本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + Z' s/ k+ k8 \& B Q) u
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * i/ I, j# W4 b4 d0 j & s5 o- t/ i+ r1 y) I6 |* q, S例如:; g+ w# T3 h2 {, D% K S; g* R
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# c) H; p. \) Q$ @* N
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 N, @7 P* r* b& {
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % E) T0 j+ d3 Y) i/ B; V3 U 5 I+ P9 L/ s8 X0 C# mThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * ?' z5 b% _ Q2 Z( Z* G/ A. W1 ^' }2 X, d: y
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" y S( _2 l# x, J' g( i I
+ S, Y+ c9 b2 k% `& i. {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " o2 y; B; ]9 P : {$ h( c1 F8 j# VWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - r2 E& `: }' R# O + Y# r* [ |0 x- hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , a* Y. m1 k/ r2 j: j ) q8 f% V& a% R, @; |% R LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 `2 U7 ?# h0 u . c: Q3 G4 j, M% cPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 d% j, t# `6 y) ~
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 P2 v$ `# N! U5 J0 F5 Q8 l2 q0 K
& X& I( s0 W- i3 X9 ^1 c2 r9 g5 ?6 u1 K) g! y* G/ K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * v. c0 d# n% O" Y6 {; z9 e* D' M& m& G+ e. Q
例如: , j2 I7 C1 O' Q: F$ u* e A+ _ Q( g0 `8 C, s
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# |! Y, I2 L8 T# X& H" B
0 J" a, P2 V9 g5 ]Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; Y, g( d w5 d8 b1 m% P4 J1 n; W3 O: F1 a
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% s# X" ~1 `8 Z
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) m, D2 b( N4 ^4 k! b1 S/ T0 h2 z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' h S7 }6 s, }: Z% f. z
7 `: l9 x! H+ ~! jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # n7 L7 Z' Q( Q0 ]0 y2 M2 w+ f! ]+ R3 o' K
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 m3 \0 x D n1 v: ] 3 Q3 K/ {' X9 x0 f2 T; L- i如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' J9 [ U d! f7 T: N ( ]% ]" \; G# [- qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); ^0 n0 z5 v6 e# p- V7 l$ v/ i, S
/ L! q* p" k; |+ H1 K- H$ ~6 f7 M2 hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ l4 X. O+ s; K3 E" }8 p( O1 L1 V ) w2 _) c' R& hHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). C ^- [" N4 ?# q: i h# t; h
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 `5 h! a) H6 n ]& k$ `, ~6 m1 H9 _! G2 O }
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 B" \6 W, U/ e1 t! A& z) p. e+ b6 b; F# a5 c/ Z& H4 x
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % f$ o+ I! @+ U, V) D/ ~0 b( u/ N0 j! S9 E& F
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& p- p/ I4 E Y. `
9 ~ S6 z& I6 N" V此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ k/ [3 p5 o& w6 Q4 e; c
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# J, x* A& j( M9 W 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , n, s+ f! O0 m 7 K0 P" t, }7 `) Z1 g. F% m例如:& }5 e5 q' r" {. N; i8 ?) ~9 A7 o
t/ U7 g! W% {; s/ fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 T) U, f9 z7 T 3 k& f2 Y& |' |2 o9 m. J8 ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) c6 O5 @: p5 E' k5 E" q
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 N! x% T9 P# n ]& J5 F7 Z8 I6 B
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / H/ h4 d" x8 {4 n! ^+ u- L6 O0 }4 D D) P$ H/ M, `
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ J# C$ U% E4 x& o( ^
7 f% ]# V7 `: _Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' Z, ^# v6 e- r9 a3 N, _" h2 F% p5 X' G: N
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( \, U c: r5 r$ k. n
3 W; R& l6 Z( Y! w- j! XStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 U! M% r. @4 c) T/ A4 o- J ) ~/ D6 b o9 V G4 s同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 J* K Y, [4 K% V, @: \
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " Y b% | ~: Q1 R$ S: ^" {+ a4 y% M6 O$ T* b" O% A' m- e
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 P1 I; N$ M, C( J6 F1 C; T! e5 o0 e: p' i
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ t/ K$ ?" O5 }
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - ]' Z, j/ |4 \" z2 b( V! c- c3 l& [- H$ Y, E* E
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 F4 }6 v* m6 N) |3 r% f9 L. x4 m7 x, G+ u- L" O6 S
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 u: U b; Q% m' p) p) U2 e* q- }8 M2 y& ^, l9 h
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. _1 w/ B5 w3 q
+ H4 G; T# Q7 [1 i! L# F有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: b: c( q* L7 Y4 C1 s, }3 A