本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / _* i' }5 G S% V' I
1 G% v4 _6 C/ M/ L9 W3 t. }& j0 {转帖 ' M$ ]4 O& b, I/ I) t1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; ]2 h+ i; p+ Z" f" E G& f4 G3 D- J5 N$ W: X9 ]+ t
例如: ( c/ J* r; O0 V+ h1 V. @ , ?8 h# T7 R" t1 z M2 xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 A: m" M" _9 e0 d
7 y0 W! S' [3 _3 z1 A- G8 `Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 h+ b+ m2 l" b8 V! }" }: N3 M. w: h
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " R+ D' r6 \2 \" x! K( P2 V( h - v3 F9 N. F" w: D2 m* fThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 l4 f# e$ P; l: [9 t: M3 e/ |. O& ? |
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ]; ~& t5 u$ M ! b5 u. n; P, O8 J5 AMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 L$ p+ c+ U* y" E , U0 D7 G% T- t1 i& UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); ]& h, x7 E4 w
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + E3 c, O" p7 m- h; X1 l / F- W$ e( Z: }6 `/ @, s% `We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' Z5 N& o! x8 G
/ F' m$ o, G o) gPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) _% [: a1 b6 j: s0 @2 }
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : J* \/ l1 C l5 r4 P1 T( P0 c& [ 4 k/ o5 `# A& k5 S' ~( c# i) \9 e4 S+ R0 Y5 C 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 o' Z# ]6 p# q( C 2 B9 e5 B6 ?- N. Y5 U例如: & z6 N1 G) Q+ j$ }2 `3 n3 f/ E( _: ~2 V; d% o
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 m" u! U$ i6 G9 k1 @4 I! D! a9 D
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 B& c# Z. b7 z6 K& j7 m$ X( L' u; O* q
" Z" X) ^ q# ^3 R# [! bI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 k) C0 G9 o! q+ o" k0 [6 I6 ?
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 y' H- L- a; P4 Q
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 ~( M* I- J; p6 @3 ^ # }* j Y0 R3 VShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 S) J% {7 p! N' R : O4 ~- ]9 j$ ]9 d1 bI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): G! C4 r8 _" `% B+ _
7 `. P4 I; E- ]3 {, c2 X7 z8 R如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 f- R& i+ S$ o% I1 }- U6 S
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 n2 @0 ]2 b. p- L3 q. y/ X5 M: F( d" Y7 z* v/ ^6 x3 z" G
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( F6 [ a9 \( t
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % Q0 A6 ]- o- ]9 } + W6 z: o8 \4 E$ FHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' E9 V# p9 ]4 I1 J) @) {4 S# ^$ O% o. B3 j
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* K4 F) H0 ]; K$ Z! A9 q ]
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& ?3 O" B+ d$ \' R1 |
+ V$ W; A# j# E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* b, D! g4 D+ R! _, d
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 u2 J9 k% B7 z4 @) z; H- J4 O/ w# K1 g# Q. B5 @' u
z+ N9 \6 ~. E9 Q# B: W+ U0 F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" w1 W4 Y7 F; c9 o( ?! K
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例如: ) G5 ]5 h1 w P* M2 B/ V! v! [+ i7 R% U" b! _+ E
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ k! o8 I2 J: A$ i% T2 D' p' M
7 D8 S4 _& A$ R& q; x# mManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& l+ X9 e$ [- w, Q) a( [
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% u1 ]. N! ?7 _. i- ]& }+ o/ I9 U) p
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) h; R! X L8 v, F/ \+ x2 i6 M M
/ k9 x# {2 O7 Z" B) t2 V% m7 \Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ ] A3 x& J8 N7 P
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) F6 ^1 d ?2 p( v, O1 a3 f
4 B# h6 n# U: u3 B7 aCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 ^6 D2 I) `$ x8 `4 ]) Z . R3 G" M) B0 c5 R O& {" ~1 n SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ N% G( d1 d6 _" ?& E & T9 m4 T5 j4 N6 V. Q; v, V同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * a6 p8 F1 [, B* p# F0 i2 A4 D* c) s9 \0 f3 J" s
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' c! Z8 x' J8 K4 o! j0 b* n7 Q