本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! w4 j3 I! C! o j) w
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- b. O7 R: ^, M
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例如: , R4 ^( y- G; d5 n. k4 c- j, ~# S; H+ Z( @9 ^' T }
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 C$ G# R- V& M \8 V) s# k f; T$ A1 G. n+ ~/ }8 h" |3 _
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 j# V. t6 o A, G5 y9 }) g
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# c f' |9 k$ E, A4 S) L3 u
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - r) a- I* R5 U/ y0 L3 b3 }! O5 e8 i# T$ o* o8 b! { t+ L
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 n/ i2 v- M/ I# u1 b: l
: A8 [, F7 t% T5 r/ ^* W/ t, _Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) \% P# z" q; N6 q0 h1 x; i9 [) z- z5 X, H, z& |' R! n4 `
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , `6 |7 b- m* v/ a0 J# o0 J1 R1 S% P4 {% a$ t
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( K+ Y I8 O& O6 G }( ]/ P# {; s2 {* U( c+ \! ]6 K
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 O8 p) ?/ Y+ I+ o- [- n/ A# f' S! z- D* S) z( @
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); m6 W, f/ j( _0 d- X$ m0 J& e8 F- G
% y' e$ _7 E v E; A% t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 P+ Q$ I% o; \6 g- Q" ?, ]0 l# c1 [- z8 P; [
/ _. \, U! E" k" c; H. p8 q# S7 ]% M2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; ]# b4 |3 {& r$ H: G; {- s$ N u2 Z! j5 J8 G% o6 B. ]5 x
例如:$ Z. J* \; q2 k( ^3 } M V
4 p9 W0 k8 G+ G# K/ p0 s& GAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 Y. ~7 x* O/ e 6 T# ]; ?7 U, b9 z8 l& K" \; Q! MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) R6 Z9 {6 W4 Q
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # t9 K( U: F& u( U. C " v d5 ~ D$ |/ y& hHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 k& g \+ M; Y, f
# a/ o% t w/ e( l% a' F0 {0 gIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" U* E" o$ s4 U4 E6 u9 o% E& @
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - W! U. O( f0 v, p. t8 K* q. U0 j5 S6 T; }6 |: O2 U: n
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 |7 Z$ j7 O9 c
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & W- c6 ?/ K- a9 l6 h, o4 G" d1 M6 q' H/ | e. w* F4 W6 y
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # R* i5 k& y( @7 H1 q5 [ ' Y, W* r5 h$ |- H" \The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! a" w+ u& W9 a" I0 Q( P. Y3 {
8 X8 X. }- k! S* z3 K! R% CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : c6 D$ d( Z0 h* A / g- _( ~$ n) a) m- G/ Q& G" oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % L9 `5 P$ c/ ^$ b* B/ O. E1 N9 \% }# r# ~3 S
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 g+ C+ b1 l% Y+ Z i3 q1 B" }
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & \: ^ L2 q- |' o0 A; |- o, s9 ?# f k& }/ X# @
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( r& Q8 g" C" o
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ B9 \: n0 O2 M+ u$ ^9 S0 W
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O5 ^; `1 N% W7 w3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# ?( d3 y' j r' x
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例如: + N$ I1 a" w8 [9 Q. {2 c 7 ~- g# q3 K! ?5 o0 rMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; p+ @& c* ~! d A+ Y' J2 v: k. S4 B2 i; t! k: F; p6 D4 K. N& I
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) d9 ^" K8 {2 A: y- o: I; A/ l
6 e; q. Q0 l; V5 _6 W" j. q2 QThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 p3 X1 [) ~9 L/ }5 I0 f
6 a" c/ Q ]8 p4 o% |# mHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 ^+ T5 t8 Y5 { / J3 g3 |6 b; Z0 XMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( w2 w+ \& R) I: e* E" T
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* y$ F- m. x$ Q/ ~
- G5 ?" O- S3 W2 W2 ACongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) }' @4 _# v1 x9 Y! y+ W
2 U9 @7 e" l6 a; t: D. w- xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 [, Q( o) i' T, P) q: J ~, Q" ?( ?( [1 l% y2 T
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ K9 h- W k4 W% {) b' ]: K
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # l/ F2 ~3 |" c$ ] M1 U ) h1 }8 }% \6 ?8 f8 s: f$ R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " W4 b/ w$ }) X* K 9 J# e T. p0 f对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 u4 M @) k* P/ E% r# Q l% J1 o! c/ @/ Y7 E8 Q' V4 R/ P+ I
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 X+ j. i% P5 a: k7 K$ G* d/ q( r8 V4 q+ ^7 x( |9 Q* p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + N- s* e* `6 h& P7 u) f, S% b P% I% q: P : M0 m; v) L1 q% W- G至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : f; v7 e& Q% j0 M9 K, d ^! `5 M9 o9 z; E. w* S9 T% n
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" P; u' s% ?, g2 C, @
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' S( F. y0 I5 ?# z( r3 G: @* m