本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; N) ^; h( b5 ]& j3 r 7 w8 p5 c& g* b; M) X/ w8 C7 I2 z转帖- j: e8 {) y: _7 B+ L" p* x1 N
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % D2 h' K0 h: Q( c; B) H5 E6 K7 a% j$ n
例如: 1 C/ N# v" _: } - e Y' s7 p$ t5 i: e# AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# |" Z5 m5 P7 y6 m8 s8 w2 x# g
0 ?6 g M& Q' s0 f' O* ^Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / [/ j) F9 B8 L . t4 |( d5 h! h ~/ kThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . v2 K, s3 C2 x# q6 ^1 N7 P9 I % F& c9 v7 I/ IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 M+ J& c1 K. O( S' g
# o* X0 @5 _- t* I4 E' g
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " b; }- P' u1 t4 I/ l# p( t2 g2 s" B' [0 S" }2 Q1 |
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 N" e+ B% t* g4 Z8 u' v: v, C, ^8 d3 O) \3 Q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 u5 f, Z) n1 v$ `7 k$ Q# z2 h3 s! A: c' ~. e
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 d- }4 Z% U, e4 g+ X
! e# m+ N+ Y' h' m! b
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" T6 `2 x6 t4 O( }; [/ f
8 Z: B/ H6 g: o) t5 }1 p* @
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 N' l. {. R: q2 [) Z6 G6 q
- f8 T5 f8 t6 v0 [$ u5 W9 W$ w这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 _8 Y8 Y3 J3 |7 Y3 r3 z) ] 7 ^; Z% x4 Q* v* P" Y8 K ' l+ A! r4 x/ Q, z' n5 H. O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 S& x; F) g, i) k 7 S7 h9 c' C" z) E) Y/ k7 }" h0 J( V例如: , s/ D% A3 z) w6 z% u9 w( N4 y& d2 u$ h; B+ Z
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . S+ F& D/ _1 T: Z& a" l' f0 m " Z+ \9 \/ d0 l9 _5 ]3 m5 q' p" fDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' w' Q$ S! [6 e7 H" x& Z
8 ]8 ?" }* V/ t" L0 i3 { Y# xI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 `8 f. N; F; P; f" U) ? 4 v2 T& {( H4 i% G4 P8 MHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % [0 J& k' o; S: w7 }$ V9 E3 G; ]& x% ~0 k
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% h4 q4 ^% m3 z. c# ^+ x4 q
3 ^/ x2 s6 ?: b% ` P. v7 @" q
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ Q) d/ B6 \+ b- J: n3 ^! _
# G6 T8 H [6 q
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 \' p0 a- i- ~ L! h1 h( G
3 ^! c" B# {# f; d- F# d4 L/ V# k' Z) T
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & h) t; V' {+ F& O! |$ k8 w# ? 7 Q* e' C: {- h, R' Z6 z8 fThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , G, g5 K' I. J; v1 t* K& h, ^- K* k" b/ a
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # d3 q( V; G( l9 q! e' ~& d, E# w' n H3 i
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- d2 O0 P/ Z; { t. C- D$ Z0 Y3 E
/ C& r. [2 L0 @# z
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 D! Q2 R9 ^1 ~& A3 U0 ^) }
( r+ g3 [( _0 l0 N0 u8 j4 R( D
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ I- ?1 U7 [0 P8 `
4 e+ {. g2 I( o. W4 wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 T1 V/ D! h2 v" y' d' a3 ~+ Z% _/ L6 u
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ @( m4 A2 F4 l7 G% e' P( P
) a% Z' M1 D- t. J5 T3 S+ c3 y
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 f* F% f9 A, g6 a }1 T, z; c9 R: d _8 w5 ]8 {
# \" v( m# k2 i6 Q6 g2 L% t 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- p) N' ?2 C/ ^# x7 L2 T7 |' P
8 l. J" E" {% |2 }+ O* ~; _! H例如:" i5 Y/ F* X6 {+ a. R
1 o ~/ P- S8 S- c E
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) S4 z0 a$ g2 _/ P- I1 R; v 5 ?' Q% m2 O3 V% C9 vManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * _! Z; g! Z- D- g( b; ^1 r, H6 Z3 t! V& m" A
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 d5 k4 M4 D2 O" h6 U8 G7 C2 j: k; m& I
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ ^4 Q! g6 H- z) q7 ~( C$ a
# I7 }: S. w# a# j1 a/ d
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , e8 ]& ^/ t4 M! t% ?+ p1 d : e& O7 M; B' u% W+ v# NPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), y0 k" B; k; M
6 M+ X6 k7 m/ D0 J; u7 L0 z" W& f
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ j4 p' H- j$ l) f$ }
2 O8 _) V3 @3 ^) A9 tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 p- C4 O' I7 E" Q/ r8 i. y H7 K
- s& P Y; T; Z* H+ _& N3 L$ f! k同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# b4 ^& p2 q1 W6 t- E K$ E4 S
2 B# [1 W& i f; |" A
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) [7 R' a: j# Q) C- x" U. W {7 m8 f 6 w; W3 U$ W& d, g( ?, J对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& j h) w$ F* l
& L$ b; N1 G$ x( ^对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. U/ @+ H+ p" @; y! i