本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 x0 q" K+ @# `' n
% [9 a" J, s. M转帖 * p2 J' Y; A/ W1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " x* k# r* I/ o; V: T5 v, @* U( k ( Y# Y; n! m4 k! N例如: . {# ] ^7 \' h0 t9 [$ N ( ?- [; B- c+ {6 a+ y( j1 ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 O; _+ N2 C) |" E- ~; {7 s) a; T' c
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" g4 k! p h. x" i5 {6 H
1 u& x b" `7 O9 h) E* W1 P2 lThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / j: a$ h2 l4 V+ D* G ? 3 N- o) m; {6 K" O5 d1 vThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 x- e9 d+ ]4 ?! \ # p' t, M3 _# T2 |' ~4 LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 g; }* |# J0 N" w+ C, _& \) z
. ~( b: e$ Z# _1 pMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); D, v6 `2 P4 r1 x$ b: ^. [. i
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 h4 S# ]) J9 S( s) B 7 z: O5 s' W! u" UThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% V3 N" M V9 U9 e
, ?- P2 \5 v4 @/ ?$ Z$ _We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 M5 A' C1 H* s! ] + U+ H" x# a0 X0 _5 dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - w8 ~, ]/ s' d8 D9 Y- e/ B; m! _' D2 i% ]. c; T
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 y7 t' Z# W8 l# W% G# x" d' ?2 M, r& D" ]2 B' E# B3 p9 W" X1 `
7 q' i6 g% ?+ W' ~/ T! y5 u3 i 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 L- {& {5 J4 ?
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例如: ' K* z* [9 t1 t' r $ j8 N: a+ S, E' ^At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& C, k! E8 ]+ b0 E
1 [2 i1 z" t/ L; A) E) [Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' v- c% m9 E5 t; S+ C& i
; R; [8 T0 z+ k) wI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" o7 J4 s. f, _ `: W
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / ]5 x+ r/ j+ e3 Q8 e L / n; ] n7 I; j, ] BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) H- n8 ? ~! a' `4 R 2 V5 ]& r( ]$ k- {" p: QShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 | v5 {2 \. r- P4 c9 Y, O+ [* v! M3 o- v9 F2 P
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - y' a0 `+ T" ? X2 a4 S! h7 }& {; y, N# x2 g% V如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * y* x; X& X& K- r5 u4 ]) r# X( e4 T: Z3 s8 b4 I" v
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 _' M+ Q5 u3 `9 `
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 w5 J! d2 n: _' D- I4 k0 y) z+ V
: R6 R) S, J' A, U% [; `He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 d5 F U* d, \; D* S
r- n5 Y' S" w, ZHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 ?3 \+ R# i& |2 ~* x0 C/ O8 r" q! W# h
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / ]% a, K( }0 \6 f0 k# t ) n- m5 I5 f2 d$ O) Y: DEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 A# R0 u; w! ? ^! P: T- w8 O* h u. _
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! p: `0 }: g( n) | , O* ]+ W, L' _& B# j0 Y) w2 A0 M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; r4 ~$ e% J* D) Y0 y
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6 y' R! t# x- f+ l" m1 K 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - @8 _& p! K3 n& v i' H K2 P8 a) V8 ]( L( [$ F. ?
例如: 1 C$ x/ f/ T4 L2 |) T9 O / _- S" \" M7 _ dMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * r" V' I1 e8 y1 [$ C" C, e/ d+ I/ M
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" G8 w6 L F( g% N2 i! B+ F
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 |2 r: ]4 p3 ^% L \: Y- c1 w. r- g" k- U! l3 Y# E& m3 F$ G
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 ~/ r1 S0 N, |7 c8 A* v ) y7 z. F; w) w% |% @2 y4 eMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 E0 A5 j g# l ( ]$ a: e1 M" \0 X+ D I/ e0 rPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) e0 w& v' A w9 J; o" e 2 ~7 M) J: y1 WCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 j5 \7 T c/ W$ a% j. {5 a7 h2 q2 K" t4 ?/ M
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) }* C ^4 ^, O# l$ F: ?5 p( q# Z! C7 R' j$ F" |
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 u% ]. c- C5 L9 w4 I6 _; d4 ~ ' } }2 A. K1 v当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 H+ A1 o6 u7 O1 V; V1 ~9 E
7 g, {: {- k: e. A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' ?# a2 U; [' z5 I+ R& y
6 k1 ^$ ]) U m" l% m对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! r8 U& m; Y' X. g
$ i! E. ]) i- ]7 t7 r0 R至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ) y% h: n H* P 9 J# L1 m2 E8 j1 g9 Q, o4 O还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / S! Y, h# q) u8 v) _, W2 G# c6 w5 m( l
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ ^+ L1 z" k% ~7 S6 a' y9 D# J5 N