本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / d& s. D. _* ]7 J 7 {2 j+ a8 i% `转帖9 ^0 q9 \6 _# [, {* C2 Y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( `, [6 W- u0 B. Y) l- Q3 z 8 D' E9 n& c- Z+ {8 @$ W例如: % E* |2 R$ S& u* c1 C1 H7 a5 G3 [, v# s) E$ L0 d
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- r7 M4 x( V$ ?- s( { Y+ b0 N0 k% x
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ i# ?9 q+ H0 G) [
d' d+ _6 V$ ?1 V1 I6 p/ oThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); Q7 G& J% U: W% _ }# o. c/ l6 m
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) S! \$ {7 x" ] O/ [9 d' ~2 D. ]: c( r0 S" p
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " E( b; E' n0 E/ ]9 l" | * P0 z. W7 Y, {3 K; ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) C5 m/ C/ [! @$ L
+ D0 m* A; J V$ V5 m: }We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - e* l w" z/ f# i4 N0 { & Q( {, ]: b! sThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! P, N1 x( |6 Y- u; c* B! I- F# Q 1 z3 B6 } Y/ l8 Y8 L/ l+ GWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : H" n0 |( J. x& |# I; c, { 1 S& O# q3 S Z3 N3 i0 E$ [- HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): D- `8 g m2 R2 E9 ]" l4 A6 y! H
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- s% m0 x$ q4 \$ J3 R3 _$ @
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0 a0 ^" u7 }5 p. \ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : L% g/ m6 ]- w) ~/ Y k ) [; l p: K, k6 s1 Q* x/ P) T3 `8 p例如:7 ]3 Q3 y! _4 `9 ]
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ u) W- V2 N2 y- P( N( Q' Q
Y8 I9 `; A3 g* M9 C% e( {0 [7 UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 `2 o) \5 c8 e5 O( @
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 m2 |- L/ E9 q8 a
) v1 c7 n" {* M) t! ^. oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 o2 X5 Q* ?: q$ }7 i% U; Z 1 F' i8 ~: m8 j% _In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 G9 j8 c+ m5 W; v9 j. `2 `+ u+ \2 L3 { G, B( `- D
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 Y# d" J7 M! @& y7 C
# K( f1 X& C8 @8 A0 k) _I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 g5 `+ L) E) \( U( d5 u8 j/ B' F3 m) G9 a/ v y
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! |. k. W% h- B5 D d7 R
- [- M- F# ]9 n0 y5 iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 r$ |. e; j5 `, u+ R6 W4 g
- P. M9 v, j0 ]# L) A! |* v6 XThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " K/ h; D2 b) D' ?8 h3 P2 F/ u+ U% h
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / m, r6 O3 D2 x2 F+ Y( R$ z3 z4 R7 V0 [* e
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) G3 B2 ^+ ?6 S4 D6 A
5 v+ p& o+ y# T9 [5 \7 iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 O* a' f0 \8 e5 A9 V
$ u' h8 M2 ^& G$ T& T' f* JEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & p! Z4 ]- h4 r7 K) C' X; K % v9 W9 ^/ g5 H' X) b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 ^9 }3 O& H9 H; }
r# |2 p3 q* R0 E此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" ?% e) _* A7 I( p
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I- o' K' n: a: w0 V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( p+ I* ~# d4 W ) W/ S, s7 U6 `例如: 9 J* W& ~( T: i8 c7 h2 o" v- x* F; X: G( p8 m+ \4 E ]. K {/ Q8 O
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); v. j# c; K. J
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * L, a7 V! A+ W3 b/ o& M3 D+ H$ E' d
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 N5 g# V* J ^' S1 M
8 `# |9 d. f; f. JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ L& M7 W+ h1 ]' R2 c( D5 _: D c5 f/ E7 u7 N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 j8 g% z8 b. X4 e. x H2 A- w F 8 t. u8 a% |9 J9 D# JPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) X5 W1 @4 g# r# k3 c ( x9 w0 W3 P9 I% q) W3 LCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 U- T% ?8 F: g- N: X7 T4 ^ 8 `/ X P5 ^4 Z8 D& TStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + s c& @# T% v, t - u+ I. c; i2 m: b( q, r% _同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 v' v$ O( J( B9 t8 G
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; q2 ~ [6 y6 D, i5 k N" I : M3 g4 X5 s8 J8 U, @! Z9 Y) }对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % W/ G) b# ~( l" m# K. d + O8 d" T' j$ b$ k" w对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* b4 u2 F- Z& R" D9 \
2 e2 G0 N. g1 m9 U9 T8 t对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / }% l% G! ^1 d. `2 ?+ Y9 N3 t; b+ b/ b# C/ M
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 2 H2 c( I' Z; E+ f 9 O: Y7 O; o% G3 ~5 }3 @; f1 c至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 F" J; h/ b; {% i/ m# N / I" Q/ {$ X7 L. S: C还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ Z# y4 e l b5 v5 e7 O$ t# W( [. j3 d) F7 h! x, n% I/ x$ `
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& A5 Y+ Q3 D: y# }1 T' L X