本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + E$ k; N- r, q' Z B5 b
; J/ [% _ o' u# Q/ N6 ]8 N 转帖 & [$ b; N0 r+ Q7 H' ]! R& h1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + l6 p$ _( \7 z* K2 ?2 S4 [: ]. N6 M! o1 q8 d+ L
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' n. t! X% q# [9 \. V % h, `, f- s7 e2 ]Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) M! O; z# X- [4 N! u + i, o& V5 Y0 I' x8 X& \This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 ~& i/ f# S, v; F: h; K! Z
1 M. k5 {% e" u* U3 j; N0 zThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + y. h7 v; U" s3 q2 i # B5 ^8 ^$ H7 k4 _2 i7 G5 dI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 f3 M8 r1 a4 p + w+ L0 F' C" q8 `% [* p2 i/ XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . H, Q$ p( U5 J6 K( \0 w+ Y, l/ Z |
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 e/ p, g* p3 u: h0 m
" ~3 k" Z& |& ?+ z* YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ J5 F/ U* z" s6 A) l$ s$ }5 b/ A4 ~
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 X8 n* j* ^+ l- A& c # c+ n/ b& K- hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) t& W$ ~' ~. [# E& a+ A9 c. T * z8 B$ Q( y5 i6 e8 b1 D* [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ l$ Z3 q: Y4 O, I- k# C2 e 6 c! q1 ^; O( w& Z0 y7 p 2 Z; q- e: a2 N2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" Y* {2 [. F1 l/ n* @7 m
5 P6 E/ A9 m# V+ }0 p) V8 n; |/ P例如:0 d$ G$ p: O' `8 R( }( W# z/ q% Y
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . E+ r- i( i/ b* y2 `3 k& R' t7 p# Z8 W, x
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( d- b; N7 e% L {6 v
. S' v+ v. }7 M8 \I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" l6 q- ^. h T6 Y0 w: D% u
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ {" e9 u0 Q) H( M$ D: s) O
% j0 B% [$ B- L3 c7 H7 QIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 q3 ~3 I: o7 Y6 V$ |: \" c( [ * M5 ]- b. p. D5 b* _' dShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; z! c7 O5 _& I+ N2 H- Z% g. T7 V$ h7 J7 G: T7 P2 A3 u8 i
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ O. p% s6 z2 h- L. k
# ]) R" p5 c# e如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 @* H; p0 z$ o6 W: u. c
2 }" H* M8 |, _The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ _' M% { x, a* m
5 @/ @% Q+ Q" i% _) b( }8 b" eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 }% N2 C2 _; P
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) f" N" V' X% z9 S( b. f2 u! \% _& u- _5 e5 \& o$ w# g
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 C& T2 N9 }6 L" I' U
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! D2 c7 G" W. I4 i( `5 v! s
# m* ], D3 ]. V' p. h q, N! }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + c3 C7 |) d: c* v5 V. C% i# Y4 M$ d4 g) Q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% l8 _, |% P' @; c+ `
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 l) _ r5 X- U# V 3 |6 E# S) Q' K& A* E# Z0 B) w9 w4 P e3 A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 f$ o# c9 f2 \4 r7 l3 b) ^9 C! k 5 P/ |: {0 ^, ]4 {* z/ U; [1 W$ m例如:: F; o9 C" k2 C r% t' h
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 _4 f$ a# r- P2 s* y# J* ^2 l0 {
X1 }" \% V' o' a# M7 y JManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), W) S# e8 ]& H( @. D; L2 _
* }+ y( F5 e: B2 K QThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 D, h5 T" @6 ]" A. _+ ^8 A7 s0 L( N& {! }- l; c3 {0 H9 X1 q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) j9 S2 m6 m- f2 ^$ D
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) H7 ?$ z* I$ V; x/ _& ^6 y
1 U3 k2 W9 ?. x* _3 j6 XPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 D6 `+ i" R0 G+ r" U9 E, h1 U2 b
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + |% s8 Z2 ?( o' @3 l5 b: r" V* Z& K
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 C1 s- N' l3 Z5 H 1 \+ p* x4 J* a& t' e同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* P( I3 l' m- o
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % `( T" ~2 ?$ J* t, i) n( e * o/ K# v" H$ m# `7 L B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 r: }+ h; N7 Z- Z( y0 ^, R$ N& M/ H p
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ E% R8 z) y# ?. j1 L1 z$ P- K D
) y: |% e5 F9 W6 D对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ ?/ u' A9 \/ ]
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" w' G5 @; p! X E
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 z3 r8 g8 ~9 T+ y+ r( X& H" i; w2 L) h0 f
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, H4 T* Y* O/ F0 |/ z6 b4 r
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 m# N2 G, t8 s/ b