本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 R2 |6 Z* A% Z0 q9 P/ n4 [& C2 w1 w) e: G8 H, z8 Q; C& \! M: j 转帖 6 M7 ^, E! E2 a1 N) |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) G/ Q" E/ S! G) G; S& \ 1 S# V8 i: D6 D例如:! h2 E) e6 E- r4 d& c+ j' ?
2 P- g3 `, N4 r- D" G E. _2 s
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) Z2 R( N9 u( V
C! ^5 y* T# s
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + k ?6 @ B q ) W2 ~4 y2 h# w* N" LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) z U) Y% L9 e- Y
. l; a! A( A1 J) v- ~' {/ u: RThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( b6 o3 p9 I( X7 N ^: R% h2 f' y
0 l: ~' w! c7 d' y8 }6 u0 EI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : d+ {1 s9 ]9 A 8 K6 N$ p, _ P% G+ P, Z' k @2 WMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 \: M* r0 n4 |$ R" b$ S- Y2 {8 g0 w ) Y2 E& Z2 B% {We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' o3 _- ?. u7 Q! i7 P, S" n
5 P: |- `+ |4 Y `
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 V1 L+ z3 [8 F0 m
7 x* u5 t; |1 c- D) aWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 @1 `: h8 i1 D( w- r * _9 Y8 S% d( G m# }+ [7 WPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% @2 X. Z0 D8 ]# y
; ^5 M( D# u5 f+ O$ [" k这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* j0 R; {$ i. n1 i, @1 Q1 q
, f+ J$ f" E3 A9 z( {* t: B
, P' q4 y6 a, x+ M: U5 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( i g9 N& ?7 z8 A; c
4 l9 C" ]! P6 `) j. w% L
例如: 8 U( Q: \( [0 Z" ~1 M1 u( J7 b) v0 s! V5 n+ `9 s2 _$ q
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( M0 L& _5 j/ _, X& f& u X) e
& y Z$ [# v6 l2 H5 v! ]Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 o* e$ @ W% o* v, a5 [! v 0 ~ x% W7 i8 z) BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 ]* D1 O2 x/ x% r% q' A. ?) F" d0 {( } a) a' J
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! U/ ?. {( U: p6 O) i! r
- W% m9 _4 R+ h' o# a% t) n2 uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& o$ u1 p& k# P @; _' N4 u
7 T# L% c+ v4 g9 fShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( H& t! Q0 J8 S a! Q
: C" `/ E% l9 p! } Q4 [! n: ]. GI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! c/ L- B2 i% f: L
* Z# v9 l! G3 p2 R4 @
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; N# u1 F7 t/ v# a1 `- @, M+ ^6 J) G- l) L" u6 P+ L
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! v% g. R% \ V! H7 N6 D# b
: q$ j% b8 {7 S$ n7 h# XThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" z" U! i9 c# P# O
* L9 l/ `) i. `He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . \' B% N! _+ K7 K L, D) F ! V% s% L- g( @( T/ w" JHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 _ f, o( \* g% P
2 g8 t2 m3 d$ v7 a' {' c* h! VWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 | J) \: b: y5 y
: }* d. |+ [+ dEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ h7 d1 s5 N; ]' A2 [, }- W+ O
. G1 r; H o4 M# x! B- M- b$ x
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" |& X! @) `5 Y2 F8 E4 X
* c q4 M Y/ Z4 s) ?
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . z! z/ m- C' C8 r+ C. J & V- B) t, H. y4 t% n# D9 {% V! r; L6 \ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 M. p$ i; C, y
, \! I4 `* a5 y例如:% U5 o& O( n2 Y4 \9 G) Q8 h
2 V* V f/ @, E& ]
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 Y; f1 U/ n$ `% @4 [. e U6 k$ x# J3 Y
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 {5 ^2 b: S7 [& g$ a% G
( }2 f) K( X4 @5 J9 jThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " ]# F0 U- ~; a; y3 k# ]: ^( R ( u& e, T2 ~3 ~% ]- [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& l1 L# N$ G# A% v4 ]
2 |+ f1 S; A& S( d/ u! H& d
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( c8 f2 O) r& w7 K9 u- h . O! T0 C5 j8 S' e8 d I4 _Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 q# b8 R: G) G1 n 4 Y% `. n2 Y8 ]% c" r- A5 v$ Q' gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ q) f$ v8 l- B
3 j- ^4 ~) S6 d$ _. E
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 Z- Q# a6 b$ @$ n5 t4 J. v
( r) @. ^( d+ W" q; @# e$ U3 c5 o
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ~$ }$ K1 b5 t: u) I% S. n8 d% b
4 [4 \7 c2 `! U+ [
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , I' [! V/ a% I9 f o; m+ U) {) a) m% C- C. |( u6 p7 i
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; r( b6 j. t8 U/ h% b7 i
7 Y8 X1 |* z* D' m6 S) O8 G* T对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! O: u" [7 P) E
g& C; @* Z( @# `- ~% n0 s
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; f6 E6 D [8 T$ [ j7 U' U) \
3 Q- ?$ Z7 {! @1 [+ G, p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; \! F% K; X% j- E
! c, j! M* I4 |: A: A0 |) z+ N7 \至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . b5 z+ B* Z* u* _3 P' U% P/ d" k" \" M6 P* b
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( r0 D. W! p8 @0 p
0 w! S( [% f1 J* W- J6 b9 w" y
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % }/ l5 q8 v4 H, v* S4 a0 t) e+ p+ W