本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 K j e' Y8 J! v$ ~1 r - K- E( y& v e+ \3 N g% q8 ?! ^转帖 0 W0 {9 F( q- W# v3 ~, s1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; r" y. Y7 f4 T! H; i$ p2 Q p/ j1 x0 f8 Z" ~3 U' p" ]例如: ) A5 z- h# k+ n5 q; H8 t$ q 5 Z- P0 |& R/ VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 q$ T. p) m7 L/ H* [
) r% Y& [; a3 t! i, EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 p3 V) Z/ i q1 t; {% d. @! R0 ]3 s) E
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% X: j3 l# W- H$ }. D
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * A( g: q; g$ X ; T# Z7 }3 n3 I( i1 V, S3 kI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): [6 r$ H$ n2 y5 w$ O Y$ G; i
7 S) J0 M' @# n4 SMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 T$ |% ?2 Q$ \5 T+ f% H% ~5 y! k% u; H4 \" y+ B3 x& b0 {
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( n2 g9 B) X2 B' W2 X/ t. }4 ~% k) V4 h, @9 a, n
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! \/ o! j% l; R, e: ^& O, d1 q# x$ w) q
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ Q+ p7 T3 A, K
4 f' D- ], S1 X- P2 oPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% z% @8 S0 W, U
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, N, G2 [3 y/ _: l+ ^4 ~7 M
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- G/ H1 d: }5 d+ L7 F+ M( F9 Q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: {: _1 G0 Z6 @) N
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例如:0 K& J6 z1 c! Z1 {
% [7 m6 ^2 E+ e& @At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 g0 e5 ]! `% B
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , A" Q9 R$ O6 C; q% F. |( k6 x# W6 z2 n2 k3 `7 W+ p
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # \+ A* ?2 o+ X2 p! u8 ]/ K; l; Y' q6 Z- Y2 A& }5 A4 Z! U
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( @; L4 n3 F! { `. x
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - R3 s7 K" t, H: U; s0 K7 J$ n1 F* c0 |+ c1 b* a
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# `. ~; T, O& q7 i5 X- S
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 _; y7 j2 N [+ g" W$ G & V. `% G% O. I2 l! Z; h& v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : N) h3 _% `; B7 l 1 V5 ~& u( C6 J: U% s# B5 I' nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 S8 d3 R+ ]7 L5 C
+ C% {6 g: V+ ]! ]& ~+ iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 ^0 z- p8 F2 e" V1 c0 P0 Y) @
# h" @6 I* K' v5 V- p& G6 {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 [8 ? _3 w' `2 z& B1 x; N8 h/ J: t7 ]% d4 B
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) z+ H. l/ c3 [2 Q * k2 h* ~9 k3 v9 ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 m( Z% K, C J4 T1 \& u- ^! S! ?. T. I! z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 ~' F: H. F! P2 Y) y ' N3 _& [, {% O写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( }" {3 q3 z- m, j- L+ B. A3 \% k2 C4 v- E4 X a- p3 ^6 p" o
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) W/ d, f! K5 B. ^+ h) I9 L! e8 q4 R6 J( ?7 X6 l% `+ p
8 R( ]* J( L1 p5 Q, y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 f/ k" m1 w- _5 B
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! [7 m6 {- R, `" E% R5 l+ | ) a( n+ I7 b: HManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 R9 Y" ^- X" Y& h9 O
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / n2 \* N0 P% e. ]( {- X( s. m: V0 c4 E . a. |6 ^% q$ O8 gHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" n3 x' z ]2 p
) M& e" O, m- j& eMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 C9 \* v. v, w2 m ; ]$ W7 q9 D6 y3 O# u4 N+ v V5 rPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 K2 x* o- R7 K0 l- x5 q# _
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 L) u7 H, c! }: Q+ O2 B( O. f \) L4 b
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 L- u+ j; I2 N9 @% n ( ^! C( K# O! G' x3 M \同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 d; Z: w$ V) R
5 { _3 _$ {# `5 }* o$ s# c5 e当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 G+ j( h9 E8 I: y: k. [3 D9 x; ^, K K1 d( L
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 |$ d4 d2 S' n+ Z
; y, J! A9 i3 L. j. y& C) a. k对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : j# U# e1 i! q/ A5 ?1 g; p( e' A3 v! b7 t( R
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 s; y" G' o4 A/ l9 f7 S8 B, f% V5 u- M& L) l
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 Y! c. n: T( V2 m1 g# @8 V
. ~. I! }& g5 q3 l" @$ y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- R4 R% X6 S5 [7 I' V4 j: z$ D
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' y8 E2 p% n, z y
5 F$ A4 c* L* w/ D* `# P4 p有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; m. p8 }- Q/ A6 {, W3 n