本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; E) x4 z. Z j$ Q' R; S, s
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # W* z2 N8 A7 _- I f 2 O0 s A" u3 U# f( C/ R6 x例如:) H+ p7 Y+ u8 U2 x( i$ y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), ]$ n) y- }5 X% w
- H- d' f6 i; R# q1 {Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 Y5 m( V' |; G" q' m D8 ?, g( z" D: U1 t
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) N7 L/ P- `+ K% `% y. z0 T3 @, T' ^) I
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 I& c: u0 K. U; R' v. a- V; \, ~# d6 y# Q- A- t& `5 U/ C1 X$ ~
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 a% ` g5 O# d+ K ?
7 t7 V; F7 y. a- A; E/ uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 v2 h- d! q' K) p, x& T. t8 k6 \9 ~3 _ 5 z0 K/ W# m1 P' a0 MWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 {, n5 x2 O/ R0 k% m7 E+ Q, j: E
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 l* e( V6 Z3 }0 o( l# _9 ?$ t9 F
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * }. s+ b" p D( E# v7 @* j5 A2 e; f& K% h+ [
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 @- i! F0 c3 X3 C- I 2 `' j2 c0 H3 { g: p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 x- z) B2 h$ t. k& i$ p# ] 6 S5 v* r& L9 f8 V8 ?* @ 3 [ c- ^3 s. _8 J# i2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 D) y: q2 T" @% @7 }3 K+ F; Y+ b1 t8 p
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . n0 \: }3 h6 \5 V7 j" W; G6 F' l e4 y; j# F2 T$ e5 M
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 b% c7 [$ c+ V7 l5 Q9 h/ T/ C/ b
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 A3 B8 c# Q/ K. a( y# U8 W: } * v- O3 m* @$ h# a% u& Q* \) a& IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / [3 J% z8 @- H/ G4 z2 J( {+ E5 A+ V' I
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ Y& D( |% _* J
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): x* H- e- G3 ?0 V# A" l
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ f% _* J* V9 p/ C' r
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 Q1 {2 e& P4 P7 G3 q4 n
8 [8 w( z2 g9 D5 B6 O" a9 X+ Y6 jThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * [3 {1 S& Z" A' B8 R+ N( n R. t' m 2 v" c% M$ B `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 {! I" ~3 f; c
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 @8 C' w' x, J# s5 y/ o3 S% e6 {. T) Q
3 `& Y0 X6 x1 \' l6 fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): y ? M2 t0 \2 Y& W
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); x3 N! E5 Z8 x( i% H: V
/ w) G' `4 p% pEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ N" b7 p) M; F4 H p+ A. D: w7 B8 p
5 s1 T* }! [/ Q: p& k+ x4 h写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 i( n. `8 a; f" h
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' B# f/ Z; X5 ?/ N0 g: l! i( e& k: o" n" F4 ~
) g! e% l7 v- e; e 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * w$ C. C/ a5 K$ y% c M5 W \9 v [: |3 b s( _# `9 _) o) D例如:, y9 O/ S8 @' e$ x, T9 `: `
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- q. `+ f" M# D; C% i; k
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 j/ i7 V- Q( S* X" g7 t
0 J9 R* K9 Q/ JThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 V3 _* H2 K- S3 V* Q; @
( @" U- K+ Y$ Y1 ?He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! f Q- S, t0 L5 b
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) z2 x5 p" |! ?- l
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 ]( _3 w$ [# v; l6 c/ `
+ W8 ^7 o) U' ?$ g" E8 N. b' mCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! Z( b+ M, f- }, S( S
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); O2 r( P7 _' a _% C
/ e) z L! m1 r3 v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . T; [' t0 I- ~ K# f2 [ j0 x0 T* l/ z* y, _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 6 M1 E' q; d% z$ }$ X6 i5 z; P5 b3 D, a1 ?9 o7 t" D' o: h
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . N1 t- M' ~& D8 G5 P+ F4 r' X: D9 D! ` f5 g9 l. {
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! h1 D; m1 A4 g. y+ X9 x8 g % B. l+ c' \ n3 E* w对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 c% A7 |! u* I* z! K 9 G" v( k+ v: z* n8 w( T E3 u4 T对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & b s7 B) p) U1 A) j ' b$ ~2 U* C2 `: C) r/ P! }* A% N至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . f3 C# Z$ G0 r, k/ r9 ` 6 S9 q0 ]1 y4 a( ~# I: F还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- ^: W. W! a5 C
- z1 S8 v' n! a& }0 J5 G# N# N, }7 x/ G有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 |7 v4 e2 L5 t5 \ n! r; f