本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 S$ `% X9 {% p8 P/ P4 _1 R' M: T0 S9 B 转帖 ' @ I3 v& w8 d# a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 k& |1 E) X: S3 P
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例如: 1 |: a1 K. X: y x) D 8 s4 m5 x; o# A5 x" KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; z+ e8 D& o* O: Z( e* V, q! I % N- {/ v/ P& Q1 m: i! k! ]Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 A: K& Q8 k+ | . f3 p5 [4 n; f6 iThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 |2 ]' W. w- \% {1 ^" } . ~- q% e# _- V0 wThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 b! [3 p8 F7 \- B& e- y; {; y0 N# ?2 }; Q7 f+ S
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % i: ?5 \ h" i' |$ q . l- t' |3 z1 @1 cMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + \; |$ M, p7 O 3 F6 G. L+ q/ p1 b" W4 k6 H& bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): ^1 A8 w' V7 a* O" Y: I' {
; _; ^6 \6 P. U- s- a, R5 ^6 OThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / ?/ e4 W$ [5 P( { 1 C1 N- r5 D$ o e% uWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " H8 c( p! F7 r& p' i 9 N5 u2 v3 W* q5 M: TPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % I) l4 z8 |; U, V% y / W; N/ T! E9 w$ h( A这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- [0 U/ {4 W% N
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7 \( x6 ~7 ]% Y) Z% } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' E' V" z; C; g6 A
. J3 V! t' t5 X例如: % E; C; M$ o; y4 I/ ^ ' x: ^* ?# V( ]" ?# k, @. CAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 B! Y, s' x7 q
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * u6 O1 U0 K, @# C t5 k& d, v 2 L; y+ ]9 s; d6 W s" L: n9 B" EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ D* _4 U, d- {' T; [" U
" [3 K- [( ?8 B' EHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& c! s$ r1 L0 R* J
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 v3 Q/ T% }, R0 A6 _: E 6 V1 ~; w. m2 z) @& i- ^9 jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' M \2 k3 i3 [# d* ?
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) d" G* M& [9 n7 o: r+ \5 Z* [6 U/ l7 {+ Q
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , }" |; j& {# U5 w 1 y# H# L. p# a8 KThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 w- |/ s( D! p
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 V0 i0 P$ b% k, f4 g: C$ h2 H) s. `: I r, F# q$ P2 [
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" l, a9 l) g3 ^' |0 a
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & L9 g x+ q* r: C5 i: X! |1 e' |) y2 Y8 F* ?
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' z' O0 x+ k( W, ?/ r( g3 B* ?) j+ F2 s' @. X
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . M; e1 s3 n4 o 3 X9 ^4 ?# A' C h: |4 b; D写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 w% I8 Z' n, M" h+ V" o
[: \8 `0 L) f8 Y) P; n, ]此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * D6 k5 K; s3 @0 {% o- c6 Z6 E, W/ C( _; b
' {( o2 C0 p9 U1 b8 G5 i例如:2 B2 O! F; Q. R) j, v( }: F# \
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , b4 O1 e( W1 O, G4 G: @/ {" [( |) n' C0 V
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 O! W6 ~# T& K5 [ @, v$ j: i9 u3 X0 y( I, j. k4 J2 A
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 ^' |# j1 m) z% K$ Q
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% Z; u" L0 v: |! b/ |( Z
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & d# ?- G5 _3 _$ }! n/ U7 V1 L. m' n+ C7 T) o! V
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# X* `4 N* q, Y+ k3 M+ i
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% |# C& z5 H6 C3 v( h: T3 y- _1 J
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 A9 ~5 ~* R" G# Y! E9 r1 C7 L
$ h# _; }; O- J4 B7 x$ R3 U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # a7 p1 n1 l. \- F# a- U9 a- w " T6 X4 I; B+ f8 g1 D& j当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( |# ^1 n1 f1 u r) A8 Q L
7 B4 ~3 R$ E* q/ d- ^4 D' n对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - A$ x9 L$ C" i 2 c- E$ ?% N$ R对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; }( w, s/ {4 E2 w; S( j3 A; T! H9 X- P2 z% _
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : G7 }7 E" _0 q $ M* W, _! ~1 M2 e: F对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 U) X1 q" f/ t# O$ K% v- |, C5 g
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " v. |" z4 P- u 8 w& K" P: Z- E# D" I5 D2 k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( V' T% o h- |+ B
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 b2 a, d3 L9 \2 l8 @# H2 X9 B. n