本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , [2 r, r& i" M: a @- H. d
' \# m7 {3 S- H; |* I 转帖5 i; G Q3 j. ? t' u0 i" t7 q
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 T4 w% x$ H, a
. G( C1 v$ O$ x8 P4 |例如: * Q5 L5 B: c' g: ^: h$ a ( ]5 X# j/ U) y& ~) A: d0 I* O4 WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), z# q% {4 p5 U! S2 c8 R
: g0 t4 O7 K, ?4 R0 }9 t# lThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 y! \2 L* h; U0 J# N3 n! v* l' H, \% \$ H+ ?0 s* {
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 s8 u/ ?. Y$ s6 d/ f* \
1 p9 {! {% n. g6 D7 u4 d$ h" F& kThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 [ r/ V' O9 p! H
: v9 [, B8 U* W) }! JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): }5 E2 N" i# N! Y- v" I
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): P. {# x) ?4 t) m( q" r) m) g0 O _. s
- w. b% b% @6 qWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ g5 l5 J: {1 j ^& U- f4 ]6 M7 T, Z' \0 V! p! U& _
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 F1 g5 N' L6 W, t( R7 P4 u* T
2 _5 L, s( B; Q3 ~( b% SWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 K, b7 m. m. j1 q; N% @
" o& H0 O$ n. I/ T% w: |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 O7 n/ {. i2 l0 O9 r8 Q5 S
& Y+ |) w, q* x! t, F6 f. u这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ F7 V k$ `$ P) H* o
9 V9 t/ p3 U( }" ~8 x) v例如: 5 X- a) |+ n# T% F# H4 P" b6 o: J% n3 F( @% w# _1 a, E8 Y
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' ?+ o) p5 D5 J- \0 |8 | 3 V c" Y4 h3 @) R+ r- Q6 \Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% G3 W1 R. u8 R$ `
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! }/ |) ~. P9 d4 w& o' }! c6 w R- q1 N! ^8 M. M; ^% |" o
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - P n7 e7 W i; T' N1 w3 Z8 h2 [1 a5 J8 w( ^
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ h/ t1 j3 t2 Z( b: m5 z
8 P4 G" R* Z; iShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 L& t( t9 n+ W; V; v6 }
" t9 C8 G, p1 @$ }. j# gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 h7 f' O' C# F6 h _
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: o2 `9 l; u7 Z1 R3 e; L
4 M. s% Z8 O" a9 |The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . W8 t2 z9 |; V( k2 V* \. ] 6 i, E# A5 |6 @7 DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 c7 X0 R3 l, W2 K; \
" }: D3 G, j3 Y5 l& f, {# dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 ^/ ~9 O, h- A; D
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 @8 B$ K) k5 |" P9 u3 f ! g n' ~, |3 @4 z6 y. t+ mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 e) ^4 H# k" K' ?
( g1 {6 b$ y" D7 Y" IEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + p" V# [2 K/ O. K7 L) K ) h/ x, U6 G v: I" x" q* G! @ Y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 R: R' o- G& ^+ h- G
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: Y* l- ?% z6 k" i
+ T3 U# S8 C# K' P* i/ N- n 6 a1 N( q0 b( d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , R6 q6 T* I# U- t1 f9 q/ @% l" w* t4 E
例如: + _8 H. X) ~2 o' F% W, k, R _2 Y! B$ |: h" _$ h. i, @6 b
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 y7 q4 a' h6 J( g" }. c- ^/ O7 S" m( Q' `+ M& Q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( {) Q7 I* g# {, Y. I7 R% u8 k/ ^
1 P) S* Z- ]) c. LThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' m' I) M E: P3 G6 I* o' u x
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 c* a' k9 q( o2 q! S d
# o0 [" B& k$ Z0 f; I! V! YMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 r, y8 F" c' g, H3 y5 |
( Y7 M: O' y& c/ U9 ~" e4 tPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 q1 l9 f- Y0 \5 z9 ?. J& `6 ^6 @7 w! l. w5 X8 y* S
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), F5 c3 S: q' K2 M1 K
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 @% u9 ]* ]4 K, L& i' v9 h2 `. H9 H# e E( R# J+ Z* w* N
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 \* J) U8 W! b2 {2 N" B
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 S3 l4 y$ D9 [# @; o
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- v0 j4 v: y9 T: B
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: E, s! E$ d0 _4 W9 |: V
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 X' ]' R+ K/ F) z2 H/ c* `
4 W- u# n, {; D( s对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# G8 l o! S. S% t7 `; d3 J' m
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 | k& I7 @9 } m
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : p& a; P$ ~+ f6 }. k" a8 j7 O; {7 T/ l+ s! L! u# t6 W
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 L( B6 n9 l* y" @4 v7 }