本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 I* F2 x+ C B0 f% B9 I2 b9 f6 G: a9 i 转帖 / `% U( A8 b7 G8 K; m& ^% U; w1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) & i! z# {# h7 }; T & f9 y1 U6 g/ m1 x" y3 f% F例如: % [5 ]" Z0 n: V0 e- `: k2 l& A$ `$ I7 f3 T9 Q& k1 \
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 m! l. }* R+ ^& O+ ~1 V( ^: X% c* ]* T( W; G, c! b' Z9 D
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) |0 @+ h* c1 S* X8 m7 v7 X s9 d1 d7 H" ~1 v; W- |8 m- ?% D
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' l" U5 i6 p# f+ W
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 Z' z, L6 q/ Z0 l9 f8 Z ) @1 _4 X+ s* D" MI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( o" f5 j, T$ |; } 9 [! _# Y9 s# W' H. ~7 n& `Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 }; ]* h7 u; p( u
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( b- M4 C& g r E; U. l
/ a' R& Z4 E3 u, Q" P, p2 E1 qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 o+ C9 |) d4 z
* j$ S9 j& y7 k3 T# s9 sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' Z+ q' D& {1 c% s# q! X- O+ |( s) Q/ `, b m8 w6 {$ _6 R
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# e: K F6 S7 U: x, k
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) e R; R) l4 {4 U4 a- x2 r8 f * v9 c/ l) P2 f! ]/ q( i* S. U" \2 E e) B# ^4 _, v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ u- x. w# B& X& i3 @
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例如:" Z4 Q$ \$ t/ }! ^$ m
3 j! h- R* r9 O# a9 ~9 ~- \) G; _At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& c* m2 b) `6 d1 O, ]8 B
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 X+ @& e8 B; M
V- d8 K+ w! p ?( A6 wI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; A% @5 i; D- ]7 a& w : O/ P& v6 D5 V* s) b0 AHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ `* `' g9 b4 u. K2 x
2 C7 ]5 n3 H8 D2 A3 dIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , b1 [' ?. I4 G3 z; [" V8 M0 k9 l7 o6 f+ H' e) a+ i' j/ t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). x: |+ K2 s, N; G9 m
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * s5 G! e, T' a" y5 F. P- L6 S1 r' }% K/ F, p2 i& M
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - Q* G: {# O% ?, {6 I/ H& h! E& v8 b0 o4 f2 v. c
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 n7 I, p( d4 n8 H# f0 R- q4 P: o" e8 n& m
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( w# c) q; U0 b, c6 n8 {- y1 `0 D2 [ Y% ~3 M9 L
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% @1 s5 O. ^' c& C5 u
+ ]9 z' C- ^2 k3 p3 o5 t! o2 HHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& @" g: M& y& c; D9 p
, _7 \8 T& W8 O$ x- UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - A* X0 Y% V- B& H6 a$ G6 q4 @; \) r& Z2 [
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); t: o0 x) L# r+ T
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , j) Z+ w8 g0 o2 E. [( @0 q % L/ }5 J' F- k) G此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 r* s- h6 n' G( W' Q/ ~, m
1 E1 f! e1 e0 }9 { 1 x) u( P( d/ i2 [' Z1 R$ I: {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 ]3 X" M$ m+ F3 \
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% p1 X8 c9 C. e/ I/ |& lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ A/ h4 i# s9 s% D; V9 Y5 s
1 O- D. Y( h# x. ]' l5 IManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). M8 B6 |1 E1 z8 ~4 O5 N9 y
: Z; n* m6 f, E& o; I5 mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 d9 D, ?5 e/ `5 S
+ `2 M7 b( L, c: C# I$ P) o6 wHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ D" k5 h! B. m, ~! y6 C% x) f
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# g" E0 u/ E, U4 X7 h
) K" ^: N. u( r" DPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 {; Y6 ~) d, v$ @" o 5 R# c3 {+ c" B2 gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 j6 }# D2 o2 b+ y& \
& G G/ Z' d9 {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ d+ A. Z6 n6 G/ S6 H! J% o
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * m) t' s+ a8 \6 { 7 q) v* o& ]1 m5 l1 E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 O* }) W, V+ `, V1 c8 D! G! P$ E
* ]2 K" C, O' g$ O% c" Q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* G; P6 b' V( j9 C0 ~
. V @) m* l3 i6 @9 t对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / L0 @ q2 `# B# U) D ; k4 }2 s2 I/ S对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + @& T- F# f: F; D$ S Q. W7 M5 K* u* }9 }* M: C
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& B1 a3 X% h# d$ j% L+ p" r
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( y% a. {8 s' {/ T- B2 O ' o3 \4 o# [/ O0 R k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 l/ i3 f' d0 w! M& Z5 t/ G# w; j4 T3 ^2 B" n$ K x; M P
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 ]9 |0 R% z: S6 [0 i% B