本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 \- {9 [% B0 {1 C' P" j6 I
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 _. T. b5 d6 z' M+ j7 Y * @/ o) Z H& k4 A, B* x例如:* V/ C' p) W3 K/ P
' D9 C) [7 |& i3 u# v" T4 K* jMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 n" ]- _6 V* @# q3 j$ f3 M, H4 r# |; W1 {' Z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 u$ P* y$ J4 y# K$ J3 h! k4 {$ n% P$ _, R! S
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 c9 o) Q! N5 }) T3 r
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' G: E" i( R" b \1 u3 V" |% X 4 x7 z- N! }/ j) DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' G; D1 b7 V: r7 x; ^0 r% ~6 i
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), O9 I/ @9 G; ?. M: d
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 N9 d* u. o) f: Y% q5 Y9 k% Y9 ]% t# V
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" k; C' w' s* T( t
& ?- k. I& A k1 F9 c3 E! PWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 l/ |& W: m" w8 W) J# }( F7 U4 H
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' H" P4 }! M% k+ T : b, e$ W& v2 x( M. ~这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % R7 E: j; P9 Q3 E9 X( M5 i * C$ V" z9 N5 {3 y x, M/ } % p) n# P# ~% h. Z3 [5 x& O# t2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' m3 y r- w8 {2 |+ j! a5 o" f4 D: X9 x$ L
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8 x& y: L( w' [At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * v: q8 n/ m" {6 I% m! V5 S& M8 }* M
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 R1 R8 F+ s9 X( J' F
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 H/ I+ `; Z9 @' D , x' t9 [- w: [4 I0 }He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# E+ l: S6 E# E( H5 ]8 O
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 H9 ]4 n3 q) ?6 E
( {, |3 ?8 H! TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , j$ H6 ^4 C. m# u* F0 `* b$ c3 o + {1 b% |$ ?$ m: _+ @5 ^I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : l+ ?+ w/ ^3 a3 _7 q2 u9 g, U; G |6 Y: S
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 o, e6 c; v9 p5 h1 d, C; _- M% Q. W. s
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# o" c, w5 W& Z6 k) y; y
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , H b k7 r' T% T- a' Q4 M8 K- j0 l9 |% k
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 U3 m! e+ c, J# J0 F 8 e4 A, }' u7 a& v0 f, m8 w: sHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / Q& { I+ g: r; @% w7 l+ \% J7 z1 T' `. K
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , k2 o$ Q! u: ?2 l, U+ N1 | _7 _* a, R& K
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + `; N( X. V" J( ^8 w5 {/ ] 0 I9 K3 J; X6 h- r写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 c; T4 C* b! t) z9 q# B 8 n% @- D1 s7 y! g- Y3 a( b此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 r0 G: i4 `: [6 k9 p- v+ {- _1 k1 {7 q; b' G. t: Z
6 V3 E* i$ `# j; q; b5 I( a 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 P# z$ w" \ a; z2 g - `8 c- Z' m5 I! X, ]例如: - g8 _: y$ X- I( ~9 W! S3 ^' ?' e4 |# z# j
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , s9 E+ Z: q& N' j5 q+ U6 f- X; h3 N1 G. j: N5 S
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 s6 w' A2 R9 V% z2 g7 i" e, z% m. u
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + Z$ u8 T+ a g; @0 W5 l( E, }1 a . F" Q3 p: _6 vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' n5 q, S- L: W I/ d+ u
8 f1 F" h1 f: e5 k% dMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 m0 o b( e* M
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( J' I7 g8 U' _) G0 T) C
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 n9 o2 k8 k/ P' K( z
: k% ]7 `; J) z6 ^5 FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " k$ ^$ b( a- i9 y6 c9 {' [6 ]$ g8 ?
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 \8 ?# B4 G8 J j8 P 7 `7 M/ v# P. Y' J+ n) i, }2 B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 J1 X% _, C9 p/ q6 P* A7 I L& v' d5 t0 ?8 d
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 ]/ K, v- `% q; O! v3 A) y2 l* ~5 V' k" X( D. [1 @
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; H: i# p2 w- N$ d* B5 C T1 ]) e* H* x) n: B6 G5 r
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( i4 j4 w) H! o+ T # c. _0 _ w+ ], }* q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ [0 y+ |& }8 X7 v1 r
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 Y* Y4 w5 ^* x% F" {0 A9 H) F6 ~
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ _/ G" x8 q% k ]" c 4 G/ s5 L% i# k) J* t有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& Q, h+ \7 g" u3 K