本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 |& d$ X2 f: c3 `2 r$ E4 X0 d3 [& d
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + b7 H; U9 c: u# }$ L ; W3 g5 T. Z4 e; T! A( f# W8 i O% m/ _例如:1 k+ Z- |( J! l2 g/ C( x
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 C! E1 b5 }. a& P: n/ P9 v
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - a4 m& u0 I2 }2 k% A# r( e1 `6 n& G# K9 s6 H
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ @$ L* n' a4 v
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). ^. D$ ]$ e' y
w$ q" d/ q) V: W/ pI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! I3 J9 X7 K; | x4 K
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& m! V* u( r7 b+ M' s+ n6 F
0 c0 c( b; ]- E* |9 H" o/ _We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 P; K4 Y( E- z4 H+ Q: k7 n
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 M; ]! S, ?: A q5 Q5 T
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " f, l T2 Z7 U" X, P7 g" `9 v1 q: c4 V4 V5 o; Z1 r8 f# L
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 ?( p/ K. V! R9 k
& ~8 }4 g1 l9 s; t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' p* G% `) K. e; j3 k- S4 |
4 [' ?& j: Q: N( Q4 K. Y4 { 5 B3 y2 X* J: w- D( A4 V2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 G; t/ V; D* W" k4 j1 q( p; H" _# h; S% n0 B* Y0 Y: d: Y
例如: 8 t# H7 q5 r1 b9 @1 ]6 c6 A4 p, D+ d N! x( f
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 `* J' I0 {) ^
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' Q4 a) h- K9 B, g 7 r" A: y0 l2 R7 J! DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! y" \- ~, Q. C
! b' K+ S5 r* \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* P& k4 S+ m" T$ E) o1 O/ x2 c
+ Y. W. ]: j6 i3 `/ w! }# g; [4 q9 tIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 @ T' u" l. q
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 V( k) p" S1 b/ K0 m7 [5 W- p& t# w6 c( R0 B, }3 p/ J% ~
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 n h% C5 D! o/ F0 u: t2 ~: [ 8 K/ o$ C' O$ F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 k3 `( A7 N6 o( P9 t, C ' @9 r( H" O. q/ MThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): [" y0 u7 X5 T J
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% m9 ?+ I0 Z$ n" V
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# U( r4 m; k0 U1 H' v/ M9 ^
# A3 t' C6 @% v# B8 }: K4 ?- w* W" ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % v( y m8 [/ v4 q - [5 j3 [/ Q( G8 h4 F6 l8 _We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), I. |0 u" P" M' h
9 K* a6 e! x8 g/ _) ?: dEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) {" s9 t! R( K+ H0 C4 Q8 }! W
/ ]% |# [9 @, g% N写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 Q$ r# @' G9 V x, H- r, b. b 0 J9 e/ j" B' j: D% ^( t此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& G, M7 v; C i! P
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$ g" S9 [- ^0 P" b! u7 }- p 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 H+ r2 Y& R$ f {- Z% ?! g7 D* d+ D; A
例如: , T# Q; u- @4 O# C7 D$ c: I ! c$ X3 U `" A% X( ^5 F" hMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ O3 h( \! C- D% C5 z W p% g/ \ " j5 x1 m% l5 C( \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( ]0 Y% c8 w6 @5 a# ]+ E2 T % v# W, c' O& w' eThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 y& V, C" M- q1 {9 Z5 c2 ^
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 8 b2 }, x) T% e, V# v6 y1 T: ?& I% P; ^9 |, [ [
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) d. K' M. F9 C) v, P( L$ J ~' r! r( @ L. u7 a
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! z3 S' h b0 ]1 D `( f; [4 k7 _$ f
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % n6 c3 s% R3 P7 y- b( k8 B+ ~" K
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ H1 U" Q, E3 F) g8 b* ~
* F) o) x# [; {. k( A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 y A; i& J4 B* _: I z" q; S 6 R; e6 q h+ s; a; ~当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 p; G0 E: r; L+ j) K) N& e/ j+ d. O# q h3 p9 e: |
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( ]4 |; Y. ]. G
- T- G- G. t. }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 h$ T5 ~$ x+ ?8 x Y; @% M+ V, B% H" D! X% F, z
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 i! ]% l6 a/ n5 N 6 _% _/ J/ L s对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 F8 U' M' h5 Q0 {+ B 4 ?8 j2 `% O& a: C$ V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 U. h7 B2 i+ F, s- f$ t 3 H d4 ]- i* W! d/ x7 u还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 ^8 G- A5 t" _6 o
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 v3 b+ B" a3 F6 @% i4 _7 ~