本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 d9 V: `6 U; y K; N$ c0 K! s5 Q# {% ]! M4 m 转帖 7 k- [: @6 F F) V C% `6 b, V1 j1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) S4 S- b( m5 o, q3 a) `* ]; y
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例如:8 }$ k k) N1 }' n# t4 C
- V+ N7 @9 @7 V6 WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : o2 ~4 \$ X) s+ t2 L, D4 K/ A" \+ v8 [
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . b& \/ X6 G. y; H5 ?& h3 n6 s7 g+ ]# h) ~; Z
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ C P0 v5 l/ ]' ^& n# S0 Q* p
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 n+ F. {, ~+ X+ o( u1 z: M
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% B; B) Z. X7 T) U% ~
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , t9 ^! R; f6 a- x# ?1 O9 v6 Y8 Y3 ~5 I# A; l1 `0 h; ~
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% A6 {" N% x7 p, C
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( w. O9 D) [) {' o, J7 ^( i3 H, Z$ l/ r0 R! H- g2 i R! F
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 i& l7 a; {- F! g + ~0 y. P5 n+ l! [/ Q& V& g, ?3 bPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! L0 v# b; v* ~8 h0 s
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 R/ q" J/ p0 z" @; K9 l' p8 e, r! [ I! D; o
& d# d+ n# p& a5 K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # H) O k4 C* u% r4 ^: _7 U$ H# F' o* n. e7 w# c' }" d1 }
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : }4 V2 ~% ~* b5 r9 X; ^" [$ A7 |5 A& b( X, J; `, K. Z
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 d) G1 i/ C- R# J( X- r
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . a% R$ q7 e5 h3 q1 c7 X0 n: E7 x# r" Y4 I) s. V' r( c
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 c F2 Z( |( a7 \0 p& O
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) ?/ }/ F# l' D; h0 e5 m a$ E, M/ W7 e; G2 | d# O
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 S$ r* E& c/ {) K
7 n9 d1 r, T5 c yI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 J4 a6 ]8 `9 c7 o
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; A$ |" K9 Q; h+ G ~ ?
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 Y2 c9 G0 _5 M& H% N; J ( z2 J e: `8 r( nThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 s' d' y& t# G) [$ `' A* | 8 e0 ]7 m! F# K3 V6 hHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& ]: e% ~9 T2 r& x. ?+ Y# S0 J
" w/ W v3 D2 ]' i& `& R7 |( OHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % d# K, q2 e5 k0 b' ^- G9 y0 E0 k1 k/ b+ \$ ]; n
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): f) a4 V/ B5 j1 k2 p' s- J% H
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 N# c+ ?! @" F, v: W- F6 j Q+ Q Q/ i% S, g0 c: o
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 Q) K# |- f5 k: F- z 1 C% g% ]2 _ W/ @ T此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( ]& H4 f. }, W' x( r Q% V7 [% ^5 [: H3 W1 @$ _4 K ( n7 C, r$ F: E. E ]4 I3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ g( K' K# F8 ^0 i: `+ x 8 o- ^/ }/ W+ _% X% w例如:7 H) g9 q0 E; L
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / s! ]# i9 N8 Z6 O( D: Z ; _; R+ J0 {/ e0 T5 oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " r" w: J }: U. B. C' w* T# W# \: b5 u0 b* b8 F0 e$ D2 L
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): f$ \9 {; N) t* \
A/ e# O$ N- ^; T$ fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! f6 {& w3 a6 j$ c/ b- F6 a9 u
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 c2 k" w* F9 z9 p& w: ]& n3 o% p & g* b5 b6 g1 ]6 oPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + y+ _( L0 k9 S4 v: U/ k7 ~; z. v) Y; V6 F9 |1 S
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' k: Z0 N% I4 g
+ ?/ U* T5 J- DStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ r$ E; Z2 s0 V
7 h2 s) |$ a7 m同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 d1 B6 w6 Q7 D5 `
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! @' X& x3 ?0 r& O0 @7 _' B& @; } $ y1 n$ Q" e3 x+ t4 q$ R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. X" ~" v' b# k/ k1 F
) O7 K: i0 ?1 V) p W7 y1 l对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * A2 g2 d X. K& n) H, s * {( |/ P* V$ O对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - E6 I8 y# f s* u* D : v; [- T t( z9 z- r) t' A+ H对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% N( j, J& A: i& R9 q
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. M/ b3 M8 e* l) v9 F& h) w' B
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 H0 P3 e0 q) i, t+ t+ O* ^; r5 P! V% {5 Y9 L
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 j. Q; i& h! {9 X5 n8 ^