" w5 ]/ l5 u1 ?- N8 EMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% H: R) ]) @, [) U! G3 m) p
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : ~4 q# i+ c3 |+ |& l" Z5 J7 D * C- x8 W3 x1 j6 LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 I; l: d" l" v2 [& P# _
0 D# A+ w' @: i6 S1 }The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 E1 I% t; b. ^" T. K- Z
* S6 l3 F3 l0 cI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . _: V+ f R8 v7 u" @2 p 7 `6 V- s: G q/ u, vMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* R) p7 L5 ]" T5 C
L8 W1 T# ]4 O+ l3 _. aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ _$ z, b. `5 f: o9 {' x9 `: o8 |. n G
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : ^$ b/ q; O# K4 H9 c5 \% _9 d$ b+ h0 E+ w) |
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * i1 b& q) T) g( @( R6 T " z' |/ r5 M. @Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 \! I- }) c$ _1 P5 n- E3 d( E3 w
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 W' }0 T& L% u, Y( u- k* h
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1 w) M+ V( q* I* G 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 P8 L' q, j5 _
, _. X7 F2 I5 a: O4 r9 \) A例如: " Q+ ]( e! P% P$ h) C# k' e+ E. o9 Q, \/ a8 g2 B k! b
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , P4 u- E* |: w8 U% { / b- S( E0 l! D7 D& L+ MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % F6 J$ k! A& L; M 4 }. z+ c- b8 y) t& Y) w( s$ Q3 YI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 Y* k9 D3 X& Z2 W6 d& @8 Y1 s2 G
0 R% ]( N7 ~7 G3 R: x7 S2 J, b% ~He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). J5 r7 K6 }7 t
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( z* X+ M0 J A, E( V0 T( Q1 l, ]& o. G
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & }) Q t9 B$ w+ g, v# B! g0 g1 Q 9 p- @- ]) d- \( H5 h9 R3 `. HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) R. W o8 h" ]: A& L+ q& l4 a! t7 }2 {
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" q& r+ p" _2 ~0 F* w
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , Q0 F6 s& m* \% l) g2 S% Z' G# w+ i7 N* S2 n" ?+ ^( K8 E6 d
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 W1 S# a) b0 s$ ~6 E- C w9 _1 x4 a% d+ k& N ?, v6 D. J
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ e+ V& ]! d9 p& e& [1 B4 Z
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , k) M) C9 Z/ S# V3 m. M p3 p- s* Z4 V7 E7 j6 F' ]
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! d; t, U7 U" p
* d. e" u) q& q; S7 c+ `6 EEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : b; N0 p v+ x! }( U/ D, Q " O, } E4 e) y/ B& f写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 @8 D# _ Z+ q
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 {& H4 \& V% N/ o) d
8 b: Q8 c+ F: ?( W4 @1 R; F/ G" m' D # [0 e( s( z" U0 S% U6 f3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 k# [! } s4 n. C1 t5 p
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例如:; [. J; Z. A M
3 q; a6 D! S, T7 a7 J; @Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 b! w3 |. E/ N! [1 _
9 m5 @; n' T+ p- b% `Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ S. y5 x% [" W6 X( g7 j3 B, C: r
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 N9 Z9 B# ]4 B1 K* m* w7 L
% m2 c2 ]; [' M! @5 lHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( _" e5 T1 v' M, v$ Z. [ ( ^. K" V4 A5 ^& R0 ]( oMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ n, U6 z9 z: W
* f; Y9 f% H6 C/ v9 i" jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' a" a* D2 a z/ m1 t4 A& R- ?
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : f3 Q8 A/ n# c% o, ]" ? 4 E- ]' c, A3 g. G' Q. P7 `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 ?& r v! u. Z& \0 `8 I0 c g) m; S" z" e8 _
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" j/ ?# v* l& U
7 S- w. x0 d' g当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # c8 Q& p0 @0 U2 [! F1 P5 C$ H3 c& R4 k1 c+ X9 R$ ^
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# X K! I: q; O, h: c P+ ?
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( `( }9 N& ~+ m* r+ A' u1 F
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ @) ^0 L+ W$ x) ?
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + w' t/ t7 W) V5 g0 g( i: [ p/ |1 x/ y. Q
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' Y* |" B. x; a. b- Q, _2 W9 x" H( u
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 |( N/ `0 J; w: E8 A5 v
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 }9 Z- [4 W, y; `1 y/ ]* L