本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 s, Q. c: u: i. X/ r8 C0 |2 ^9 X 转帖 ( U, i/ y' v: X1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 e9 z7 A+ X* [( L& R4 h2 _
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! w; W) P$ Q7 Z$ p( Q4 z
( Y! ^6 Q O6 P! vThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 v5 r# F* u2 B9 ^2 o4 c- \
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) T1 H+ z, `; u2 ^& m& D8 }1 i i9 j& W! j1 b! [0 u1 i" i! Z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' j6 p! X7 T% p: k; f! k; d
( f7 p: B) A4 k: s& n: ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 q# E9 x4 b9 k & p6 |( [3 J" j' U; dMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ k" Q+ |4 W2 U- K0 G " b" N3 m& U" b% I4 d( vWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 S" ]7 p1 S* g+ r* a8 j0 S2 ?1 o' E) S5 h" E# G) w, r
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * H' P6 B8 [; _2 J2 y 8 j. E3 g" |* y* AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 \! t8 b3 C) j4 J1 k; l( x1 d! D) w* F4 Y/ ~! ], r
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 w3 X. h( L/ D( t6 E! \ ) U9 Z) D2 g5 j6 T这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* k6 s# n- C% |% N
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2 i3 E8 z4 X. E) V' y4 r- N" y! R 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * i6 v. G) z3 x8 r, C' w3 }+ b" [: Z
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! g; f) g- z, ^" M6 P3 oAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ n( M8 S7 b0 {* L
! ?1 R" ^2 m9 [! z) SDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 ?. d4 k/ Y2 T* _. U! a 1 X6 _' c& B5 R0 b7 ^5 l gI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' i* i- q6 ]5 i" T6 p% `& |9 d/ k* |
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 C4 o+ ]- _: T$ V s6 S! r# o: y2 |$ l/ o) q, |
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 p) @- r/ ~, y; t
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; w3 c! w3 ?$ k4 y* Z% u1 q5 r6 Z3 t
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ x9 e& n" }0 O. X K5 b3 ^" J/ l( ]+ y1 {7 b
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 B5 D% S* F) }" R8 x" S; \6 N* b/ K! f9 U$ S" g
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) S. {% d3 Q& C
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + h+ N: \) q4 G$ a" ^" u) x7 H # `) v) q; A+ C5 p' e2 ^3 xHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # ?% H# `% q: n/ g, x/ y G: i6 H' ]
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 O( x N7 h; \! k* d Y
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - N) g1 i8 ^+ p$ a9 d " A$ P) V- H/ aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . y, Z" y4 [7 t% X; ?0 Q * L% p" p- K' o& B; k写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . }- n0 O- [9 Y: ~4 E. v; w 5 u A# B: m2 A0 m: z1 r此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ r* w2 }0 ~- l3 B: v# P/ h3 c& e1 L
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5 r. [+ A5 ]' [# S0 S9 | 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! ?$ e6 L: s- E- Q# P" j$ Q
! ~5 Q2 v( m, l FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # x$ m4 o0 L. R8 d5 N+ n ; \$ O6 h' n6 k/ F1 m5 ~Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); Q6 ]5 z# X4 S, O# w& N C3 Q5 C5 f6 Q
2 V% S @# y1 |, L0 tThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* ~7 r% Q5 y1 Q Q. b8 I7 B/ P
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " \/ x5 y2 d8 W* t4 d" f3 r , i2 i& v6 L9 y% ]Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + R( l5 V$ d* f# ~, u% h6 A ' C$ X$ q5 N( c2 }+ k; j' ^( c8 GPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + @2 N& A* r/ I3 t2 F# D) B4 A 0 S# ^% i2 g0 E& V4 S! q7 gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); ]9 e* I9 w% ^; b. X- Q
4 H2 |5 U1 @% d+ S' LStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( M9 O! K+ x c6 q H8 _4 ?! e2 F8 v# g7 j6 v4 J$ h) m
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 v* j( D. c" n# n
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; X$ g& w" V. V! i, K! S* s ' v1 f, I h, x* A' u% T! l对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, J5 ], `* C4 I$ ^
6 f2 E U7 m7 Z4 q; E1 c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ~7 @- X) W, F( Y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 h2 Y3 C! u3 \3 ^5 u1 x' {5 U
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * F# T4 v N# K8 W + @% P. n1 v; B至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' \5 O4 e3 J" b r6 {$ U( _
! h/ m9 v" g& A8 Z+ M6 q1 J还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( x) p8 r3 S+ }3 l
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# g; u- P! ]" i D( P# z. p7 a