本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! | x8 K8 M& P8 ^& p$ s' A4 V+ U+ N W* l. u4 _# a. \% P 转帖2 h) g1 `& ~4 P* A
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; E' h$ _, J4 q7 }- }% z, v r( q' S. N
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - |3 _# ?9 x9 e& a6 P % x" I4 K- ? t) q' J5 @1 ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 e. R8 R1 [0 c3 v# R
2 X- C) U, ]9 H# qThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). F) F% C) C% I8 O
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . u. w5 d/ G% c ) D/ Z2 v. b% u S. F; BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + j6 I* r6 c3 S5 C9 ` + p! T0 [5 q. a) F4 H! [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) F+ i& J! q, F5 q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& a y+ b n2 ]
% _9 N0 D7 e) o1 n0 c8 tWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 E* }) A1 J, K0 Q$ A% ?+ \
$ l- ^ U) ^9 W4 m7 dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , q; G# N3 `" I& U/ P7 {" x9 W. b; g/ ~% H& X: u G' K( B. P
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 H0 h; g& ]; Q' Z1 n7 \* {5 Q, s) O: h+ D( a, }# K( k# k0 P
7 T1 M+ C/ W$ N* A+ A 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 y% b. C3 O- |9 ]8 }) n
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例如: ; w: C1 V. ?( k, S0 q & }$ E; R8 `% \4 E+ { PAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * c$ o( f7 ^ v) _/ e 7 ]/ h* F4 C* c; `9 m' z; r' LDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # O! t3 n) b+ w) c/ Q$ k& h% H! o' K9 S; }/ w
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + N1 _) }1 v) o4 _( i& S - ?8 L! w) E. s8 ~) z* IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 M: T: x% E! p6 z: `0 z% h % ?4 T- ]8 M" I3 k. jIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 J( ~/ v$ N5 x. ?1 `2 ]) H( y1 L( p [; Z0 c/ B6 O& ~
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); D5 i6 R4 }; f$ y2 q* w: F
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 S6 ] }& |9 ^: C* v* H: Q7 Q# @7 e/ p
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 B+ a2 `# R/ H+ M, I1 |) b, B& b) D7 s# {8 c
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . ]. A$ U8 r+ o2 `9 l# x) U 0 Y+ s. e; Y+ u% {6 d( g R( G* I) _The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 n5 `4 q- q3 g$ A" Q9 f0 S
; @( \( j7 m9 Z; S2 S" yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' N# l, N7 E( F" V. s$ q * S% _1 D2 K7 a8 K& W$ ^- MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 u9 Z' L. |8 x; z3 O
; b) N. I7 u A' s& [We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - ^$ D) }2 C! p5 Q6 f, I: {1 |; c. `; s) n
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 b9 w% L. Z$ h7 M, S5 \/ h9 j" Z3 |: P0 W3 `4 I; u
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 z: Y' J4 j, W/ q+ ~. t) P4 q! _; K% n
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( b/ f9 ~5 Q( y: t: n$ O 0 q: k1 y8 U/ o; w, e4 _+ e8 k: p1 d1 ]8 Y4 R0 Y2 N4 s! r. f 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 U& B# n( d- M( I' G, q/ M | 8 L7 S% w, a; i3 E1 e9 \5 @! T! a例如: # y( T& h! l4 e; V9 i: @, k0 L & O- L) r+ o. d1 B0 ^( }; EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 q W- u3 i4 n" x& l$ e0 M+ c6 G
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 R1 {3 Z, ^6 V) x; X: E Q8 V' J) Q: u8 g2 @; `; B& @
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 @. o( d% J( L' O( b* ^" |0 g 5 `5 ^8 ?* N% T: M4 }& CHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 R5 b+ q0 X2 q f3 G0 U5 l s. t/ u$ z
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / c% I" u& p+ D% E$ s" d' Z) Q- }- K4 A' s2 ^; e- s- E6 Q& n0 g7 R0 M
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* w }4 p7 y1 z' `% P9 C2 ]/ u
- V% b+ L1 f* |2 [4 r( I( m6 U2 ^% JCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) w$ D; N: ~# s1 I$ G9 d
* T" b/ [% l2 s1 ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 H8 Q0 F! X. P0 x# T0 k! `4 a+ C5 ?% U- w% B% x
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 U9 G. O0 p( w2 _) u- l1 ~/ |, Z/ ^& z* M! N5 l
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: c8 q8 {* V: H1 p4 ^% ^! `* X6 |3 ^- c
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * d" G* ] R3 `' J& n( z# T6 D 1 n. Y5 u* X% [* w* W( n+ s; Q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 f0 j8 s' \ y6 J
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ a5 e4 b% U' s: _# k O! j4 Y
0 T2 O* w# I5 M7 @4 D8 K6 j# U对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) \( w i% V% m" k S8 W
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) w6 w1 c h6 U+ `
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 n* }: C$ A0 p1 ?4 h9 Y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 K% d! X- \. R9 I& V9 S5 D