本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : N2 z, v6 F* W9 S
* J8 l. j, t2 n2 I7 p2 i# S4 X转帖 - E3 N( w' ]" J, O8 k" C. [' a; w1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 k2 I% w! h, e$ Q0 P0 G/ P/ }& v% C, G' o% N
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 k j d! \4 F- u. s, v9 s# s: @
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( i" ^ d+ X; q$ n- y, g6 N( B# q! n
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 }* T+ \, T# O/ N: E( k
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): ~, K8 ^" c9 I% P. u$ A$ V
* F0 D( Z D5 w$ F, J. FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( @# a+ p) O7 y8 j, p/ D6 V% z3 I5 K7 W" z8 _
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% [/ m0 G* F. |! q5 |
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) a7 j4 Q6 ?/ q7 R4 m9 v" V/ M
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( T" K, g( G, d, v" `1 P- d0 f, |& X" }% m* U, Q+ V9 F3 F5 z5 @- |
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 F! L3 D/ q; Y2 s% k$ E 6 D3 a8 `5 g V* w; r9 |8 R' F( }Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 e5 Y" t2 R. j) X4 G ) O7 x1 U) Q/ V( M; L6 [' b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ w$ P3 U* E, u. z3 W w' t/ s % [% j8 d% }6 y8 \7 B3 e) x$ z Q5 B& X- f0 B% U: Y+ z( k1 w 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 V6 A, e: `# j# `: n
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例如: / A8 _0 ?3 w8 F2 o' K, D# L$ ~ 3 g+ z' U4 k* g1 c" VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) U+ m' ^; x. t
, a% q* d; p8 P6 z# ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / F: N; W y$ X - E2 N+ ]4 w$ P6 d: C2 b" BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): O' ~( R, p, ], r4 K
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 v5 a# c, o1 H9 T5 }) g$ l ) C: h& P% N8 t W7 gIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 L( F; t9 p; N2 P* z/ ~+ I
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* P T$ G8 d( F% u
3 E) X6 ^2 x# [I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # o6 V, r+ y2 @. y1 I0 _+ \; s- Q0 }# ]4 G( P I
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 b* n; X' s- n6 C. q% M0 G5 O7 ~( E% m
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 G+ b9 g5 U1 w, |; M2 |8 j6 q( X w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ l% ~8 s8 `! v
5 O# e& H8 Z( O6 ]4 }, }He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! _, R6 T/ k2 p3 P$ t( d( b; Y# X+ @$ {) x: I
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& T: @; s9 H! \% N$ k" u; {
6 ~4 W7 j+ {5 b' q+ S) WWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! W- ]- H( s3 u" w
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 x( m+ M4 x" S( L( \5 n7 w ( B$ a" N. p/ J4 ~! |# L- u. \# S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), _) R/ A' B3 o- n
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; [ j2 p4 C" T1 [) ~$ }8 {! ]: i( O" @/ b( G/ ^: X8 S$ {: m4 B$ r, C
- x M9 w% S0 a; Q/ ~0 g% h) w2 Y! ^- x3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 }$ @& G3 i+ {/ m, C7 v# K. g3 ^
1 t% l5 k& b' {. K* C例如:, U7 y6 H) ?; q0 _4 e' ~4 b
7 t1 ]2 [: c, m. l) @; w8 hMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" O0 l0 N9 }) A# t, H' M( w4 h
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ p" n5 C# w) x/ x4 D. p- a: J' O( S- Y* r2 C1 q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 \; Y6 A+ H, N4 S' N% G
% k2 R3 e( j; O: w* o+ n8 F J9 T) sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 R B0 z3 \: y3 S8 V: [
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 k* J" T0 k1 N# V7 _. C % U, D3 l3 ^; o3 a. J# y) `Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! d1 f, Q% ^. E6 w l$ d1 y/ F w/ o3 G/ s
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) k* `1 @7 X: A
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + v$ q* j: K4 k, K. i# a2 C( v# \
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 P+ B1 U' Y& v9 @5 k d' t/ E- R' J: ]/ c2 {
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / {* Z, y3 g0 A* K4 a: p 6 q6 D4 z% l2 V7 o6 r' g2 P对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 {" n7 G0 P0 \7 A/ P: n
& ]$ d8 A- [& v" L对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 d- V& b4 R) P2 f6 ^; }7 a 9 z3 Y: _, f# \) D X8 i1 C u7 Z8 I对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' |6 W# K/ y. j/ a6 z7 e3 }5 o" o: ` 6 ?5 N* U* k7 M对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 q# @" |2 V$ k2 X6 E4 f6 g3 `# B
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* s" W# W4 T* {/ ^. `
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / b- G% T+ k# L 2 Y& ]8 M4 D+ D$ c% V. C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & |* K4 W/ E( ?