本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - @4 w: F0 r- P6 w$ z `, b3 l" V, e 转帖4 ~- s4 g9 F& |( k4 o
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + q$ b* `1 `& E. \6 T" k $ I, a7 B; ^+ h7 w$ E例如:4 ?2 o8 w9 m! p. h% T
4 W! E4 _( c7 e* q7 l; BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) ?- {! F, _8 e) L
8 a+ E7 K/ p! s' h4 G/ YThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 f3 f0 m( o+ ?# | + b- {0 F8 k6 _$ c2 u4 P5 Z' KThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; ~/ G0 K0 I0 u6 O+ K9 t- d7 S: g3 l/ ?* n, j3 c# }1 K- D- j
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : ]' |9 ?" f% J! Q/ _$ [7 K; A9 f$ f+ f2 v- P" H! h* z! x
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ W% H1 L" Q+ d& \
( }1 d- l/ e+ Y" K% ?% dMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / E4 J4 J' ?4 ^7 I6 _8 } # O- y$ W1 B" I$ tWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / |4 m+ T# f9 u! P& ?+ j' ]& i4 s2 p8 C
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# }8 i/ Q' ]3 R% g7 s
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 k7 h8 |9 f/ q# b. J* q
3 s e+ r( U9 ]& C" U7 hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* }- ?, D e) r, Q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- b& K( g1 f; X- n5 s( g4 |, z
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0 X9 M7 ~# J7 z) l% U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ u: p3 `# x: v3 Y4 k- l* p$ b/ Z
5 L# T: G H; t# D$ E7 z例如: 5 n- K* q. I6 q" G9 ^% B9 o" r/ V" j ) W# @' h! I$ z6 T, Y* q- L& J: h9 JAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 N) v- ~3 F) D6 C% D. @- U
9 k; m/ n$ y# T* V, W9 pDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 P: q1 f5 o/ O3 q" M7 d' B. |
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ I! f) t' K. M# i$ u- M" f' _- t. P+ D/ N0 }+ O! z& A( M
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% Y- J- S" R4 u% O
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ z5 M! y! B6 k# a
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 R; P0 Y S+ a5 v* Y' r b) k) j C+ Q4 Z0 S
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 K) Z7 y3 o* r# C1 h
0 w! u& |% C0 P# o如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 D2 _, ]( a4 l' z; d* B3 L
- D& Y: W: a. D" M& v' l, hThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / z* ~- A; l$ C; g1 H / O3 \% c- N; Y8 D. N7 uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 R, d, Y& \; B' J% K, M# {
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ Z* d5 X9 C4 x2 H9 U
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% B' q; L2 Q9 b* V0 y% B. W( O
! i2 h+ v; c6 R0 ~We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 v0 x3 y: I$ [8 V% v
, V/ E3 w$ ]4 G YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 M$ V" H7 _- q0 C- m" ?4 f8 f) W/ H Q0 E
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . e, [, _# @2 R3 r9 L; n& b/ D2 j5 V. L
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) b+ b1 n! y4 h6 r' c+ Z ' M+ H9 G& o! `; @, V4 b, f 5 v% }$ N' M4 Y0 N1 w5 h1 o3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; h* S, v3 y8 G
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例如: ) M5 o0 g# @# x5 S- S- Q1 E* S U7 D& V7 u' r; y
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% y- ?% d, h! p% m: c
6 M8 D) `# e9 T0 ~Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 I$ e( O+ U. y% M7 J
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 U7 n8 s' Q# `1 _2 C. F
) h$ L1 d3 _5 ^% |/ r* g; UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % q9 r5 D0 k/ \) n9 a1 {9 B7 W6 M6 _6 E) a
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; ~; q! A1 M0 C$ X) p1 F 6 A2 u! c8 Y+ M1 m) n UPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ H& `) l4 w) W3 Z! F8 R, p) @5 R5 q( a! p
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " _7 V" `& N- K$ A9 O& D1 ] 7 s2 l# o, A0 D* \: R5 _Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) j. V; S0 e1 _3 H J' @% X# j% E3 m
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * H) q: Y: i2 Y8 H8 V8 C 3 f! H; p6 t1 R- [当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " P- c5 I: y8 }# l' J. _ _2 \5 v$ p: g
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 f, \! M! T e
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 E6 X H( [0 V9 ~2 ^7 T4 w# h , R# ^( c' ^6 S: V9 E" N对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) }# _ E$ A a
# d7 f) _% Y/ v1 _+ C, X对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( A9 g/ u- P7 O4 J9 J0 t' i$ V P7 G! j& J
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & r. H1 s( g; V& l1 k& E- B8 b; I 3 p" _$ B" {5 z2 T1 p还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 Q- h! y5 b. C
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : h- p0 j( Z, f0 U