 [ ^ v% B/ D' u
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 W8 J. V& N% h
4 x' L1 h& ~# z& C# t+ [; n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' u/ }& l, q# [* r4 E
1 y2 c4 k* ?3 N# |% B! U此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ i4 x- X: s, q9 }- B0 L5 o- l
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8 `; y) ?0 G( y% ^- B/ }9 D h 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( ~" U* M6 F+ q
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6 q' s* b6 `) YMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ V" a& j! c6 O# T 3 d z# h9 m% E6 x: m. h2 o# wManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ B# S; F# V5 X
" e5 d r Z/ q0 i3 s# D% F( IThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 \8 }2 t/ N6 R8 ]
2 Y# Q' V" ^9 H/ N: UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 j9 D2 A& N* I8 q* H+ e% Y t" r% c' _ : t* U1 O; f7 H3 @2 R8 G8 |' BMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; i2 M4 z# o! a/ o % |3 ?7 y) }7 \% A8 P2 yPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) m( J! r1 m2 N, p3 I4 p; Q, \0 K& |) O w c$ D7 A) E
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 V; N3 o. R4 i/ G( W% H' e4 t) N4 U+ ^1 u# K5 O7 t: L- |
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # h) p" Q2 [* D) K6 H ; {# h$ \ ], d6 |( B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) Y3 K- V; Y0 e; j) L, i. U4 j 1 H7 W5 d7 Y& ]/ J# e0 n% n8 T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ z# F. J; `6 e) n5 d' O. D# H/ {6 }$ _- ?* I$ M
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) }; V# d2 B* `; ?+ C" Y' U" j " @2 a6 d$ _9 S7 h; A, t/ s对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 u5 m- y/ l. g$ C& }; m o! V4 V- Q* w6 Y2 q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % G8 [, [# i0 o6 _6 M* k" _, W. `% D5 T: V# P$ v ^% ]
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; r& v% l7 {- u8 O4 d* u- g: Y
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ]" c4 r! _( }, y+ c# i( \; X( Y) l( s+ `
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- `! q" C0 ~8 r" W; ], C
0 a) Z) s8 P! D0 I# O有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 X* ^/ t$ o. Y+ L3 `) o