本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : x; Y7 s8 V+ P! p7 N/ T
+ T1 @: y+ Y) E# w 转帖 % s6 F a& T( K: p$ l1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 f, L" Y* n% E+ |. [ $ }1 d* D/ Z8 j5 f9 y Z& n例如: " }/ x- X _% b! `4 J9 L! ` P0 S7 b
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - o9 J/ Z6 D" J & E W; W- v' A9 r3 fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( q* K( s5 t. x , X# }! U& q6 Y, NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 K& f2 c5 ?2 b+ L- C# m% m. P8 r/ ? K; C5 e' B3 C3 P
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). u& |' A0 k p) u# C0 {
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). ]7 N X* ]- N1 S+ Z- ^
0 }1 V7 |# E/ {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 R$ o+ r# f7 C& f l; q" {6 e* ]% n
1 F$ o# P4 F& \5 g- p$ o8 }$ a% KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# f/ Y+ T1 C5 Y, Z8 U' P# @
" p. N% Y ^+ X' [' i [The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' G' l- p4 ~4 v, Y) M
) ^3 ^& i4 `+ L8 v4 X, E( bWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + p* y0 e- G$ s/ ]3 Q. ] ; ?; w1 v1 `4 `# w6 M9 nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 Q& H1 E0 I7 I. X
- G4 G) r/ [3 Q$ c7 e这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # X/ x0 p) F: ~* h1 }; j7 t2 n / t/ g4 ~- d7 N/ L9 l( F& E 3 s( S6 |0 L6 Z3 D9 k2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 `; A; s* @$ @" s) j' \' f 6 E" g/ e9 z/ L5 `+ Z6 f r4 Z; h例如: , K- c/ \2 B; H U$ C9 f2 N! ^9 |9 v3 i
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) M) m) Y4 ~& e$ n: u: z/ V5 g
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # J6 t9 ?/ t) \, Q# Q4 v( B" S7 g% @% }0 E& c
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 T9 A: \# ^, `7 d/ S% O
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 ]0 @4 o) Z$ T3 F2 i% l( G2 E ( Z$ O4 T6 f6 u' VIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' m( u6 ~- ~8 ^9 V* Y* L - Y& w' U& D T4 E" f1 _7 c- uShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ p" V' H1 h6 v" ]
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) u. ~3 _/ R* r# N& ~/ f , C( Y# m5 L1 S如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; I+ X d( j4 t; L
) M* C# o( Q O7 @% QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) e; ?' o' J- Q. R6 g8 x$ o( j) @ ; H* q: n6 k$ p3 ?( tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" }& T8 {' V! K3 B1 @* w2 }
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 a9 C! i7 B- F8 w* O7 c% v" ?7 D! {% R* A) k8 A$ s& [
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). z- v* P1 Q2 p5 N7 v* }
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' n' |, p. V) ^% @3 F1 N% b' l
7 c0 O7 ?+ Q; \ ~* e$ s. U' q8 a4 J( aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% z6 X% k' ?4 h3 w$ n1 Z
# e/ Z* p q" @ v$ i3 ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' x9 c' A* l, R- M. A+ h) \: j4 d7 _) i, p" G, @
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 i- u- ?$ r$ }3 w+ l; f/ Y% d8 b. w1 e" o7 B- `0 D3 C$ Y: v
1 E, c, m- F7 W- Z8 j3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ ^4 G3 g0 p3 m% X9 i - l b7 \' z# m, `+ v4 _9 H# i例如:- u6 r, ~( M1 W; M
6 ]1 S9 z- A0 s, I" M6 L _- N: F2 TMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # C+ U X! }0 o* \ # q' ^7 W* |0 s/ r9 m# G" d, Z- mManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 `3 h( m1 q$ Y" e3 V l/ } , T6 S/ y. M9 H. SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- _: h' ? r8 E3 i
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % `, D) d5 p0 F- j1 ^) C " I' |" k: G3 G6 x/ NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 y' j# ?4 }8 G/ W3 o1 s6 J# n
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 x4 E$ ~ _. C" Q6 `
3 _, s; w( B' D1 O, QCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 `0 Q& |' e2 ~
9 `9 J3 J; `! F9 pStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). q8 A3 @( p7 v, [
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- M' o1 B1 P/ y5 M% z2 Y
8 u" l9 O; f1 b8 u5 V% j2 e当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; @! k* n9 w2 r) U# P& \; M) V, Q6 v% c$ p) d; G6 T/ }
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; e z6 h" O# W5 k% q8 ^3 b
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- ^. l3 o# j* {7 g; p% S1 B