本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) Y, ~* b; T8 O0 M3 `) I- }
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( q) n e& N" N9 i+ u3 T& q - R4 T9 Q- {3 F例如: + `- @3 |; n5 s$ C1 C5 j7 g $ s- I$ V8 T" ?0 c. IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); E5 p! r" L' E2 B
9 w! o# L, [' x# `/ PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); I7 u" d0 C9 z2 o! T8 H
3 X1 C2 e5 R/ J* @# R+ {, gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 r8 O: _, C# `) R' \
$ v" O7 u, X/ c* uThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / |; G- t: t( C% D2 O4 u: W5 }' z1 l! Z4 Q- c0 f% z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 d D. O; c2 F7 ~0 o' ^2 @5 Z1 i/ R9 h4 g
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): X4 t. G. k2 u/ P
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) V2 T3 R0 |% }/ `5 n8 w- ] ^; |5 X) t8 p
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( M! K2 j1 c8 ?- j& \
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # A6 T4 \# B4 }9 x, ^ # A* j- i: O. u! u# NPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 I. O. U, A' d/ J1 Y* N
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % ]( z. t, |5 ^/ g; x2 U3 T: ?$ P( j" S7 `
- Q5 U* Y: V; v" K7 E: O: m; z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & [( X7 f( l8 Q; X* B9 p, ^- _+ ]( `: y
例如: ) m4 `+ h8 j6 } ~9 J* d 4 v: _2 a, q8 l- j$ Y. }At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) Z$ {3 i, F6 V' i( ^/ \1 e! i% P0 C/ C. K# a
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % J, o9 N" g& ?3 U/ `+ P2 R7 ?6 `3 Z, y6 ? u
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 J! `, L7 x1 w' Y% I ; q# U: F- S6 K# XHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 ]/ c. W! M2 ?: t3 y$ C L+ Q& s
7 [% B4 h# |6 @7 IIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; F: q3 [! p5 `; ~* _) l/ U5 U2 q9 `8 @1 M* f
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 @ ?7 o+ K+ j: B3 w
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & Y9 H8 \+ j7 R* a1 k1 M$ V0 t , r4 |& Y7 N8 V如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& I; {9 p( H0 e$ S+ P `3 H
, b% y- w: {5 d1 e4 H: fThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 k) M c" Y; N/ B) k' y4 b
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + [7 @# E, h9 N/ k: Z X: J- o$ ^' y, {" S
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( C: w6 S) ~2 F2 c" N ! {, d. G! V" r9 B% [- iHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) }% v% J. d2 C3 J, D" n
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # w! { Y" u7 n3 b. C # d; I- y3 N: x0 Z# g+ qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * q, A, _2 S) Y4 Y2 J + G7 B% X) E) I5 a) M% u" p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% V/ R% U' q6 T- @) T0 E
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- l9 P3 K& ^$ ?1 R
* l% k) x! W7 |. ?3 T0 L' v. N; Q , O2 F5 U0 h7 t5 x! L8 q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - L& @5 e) G9 m6 Q" h 9 \' _# e, {; o/ p; u0 @例如: - @' V! x; O$ G' Z( F: w' R" Y. ~9 b- _" |# \# ~ x
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ T" X, _# `" S: Z0 H; D
; h2 w2 V9 M# w* X" Q3 ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 x! w m# Q2 O7 @& ?2 ]$ _1 l3 g! @. k. m: G3 f7 i
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 {' q/ S9 o N; E/ Y1 c" N$ x# t
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ r) g4 t2 d" x
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& n7 T2 E2 h/ z, n% T2 a: M+ i& Q$ F
2 o) Z0 A4 C' N4 dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) h1 H' I$ I( S# s. r , ?7 h; U- v sCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) L }+ E& R8 {" d0 K7 q; ]1 N% [1 v1 S* W; Y' s
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' l+ n9 C2 [& X* _; x0 _
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 \" t% D8 p! @5 C6 Z/ \! v! R R9 y! n" {3 X4 p
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 W/ W* G$ H9 M# ?4 N; e |/ N 4 w! B% g Y$ y' F( T) {4 a0 G; }对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 t( _2 g- @# f" i @9 b+ _. g4 \. I0 O2 ^ X- Q4 D" C% i) N4 [
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ g2 k8 y# v: H3 e' |
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( }' S" i$ D& P2 d, {. r9 E, u% ^" W ' ^4 G" ^& K) ^* Z$ L" a1 x8 a4 k对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- B; y$ b! U9 K' L' j: P
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 L9 }) Y5 F; g+ x
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 O( j0 Z- z j: N7 u 2 ?, b5 }' E( L有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( {' z! B, \/ o# _