本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 h$ y u' }. Q: ~# E% e
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * Q a" `' _: E3 p, ~2 ~- f) X2 R! T8 O0 Q L" f# N9 T+ u
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): K0 d) Z8 ?+ j) H Z
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 z0 k( r+ L% a
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 v' B8 Z/ ]: V: ~" d8 v' y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( d; v1 s9 W2 ?- o4 G/ ]! I/ E/ L* W! M& A7 J, T; z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ _: y; ~6 J0 V" T. a [1 Q6 d8 Z- o e3 y- J2 A' }1 q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / h1 X* @4 Y: c+ `) ?* J 2 M) u3 D0 @, ]; G- i. N. GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % A' R4 ~4 C: ?3 e5 \% n 9 m) I/ J1 _4 O: T( o/ m$ w, n* @The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 s' _7 f; v7 |5 ]
6 f% K. K6 |$ A8 K; \& d( S4 NWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & A; W/ J' y2 ~6 S) ~) h& ?. K3 {
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 ~: Q' p/ p/ \4 Y2 \) x+ H* h! y7 {4 d+ H% F
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 {2 m7 I3 D9 T( a; c
& {3 |# B* ~( \: H2 ~- F) E* @: R9 j S% e! x* n: n7 g 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" s7 L# m( ^; N8 P# o- f" S
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例如:5 ^7 X& Y8 C* w+ m; v" m
: ]5 z7 J7 w; M) Z+ t( DAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 Z! I7 X; I& D& _9 w) G( M+ p6 u0 W& Y1 e$ ] c6 t
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , z$ e6 h! R% h& I7 M/ X7 \, c( X0 `' ?) o1 H! [+ {
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , Q7 _: h/ D- c& w3 S 6 R F* z# l! L) fHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# R$ W4 i4 ^6 e* }4 Z/ X
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 T' G G2 w1 d7 D1 T
6 o" H9 I0 \6 D5 eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" s6 u$ \0 c- n# a
1 n" o, O0 o8 W$ y/ c2 o6 W& iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 Q: y2 `1 M9 s
6 p2 x1 F8 S! W, Q# V: d/ D如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 F: |: P( x, Q# \) h" f/ v6 Q1 S* x
' y f: F; ^/ O/ G7 T/ R8 T/ e) UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / ^; S# W7 w4 i* e& L G7 i( e7 \' ?+ U, q6 U/ I
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 d9 j4 A l! |' p& N, r" d. U 9 _: u+ p1 L l# c9 mHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 L/ U$ [- z5 E. x1 T" g5 m ( W3 J6 ?( b& n2 ~" t, s }He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ U" d, p: F# @6 B7 e' c' P. a# J! Z" a( l* l8 J' C
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . Y. p4 \$ w: K; r% e' O$ i5 r" O( {3 ?* E/ @5 i& v5 v. z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # P, ?9 w! ?# z! j8 {, E4 j6 d. C* {, R* c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ B0 z( `- i6 J2 p
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - `& T% R3 m7 U% Z v- B2 R 3 H7 X Z/ T+ P$ D 8 j/ [' ^6 z/ u- b/ ^' y/ r3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / h# e% u' ]6 f/ ~3 T# H8 {1 ~+ l* M7 D: Z, d, y
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! P, c) t, E8 @: J / J' a4 J/ d' f. c4 WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ V3 j) y+ z2 w( E& F% W. b# O . B O$ z3 A! Q1 ]- vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 {) ?/ t& T p: Z& h7 I9 N O* b7 p* T5 K
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 {9 w, v/ \$ _) Q$ M% O% l
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 @/ D N! {1 D: ^
; e) z+ l! s" S* @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 q1 C+ w& j! m 1 p# `0 D' _6 @. B: `& C* wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 \5 z3 w/ b8 a3 L& `
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " _- A' I. E: G' H 2 H4 B8 ^+ C) d0 c! ^8 V% j同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) m# c. C; y3 x+ a1 l5 @