I- i+ w& ^) u/ F转帖 $ f9 E# d' \% g" U/ X. s/ V1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- ~ j6 V) U' J# S$ j
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例如: s4 D( G' d0 F) v* v& x: f5 \ 1 a- B0 y ^- o9 t* j9 `# cMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ P8 x& F7 l$ B9 |' f# T6 f/ j: n4 z8 A( w/ A' q
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' R) t9 L, U* }- r# K $ E2 T/ x+ Z4 [" w9 O7 p$ B6 tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 e$ |! r; }* L 7 z% |0 M& [- t6 \* s, VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 Q# V1 x S: ]8 v: q
& M, A o+ L& o! }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): }5 f( q8 ?4 U1 T7 p8 ^
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + ^ K4 C# l6 n 9 _4 X& h9 _" z% x6 x9 ZWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" _4 i& q7 S i6 O
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 V# m$ j, o) @" O& g6 Z, H! Q V4 ^/ g, o; f+ ]3 {We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) d) l6 H( h4 S ]9 r4 {
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . u$ P2 {3 @$ o+ p8 X ; t* _7 q0 \1 x0 I0 x' M! Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( a' S! J) O @9 u# m
7 d- V" I1 W K# h( \ 4 K, N! H9 G' X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 l/ ?2 w: m) N3 q" L8 k
) \# |2 M& K. J8 z例如:% I4 d+ a- J2 P L- `# U
3 J/ }2 s" }: S" ~% @. OAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) \: B8 W' j1 h' ]
& ?/ Y9 X) c/ W/ b! aDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 ^( Y/ v/ u! R1 c6 r$ v- q& z
" l; [4 h4 R( u8 k0 W3 rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 q/ l# X9 H& Z U1 k+ r/ f9 ]. p, s' b; m# G* K
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" V0 s0 X3 _ {- S j. e* c1 v
9 P/ s- n3 o& N/ M8 Z, c- iIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( S0 j- z1 h0 _# A7 u9 k
4 S! d6 y- e7 u1 B: x$ O* M8 bShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 y$ @4 r# M5 f( q z
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) s+ ?9 K5 x4 ? r* j9 N6 o 8 N8 e- D& ^! r) x+ ~+ N% P9 B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ O4 Z# d" b4 M ]2 g
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& M: Q, C0 L5 V1 a' ~. u" q& H
/ j" S+ r: s) }3 o4 aThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ f: E# o0 {2 l/ _% }8 c/ N
j- h& L. z0 _; G: OHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' M) \" o. `7 O4 \# q ) U' x2 ~5 K2 S, |! fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) R, Z& @: g' [, L
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : w# s* {( ?2 ?1 R# F0 n8 V: o7 C2 [# ^# a6 o. e w# ]' r; F
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * Z$ z$ I1 B3 e: D" x/ B $ Z5 m1 r$ a! N' I: O( N4 [写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' e+ x& c* \1 ^$ E5 F! D& Y1 A8 E9 G! c4 Q/ K$ G, G1 n
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 q1 N2 n& b0 W! G
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- ?% K1 m; s2 `6 U, U- q: s3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) T' t+ \. x' v- G) E; v2 V
7 R5 a! g3 {% b/ U/ g* b) B$ B2 }3 Z例如:( @( w3 b2 o9 ^; E
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ H2 L6 K" w' z# {
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 e. }# x+ [( a! e1 L# N& _) N
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- j' g l/ e( S
4 a0 g, k! J8 f, x' XHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 c9 E* j \% l6 ]' Z 6 S d: B8 J- NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 F5 ]2 J; c( x, j" | & I6 M! `' L" [* [" rPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); y1 C7 n% i$ p+ l& _ c, `
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 _' c2 X$ F/ @% M+ h- g( p F8 N5 q' D( F6 l t. }
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / \5 E2 p) b% A4 Q) V 4 I" a5 X( I+ a* i& I4 Q2 N1 r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' h) @$ N& K5 X7 u7 z K% n& e' K* U 7 F) T( d1 `4 C+ z1 m# W5 c当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 U7 }7 C9 y2 u9 M$ s$ T8 F& p5 O* w4 ^( P) z, o
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - w: B/ R9 M5 w$ f! S9 f- u9 a" l, M+ R4 |& X. V# c0 z1 B
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 ]) D1 ?, R0 o& @' c4 }& ^( m7 _( ~4 ?
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;7 O9 ^! f0 `1 x0 r; f+ ?* n3 B
6 w+ o( ^# I7 m" V! \3 T% T' G还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% l" s+ K8 ]3 F( K
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ |0 ~; E5 e: y, h