本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 x; r+ {( E6 u F5 k% u 9 C: Y- p/ \9 ~6 j转帖* \" U6 v" K6 y; K+ B* A- u) }
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 S% `' F! @5 {6 @
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例如: ( R; l: S+ N+ m' O3 H# @ # P+ N. y s0 g: I* i# lMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)* x0 t7 Y* \; n6 @$ _
- ]& q+ \! A. T3 @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( |- v* m" [! q( ~7 k( s' J i# X" n+ y
4 \8 f! n& E* S$ |% @This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* A9 G0 m) z* d% N' C1 L# j
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : ]. z! f) u* v. e% s0 ~0 q 3 e* U* @$ u" @* @I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - J8 t+ r, Z3 y' U8 H7 c; B* J9 B! ?) l! F2 o" T/ _$ X
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - C$ A. [" D, `: ^" H: k # ]& y" i' ^0 R/ a: F2 uWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); t# A& J, E7 x$ V- r5 m8 |! z& K
8 A2 r( b: j0 d1 a; `The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), \7 u* p, g$ ]( ~+ Y, D
$ K6 ~; w, f& e7 oWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . O. |% n, e6 w" A0 n5 M" o2 N$ V2 P/ n# |6 q7 L* c9 i# N% A
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- w3 e! ]( }6 U/ s; j
8 s, s# V. H. I( p& _; e9 M; ~这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) x- l% p& ~! C6 j+ j# @0 d, J* C) Y- b6 `2 a# f3 }
. k( q0 e" q0 L. T4 L+ J" ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% w) _0 ~. q x$ a
! T6 u- F' Q( w8 X' k例如:: ?/ ~3 T) |( L8 A
2 |& f& S5 M. e9 L9 {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 F& u" m& I6 ^" W# v
# a) k1 x7 W# M# Y1 A/ bDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" L" p6 ?1 j& q0 ?5 ?* K
9 L% o* J& H' @1 N0 ]I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 m8 L! z* f! K2 G! T
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : W1 S* q, t; ^! N* W! G1 t " F* C1 r5 \ @7 c3 O& X; }& zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 T, ~5 f8 ]) M4 d5 R8 \* c9 U3 ?8 p2 c: j9 X
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% C* @& j4 Z3 t8 {) k4 V7 M
& Q: [, V! K& h* t) T, UI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 k) C& U' [1 j k- G: O2 j9 }% ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 T/ i4 u. d0 l4 I
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* B7 U* E& i8 |! D% ~
; W! x2 F6 d- z& t3 A5 dThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# c& \4 F) Z% y( q1 U/ R3 E% D% P( U$ Q
' n3 K4 o+ m% @1 S# a( i2 t* RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 T: h; S3 k2 g ! y6 s; ] J+ [$ p% h$ d( hHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 _' ]3 S8 g; M" v5 c1 p9 o ; f6 C7 |* \! }8 U, t1 |We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). J, R% K) y5 v! V
& z6 }( \+ @5 n4 E0 JEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 e' v5 e4 {! a2 Q5 p& \' N6 R
) z0 |- q l2 X: |1 |4 |写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " z$ r6 B0 ^, A7 \+ E5 m; z. N $ e+ e" y) x6 P) Q3 T0 m( f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 F1 o4 ?3 D- o5 ^
) S1 t( w! u K" h . P1 i& K# N2 V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 p4 t/ V1 t4 j# ]: a- m" O) o3 Q( ?5 x) ]- X4 w8 d h) p( L' O
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 L+ l- D( ?: F. ~% r9 ~1 {; N/ m3 E
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & u+ u% ~4 J& Y & T3 h6 d& x9 Z. y: N$ OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 B6 V6 ^9 s$ R* b5 A9 k5 |$ i! ], a8 c, Z) q3 ]' |
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ ^, m' i8 z B; a r* U: O/ w1 P' U h" B5 R
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 b' d7 R5 h3 |9 q X# Q
( X# y2 s% m: iPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + f" M( L" w& ~( I) i1 b3 Q# m$ D
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! r9 m, z) v* ^$ |# ~" G5 [
% e3 O/ b E1 Q: ]: Q. O2 yStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' E( R l, i* N/ i1 ]. |3 X % W. X7 w. U2 F同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . X& g, F' s& J3 K2 F , ^- y I8 w* e+ ^3 F当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : U0 S, V! ~2 H$ x: ?+ x8 X, D5 ?1 R; ~0 G0 a2 F! L/ Q
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . M: T: f' N0 ~3 Y. ?" M' d# Q3 x$ S" X# V
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 q1 {6 ?- h- F8 u4 Q. @, v5 u " n# h0 B' I$ k3 P对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % T9 d6 k5 m" W9 m) x: I: f+ g. D' o+ X2 K2 x
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 I( I4 k" L% h' j* Q 2 ?9 ~% t. [" z, C至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 I& w; [5 _" `# T
' B' R ?* H) E1 A还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 \9 E( H, T; `! S7 {
9 K) C) h. c/ w有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' s% Y4 \% |& A+ t" n8 L; E% G M