本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : z% y; v! u) F5 J$ ~, |& K7 R/ H
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 B* L4 t8 Q. Q" S- X
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例如: / c3 x' j4 H! O" k8 c; r' r 9 L: A1 S3 l; H1 I+ a, ~9 bMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 k6 H, X, s/ f5 J: h! M& C* x, F , Y2 [# L# _* ~) nThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! W) k5 Q; ]3 u3 `
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( q% R( o9 T, k7 ^ l* y
& w M" n( Z/ `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 e) `& m! G( X% _ 6 T5 z+ W" {6 t( QI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 t7 p( Z* C+ u0 u- n
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % |/ k4 R& e& N) G( N / S6 H1 @- y& x5 I' fWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 C ^8 ]- S2 B8 j* ?; n. l8 s/ d- H' ]
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 L+ |, U- X+ E' k; u% C& X. I ' [& N# V3 `$ QWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 }1 |7 B# C" O& \5 x% H8 p, P# u2 t Z/ ^& ]* V3 M" o/ ~& g
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): U, \, [# D- g
( Y* [/ v2 a0 U" k. Z, f这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 K$ p+ P( D! R( q. r
$ s2 j7 i; Q6 N( A- o $ P) _0 y' w+ u! [2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 z/ r! ?& c, O1 t0 z8 F) N( }. p
2 @3 g% I, e6 M T/ b6 {例如: ) F( U5 F U" a# n5 ~6 }# ~0 x9 F9 Q9 x; S4 b9 e' ?3 p
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 R+ X, O/ h1 o w9 [/ q( X( A
: b! k& P1 R: l0 HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 R# }' ?. _4 S; M9 ^( z; g
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * D+ w [/ q, m' a& \ 4 r* d+ `* {" |6 H+ P4 P# A; NHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( B' T% {6 G; d: h6 O) P
- N& _9 ^" l6 y, x8 s& o9 ~$ }) RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 W+ s. Y8 J- a1 j6 Q W. g * D/ }4 `7 \1 Y5 i$ tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 C6 j# D9 o$ Y0 m
0 a) O0 w6 Z v% X H2 HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# `# ~6 F6 M+ ~0 P
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; T4 W+ }: {, @6 |9 D
}# i1 A! H( F% f/ N( X2 f# k2 oThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 ~6 ^5 l c; ~$ ~
" s5 Q. m) r$ sThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 z, v* v3 P% j/ k/ _% q; p' H* Z# F
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + ]! R% t4 h3 r. ] }9 j' P0 |* w) U: ~8 _/ L* b
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): }8 z* P" D) E( t2 X
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 L1 M" R8 r7 N: l! s
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). [" [ p# U& R9 m; V+ r* b$ x) P4 d
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& i8 Q+ s' N* W# v! e6 j+ h
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 p2 U6 _% c) q8 u6 Z; @" M; m4 S( U' S7 C
? z, Y* | _; ~8 c4 Y" J3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 f8 @ W8 u8 J9 [
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例如:" w. W$ I, V5 S7 I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& Q! b* Q$ r& T5 z1 L0 f* x
9 }& \& h( B2 `$ y' ^) HManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / b! k, U# Q7 {$ T$ p# M6 K1 y+ f! f; B9 s
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # Z( L0 C( K, `, h& m9 D ( _6 X; a; Q" l) hHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 l& }$ @* j Z5 r3 y
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ [. Z' v! R$ f8 W1 x- q
! \. O, n: L- K+ f2 J/ C0 ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ d- u, Z/ h. A' i) T
( w- F2 m0 ~% `2 @, n6 X( A/ BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # \1 ]0 p0 T3 O; y! A6 ], F6 t3 u. ?2 s, s
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - o# ^* \: ]- G/ z7 H* c& h2 }$ |4 B* ^% u1 S
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ ~0 w( o8 J9 W 7 ^" { y i) R) f* [当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) }: F5 y. `( w* Y, u8 e7 u) }3 D% t% p
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 D/ x) T/ x2 h1 D. b4 u' f7 U' L T# D5 A8 ]
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' |) w& E; o8 w6 X) b) w
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 d% U2 B* a& n, B
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 H5 A# ^6 a: {! n% X( F/ R2 j7 |1 G0 [. A8 J( |; ?$ L
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 N% i! P/ X5 I3 x& V( J8 i
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . i7 m7 g, p: `; @& _- x - m/ V6 Z r2 N0 G( s9 D+ H& a有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( t) n7 J0 U2 \/ C6 ^