本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) W0 T8 u: m7 n+ l: |, K. m
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 R5 a: p% y+ n! W; E& v 8 n2 x- w7 {" |& ~ S例如: 0 _1 G- b" Z* m$ F( I+ F& \% y3 x
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 l' X8 [* ?) m I 8 D+ b* o/ ~0 [" h, {7 |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). j5 b1 o& M" q+ o" ^: ]
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). q3 @2 w6 ~+ H2 k" n/ _/ p
9 W7 o& x5 \; NThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! w5 w: i, \! b2 H6 y8 M' d
/ H+ M) D, u% D$ ]1 ~2 ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 f; u, l) a: N" s5 `" z- u' J3 u; [
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- p0 ~$ f. X# K# }1 ^) u
! S, f" X: N2 W; nWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 m4 ^9 P8 [5 M, ?. P4 |& ?4 J& [. z
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). U& k0 W" C: P- a, {4 i
6 U8 a4 X9 e" T2 ~" V( T& RWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ e3 w0 p: @+ A% }- p3 Z
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% M) m6 z# E6 _" x& H j; H% J: ^+ }
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: a+ L; I) b* }0 D# S, a. M* X S! {4 w
2 |: k1 f* M4 X - c" L$ T0 R% |2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, } y* w& g4 a" [/ O8 y. u
5 \: ~5 L+ M: s例如: + c' H+ R; P6 v+ K0 {( r* O 8 P/ D( ^: E. ]" M7 ] LAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 Y0 m* K# L5 I. d: U( J! ^- X$ H9 M % }2 c& q1 E6 p7 h+ RDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ T5 \7 |# q+ d, H& {# h
4 c% v* J4 D' V% a0 {I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 K. M' a8 {. k" ^; x6 J6 J; j
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 Y" G$ ?1 s5 Y% M( @0 R; L# X8 w L; P; H7 C* ], R9 O ? m
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 i- V; W0 G X% |- j
9 a5 u0 A7 P& m( p" q2 vShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), n& d- T" q0 G( a; h* S# Z6 ]
6 f' }! v& F, pI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 F# L" k7 T. j& }
6 d* s& v3 E& @8 m0 D& E如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 v+ ~0 E) L( o* m" f
6 k: k2 _. @+ S: tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- @8 j9 p) ^9 p; Z
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " [4 y) h+ T7 j* E, S, p% B7 s& S2 {6 {6 p% Z0 q
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' F6 `- w+ W. D 2 v- o% W o/ `1 _. r8 H( d8 NHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 J6 O4 _! c8 i5 q5 }" y
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . ~; S L$ B2 m) q$ b# P( r 8 B9 m3 N$ C/ GEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 c# ]: X, U& K* g7 C. T; w u+ o3 e$ V1 X) T0 z! s& U4 ?. V# j" b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; G+ y& ~5 s3 [* Q8 M- Q% F' W% }1 T' f, v9 }- l
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! z# o" o/ B4 w6 \) F
! a- E3 d3 ? i& u9 w; I # C1 s- Y. m) _) s: H n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& n6 \3 f' n4 u9 i
" L8 ^/ b: C$ v' j F/ o0 r例如:6 \$ {9 w* Z, ~% N* k5 m3 Z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 t @$ H b+ U, ^6 y' x: ?! o0 f! M 5 p% m- a4 o) O! `, ]. t1 q; T& KManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 R% O+ D. E& f2 n! D* U8 f- \6 b
1 J l4 Z/ U+ X! L; S+ _' dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # s& y! n9 ~- E' H5 l W ) m8 k4 u4 e( E2 ]7 gHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 H* Q+ c; {' r k+ l" Q) q4 B+ q7 _; s4 Y$ Q& U' P
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( T0 u0 J4 I8 R1 w! S- V3 P
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ U& ~% P* O# D
) j) s6 [" [" o5 t w3 [+ dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ z& b# G6 \* n/ d1 I
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 B' a: Q6 l' B8 d! P% o3 N8 x1 U- a: P6 p# \0 ^
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ k6 v+ _6 C. |" x2 T7 d0 m _5 \- R. s3 f- {
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ O. F& g+ E; F$ k; a7 f1 p
1 e, }, D1 ?. P% z' v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 o' \% _2 {, C9 a
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" I6 X7 \4 z/ ~/ A2 l5 d
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 Z( u; f) G0 o% {, ?, J. N 1 ]8 |0 \- k9 f( D( d' n3 \对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & }5 _1 W. k8 P1 L! q% W" ~2 w) {6 }0 D! @3 I2 E
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * I% t7 h( F4 c4 p4 G8 t k1 c; S5 r( U" C' s6 V$ t* ~: l' A
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 Z( U9 Q6 i: k
& b! B4 P' A3 I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / v) g$ q# [' g3 ]4 Q2 r: M' f