本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 w& D5 u2 x# x% ^% h8 D. V* X/ G* g8 U4 I! a6 {5 d( m. b2 z 转帖 4 ~9 B6 K2 S) |6 i, z5 ^1 [- H1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& `. T8 K7 ?, D+ |9 N* K
( [, U2 O3 n* T% y* Q例如: ) X8 G, F h) \% m' s + a1 Q! n# _. c9 D3 w# U' zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 s" b" }6 o+ I+ X9 X
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( \. @- K: C: R" L9 _3 F" K0 u0 C" W9 s5 y
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! `3 b; _1 C8 p7 ]9 F' ?5 D# {& V
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & v+ K7 W8 d) b* D0 y3 s " I2 Z, r. a1 c* nI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- p* I( q5 d, w4 y# v7 X
" E: ]# l) r0 yMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 a9 o" K$ @ @ n9 C( o
3 }- u" A2 J% S# JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * N: b- o z* A! q# W- R, f : z$ v# p, q4 X4 p8 s/ FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), C o3 h9 i5 ^2 _7 E m
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 P1 l# o- L( n3 y( t# s! ^* B% b
( E; z3 O- b5 H4 ?Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / u* B7 O0 ]/ {& _. \1 {4 x: i" ?7 J9 \. ^& i
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( J7 F; w: A8 `3 `# F, q- @9 B- I' x( Z& x3 T
" m% B' Y/ `" z0 f; ~5 `0 ~) ^2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 i: m/ ^& t* s, H/ M
Q$ u: l& g8 ^+ K* Y7 Z- n- q例如:% Q) M0 r( S7 [1 Y+ b/ f
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 Q8 t* G2 C0 [5 Z I- A9 o1 H: J- i( Y) g3 C9 h4 n9 G( m6 q* V
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' D% y. W+ S& O$ f8 d0 e ?% C) B9 }3 n* _
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 |6 R' K8 e) T% P( r6 [ 8 U; Y5 e5 }: i* j& zHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# r) W* X2 v- T/ S( t
n- @) H( v' M- G7 S0 k" hIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : B8 q4 B8 X" P9 B: `# C4 U1 p& i Z: F3 v
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( O& F; W+ n- a: _2 i1 i
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 R ~3 X3 O* M
" d5 Y4 e3 c! R" t如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 [) M6 B! H! s3 P, r2 Y1 U# |" U0 p a ; ^/ B" Z9 ?. Z3 @The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) c; P* w% S4 j" o, V9 I; y. ] y
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) L! k1 G; U' `2 u
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : S4 B9 j1 S# b$ ~, A/ @ & b% l" n8 Q# eHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . c! T; _; \2 ~% o7 L* R + u: S; V. ^( V0 r7 d' KWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): H }* V4 K( [ d/ b* h1 |: [ c
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 d' t# _8 }' O" j E7 S. U i9 K0 X( I# W+ t% z E- m+ t$ O
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % v3 c5 r# ^' C& z- L3 o: m7 ?$ |$ v: R! s. ~! {5 I
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 p; D$ g" K/ F4 l) o2 A1 k: E3 n+ M5 W
1 L- m# m: u, N3 D' Y$ e/ o; K" C# i2 } 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 p# N& N/ W+ q4 E: H% f- h4 U" r+ ~9 v+ F. |5 W, i) L
例如:- I, [# r& u2 M" a
& B; O8 ?) w6 e7 m9 }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 }! d" k$ |; j: r# G2 V( A
: S8 J6 s3 k( [5 w. iManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ `9 A+ c( ?5 E/ W& M
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ |0 d7 z4 Z& D1 v
) {& H3 d: @" ^ g5 C% ^He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 H$ l5 d! ~9 @* W$ J5 G
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& r. p! C4 D& A" @, A3 t
2 a' u4 f6 l+ C! [- [) y) P; [2 o% ]Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 m+ U/ N7 R8 p, D4 }% j; A 5 T ?7 [1 f+ O! a% QCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) z0 B/ @( n3 { 2 l: d8 s6 v: k( n8 j3 J8 Q6 iStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 O2 B( e7 T+ ?: c8 ]
: r* d: ]! e) o1 _' l同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# X6 } Z, E: l5 V5 v5 ^% U
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: Q1 m: }; W% N0 ^# g* j# l2 ]4 ~9 w$ o% U7 u
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 ?8 D( S0 r$ r1 K. w' Z& A
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 l0 J- k! d r/ t9 o( {5 A; v* j# Q: e3 a% u" t; t
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 Z6 [" h# W$ ?: O8 ]
& Z4 h8 u H2 G! K- Z6 w对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 b, r- j! }& s+ i/ |, @$ h ]4 ~ s4 h: F: ~/ l1 M
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & _9 w/ L6 y. K* W$ F; p7 g8 H$ ]" R. I- t* Q
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 @% Q0 N7 n) @* c: l5 l/ [: O/ ?5 v S
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 C) ]6 w" `7 z; w# I: y