本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 Z7 H: K! w! d% m( n/ e2 x7 { V4 W4 m! [9 t! j 转帖& W' F& S7 `! T8 t5 [
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 A- c! s2 ?; M+ ?' ]
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ B1 E; L" Y3 e, O w& P
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 F2 w6 q* L: \! _
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 {6 q1 K$ A% j
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ n# [1 j" ^/ E. b
, l3 L: I. G& ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 g, x( `, Y) j5 l3 }* B q9 P 1 C' C! n3 c- t$ mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , O# O5 [$ O9 F7 q0 C ! O. J! s( I9 u7 `We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) {" I3 y5 m0 [9 w" q 8 y1 o2 ]* f& `8 `7 ^0 DThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 U! I1 }& M; o
; F; P& c; ^; P6 J9 \We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # U. b+ z7 e7 @$ `9 q& Z, X) ^" T' p* @1 d* F
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" {# _" k- r) b) ^6 X
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / [" E$ K( {" i5 U" k8 v9 O, T; o W X. l( }: u9 i: w ( V) n; l! v8 ?% `2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . A! P$ H- w( P1 } G+ e0 A/ W. y4 h/ K+ [, j
例如: 8 F$ j8 V i! ^( _2 ~! g 3 T+ W0 p2 X( p4 F% A: G. DAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . R1 H/ w5 ~- z8 i3 e6 u/ M9 [ 0 ?$ R- Q- j: b/ o' k( p& ~6 n ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) A' K3 x5 N* Y! ] , u" h# i, C7 \/ b8 h% w& }9 hI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 \) U7 D4 }- |/ |* T
; f6 r# i! K; |8 ]He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 v/ _" W" Y; g
. F7 o- }3 a' e; l5 M! c; LIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 y% _6 K0 s, _! w$ e' ^9 n: f6 s, L* X2 H. u# V
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 T1 k7 r; l* g8 d8 i! V
( r( U( T5 |( h6 k% R, f0 y+ x- tI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* L4 E$ g7 l0 }+ [: N1 u
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( O/ N" t2 t" Y2 Z9 `, ]
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % w6 V5 c3 Y/ g f* `+ w5 h 8 b8 ?2 [& L; Z9 l9 ]. QThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- l, [5 V3 G% |5 @# a# I& N
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 J- }% c2 h3 X0 {
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , Z0 e) r# K( C4 B0 y9 i7 O5 i" h. h) D. n! L
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / X9 ?% e: I3 z$ R, R7 D* c5 ^; I' G8 l7 [5 K; B. f& F& {7 S e
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), ~' b N7 W* S* p
8 n3 [: F* |0 \1 Q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 s) H: |% d! ^' Q; N" u( t8 n
* N7 V+ Y2 i( c2 j d此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- @9 N! T, p G" h6 N e
/ v* d$ A' k# x) X) y7 R# x' a6 }" k- d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" t- f6 m- ]: s- c( D, _8 r6 M: R9 q( R
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例如: 8 K0 N! o7 Z2 [. E2 G/ t ( \+ x6 [9 Y' G4 I6 F. t& R$ hMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' ~* F6 }5 k4 h. A
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # `6 x* r. K8 @ ( M% d' p# w: l# w) f$ X1 gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , o! D; ^- E0 u" e! ~: x 0 M- v3 s3 i3 w5 e3 {/ vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ Z8 A( ]9 ?* u3 n- i
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) e3 A+ p0 N5 m0 K $ e' W4 y a2 i+ N, q7 h# FPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 u" \% }1 Y P, t$ ~) \2 \- E: I5 L0 Q! a9 ^6 S
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 @0 D! t3 \( [4 {
! r6 a) l" ^, A' g& e- C) i# zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( H4 _' m) {% c! Y5 h ( k# b% k$ V' Y/ D( @. c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 ~& P! I8 L/ [. i3 B1 Q$ l
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 I5 e0 _0 \/ ^0 }9 h, R0 b2 w# G& b- y; G6 L+ G: e
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 K$ z% M2 T# `' `$ m0 k
$ }" s9 c7 U% Q4 q" r对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 s8 g" h' h. n0 d z' }. X! Y; l6 Z4 n* o! v9 _
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* U- U5 j. Z; F
" e( I9 l _: i1 v2 K1 Z' Z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& r7 ] Y1 X+ ?* d7 I F6 ?1 o1 F
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: U) h; `. @* Q& M + f2 K$ m# X- w1 E0 W, `还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + ^7 v* F+ b/ p5 ` - O6 U k3 Q% \, U3 d6 _有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 - S* x/ W! }: @9 S