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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( y- ~/ l' _+ c0 k+ Q
" }2 f B! i) E4 C6 P8 x \Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) ]# E8 A+ M. X% n) J' x1 d0 Y; P8 s ] M8 M
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * K4 J1 f2 R8 n+ q' Q( Y* ^; Z `
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 [1 U& m4 j8 ~2 U5 S, Q2 H& y- F& `+ ^" l0 v% c7 N/ i6 O# T
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 |: ]/ K2 Q. \
% b3 d: F# y2 d. [) H: B {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 N/ |6 { ^8 D
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 T/ K4 y% a! `+ I; k" G$ [' F6 C2 v
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 G7 s! x2 e$ Y0 \2 D, U3 C; h7 e: d! b" ?: G% r% `; c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% j8 P- c. x7 E8 }& ~
9 X- Y2 R( X, H3 C! ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 S3 r0 ]: A# Z+ v0 c, \, v
; B5 L8 l" \( g& \- `( d7 V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( h& [4 E! n1 C9 s) d( G
1 s% I+ v q, v+ ?8 g+ x# ~* r0 n5 K( O9 V& n; G! y4 r 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% l$ Y0 V) U2 F/ `8 V# X
: T, B, @0 \3 S6 E7 ^例如: 8 t5 a$ K! ~+ Z" s. ] - V2 O/ y! T( W6 B% gAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), ~$ s8 j# @1 U/ C( i; u6 G
# k- F* P1 J" cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - G; H2 b8 a" i) U- N: c ; S" \* A& g9 M x4 oI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 v4 H0 |( S; g0 G8 {( h
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % r" l) O& s' O# X* Z! R' H; `5 Z9 O+ i
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' c W* P: |; T# } G
f; F3 v2 W! G. v6 a' ^2 vShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 s9 n, K. Z1 D
% {5 `2 ?) G! F w. mI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). }; o$ ^( q6 E. G( Z2 O$ h
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 J. O6 Q' `, f* [2 A7 D- Z+ I
9 Q$ I4 s- ?% Z, T. p1 i. mThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% b6 [' _& {6 ^8 F
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 O3 P8 A2 S! d3 m/ T0 i , I1 s! b) _' k/ ]He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ N0 N" ]9 ` ~
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! Y/ T6 \; u- H p+ ^1 }3 @0 ?* u8 R# x. }- e) v7 h
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ b( |4 Z9 I1 {. `2 p5 r
0 B* C: E: {0 P$ b" C1 y+ L7 zEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) f, y4 s& t7 i3 d . v0 f8 |1 B4 o: Y8 P6 |) I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ L' I" U& u' h* p: D ( m0 }8 W$ }5 J此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) V0 \! B6 u9 W7 w2 D9 [0 ?' E
2 R3 `9 i: s5 n7 x; C$ A , S) b$ R6 k J2 X5 z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 i+ r% ^4 r2 J @5 Q" w7 J( w) C7 S2 v, M! a; n3 ^
例如: 7 k7 [: e+ d+ s7 S; }( T% Q$ _- A _# P' I. O" f/ Y2 \
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 I% R! M! N; \. X! ]
" d5 w# {, T& R1 i z5 r, \! J3 [" KManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), H; r$ [. `0 O3 x& m2 q* D
/ W* \4 I: `$ G NThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 b/ }; j0 y, |/ @- k5 [
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / j2 |4 H# B2 C) ?: |5 m+ Q3 J- z) p6 _/ y6 A9 \% n
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . H- i" v# j1 `8 }; H9 ~2 M- o6 s: Z- }8 K; K ^: I
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* D& ?7 f$ r# f2 g* d
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : w. ~5 e$ u( b/ v( ?$ K 0 Y# B2 ]% u( ]; B0 u7 n* hStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # i7 Z* `9 Z/ ?, F) n0 `+ ?# I, p0 v) V H. c- g
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 [9 c$ G) y5 ]3 k; |
1 d- Y9 ~" e* ~( N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , X. ~$ N- e& |! X9 @, F - u x( g8 r5 j' T( S' e# [2 z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * n: t( e& O: F: x: L4 d2 Z2 P7 c: I+ u4 M7 I: N, v; v
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * P1 V9 \( f+ I! o8 P2 p 7 e$ T3 x9 _% j/ }9 o ~对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' v& Z/ B' o! Q" A
, w+ X! O+ h8 a& }7 o" ^/ s# z6 ]- I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 M9 a' Q8 ?7 y* j B; [( D- J, v$ S. O; E/ C
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 O- n9 T) \% z0 ~9 z7 ]& i1 Y
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. N6 M! F2 |3 s
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 t0 u9 ]; ?9 m0 M9 n( @2 l