本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " S& u$ X/ b6 c# g+ t
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 @( }. G b$ w: J2 l
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 l, ?& P W& M" ~2 h 8 c: c6 r& T# s, m) cThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 }. _' Q# J- r7 w x5 S
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 m& o2 `) T1 M0 [ b' _5 c
7 n# [& X& n( P9 q2 PThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & J% ?2 X( i* r4 l) C1 S $ \2 d0 e7 ^/ AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 n4 z- Q7 x* B9 ]# ^
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), n' _! i; I; a. L- x' q. z, W
# A5 Q% k% L0 O- kWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' y$ `; w9 k* |7 |2 {$ R- B' ~ ; e: c0 ]6 a6 ]3 G2 B0 ^# ?The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( d) ^3 h% R5 `2 z* n
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 }0 E" M+ q b. c( }( a G 9 x4 E6 h: j3 G, ?, EPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): J- H) t5 U8 ?3 O0 x8 {
8 e' a" i$ z( ^这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# S5 F0 l" ~* x" A ^
* J# o* [% f: {! a, V2 n + b% J4 n6 p$ p, R2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' d, T* V+ I3 J7 B { 2 D2 w8 Z9 i, E5 {0 T例如:# a6 y& d0 l3 T& r8 a
+ J; R5 y5 @. |% w9 {; W9 u% UAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 w/ X& r3 R: o: h0 C5 N0 L$ Z' w, h
! b* p* q( t1 M! q. @, w9 ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + ~% x8 A/ @% G$ {; F . } V7 r- a% NI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , e# L7 L" N$ ` - t0 |/ e2 V$ `4 i0 w0 eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 p0 m2 Z' b+ k! J, j. G6 }, d. E' V- T4 j, j
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 Y3 P1 F) `% `5 x- N% N
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( p3 D6 m0 W% s4 [4 N6 F; h/ B% X# C, b% m
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). C5 j( W' U3 K" D4 U# A9 b
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 @4 }% k) L, S
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 v$ z5 i8 B! m1 }4 ] * g' }% v A6 IThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 [) M$ o# g& n( G 0 s5 A/ Z. z, ~3 s8 v7 W2 X: s' D( \6 z+ Q9 |He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 i5 W/ J2 M+ J$ m- i1 Y" Y; W3 Y & R8 J9 I) y, o4 T+ o4 N8 g) {He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* p" c8 ~# F/ Z# f) M! a
' F3 P5 B5 o+ L' u; ]3 cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); q% R5 e0 F5 m, N* X) l
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 V, m1 t/ _0 i, ^
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 m, Y K! @* z- B7 k: Q2 t% U# [/ H
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 |' c o) b" i! |& @# X( {# z& j6 T: `+ W0 T, Y
2 ^- b! R% y0 g1 M. C 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, U- w4 S2 J8 [) ^
+ S4 P3 f) l. V6 nMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 z% t* M6 E! h5 T # J1 r" F# E5 j) s% U3 x$ j1 |Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 h( @5 ]9 h$ c+ \% d" N% d+ P+ o; b9 n, W$ |( @7 K
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' l( ?0 x% ^; `; o$ q: L4 J
, h* f L1 }+ bHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' b( }1 G: h! I( J v( x0 l0 o0 ~2 L% T& B8 ~0 S) fMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 {# k" |! U! \9 D
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . w' @; }+ `& F1 K7 x3 t3 J% w 7 ?/ |: b5 W9 m: GCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 @/ D% J, J. c. X! Z6 `4 ~
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * V. J- A, l( A$ g6 U! b* F1 \. g1 J! E6 c
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) u, e1 y g; c; X, `0 `) `
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 U* p. t( g( A/ ^( t
3 U+ A2 T' K! j# I Y8 x对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & R% }' T) x% Y% T) W0 I 1 t- A: p4 F6 k7 j$ {9 E- T对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. N, [0 H( Y2 M; W) M! C- D- A" C
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! w, x9 d+ n* v1 _( R7 i" Z
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' b0 N* n3 C8 q$ j; h, J$ Y
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 M: ]0 P' H3 M( t& W. a' p( Q
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 L, s( `/ B3 V$ e2 o! X, w+ h. E' ~9 U3 S) Q
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) J( I$ }' S& u$ H" n3 y