本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 z: a" G+ W) J' T! |* s
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # H; W1 R* @( @+ |) v; L! H4 Q# i% w% Y# Y" i
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 X, t; O$ Y# p0 N1 g
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 s4 F6 u$ f7 k: A9 A
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 ]3 _0 I% D `. w7 w+ l$ o% y* c9 p7 B. [
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 n- n/ \! M, m$ X
9 L8 w5 N: }' t9 QI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), V2 n) _4 y2 M" ?1 r. ~; R# H" V" |- E7 Y
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ X% B* R: j) }
Q4 P e: D4 HWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- U+ \9 X4 t/ S5 {! S
; ~7 \8 M) S! n5 {: ?) Z* W# fWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 W" g% G$ L: t7 y ) A$ ~9 G$ O( [7 s" cPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ `- A) C2 ^) s6 }9 L4 r- C7 s. Z
7 M6 Z* n3 i- l5 j3 q# e这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! T0 f; h4 M9 u4 u8 r( }- i( _! ^- J7 U
( @0 U T, L6 { 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % i" V# d- @6 a& x. ^) D/ t3 I# |- V. \$ M- W2 x J+ Q
例如: . ? B% P4 ]8 c4 ~2 u, k9 v1 f ( H6 P, W8 ]& \: \% w/ KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & c, B; c# v- S ) Q0 l, x( e; tDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - Z' F9 f) R' ?# h h & X* X: n* U. c: [1 |3 h$ d3 M1 g( vI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% @, ` A: D% K4 g& ?, O# f' l4 w
) J @" z2 ]! ~* v2 H% Y! G7 rHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! V' m. u- A+ R7 F$ N3 z
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / ~( F: y W$ ]7 M v. _ T5 U6 C1 I- h/ E9 CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 J" K5 m( i1 [5 c, U2 Z
+ a# T P/ {3 B) }" r& jI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) K& R6 \" P9 p" b. M& H( Y! o* F# m% G# ?! p" X4 C
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 g9 V. s, J9 `# ?" K, ^2 ~! D( T9 b$ j% T
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 B0 L' O. b7 c4 j 5 Y- i' m) u( X# ?9 YThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 A$ ^. W1 V1 X. J* Q; h) n5 L) A , V. F6 h: j% d' ^He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 a. G4 B' y U$ f& T, V0 Y7 D" }5 [' y2 X
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , l ]$ _- y* h. [, h1 S2 Y& t4 c8 s% v% I& K2 D" R
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 ?9 @9 M; T) v
0 k* p8 H) E0 o2 l. NEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # \1 u9 \* E$ K+ q: x " P8 Q9 ~& J, M# h6 ]' w写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ r( o) t+ s! S/ \+ Y
3 _+ Z/ j& q+ J1 ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - h e. c$ p# ?$ j! X * X3 Q( x7 o/ }' G0 b9 `4 S9 T+ c5 V' n! d - I% h4 z* R1 j h: V V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * h# H3 d; M. Q! Q * s" `" ?: s" ^% \$ d' n例如: ) w( J( L( v8 w& D; [$ i $ `( Z8 N$ z1 pMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 F1 A/ n- s/ `8 _! c; Z
7 A' L' ^/ b3 E6 G# `: E% R# TManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) P# M! {. B! l; N" } k. ] p9 j% Z jThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 r9 V4 }; L$ v0 l 0 o7 P; Q% }9 h N: @" Y# v% OHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . C* F& o% _7 t" S( _* q. |4 \ l. a9 ~& Q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( i2 ~9 E* k2 Q- x. d
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); {$ D# J$ P+ s3 U \, X: { y
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % e, k6 M' C- ]4 U, P5 @, V9 J) R1 {4 v
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 }# I! c3 W |% C
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% G, ~+ p7 V; S" r B( P3 A$ m* S
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 c9 \3 D3 z: Y9 v6 n0 c
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 y( N3 X9 }3 ?
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;1 |& W6 X$ ~ M. \
0 W v2 ?! e8 i2 v8 Y5 g对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " G5 ^3 C( u5 v2 Q% a) X3 R' }4 r5 ? 0 w$ ~$ ~% v. s H6 C' F对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 y% ]# _: d/ \/ ^( x1 |
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" l5 o- F* E* }% J1 K
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. ^: _8 }$ @) `$ H& k
( a. N0 H! p- L5 D( N" L有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* L7 ?, m8 Q4 j2 o0 ~, M* x* b3 T