本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 }' `) I0 Y: w9 G, w$ V& K! Z5 o) d8 _1 \8 p& |0 D7 m, K* r 转帖1 e3 D4 T+ @+ v' y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % ~; H4 E" k' M7 O/ w8 s1 t2 I% N6 j Z4 u7 l" D' O, b
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2 O( X7 Q1 |; I1 B' q# BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ F- O& c' \! V: o8 \0 s& [+ S6 R3 k1 i$ U) m& P' l
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* N ~" T7 Z7 F9 j' p" C! K
' z3 p5 A: u! ^5 p3 QThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 v: ?9 w9 X1 \9 e 3 H) D( ]0 n1 l5 Q3 W: a# }The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 _$ c2 s7 a1 r& k' G , U* i2 u4 Z5 m' m4 BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 H, ]5 L7 [7 L 7 F+ [! q& T. b1 Q3 NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), K# e! d" v! v* y8 A# N4 L1 u. e
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % X* V7 c4 m1 x 5 J* q+ l0 g; @& K, b$ RThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* l/ L7 D8 s9 v" F1 @- Z
h: p- a0 }/ D1 B9 ]9 BWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): b& _4 i. ] I2 d7 j
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); e! A% C% `: F0 E
8 f$ B+ [! [$ m) p# O. Y" l! W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 F3 }$ s- B* J6 v* ^/ S- N
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. l# K5 z3 ?; S2 ?/ L3 b4 ] 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- I$ F1 u$ X% x5 d& _5 S( x. t
* m a, z7 ?/ E$ g6 |At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % T: u4 U3 e/ d- m$ ` ( x* `1 X% x" dDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) Y* W5 L# \ t' V5 y( W0 {! P8 ~1 M
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + U4 z+ N( |5 s7 \( K: ]6 g/ }% q6 n Z k9 q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 r& q6 S, a c+ d( |( ^
4 M* m; e _1 [2 nIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 s6 F2 R! r; n3 h- M# u
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & S: U) }: ~2 |0 `: Q+ r, y; `5 ~0 Q& Q0 |6 E& Z5 \
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : A8 ] |# [8 Y. b& M2 F5 r4 x( J! `( }$ z' T9 w
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : \; N F$ f/ _- A V; Q6 w) ^( D' n8 B# @' L% a/ g
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : J6 U4 \: ]; x6 t1 W# v' Y1 ]% U; _7 u- y g$ P
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; U, i$ ^% C3 R8 K1 w9 g6 R( K 7 X5 G. p! M) f3 [$ a8 SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 k# J: t l7 K" M 3 I# l+ N8 J6 e. l+ V) h# r5 N- tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' S# l# ~. k: A7 b
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 F$ J! T* X; P6 [' }' s; V # w: U+ C9 e2 s" r' {0 P' Z5 r5 qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " A0 |# [9 h2 I& ] . Z' _+ t6 ]" X0 ?5 E9 t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 e' v; e3 d+ \
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ s$ w7 P: Z+ {0 h: V
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1 O* d: G6 L4 f' ]. n$ ~3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ [* r( t5 G- F- O
! h' P6 w, t+ D- C例如: ' v2 b6 ?& m$ N, }) o B9 ^/ t/ U9 `# F8 W" w- O( D: Y- v5 y! j, A
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 q! }) k: T" D' v {4 B. }' L
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! S9 x; w! a4 _ 3 d. r F" l m; v [( EThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' h0 C8 \3 E `. y3 M# T 3 [- ^) X% x2 t |8 OHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 r) G& v; [0 W1 h: l( v4 N! N ( a! B0 \. @$ F3 oMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 Y# Y* A& S8 ]6 Z6 n6 V# e
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 ~7 C) k( {' x9 Y- b* C 0 ^6 E) L! f! p- P8 Z+ z7 aCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); s1 Z) |" N6 F
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 k# d# H* F% @$ Q0 q; e; r$ @
0 x; ~) }+ i, v2 {3 d同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( G. m' w0 Y" w9 a" m" N/ @" ~# A& g) X9 U& i! W6 W; b3 V) A
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ }5 ^3 l8 [/ K* C7 Y% C0 ~8 g0 j X {1 m _
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 W3 f/ @* L5 X C( M 9 {( Y6 j" `: u6 g0 [* f对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , v* K% L7 u% `, }( i - F3 M" p8 V: K9 c: `6 }& v对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * e6 v" G4 v9 M8 f! q; G( k- U+ e2 c
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. T7 u9 B/ ?9 P3 ]
1 P# O0 o* C; p1 f9 s' ~" v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 n# U' S0 }; v9 {4 ^
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / P# C) ?+ B& x# d& N ! A0 D9 [# G9 X" D4 ~. H有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. {: P# G. ~6 F4 v2 A: Z