本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : H" W. n7 o8 l5 _
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 f4 c$ D M/ `1 |3 X8 S" a) R& g+ u
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例如: . ]6 w4 A) `4 }: z / M6 d! k! Q& p% Q8 Q' ]Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 `/ Z, _$ n8 T6 h1 g2 w. v : c: P. X1 s( P% {& @6 a7 u2 VThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . A" H2 M, j# \5 y% p6 `' B 3 t8 q: D. X# i6 ]; c' O" V& e3 oThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( s, S; U6 C# i" g7 m7 Y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 ?! S( D5 j/ r6 @2 Z2 G5 W) I* T' W+ [* b% v) R
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 ~2 X5 F2 k: c) M6 v
' i W2 |: ^$ }- u d) {. KMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). K! R4 _6 X* g) s
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) w% ~9 i) t9 t7 p5 h* p 0 s& F8 T8 ]9 B# K( W. i, F" y7 I2 O4 HThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" E9 X9 S6 i! p
; m5 Z# U- ^& E6 ]3 r* WWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 O8 P% B+ h" B2 R6 {2 w U' q& n: g3 L( P
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 ^- R6 P G/ c# @
4 b2 X' {, B) L这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : F {6 ?8 u! N2 J. I$ H 1 r$ q3 y: h, h5 Z/ A7 c: r+ P8 W& K, ?$ x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & J. p% d$ g$ g( U# r & [) w4 `7 ^5 d2 c# U例如: ; V3 D4 Q: l8 i! ^. D# q& I8 S+ Y, G; X
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 l# ?7 s; k% A( L6 e2 I/ ^6 q: e1 @/ r! ~, `8 r
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ Y' B/ o* X' u8 m
9 p& o( X6 Z, O( ^0 D% Z+ wI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ u2 i* u% P% Y( n' Q' X$ v0 g, L' c
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 X V: K% f7 v, p. v# |7 Z G ` C0 O5 I H: ?% M5 p
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 N% z( r8 {. T$ |( O+ u) ?+ g# W% s# t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ d4 ?% {2 w0 @* b! z. A
+ Y0 X3 U0 T' Z4 \; q- _I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # Z7 ?3 b# D/ y: |3 j+ b: ?' |7 u/ t* j' M* g9 d
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! S, H/ M% x* g' K9 R7 R! @) y
; }7 i$ ]% H& u/ ^' L6 lThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " D3 K- }7 o# o8 U3 M2 n 5 U/ _( C' P6 W4 C8 {. LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 `' ?* ^7 u- H& _ a% e) e# c2 A6 E, M
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 @9 l5 M) L4 t N0 I, A6 s6 M, a; Z, q4 L/ |) W- _9 |( x, N
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 ~- q5 e$ z$ l- o6 U; f) n0 r5 \
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 A: o+ p; W% w
4 S, L, q, c" w% ~" `0 y! {, VEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 c f. [% _% g( ?& `$ F8 f4 Z
, s$ J( S& e; P5 E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 a( [, y$ [# Z) T8 ?$ |' U( L& H' n/ f8 T2 y$ f9 W; y
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 s8 q; O7 q% r# E, T" a7 G, {) V V
9 I- X6 Y0 c6 T. L+ z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, ~6 z, n" @! L7 m6 d6 p3 T) r
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例如: & M# ^; y% a! T& U2 i7 o 6 ]4 n) G) _1 t: ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* _- f% {) e3 G
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- X6 r) Z7 K5 {7 Q& n+ ~
3 r- p0 Z( b" L6 IThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " D8 S+ I8 V! a, D( M Q" `2 E) U9 k6 ^, S
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 m% @; ` f3 Z/ Z
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% n6 v" n, d0 V
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别). @2 l( ~1 M/ e6 M% `4 F
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : ?: U/ L' m i' w ^8 A, k0 x$ r% c- `' t
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 G f- R. B* L) ?& }* o: r; b
3 Q* @0 E3 I, ?% X. C a同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # f. @1 u5 d& J, J# W 9 s1 [4 r) e8 k0 O# S; i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : _% q ^. ^6 }0 }$ |& {. D$ V. x7 K) _* z3 ~
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & C- r3 i# j* r$ E; E ; x( M/ u& z9 q$ J0 E2 O6 y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! B# T9 \+ V1 c! v" n4 i2 S6 y' q3 }" { o
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- [2 C3 q1 J- Z" q
v; g. I5 ]8 l8 X& ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * G" x" y! r; ?) I& F! N3 p$ v( t; V+ D- I. m: P
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 S1 s: O; c; o6 k W2 Q
% q" e7 a) Z$ [2 g还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 z+ @6 G/ n* G: p: m' ?
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( H: D9 v( p8 [) ^