本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / Z: { e/ I* J' K/ U 6 n4 O7 j8 j, L. z# A9 J转帖9 p7 N0 Z5 {/ A9 |5 D; x$ ?
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , F" ^) N3 W8 d& E+ m4 d1 n. B9 G7 _
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # P. x4 i1 y* ]( r8 j: J- T$ i$ I+ W1 k, J1 d$ d5 Y
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 H$ M5 @/ U; U \0 [ i4 Z6 ^4 P 8 K4 w1 }7 e( X/ w) _3 @9 [This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* Y R! Q. @( {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # s7 ?" M( r+ E0 `" c# _9 N w2 i& E' z; [2 o) A
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 D7 L7 ~# i! ~' g9 [0 t w( d; M6 I* N& x; }7 b1 f( x* a
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 [' L7 j* M6 b% j; e8 m5 }
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) t% l7 w4 z4 F
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 {' O4 a2 o0 A9 M/ X 4 N# k9 X" L5 Q7 O& wWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 Y( w. l& x0 H8 L# F& l1 g2 P: Q9 V9 _, X6 L0 _ S) L H- ~' T
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / @' G+ u& O" I3 { 7 q) j8 s) X; L$ z0 {$ ?4 F这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ y2 y0 F* @9 K9 T4 ^! g
5 C7 J' F6 _; h. A- ^& M2 r* O 0 G( I4 K' c) L y Q3 m4 B: K6 W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : b6 w! c/ l$ g1 K" s' Y4 A6 e3 c, f, z7 N" V) T, I7 Q1 ]: O0 X/ L% Y
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 O* `5 } [, W+ y) k0 D/ y2 j" w# ^& c3 t7 g; m d
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' y. Z2 Z4 V: r2 L. ^
( B1 P9 v* O( h& XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # I) J4 T- C4 p) i- N9 E* F: @4 N 0 A& {; Q! [6 q. K" M4 \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & ?1 ]% ^2 {% ~ K! \! M# c y+ g O8 Z: l/ q2 r+ e
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! a% j/ | a \- B$ I0 i( o* s0 c- e, b
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) e9 O: r4 K) z, I ( {7 a( i O0 l8 z3 p jI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' V* F" v6 o' F) z" T' i, E7 A- a
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 R: ~8 S' b5 _
( R) D( C* d2 R* V, d. d% hThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 O$ i, Z, b6 C6 Z1 {6 m0 M1 v" ]) T# |, a$ u. n
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 t3 m6 w" ^5 ^" i3 x _5 P+ ]* y$ C: a0 ?1 P2 C
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- H% [& \& Q9 H; f) `
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 v7 ?2 Y C7 q; D- ]2 t5 {- W : D* c ~* {: l2 {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 d9 G1 B c2 R6 H* c+ e
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) I* P0 K! u+ s3 s4 e8 @( y
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 j. e# u" H5 ~) U3 t# m
3 O* ?5 z. W& E* S4 C' |此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; x* p) A$ [, F! S* {; X* g3 p
/ d! ^( w. T) U$ H0 C 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! d2 y7 Q! E! s( n$ p E
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 k/ E0 I- l' q+ u$ \' v
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% X8 g2 b7 b0 X! Z
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 `: ^) W) ^4 I2 T: v# F3 y7 L) q9 D( P J9 l5 F
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ ?% z- i: m' Q
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : F i; z' X# j5 I* t5 ]; P4 `% F8 r4 ]
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) M1 u3 S1 y3 _/ K0 O4 |
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 [. E/ W) ]0 v+ J, k8 X/ f8 T, c+ O
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 S" t& L1 S7 T9 ]9 ]! |; N
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 C# a: b( K' \4 o/ A" `
- g i3 z$ J3 P1 G8 `: Q& U当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / O' b/ H- \0 k# z, v/ M, h 8 I) X! D8 d, C8 Y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 W, G R1 t) a7 ~8 A% T6 r6 @
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ L: X2 Z4 c/ `$ c' W
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! ]2 e. ]' G% [& n
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% a# w! A& _& H( ]
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 W" r! F& J6 x2 I* Q0 A$ @" u7 H
" r f( F( T( [* ?1 G, a, ^+ i还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / a& n3 P. I! t4 i " A* t2 H. w! o7 K& [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 Y% F2 E& \* g! j9 X, y& m" M