! y) ?5 _7 O5 {( W5 |( ?9 CMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : o4 k1 N Z+ w- t # l, ~" ?, C2 ?6 B5 X/ NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ S- k# L' J6 B/ x- `
g$ L {. Y+ o/ G1 q8 x B4 LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 D! _3 x0 ?) E/ }& |: z, n & c# v* U. S+ q% d( u! k6 J- BThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ ]: X Q. t* n; x) }- ~
! e( J/ V+ y4 _4 N: BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& ]! m/ r: U6 Z' f
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( M, A$ |0 Y- k9 L6 W( m+ [, g& v " i/ Y; T3 R, @& ? x1 [. VWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & m; Z% `! w5 R4 k* b) Z/ A) S1 U' M1 A, w- W9 x7 ?& E
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# I N/ ~% w4 o' ~0 r7 C
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 W* J; J+ L5 f ' J3 A* f0 E1 h. O" M# u4 M4 R4 _2 bPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , X- C2 i. w' X8 i2 E c& A 3 F' h& a7 Z0 @( C; [( z( M这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 h6 t, p. o/ T. }3 H' ]0 x" @
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+ T Y' a# C0 O% K# ~. ]7 k6 F 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ F2 p, \, n2 w
, w9 x8 Q0 a4 ?' Y/ h例如: - j. O, T' U* |( [4 L" W. P. T9 k$ c0 l
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 B2 n/ x, w5 }( ?! O) _
$ {. @6 [; F7 a/ O4 nDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 m7 B" I# k& G5 k" H" k6 H
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # s+ A: I8 m! X) ?8 {" B! r 0 U& j4 T7 _ Z2 ^1 i! ~He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' i* y; Z; T/ y0 s& V. q% }
! B0 k- q8 F1 a) V8 \In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! ^& M' h; y p( O/ l( U( Q$ x
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# m( f# P5 Q0 `, u% z( I7 Z) e% }
$ P+ X' o3 Q; ^7 Y- KI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . \, @; d3 X& _$ ~1 p: G / j! @4 T) s7 n C2 W% ?0 L如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . Z& C" d9 K8 Z! v 9 c! w2 O! \5 Z4 Z: `The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % j2 L% p+ i/ {0 G - `% s+ U. }4 z+ H) h/ B; pThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 H/ Y4 L7 @0 Z+ |4 K1 ?2 T) T/ d/ m9 ?* \9 C6 _
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 g, }$ z9 o( H+ n2 `
R g2 [8 D! i" I* z7 |7 \- u6 IHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), `8 _% d# Y2 o1 n) _
! b+ B( | g$ t; E# `5 WWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 C U2 _) r7 m0 M2 T4 k& {4 w4 @& l; b- e& B' T% ~. w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , `2 ]3 X5 B; j _+ x9 k 2 L& W( A, \/ U8 Y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : x6 j: M$ [$ d T! z8 s1 s! D( v+ j
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 m$ U7 F i& Q! \1 M5 [5 u
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9 A' S }' b" r) G) H. f9 H* P 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , g# l! S) `0 Z8 W. M# Z6 p: \- v2 \* G7 m. v
例如:% M( j- e/ k1 }" m$ a: {3 ~
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + ~' |0 ?) \+ c& ^+ n r- f+ L* j( q* \ D/ H& G* U
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ t0 j0 [# {' I3 W# ?& A$ z |2 R
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 {1 L7 g C, \
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); v6 a* [9 ]* J5 S
W- }9 \* U, x* c s5 R8 ]Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 A* N0 `8 J1 I" L
2 F5 J" a& d6 J$ \ T. [8 KPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & ~) p b; |1 _3 t: m1 E: `: _! G. t; f
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 u3 x1 |9 M5 \, D8 o% a) s* j9 d3 r, q4 u2 z# A+ B Y
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # d5 ?6 O! d1 B# }5 P - }, |4 a+ i/ [% v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 s3 _$ X x. e
7 L1 d" S+ f6 _- `- G* b( ~当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ H, ~" ~1 t" c. f8 y3 X. [
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! E' w9 [$ S5 s& I! a
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 z- Y& n3 s6 T! L2 X4 W$ |9 L ' n4 d2 E( J F z$ w对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% G! J0 b& v' Z3 K+ K" F/ K
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - {, r7 d8 c. ?3 y# n6 {" H7 D& n& {. ^/ W! R( V7 T
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 D' A& J% z% L+ B8 o, x* m
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + @) k$ N0 Y( Z$ y! } 7 n: Q4 z% x% S# V5 l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 @* Y) ?3 h: t0 T* K+ z