本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : r* T- }) n5 S. x% o
& {& F* w- I$ i% v8 n" g 转帖 3 t9 ?% E# N/ x: r, h$ V1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 G9 ^5 E+ I' A7 P9 B$ o " m \3 u P4 J) V8 d( a" y- c8 E% e例如:) { o2 W5 C( i4 S( J; F7 p
2 Q9 i& G; ?# \) M: @# GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); L, k' A! |( J: I
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ j) n6 f6 Y7 o- w8 Y
0 B1 E8 F( f! ?" \4 I' ^This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 `5 I- [1 E5 q4 Y a 6 \8 P$ c" ^% g* ?; Z9 O1 mThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- f5 O6 X& }% f2 w, V0 z" X
; o7 x) x& q% B% U$ |! ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 ^9 U% i1 l4 ]; F; j* F- ` l
8 G" ^! O; c, c/ s$ m. I: ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). V; f; N* k2 |# ` w8 b
! @- ~5 u C# a5 c" X! x8 fWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( o- _. x' x. I2 D6 _/ z. x5 W1 q+ Q0 o' ^% k+ L+ P
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 |7 H/ F: M2 I' U7 L
, {3 @$ `4 |& Z$ y, V9 j: g& |We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 \$ T3 s! }0 `' K, V 0 J7 A$ g: _7 g' A% OPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; j3 J; G$ z4 g, q " O5 Z5 Y+ E/ z6 k5 x这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + L# m- Y5 Q0 V. L6 Q5 o2 T7 b" Q) u. }. v$ r/ |
0 p9 y; W! _2 n' |( `0 h# n v C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 k# @+ Q% K9 j# _4 I0 g+ ]1 h3 m8 i9 T# y- b& @, k4 y
例如: ~: J5 Y- N; ]7 [: U0 O" H
/ X& B, V" C n0 u1 BAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) w- D+ s5 Q! K. N! ?, \ u/ |
: b* m3 i2 n. U9 y5 u" F T' y6 l' NDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) g# H% \8 ]* _- k% p
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; M& }# x4 M! i0 r ! u" S! W$ J6 a0 S! [; }% ^8 x9 eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) i* [1 }& { U. v: p U7 s. X8 ?: e) W: p& J5 [
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) y; ?; r" w. x# ]# ^/ U; [1 T2 ~4 j
. m; v5 D* P+ mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 ]' O( b1 V; u8 o
2 }' G- o5 x R& HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 U6 R7 [; m/ b# U5 F5 ?8 @
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 x* j! _% \; _ D2 b) l1 o/ s. L: [& `6 fThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 c% z9 G. z- r) F2 s% b( \
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : ]1 k: B) ~1 m+ \1 b6 G C+ |. i9 r2 A! d2 q* K4 i
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " h. T3 B2 E6 e' r, W4 ~$ O1 @- H. W2 M/ z. g
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 x5 a3 d2 q5 s4 P8 S1 ~ 9 c* {! f3 T, [" @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 `7 C$ K( u& m% Y0 e$ n2 T2 X1 a% s, w7 D6 x
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 r0 H- ^. {' \7 x1 h - D! ]8 D1 d+ _. Q: f- c* l写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 Z7 f- G0 A5 }+ `2 J7 c8 w) w) g; c- M% F
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + Q9 g9 j! i, ]* i2 i * a7 C3 L3 p! m9 v/ W 3 w q z8 K- Z+ g# @" o$ M3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 w, \% D6 n+ y( R0 {0 ] 9 u4 {& H) K! \( D/ w' X! y, K1 ]例如: / l& ]8 d; g: H / Y! b0 ^2 O" pMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ Y ]) f' S7 Z& S% N9 b
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 `3 O D- D/ q9 _: r8 C; [4 l2 j6 I) D& L7 q7 n
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) E8 R& P& x+ j4 z4 o- U% h, o$ ~1 [" `: a
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- K* `+ s/ y* I7 {1 x
4 Y# L* p: u: q: YMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : n: L" {: K2 ] % f5 S \* H7 aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 _; u% G9 I1 ?3 K+ S+ | 6 b2 Q- m! s" P! g$ W# U* ZCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / [. {# R3 N/ i& E6 T8 S; {1 ^ ; o, h% B4 k1 Y4 G% g0 _2 h X6 ZStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 C& X H) Z3 j) O ~9 g `4 u
# Q: t1 r" Y" b同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 u& ?) b8 K* s/ B2 l$ f" e B6 g* ~) d6 h
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ P. f7 t3 T( C4 P% w$ {# l) v p# o @$ K
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 q! {) V7 i: R- p5 ^4 P
8 c0 `; d0 q% c6 o! l0 G对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , o2 }0 \- w- y ; l( ]4 U/ E1 z4 b% m& h0 X# _! r对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) w' F& B0 G% n: D4 O( P
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + i: K8 ]" i+ B9 ?, X6 E3 ]) i1 o8 l1 l9 w$ v+ X
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 _4 A9 ?6 v6 V: z1 K" r7 a
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ) h0 I' k- T: O7 I : v: [: U% c4 }8 j0 S8 }7 A有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 W2 y4 p3 m" i4 t2 G