6 e8 Q& f/ ]( J1 L) E0 |7 iMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 M' E* ~; U+ e- g8 j
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & ^- T; H" U! y/ q ; A6 B0 E( r7 x) ]& w0 DThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 l/ ?8 p9 E; e. ^9 K; R6 r! r- c; t, K. `# q6 {0 `
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), J- r, Q) s9 b
R9 C4 z z6 b2 u% N) qI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) n g! j, }! z
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ m# |2 Y' D* K q! U( X( m
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% W6 W9 w) A2 ^0 A1 k, O
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ s R, g' u q, K0 V+ i1 \" `6 ?
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! Y- x' K7 S. M: y& b6 d% E/ q+ L , n; r% `& m' hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! D: Q) z3 D6 b2 \( ^1 F6 v' |9 B+ c6 c) W% d7 ^/ L* m
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 u S: K1 d3 g! D7 Q1 Q* p1 R/ @1 q2 x$ x& @0 E( i2 A9 s
2 t8 w8 u7 l# `; ` 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( n+ q- X! s! o4 M2 E
/ x9 n: K0 g+ z; h' [例如: / d- u$ W' s. R8 f # A7 B% w$ r6 X( C8 sAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) e- A7 w. R& ~( b' ]
" u9 B: l$ a% X) c0 l' a5 |Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 \- c/ I9 _) D1 E5 Y7 l0 [0 J" }9 T3 d# M' f0 I7 M- \
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . I' C- t8 z- M% q. }; |5 g! G2 \! ?2 }
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 x, q0 }9 N5 L( L
$ B) d* D: g- ?7 x' rIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): [" a( |+ h9 r5 C, h7 B2 q
) h L% e: t% m1 E7 I O3 aShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & P/ p" E3 f1 H2 a! X6 }0 ` . N6 R" l/ N& U0 p; TI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( L( r. b! _! g ; T/ e6 H% p. E" C9 g如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 u! k7 c% ^; E* _
1 ~. e! a* n& U8 \: iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" f# l0 j! r: X
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% ~+ ~# t; c* v# ^& ]. \
0 Q" k( a# o& t: w& iHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - i5 w; O* s+ A# {. A, T' g' H1 V. ^7 R3 ^" X
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% Y( m7 ~4 z0 K5 p4 B& b# J
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 f1 D- f3 ]- J - F9 K- G/ w8 w9 gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ `8 F9 U# g0 Y B
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( p5 ? K/ i- j* {, Y0 ^7 d! n0 n. m$ ]2 M; z3 c
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& `8 p& q( A H' d6 |2 w
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, e7 k: b8 y6 h( K# o+ YMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ T3 {# |, k! ^
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; S. y: X1 Y6 \" w, E5 q7 ~- _1 w* y9 b4 C
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 p7 T0 M; T B6 G* j& J- {2 M2 n! Z4 Z8 V% w
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 |' Y* h# c& x9 g, h* @ 0 w9 S' [, u0 c, P) R: RMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ a: |$ L) D' v
` O; Z& [: JPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- r. v$ W2 p" }) _0 E) c8 w3 ^9 ?
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): z- G1 z& |8 X4 w5 s) w
3 ^* @7 Y. a, [- gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / |) I# K/ I+ z% f; I/ J% L2 d" j ) A8 I% _. F: i! u, J' r6 C同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' U* ^/ h5 j/ G j9 T. A$ Y: F5 e% y0 U当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; ?% E7 n- o9 r6 Y0 A, L# b5 I0 t
) {" F. I6 ]6 _5 D( C. J0 @: Y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 g8 |( @, J/ {6 P
" I4 X7 w. Q$ Z- J; B对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / Q. @! e) q8 N6 a, w4 t+ |9 q- Q5 n2 X0 ^
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 ?0 s! P% ]1 K" z0 p- ?9 V) x1 U5 Y- O3 Q
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, G7 s2 ^' ?7 P0 B9 n- M: H, d& n
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % [! B8 [3 c& c9 j4 `5 P; } \% p3 [6 ]1 l) [6 T) B6 ^
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " x2 v* Z. Y, O+ C/ f9 W- D* Q2 z - S3 c+ I3 h! _: q, X; ^$ k有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 c# M# ]; r! H/ N: r. h9 \1 \