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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 n+ t$ s4 H4 x& }4 D: q8 B8 P6 ?4 Q( m) H. F
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 D. i2 x5 a8 G3 I 6 v& C( o: h6 s3 x; w; RThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # L7 _$ Y0 {& G2 L6 @( C3 P/ X ; h6 [( n! X9 B8 DThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); z7 g. o& S5 T5 e4 `
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 r f) Q- L9 n. C8 j% { 4 }6 |/ L# g* yMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( K$ Q0 u ^: P" A
9 b/ R5 S5 o' P$ d' MWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) o `7 q( K$ F Y; @# P
% A& b) P7 p( M4 EThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) I" [/ M7 ~. N6 m$ ?% a+ y' ]9 _
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : o, o* |7 ~* q0 V/ b. e: L; O! l" u2 Z- l
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ e! {0 [( G9 Q/ @9 d! s
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + m+ z0 m8 O* v, j- P$ {& q & K; j$ o9 f" [/ V8 I ' T( D! m" @8 v! Z _2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# M* ?; E2 Z; c9 G- O9 f; g8 ]& P
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例如: 4 o) X1 H% W/ b( w, N1 e& u: Y) ]2 g5 Z$ D4 h! \. p
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) o/ u5 j) `; ]" {
" m- u2 z$ ?% t' UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), K v/ @5 @/ {" m1 p# i
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); N3 c2 O4 R% |" F' m
. U' \ R0 t$ D6 J% zHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 S& v8 W* {4 H: F$ P
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . \% J9 u1 u& ?9 w- c9 m2 O9 u0 b( l: n
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 d0 w9 ^3 U, N4 g9 w0 b8 k' T. P) V - O4 u) T* _5 L- E4 tI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! J9 b/ B" B! \6 V. N # X1 \; [- T* Y7 i2 b& h如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( |& I" ]+ V" ^7 w
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ J8 x# V$ _' C3 A2 x. F! I
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& J% S- V0 u( l& z* ?
- Y5 T2 ?5 F% L" \7 m5 LHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 r6 ]( u6 J. `! y& z/ Q! L
1 k5 P4 e- f- w! f8 y. X# C5 RHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) w3 D2 @" a2 j. [- t, l
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). y$ Z& v" Z! v% |9 w% M9 n
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 ?& T, V5 b/ D( g ; U2 A& [3 @% w( d/ S* Y4 V写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), R+ B( D7 n- M
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * v. u$ {" [; X/ J7 f4 i% H' f7 Z& m' B. [) C
' w8 b! ]& [# f3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( o d& V1 R+ x . r( F% n! n6 _7 O5 ^例如:+ Q/ h/ @% p2 h5 s
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) P$ V, x5 ^; D* E7 q+ F2 ?- \! Z4 X7 O & {% ~/ h) n/ F* nManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . Z8 `) o( v5 B9 p3 m, f9 f, R" T G' d" f" h; f+ B+ I$ y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 a: h% O* j' {3 s; V 9 w: w) P: @: M) CHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 A0 R- c ~: M: }2 L
( }$ ], L2 r) f" L; |; K5 z+ {Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 x4 L4 n4 k0 R
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 c" o' Y5 }' c# g5 X* G- v $ f1 ?' J/ B+ L6 g8 jCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + S7 l' n/ A. r% I. |2 y, x1 s5 h7 {& ^; f+ X5 h# a
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) I* _$ n: X I" ?- @4 a # F' c. Q; B% j0 C& b! A: ?5 o& ~同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # I/ r4 o& B E0 ~0 G& B: E" I/ f3 U. n" r, v0 D0 v
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" t0 j- w$ R( ?
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 e: ?3 C* S' |4 S& w$ A: x! T% p- D
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * W+ e' G, y( b' H5 h ( ]) c* f: }; q. R/ s0 p! d对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 t6 w/ l- O: |# M1 @% P$ z/ I5 ^) u
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, _+ b3 T$ w9 f% x6 B
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. g5 D6 M& ], ~" w
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 m1 A8 z% b) i) z. o
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : g' E. z0 z' }: d( q8 s) N3 y