本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # ], k7 u9 v* R. A# w. Y
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 v! Y# U) \+ w' c; q
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& ~1 g) F& C" ?$ X6 LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) O$ G- z; x. ]9 n& | ! D I+ w2 x# f6 DThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * ?2 y7 H/ E: g4 k/ ?& f" B7 x' x7 D
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* ?* c; A* a* H1 {+ [1 U
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 l' D. F0 C c, Q8 x5 S2 o& a: l; m' l, L) Z- P
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # C4 r* _9 _0 j( _. C& W1 T1 l `5 _% x# S3 b& G1 iMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- r- }3 a0 Z/ i$ A0 n$ R
S, y1 T* S& f! V! E# Q: bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% o1 R4 N+ q+ }( G! b1 `( i5 J/ B6 D! {! Z
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & ]& r+ X% w3 V1 \- u' q3 e) T \+ N3 j0 k
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); H, `7 `: e5 k& s
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 {1 H7 R( E- R# C0 H M# |2 C' p
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 G% j, b7 j! Y( @! A/ y8 t
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h* l1 ~, Z8 q9 ^8 [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - n) b5 a7 ?/ Y3 i2 U6 Z 7 ~; X. D4 h0 K7 ?6 y& a: z例如: 3 B# a/ W, n$ y, w' p7 H # Y' z0 e* Y) _8 d" {3 HAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 w* |; o: m1 D% _6 V/ h) W3 P% Y. j2 Z% D! N% O% ~
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 \4 D* j- X, {! `: G* G* I
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 x: l7 [% \4 y i: i+ U+ t0 T6 \* x" ~ f; D+ p. U0 K
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 E0 M) Q$ i$ B. W* \! }) |: t+ {" p5 ^
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 J/ r) ^/ k! I, r
/ x8 V% N2 X9 v3 p1 CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 ?* v7 U7 n) v @* W: Y4 }
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ n# ^) p1 F# x( n% l9 {
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " V3 x6 v/ M/ q3 E Z4 W2 Y* E, k3 c) \: f3 V U& \3 H
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & Q# t; h4 `: h3 f8 K 8 e2 x! `( p' ~- PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 K$ B$ F, y+ O0 e) \/ W# F. I8 q1 \1 [$ Q+ O6 ?$ q
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& } O: p2 L# h
( K. Y, L1 \" lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 }% e. v$ M2 f; J6 b# E$ |+ u1 `; x& S
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 j' f, Y3 b% {+ U
+ s' \2 e: |& ~$ o9 hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( t: B9 @ t4 G8 w5 i# w" X7 g % r3 P2 z: r5 ^, T3 f8 B写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 Z( R: c) D$ G9 I: h
- C1 u/ r/ b0 Z7 M! i/ P此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * X- W; T0 z8 d- Q: K# S 7 _& T" w a/ ~% R% A: T, ^1 ]+ A3 N 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % _" C$ D) E" r+ H# d- l. u5 @% c0 d$ x( X; M8 F" K
例如: & p) f$ X6 v8 _. S 6 y# Y+ ?6 a9 P& V" o# ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 f! z& M5 G3 C/ j6 @
6 \ s. W9 t3 EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). m; i8 B7 [6 n# Z0 \, c0 x2 E1 X- X
! R% R2 s9 n* O2 Q0 WThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) Z' y# ?8 y6 x: N% {' }5 k- ^4 p. i; U
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( D* t+ g: l3 o/ }8 \: ?2 l " |- a2 H7 n9 S. E. Z5 s, }3 DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( b* U# |: V: a. @% L$ j
) b7 G$ z( M* x* q* i" H3 h" V# ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 K) [3 A' O: `1 O b0 [5 V+ j+ g) G0 _' c( N% x
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! }% M+ p) @2 R# q& S0 @7 v$ `
$ J2 m/ u s' ^0 D% eStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 O0 I/ T. p& C: d3 H$ ~ " w, ~! s6 |7 [4 T' }! _同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 v/ ^" o) e( X' n7 C5 v6 a' D1 ]
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : P' _8 O! q2 j+ k% v( P8 ^) X# V: T7 N2 l& C7 Q
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% [/ e( n9 t N, p
7 N( r; R% o# C) \对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; o0 B4 O) `7 {1 U [3 X( E* k, s! R3 b" J4 R! b+ u
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( D) m0 W8 H8 X" g8 z) k$ K1 t$ V [/ D" Q5 H8 b
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & n! j% p( O7 q J' H$ [, x$ s/ ~: c1 m9 {/ i$ m
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) B/ H5 L! U& w, R
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: ]1 e j# k4 c* @( z- Q4 l
3 u8 h, d/ V3 |有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 {7 s* L; F6 T5 p' }, g