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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ r6 B+ _* t4 L O' B3 c& a
4 I5 D: F( L7 J6 a% f. tThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 p( o& d; t+ y. `# J
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 R5 p( b5 g! K" c0 i/ F $ _. l6 d! _7 {7 f$ n6 RThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- A9 C. S& a9 ], W
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # v$ I E& |. O% }* \& Q3 z' h8 F6 U y8 H, Z5 m6 z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 @7 S) ]% d$ ^1 v! X0 J. j! V$ j# G" s8 Q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 b5 I) L7 M" V" O7 g4 L& r0 I" ]8 ~1 g. ]" }1 g4 B: F
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / X7 Z* Q* `. b! g( w$ n0 @( D6 E8 [& y& w' u( [; P0 A2 _! d4 \, d
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) Q$ p" a) M8 F& g& u
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ P% {& C6 H0 i& M$ F
+ g8 h+ ^: @) l8 h! K5 R: q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' I2 c8 q4 @4 A4 c2 m1 V' y
# a/ L' q" w y/ r/ O$ a' v 1 ^+ {% p3 E- J3 R A8 o2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) q3 ?5 q: }0 y$ C" B
i2 e5 R# q& L例如:; C% ]& n1 `( y# D. M# W2 X) ?
' u$ q+ G! R+ r8 xAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 J5 y3 T( Q; V8 v. s7 H$ b- c k+ C v
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % ~% L/ C+ D# e! g % }0 u) I$ y- g/ ^1 Z8 X! L/ zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): x* z. M$ C7 m/ T3 t
7 O2 z7 p6 e. l" I% G/ ~4 vHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 a& R4 C1 |6 g5 Q
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- H3 Z) [. g( O2 c8 k. Y% R ]
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 r: }; q/ K4 G7 @6 b2 M- k2 b
& v8 i' g; y sI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 U7 e( n% j* F' c. N* V0 G+ X; m- m( g. X
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% G. Q' T! _0 u2 c% K- b
; o/ u8 v+ C# cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " Z% Y; y9 a# h% P& G ( g; y: k' c, z. x- mThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 D0 S7 w; {3 q. g [8 c1 _8 h/ A) f7 a+ m% T* a
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 }5 t0 r. w" i* ]/ o) R4 Q' [/ L
8 m7 ?- ?( x- f5 @! Q! T3 ^( BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) V, }* q0 b! l& X% B" H
# H" \- y3 o* g1 R4 ~" G( oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 l; n3 x' U4 {- P2 p
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . k" M7 W+ g% ^/ h1 b8 X. o1 c3 d H( t$ W4 k% U! k' K
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 ?# s* I. v8 i$ }7 h' u
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) P( A; L; n) `& J
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8 [3 X2 B0 `: K( J2 R3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 m. ^* y# [3 w. T; m% T. B9 |6 ~7 t* F
例如:6 ]4 U) H/ X+ z# l2 q) s, m9 J
% Y X( y, w- GMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& \' }9 Z) u& M; k Z3 T2 V
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * o( p7 `% ~# w( p- z$ i$ w, b* q4 j6 g$ T6 k( p1 J$ E% D( \. n! [3 y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . k5 t& }3 }, S8 h" R" m* u" [7 c8 V! S) M4 E2 n, o+ `$ s
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 q: X" c; D8 x& L' F) j# W$ c a% C' O, a" x% c
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 c" |7 l5 {. [) W8 Y- h' D( `4 S
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 S: J$ [: q; g+ E R" a% a3 [ ! T4 t q8 r+ S' {& H8 VCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" @+ P& t3 V$ `4 r) m
: ` h, \3 i3 s. w& P% nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ Z' ?, y' Q3 F/ n9 t# [
. j+ O* J" \" H# K# a- E. Z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 U4 ~" e7 v1 X) Y5 f0 N( P+ ^ + \9 Q, y# \# B! {+ D8 U6 j) x对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ r! ~6 z& A. @, D) K' l4 z* z
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' Y; e# F, o2 }3 F
/ ~# H+ ]& z" g/ U/ [还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。& v. k" D; y- ?: D* J# _! U' p
6 \. R, k1 l3 s9 ?5 c: O3 Y有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* O0 m6 Y2 ~' F) s! D