本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 P) W1 w, e% F/ L6 e" F) P- p i0 d/ L3 K" }/ z 转帖0 M- m: P; |1 \$ g" W
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) A( F& |0 W. ~0 {' N- |
0 Q, m5 B- B' u+ X例如: 9 G& A8 I! P8 T ( y8 B6 }% |8 [% m# TMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / f3 h2 l/ V1 y: G5 P4 [; r * j* A4 w& L% C7 F7 S3 OThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) M' y# b, {) R. G) k 0 A4 ~) x. d( Y* v' P- ^This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # I |4 [0 N/ x% u# a( e2 [ , w7 _! q" b1 H+ `# y3 p7 aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) G% @1 ?' |1 E( f2 I) ^ * L# R: U5 m& M' j+ KI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & y& S7 R! I" t3 o) x3 Y- o, V; [$ p; l6 I$ G
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % n) [& a! T* @1 O6 X) O9 A3 I* v* u7 Z0 {
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ E- T( y' h. K2 [ 3 U- S! ]& H9 Y1 F& H( |1 jThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ a) S1 z7 R, }. {
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + F: c4 [# D6 M, {+ o5 W+ M+ V; U D
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 j7 A$ q4 H: S8 W
5 ?% K3 ~) S# s这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ J. p% a$ V8 S8 }
9 K- S/ V" {) u例如: ' }, F1 f% ?1 q7 E 8 j, }( d' ^+ N! G* V GAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . C" I+ t5 F" t% N# e8 ~2 y * W( o% t3 E" M, sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 c' n9 a$ u8 Z, \9 \& b% i! { J; I: T; i* m$ z6 \
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- [: _. W0 y2 g$ r& I
. w" u: S7 H3 B. wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 e3 G2 L! h* ~. o q) ^0 I9 X. X 4 A8 T! Z9 G' i/ W9 T p& pIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- W7 I9 d" X ?5 ]' f* U2 p8 Z
2 E' P2 I5 R! {6 h9 G, } JShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). |/ C3 |- p+ ^9 ~1 m
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- G) j5 V# \# T. E% s/ I
7 ~+ A* U, O! s; T; i如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ E- a- x7 Z7 ]- m- [
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 M8 S7 a2 I, Z5 b( ^" ^' S) R7 g
, e2 S% a2 }: l* I' T) K+ ]1 QThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 u6 p- [) O4 @8 | e& Z; f. _$ ?+ t ( B0 h8 @6 a& m$ o1 CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! B6 `4 Y& I; ?$ M' V4 p* N$ R. V" }& @3 z/ c! R
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 [2 [+ F$ V* A# p! I& j+ q+ _ 4 g8 Q! F2 r/ p1 [' W+ tWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + d$ n* O& |% K* [/ y7 q6 t! T" r1 n! y R. [5 Z1 ~
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 r6 q6 s/ f4 \' c7 W
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! a K% z6 i1 N9 j- Q; B( d% x9 R1 ~0 P
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 k7 W2 T# K; M; ~, x. d
5 b8 r. b4 H1 t* ?* e! |% d+ `4 B8 Q3 r8 G ?5 m) M- z; r5 S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 }7 T1 ]. ~! ? y% \ ' P( i0 D# y1 N3 w% b+ K z例如:# Y% W4 ~& r4 R! e- s4 o" }4 z
' e! W+ b# C6 M2 N+ O o: v& l& }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 {1 H' F9 c/ s: W& S' q2 K/ K: x, Y
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 _* B8 H! i4 F' F7 j/ Y. b% e + m& p; ^; U+ ?; w$ q4 fThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & I; Q5 j! W% P- K' V( n) Q- H- d- S) @! s$ }6 D2 J
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 m. [% E6 A* T& V* r" N5 e
8 `; G$ r+ E' L( S _) x0 TMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / J0 r+ ]" a% u+ ^- b: x ) F( ~ I6 I: I6 R, k- u" @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , z( {0 F5 b9 H+ U' F 7 b1 t) ^0 }/ {0 O( }: l3 MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 ~9 ~6 Z8 E* J q( k, u
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& S( D7 S7 p4 V6 T, m6 f7 W* t
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & @1 P8 k6 D: f) v3 ~5 ~3 L$ R+ D3 _/ V. e2 Q
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : A% r8 G6 f: q9 Y/ t # v7 [0 j$ V8 b. e! @) P对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; T- F4 C! W6 o: F2 r( e. P- e8 S1 `$ R8 q- [, z1 ?; O9 F( n2 k% M5 n
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / T4 b( |8 {/ y$ n9 P, A 5 a3 f2 d* M+ }% C- B对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 O- B1 h5 e0 V; }/ E * {- \. \1 q: A: }对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 N) N3 @" H" v5 I+ D2 |
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' Y; {1 M7 Z0 x! |" [ s9 o) [: F$ l" Z) G K! k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 @, n0 l- E4 E0 b8 b
! e4 R0 d' b% n+ w3 P* _有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 ~( q V* u9 O% ?