本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / B% k! o% \$ X. b5 h! M* `% e! ^* b- `8 |+ ~( H- [, S9 `* T% R 转帖/ M+ ?. @3 ~) ^8 V$ R$ K; r& n
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! c0 `1 _8 C* [8 @: O) L6 [ - _* s) t) o4 r. G+ o3 y例如: : n8 [/ G' t7 m v( H) b7 j& z5 j9 J; z# c- _6 Y
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% A$ r: ` [/ L$ D
' p* i5 m% a2 \% EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) O* K5 |* G8 w" _; A: Y% r9 D5 I
6 ^2 `4 a& r- v9 B5 Z# |7 GThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - M, L& V% D# M) ~% K3 G5 d, `6 G2 M' i2 A. d N* L6 ~0 h
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 H" o7 _6 R) d" M2 ]9 t
) V5 y" o$ _8 y0 w* vI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( d s" p* K4 F/ {0 ?, E, V& }: Q* k
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! I* J" v. _1 H: o7 e % [+ G; Q* Z O) k& kWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! I5 K# P* I7 j! G0 J
) O# B7 J1 n+ |+ b5 u+ N/ ?' JThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ i% C9 E/ w+ ^$ m; G
! v3 ]+ J7 ^/ S {! {) }0 YWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- W/ a' ?! J* @% w
" M6 {- L( X7 y2 yPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; H; e$ z( O- d7 ] W; v/ }; b6 `) f1 I D9 f% E
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" P H% h! ]( a" E
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" Z0 y, A" ]% `/ P$ c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 g: X3 F0 ?8 {! r5 c6 x+ }. c; Q9 l
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3 e5 q& r" Y- r" J4 N z$ V1 QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' c+ i6 _5 @1 @/ F
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! h J/ n3 A; G$ \6 T* B5 y8 a" ?
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; U- e" s6 i. w! o& a u, ?! l: X! e8 L2 A
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * F* a9 z7 M' v) f1 E% Y- \/ R& P1 d; d; P ]$ c9 g7 S9 D# N2 Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' y* @" E% u2 t& ]9 ^! F5 s- p9 s, X+ A3 U
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " B# [" W4 ?+ E' j0 I: a6 ? % u. Q1 R3 I/ eI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) K$ x6 ?, L1 m3 S5 R; M! w1 F7 ? 3 S! a$ p- Z8 x0 j6 J! d& I5 D如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 F$ f. h7 w8 k
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 h! j9 O1 r+ F$ j) _; C# z0 |5 @' x+ v" Q! W; H% _
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 G' }4 x" x8 F$ F" \ E+ E, P/ v* Y4 O- T1 s3 Q; fHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ ^4 l/ g$ t: C, _4 Z0 c 0 e6 G- l! `3 u! a& r8 X+ L3 I; pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % S; {" Z: R8 b6 S( m w- H+ ?# A B* F& o' ~' A* n; V% U5 h3 M8 hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% A3 |$ R& Q! @, R2 \! P; ^* I
# {2 _; G' m K: n- a+ hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' N! j5 _0 t( @0 }6 F
2 R9 G9 K3 a- Z+ R! z4 N: I) M/ ^$ b6 F写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / x+ ^5 z# R* B5 m$ b* u! U. S( v" `" x3 X& ~: `- M
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; G" G" ]3 m; M9 l0 I; w+ O 5 j' S7 X- I5 _7 s4 C! d0 P( B% I " { `' H: @" c/ a J3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & B i: Z2 J8 j6 d2 ~" r ? 3 a3 U( A: L+ B8 c8 a例如:% z! n$ k$ \! P
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / R d2 t9 n+ C1 i( m+ Y8 R* a ; n! |) Y, r! [# g( |Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + Q3 K: F1 h0 a0 X6 E( C3 k/ p& F1 N0 @- n- j( y2 O7 ^! i7 g
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / g2 E! L0 d: i - Q* V" V( W; K& O; h7 Y3 vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 A( |7 \7 [* t1 \ # u4 |7 I6 b# P6 p( `: v8 y) mMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), m+ c0 Z# X3 Q0 ^1 x: T
7 Z* f; M# U' M3 r) p! CPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) I( K. a5 v$ J! P4 T % p; K }3 @+ Q/ g. g/ L0 h9 fCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ h& \' A: n3 d
5 n6 A% ]9 d5 p, \8 W( ]- YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " y3 }$ X! q: k% Y; t 5 s2 b0 o1 r& P1 t( s0 [同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + m6 `' t" x% X- Y1 ^ 1 j+ q4 d0 L' z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + L" i( g3 _. K! n I2 z! @- O 6 ~. w0 `; @# @7 {7 _0 K对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 H( P. R5 O; g, w. E/ L
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % o/ X4 P. b# w* a. k* u" t4 _, I4 `
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* n2 i, T4 w k6 W8 Z9 y8 a. T
) G( D8 K2 C+ o7 [6 p% P/ r. @有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' D' Q7 e# z# I/ [& d" A