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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( P+ u! }( b* j( _( J C# R! I' O, T; J1 o
例如: 6 m$ N# H2 a: h; O4 p : p v( L; \* L2 d- I. n4 c2 uMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 U( W f8 W h6 }0 h4 Y* g1 T# `5 s& c
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' h6 R6 v* D4 P# g% x! `: R% K+ c' Z; ]4 \+ B6 p' t7 ~7 |
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " `( \" g. l& |0 k1 N J" I3 N2 N+ Q, [; _
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 `6 s$ E9 M* G& e/ S: L, C! n1 o) X; a
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * H" x- s5 g6 m4 @: | - s( S& k& a, k; l4 o- m9 ]Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & O3 M4 ^: h3 O0 x: t 9 ~# q5 t4 B0 t5 j, J+ G; x2 IWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" |: K; }9 e9 H5 ^
3 j6 _. O* R0 G5 ^: g, ]9 t6 ZThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " R+ o) y) k7 N* B3 e# q1 o+ u# }) g' ?
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) n% P4 G! F( W. Z3 J$ l' O: Y. J. |& p4 a4 ^6 ^3 i
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 P& M$ Y* F( j; O* c& b0 m% R' }' O6 y% `$ Z. J5 \) T4 q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , {. y" q& i. W9 G2 K ; s1 q6 j( [, r+ @8 w * ~# e( @9 V* G6 V2 z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 E1 l! _6 Z9 E' `) W' L3 Z; [; S1 l5 \, G( g4 i% A+ n8 T5 z H
例如:' }* f n; e1 U# f) A6 @
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , O. X4 j$ G, D- T0 ^7 z0 v+ {, u3 k: j, r: |# S
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 b5 | T I3 L" s! t$ S3 o. N+ D+ _0 P* H
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 h! w9 y, A+ `3 |$ {
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + y( K/ K. d7 ^& \# D5 K/ _ & f+ p6 e! t2 a. c/ ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 v' ?% o5 j* m) F0 M9 I" ?5 B. h( R% H- i r' p
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 x( o$ v' S' W- v
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), C6 N: Y4 l) G
& D5 ]9 t1 Z/ j如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - }9 @0 p( C% p. @! {: P. c3 ] " I* a/ W' _; u, ?4 [The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) z. H0 q8 u: r! e$ g( ]
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ D ~4 K6 [) y5 E7 Q4 k" Q8 G+ B
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; [2 ?4 i& o+ ~- F+ p. x+ X3 C) _" }' G9 V' w7 T# H& u
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( b$ n' p' d/ r( z: X! r
6 h& [& p$ }# E$ mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + U% V( Q |0 }3 |; H0 p7 r8 }" b$ y; L9 h8 k
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); F1 q/ H& T. R3 W, m3 S& c
( ~6 H9 {+ z3 A! w写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 X6 i( d3 ?3 t 9 F& z: B+ t% T. m此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 H! B# s" d. F: |2 E6 c- a ! ^4 N' R0 R( I9 B 0 C) Z( J- u* r: C- b+ X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / ^7 J; s" R" U 6 `4 h# Z" f/ q! D4 y& h例如:7 z7 O6 k5 S8 h' h: W* W/ a+ |
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * ]' x; h$ ? S4 o. `$ F ! v. s- k# v' ]% wManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; Y% m* V( |$ u$ h- t3 K; c% R( h( f! d5 @7 h6 w4 R
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 x0 E- r e: Z8 K/ b( t$ o" u & B7 L, X* Z0 u) [. IHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% d a3 c* S7 Q) |7 @4 V$ h4 v
) X% i5 C; P. P% ?7 {5 [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , C) X7 ^4 P- b- m+ J/ ?$ u9 x( { e- z% u3 L/ V& a4 G
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 J* u3 R8 l/ c8 y* j; i9 T
% x4 D" J: d R5 R- ^3 I: f! bCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + F/ F _4 ^7 Y9 J. t0 ~+ ]9 J. v* E( L. }' M6 s3 J- G$ a; e
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 U& {5 b' I5 a. N0 A
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " k* @( W2 _6 p# o9 M9 P: Y& c. ~) ~3 z. ^8 f
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & p6 k, T" e$ K# P9 ]; [ Z) R: v$ H( i; u: C- A
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 [9 }/ W; D3 G$ A( L: f* `8 v, ~9 f
6 n4 C9 H% d/ l对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% v& E: a$ \* \( ?" G# v1 x) c
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 ^& _3 a3 K- F. {
2 k4 v: D2 z9 j. ~/ H' ^对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 b& ?3 p4 {* r. Q0 m0 e- C& c- v3 p% `8 }3 j" J
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , z, z0 d: h f: R) M2 O 7 m2 o9 U* ?* L还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; M7 H' M6 |8 F 9 q0 X! F# F3 s9 m有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ Q- Y+ G+ M& [6 `7 z# u0 a2 C