本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 r3 M q2 d" U! j
8 H2 d x, j9 g- R, I& b$ {5 ?2 C转帖7 l! E+ }8 S. P S$ N
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + i! M; `1 h' Q" q/ B* V+ p: F. B9 k 1 g+ S9 n% E4 u5 ?8 Z例如: * i: y& r+ }5 T7 x3 {9 R2 {1 H% j2 D \
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # F2 H! N+ `+ ~ # C9 u0 r: }, q5 e7 lThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) p1 B- [3 d) A! K
( ^/ G9 z4 Y7 M" {3 X H* uThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + a/ h7 D+ N1 \& C1 y 1 x( |) m8 M- ?$ x5 gThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 N& G. `0 E# i: R8 G1 U2 E/ P* y L' G8 N `7 L
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - ^0 |& x* P b2 Y# z2 j# a2 c% e8 d. h$ w8 \5 J; O; t. U
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 _) ?( P5 z: `0 j$ ^
& W4 p' D1 w# x1 ~# P }4 ]3 zWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 K+ ~4 c) y) ]5 B5 U" P' D; ? z+ |' _% L
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * Q1 R4 ~8 X& O/ _8 D. Z8 W3 i8 s6 I1 S; J8 [2 {, |, q2 z- _ G
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 z; H U1 Z. W' k5 o5 ` 0 P5 ]: C9 O; U6 g$ rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' r1 N$ k+ P6 \0 B @( T 7 B1 k0 c$ P+ x& S0 N8 d0 ]8 M% b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* T, S4 {' C% P: K ]2 O* R
# q9 H6 o4 m1 E' m) [! ~8 I$ R' {4 x( J7 S. c) V1 t) j 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' ~! \/ a! s8 W2 j' ]$ ^' ^4 ]; p: x: S
例如: " I4 N8 Y+ e m * k! e: L+ n% I' p' CAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 B F# J; W- ~6 V" r1 o5 r
* n' o' ^8 C! g0 k
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ C- P% W6 i" j A) ^1 f0 j
/ O4 l! M% b& P( M2 r$ y0 _5 u2 X
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 O- U; y, S' @) l h- A" n 5 W! R* u0 s/ n. dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 ?4 t* V, L+ ?# Q Z$ v+ ~# M7 W! o! }
2 A' z( t+ M5 Z. xIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " L2 r9 b8 b+ c8 I ' e8 @) Q' R. F A! i( ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) O2 s; v- T1 y
# Y9 g, x" f8 y8 N6 a
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 d8 K; d! P8 h7 _1 X2 c+ G" x& J& H
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 h4 O/ d" Q0 l8 r) j
3 L" K0 Y7 g9 t* B# l3 }The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 A1 R. M& ]$ R/ f" }* o) V5 Z0 Z5 \) s A1 B
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 y( X' Q, I5 O7 U; r. ~3 `; n9 F . r6 d1 Y$ L6 s+ O3 B2 fHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& M+ d+ X. M( F5 \) T2 Z+ ]
W7 M/ x# |. Y4 ]4 a* BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 ]2 E+ N* ^& l7 H6 j5 z! B % N* ^/ j* y3 o7 L" X9 _We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 f; p% n) o# ? K3 F
0 }: T- s& _& fEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收): X+ i) T0 F a& J1 n2 R! d
/ s+ O# L' h( \ j写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 T% E9 C5 |* }6 l( q& {6 c! }
# X9 e8 k9 m* s7 f1 B. G' J此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 N, q2 j) T' ^* R, a% J+ U( ~+ E$ W. M) s9 N) ^6 U9 P6 k
2 Y9 u% @2 Y7 N9 `* e9 t/ @9 Q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 e5 z ?) V: [5 ?
8 V) L5 j! i& Q9 y7 k; m) I
例如:# b" u4 R5 {" B& l' H2 M
f* t5 `/ _5 T2 F3 V7 CMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 Z* V; U; y, w ) G; C) J, e) [' iManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . ]1 ~2 N6 j8 V( U7 s5 j7 p1 ^8 K1 g% x % k, W! t5 ~/ o; GThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) w- x; u" u, l7 g
% F" ?8 `( D( q! Q+ L0 M
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 o) D4 w* A1 n2 L( p0 s2 _! B2 a2 C; O
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 `' U, N5 Q+ H$ ?) { : _1 S5 m/ k& o( s% y- z7 K' Y# [Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - J S7 l) e3 ?: |. m, l) ?; z5 e' h2 T; l4 V d, d/ @' ^
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- e+ f0 d; u* k2 q
1 m9 v0 w( H& d6 f2 [' v3 z0 ?1 z
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& B0 }. d3 K6 o( u& M& Z3 g: G% M
& i, g4 a' |7 I9 F同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 b; ~. h% h% d1 t* u6 h6 o
/ y% A0 ~3 h' l+ @
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 M! r* j+ l6 c' ?3 K8 f) S5 k" S " \0 |( n" ?$ a. M- @2 ^8 Q' U& b对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; q9 r9 ?$ U6 t9 {. B1 F0 p . ^6 S4 }+ h7 c( L对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 [0 l, B3 r, W- T# t9 M
0 q Q9 j2 g- |- a: t% t* [: y" T
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , t3 X9 Z* y& q8 w" G% ?+ _ & }! p7 k" e- @对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 [" k3 t! x4 S, T8 Q$ k% x6 J : T0 g7 r3 s. e至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / W! @5 y0 N& [# ^7 e8 w6 y. i' B# c) i) J
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + N- F5 x. @1 ~1 R; }+ P$ n/ r# o! m& n* @
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ t0 W& ]% u9 o: k5 e