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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 `( R! D. o) }8 x+ @ ]# X
7 @5 o. D% B: x2 z: h例如: , D B0 S( j) Z; |% Y6 U( v# ?, ]' F 8 `/ |1 q8 z0 P5 Y( K, TMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + O% Z. O7 U, k. a & b. {4 b% T2 QThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) r2 v8 E+ o$ ~4 t4 w2 B$ |! c' F4 n0 T% P1 n9 v
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" R; J0 }- F" i& Y1 _% _
" P) {2 i' z& e+ `+ G, b' ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + D( l) \' s/ V- Y D# X: f; q4 _* Q3 X
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 z% H8 {5 ~. ]4 z: O3 ~
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 V! ^/ m0 P% `$ W3 V' q) k# J
( t; E/ f7 _# k) l& w: J9 wWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 X: }6 Y% c! E/ l ( y' O/ n' i- k+ W( i( kThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) c) Z3 b/ x* q0 v 3 ~ Z: m6 O& Z: o" v4 U6 \9 k, F, @4 mWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " f$ o$ A* B' e9 z- @6 B 4 n0 D' e6 h8 g0 ?' tPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 t8 n6 s. W: l6 O9 w5 N2 e$ X
( l, s9 P. b- |5 {% n3 x这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' i }( _; n+ y! S2 Y/ f: I: g/ q' u( l) {1 o- a& X$ R: ]% ]1 K& ]4 E
]7 Z d' I2 y1 ?: l: _) x( p' d! R, I 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 k4 M+ g6 u6 Y, Z, p; b: j
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例如: I* E9 \. O4 } - U/ e% Q9 P( {5 D+ NAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 ~. U& t: b' g
4 K/ }0 H( z. G4 I1 o9 DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ w/ p8 r2 {! B8 x/ B$ q$ D1 L1 K- i5 G
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # ?* g e: m/ N" [9 w9 @! ^7 h1 Q+ J2 a' M' H* _
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " g. g+ e/ @+ `, | 6 |) F4 t. U# M; EIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): x$ p3 i0 |$ z: C* d
# I) F* }, b n/ S* T( H, ]She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " v c# h; H+ c% a0 @: `% d, H ; d( m0 o5 Y5 n3 F+ hI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 {# C& ^8 F4 _# V, Y0 c; G
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + u+ i. ^+ Y! z6 X. z" x+ [) X& M* j
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 ?. e# x# [1 \, q$ t5 q# t% J5 T0 V ' i' Q( R: b1 uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 A6 e3 ~' b" w6 B5 H& r
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . n1 C J* o Y( z, a* L, @3 x H/ I + k8 P, H T$ }% JHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : U! u$ F0 Z. ~" ^$ r. {! i8 u& Q7 s! M. o
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) ^, Q. V, e5 S0 {
: [* F- d4 i% ~2 aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / w! X% z( g7 j& H# X8 c , P1 r3 ]& n) w1 Z% U( A: E u4 ?写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 k* a/ I7 M! i9 x! e1 q3 h$ U: d" ?) A" k! ~
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 l6 |" k$ }% a2 k H3 U# e6 Y
0 F* u9 M- R- A' S/ C & F0 ^3 R( S% A3 l3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 v( K2 ~! C6 @% f* q0 O1 d 4 _1 d7 M6 i1 @4 M例如:; @( ]; o5 P5 o
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; s6 n) l4 }1 c1 X2 F9 I1 c1 F( _! B' B7 p) V
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), c1 g. _7 R% F; G, }$ Q6 h/ B
; b3 f5 E2 U4 g: UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( S( G r$ z# T) s/ K9 p% M$ n( S9 X$ M" |7 c/ ] @
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) m/ [( I% P4 o. X! r$ d ; i$ F6 l; G; M6 lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) n8 @7 O8 f, j |/ q
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / s' P4 ?5 k" o 6 }/ d6 T7 G8 }! Q5 i2 r) _ W! r9 sCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! a' p$ ]) @+ _2 h+ v5 I$ w- ]! [8 [
( W% a- h, _+ C Y9 F$ _4 yStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): Y- i" P" l8 p! _& p8 p
, v4 i8 s9 r& R) m0 L& l- E( W0 l同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 z: f$ ~1 U7 ?6 |& j( i* G; ]% ^4 u' k% I
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . J- S, T+ P: t1 o3 H ) C+ k! O- K E对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + f' H8 O/ t7 \% b% M9 e+ i; J$ D9 ^! e8 F
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ w0 Y& A. h! Y: g& y8 l# r+ @ " g; N+ Q0 C/ Q$ B8 b% E9 }6 l对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ }( ]$ K7 i5 Y6 q* D$ B! e( T1 m# S
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; K* l* o/ N4 B) E0 e% e7 P% r
L2 y! @8 M8 f0 t9 V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: F" E# r9 L% d
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 Z- n; L7 [, l \7 p6 L% F$ j0 s8 q$ r1 T' u- s! L
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & R. U. P& K8 ^: r