本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( \& r6 T; x' d3 i- F1 v8 Z
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 d6 S7 Y: M5 P: N( t$ q. w, c y' v: v9 d% A. n% F; c例如: + ]6 X" V2 f* q n! L- o0 o, B 9 Q8 d% c6 c/ M5 V. mMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 b( ?: Z: f; i0 @4 f
* q% U; K( W- a4 j8 @! m% V3 c' \Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), i2 l) d6 F+ z1 h
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / B' t0 U: L3 Y; z8 z# @# k, p! _0 @( U5 \7 C2 Q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % ]" F+ o/ D5 d, F ]. `% _ |. P- h2 i0 G% x' x. Z! ?I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 ~$ K' e5 k7 ?" l- n% [0 d# S& \4 g; f: f
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) F' Y* K0 P: w$ i, W7 `3 |
/ J& u' j) X0 G6 N* x8 A( ~We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ {* o6 D) w) S/ P* @5 h 2 G1 k+ D/ M1 k3 MThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 Z5 s! K) F4 v! {
+ P2 f: |1 h( {. q# X! w$ ]+ r# |7 HWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % i w: L- \* X# G5 ? ! @ }& \% Z0 L9 i( }& c7 t8 LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& P' Z5 y' ^1 i
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! M0 Z: |1 ?3 ?! m. ^: d
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, z' ?; M& N5 K3 o5 J( L) c$ O0 w/ ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 T1 A- x* M2 f2 n# ^" d0 Z$ L5 \7 ?$ p
2 G7 ?" p$ k: H1 i7 M例如: ! i, l8 C) u) _; H0 S9 O3 y. \2 d: @* P" H+ ]
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( r. C; i# Y+ i6 G# ^/ L% K1 Y/ I
' t" y; ~! g2 a( _$ Z; u/ p8 FDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( V9 y3 l6 W5 m) t( N. r
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * z" W7 y" N% v: t: B1 P7 V2 L1 R, s5 d y3 H- d" V
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 @0 Z9 K2 j R9 t2 z" h& s
3 _6 ~, t4 R2 Z8 o* r i& HIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 _5 a7 z: X! O8 M3 g
8 k8 S! X6 T& sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& Q# D- ]3 p# h
0 L3 X9 o& D8 V; p LI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 ]/ r* ~. ] R* v. P; _' V
2 l4 A3 c3 M8 X$ \* b* _如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ ]# _- n- ~! E* H5 o$ V2 y) [+ r6 C
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 B5 X7 s( @6 F ( O8 b( ~6 V- LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - s% H' `' L: E/ k5 f / |3 U- O. J0 z( E2 ^( V YHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 B3 a3 d* ]" v: P( t i$ j
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ L: B" R$ V3 N! l9 c : z) W) ]5 { [) ?1 PWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& I6 _/ S: k5 n
4 ^0 T& Z- [+ qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; E4 [' p$ L3 m/ J2 V9 m 7 l9 ?9 D! I0 n& Y0 n4 b. U' Z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 f) q$ c" A) B1 j4 C# W* P# P
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- i$ H% C5 u: w7 _' K0 I
- `- O5 y `( A! A' P+ \/ B7 L+ v6 P5 d2 h+ O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 \# y$ F, V( |- ?( n6 s# ^ k, V
% o3 I" |: w3 }" V- E2 t7 }例如: : ]2 w. `8 p+ A, G+ e. Q0 G7 A+ b " n& l9 X" g6 I9 h6 R. [Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 E8 G/ M7 z/ A' Q" l' E! u5 g. S
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + I) _8 s" K" r0 B5 U" N# i! Y ~
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& g) E) q) l( d: m
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 ^( K. J+ ?1 w9 h3 F: Q3 L( B
! T" V% I1 i: G P) j7 p0 oMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , O8 O6 r% v8 Y$ V3 D; {/ E4 F" I6 M0 r) b! Q5 s# K
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( H+ H& ?/ v2 q/ H( [; s
. ~& n6 B) y3 @7 wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . f, u4 U$ C! N* G, L8 {5 [, T- m' I+ A0 W1 M0 f
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 o& M: G3 i6 c) e8 ` 8 Y9 m8 r: n# i0 l( [$ p同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* Z% V b+ x8 P1 A6 p `0 _4 c+ z
% [) ~0 w) H- S4 D6 L当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 k) e" r. O6 |+ j
0 O# G5 K5 _# }% X- ~对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- E5 [) w3 i4 J; @$ G& b. z
4 C1 x0 x7 f! Z2 k# I对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 y6 G) K" x) A$ o, s4 H5 z" w+ O7 I3 ?# k4 t% ^& N! M
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ f$ y( C. ]! I0 p' y: ]
. w7 b2 y$ g4 C5 S对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 G- j9 L0 }, d/ V ) q4 X& l1 |5 c% ^! t至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; _# A( {' Y1 ^% v( s/ s1 c T' `/ V/ g# D( K$ M
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: U2 ~$ s% |" F8 C
# [9 P9 P5 x0 U3 X. W有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 b, N, s$ f( `" l$ c% V9 I6 J$ v