5 U- \* ~. {% k$ qMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 [* { P0 t. ^* J3 U/ V* @! y& _' b- _
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), @4 j( z$ S" g0 I" s
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! \# }" L0 t* }$ ^# d2 [
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# z0 X. J0 m5 `+ l! W
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 A" U. [! X$ B9 ^" q 8 s" g9 x. P" F* [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- R. a, n3 F8 o* m0 \
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 I" \. ^5 t3 k1 A8 Z8 o, g6 p
, l- `: O" ]% ZThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / G; }( Y7 `& `% h0 v, f& N8 F' G * `- j Q9 _+ G+ _+ cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! Z+ I7 [# L( ]* D% x7 [
& U1 W+ a8 P; vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # }, E+ V5 n6 \7 l/ q! H. x: F % p+ ]- c( L7 i0 W9 w* s1 C0 e: R( S这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' m8 g# {" P9 w+ ~ / W, M; w5 y$ F& {* @ \# d+ t* |8 j" k/ d4 O. o4 z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 b* i o( x# x3 h* q
9 j: V& u, F( b例如: ; F( D1 B5 p4 [: @: U3 V7 d, T5 q. P3 D
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 P/ T% E( Z! z, ^) I
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) o5 f! {0 V$ m6 h( ~
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* ?1 C) G# Y$ ?+ e9 n
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : R: m5 T) j q5 K# H* b* v L# v! n7 _( `3 e
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); |3 H/ ]; F! }
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! O8 n/ O3 s% O+ R7 V& a* t ! Y, x& [0 Q& o+ V4 TI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 S) p. e( g$ K3 m! d8 P* V( n% \% S2 H( q" H
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 g# Y- \; B! C# q9 x. e9 f
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 X) B5 O; Y( I: s4 C( w; z
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 S: I* T9 z b8 r$ y! o5 s E! s/ } 3 X F( i: M( EHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 \# J' d2 B' G2 ^7 r
! C2 f" G: l+ S( u: I) qHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* p% G+ _4 ]0 Y
|# a$ I, h7 {2 z! _3 WWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! [0 t+ \. i/ O U2 c 2 e' w1 M; l( e$ T! k8 v ^5 TEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) T! N1 N: |- A ^! r9 ]+ V1 w & n. n- w. ~" p8 J1 h+ w+ \. K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! N# B, Y) v8 {7 `! e& e. E: N& q; d& |. G$ ^
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 m5 X7 n1 l7 I2 W" f8 U
8 n* y8 R! ^% j9 ` 0 B( d9 z$ i" e2 ~6 q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! ]5 u! k6 Z% w/ T0 |' Y 0 E2 b( `: X. v; h例如:5 s& Z& S X- t; i" b2 l: p
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( d0 g J: H; _6 ]5 A& r- Q/ U* P+ Z0 n8 I/ C( u+ r
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 |) _' W3 h G/ d7 i2 l, `
5 W1 ^, ^9 Q6 a" E. yThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 H3 S2 [1 m+ t3 E
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ { p: S5 o/ c
) a: a- j: @& t7 AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 \$ E& k, Q8 z% ]3 I5 D2 ?8 s & X2 O# L+ N, S0 |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - p" J1 M, O; w! }. ]1 r3 n% @4 i. O! T
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 {( W; O# n* b @/ E- b" s
* x( G2 g v/ Z `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % H9 X0 \ R6 f$ D ^. F8 G3 f/ o- a$ @' e* _
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . r2 D* @9 y" D$ V( r3 |. ]9 B0 K- r& N
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( P p! F/ h9 }7 U0 A9 }