本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 j) f1 o& y: ]7 L5 F! N5 T" _
2 {; F6 N" P+ ?$ d转帖 3 _4 Z9 T- v1 x- P0 y* N1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ R. b7 f* Y9 @5 q5 D X
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 x: Q0 n! k0 e% E/ o' _& f$ n/ Q' @7 @. A* {
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 z& C( s2 c3 s/ T% C' F( `1 b + |5 }5 E+ Z6 y9 T4 B$ u. ?: qThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) v5 h5 D, E& a, B4 r6 W( Z x
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( U9 W) D, d! S3 A + c# S. k* h( n7 g2 ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % _7 @; x. g( D" w {- i& G7 F+ w. g8 @& oMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 o, w& T" U% E" R, x f
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - o' |: g5 N8 l0 ^8 ^ ' @2 I6 o) @: m6 z* Q# F$ cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# `0 Y# T$ J: I
, u7 ?% g: C" @9 qWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 y- A8 V9 @: Q# U% e& w; `9 Q v: X3 n, w
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' t& O( P+ k) c: m1 `; j
0 d; |/ R0 @) P3 U6 T# @% m6 }) O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( |: k+ s: P) K: F. ]- g. n9 ]1 m$ `- E$ N
# L0 q# U3 G6 ?; \& T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ v7 t# p$ V- Q8 S$ ^& l" O& l* u, D
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 l# Q6 m8 H }1 g/ w2 D/ O
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 ^4 P* d& p* p6 }& [+ V
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- x9 w6 w( H; E7 _& e/ N
; H [4 p6 c( @( kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . `( h) v, ^1 M' a# q, \5 e3 t7 K4 ]) J* m
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , o) I* R2 I& e6 o% ~ d5 F- A+ l0 q, K0 u8 N/ ?: }( e$ ?/ k
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' s) S1 Z1 g- U: E0 e/ p
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 G' }+ `2 }9 f1 c4 m' ?
& v# s2 K$ c5 r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, N0 b: r x" h9 `: K
9 p& K! X4 a4 m8 _& tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ K4 M1 O! J& s0 r1 C2 Q7 B0 Y 8 O- V1 R* C0 O# p: G7 KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! R( Z4 r: v, P! Y4 t+ h+ K$ L4 _
2 S n- }6 X5 e# j4 Y- dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , I+ C$ M T$ f7 E" L L ' O0 }% y) k* o. X6 P+ Y+ j4 d F gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ G% b/ v/ ^ a3 w- ~/ J- L. G$ ~: \
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ |$ W- x9 N% [( O1 T1 R& p$ R- |# y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 t1 Y4 b; B% x9 f3 R [4 R- ? / i8 h& F, S. r9 N写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ W$ _' M1 e( W% I9 f1 x
1 I5 n, }4 c: H0 X5 D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% H. {0 P$ [ P9 U
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, h+ Y! ^% h5 ^( M: C) @3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 C& y" W0 z$ T
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 h& k5 T; q5 F+ P8 p# Q
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 }$ x t: K+ R& N- \% x+ K2 r' r - Y4 [4 g( A8 {# N% gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) M# k) e. U- E; l: b8 } N8 A, }/ c. H
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 f3 U0 f; v/ n8 k; U% M2 m0 x
. F" |' D7 x# W& yMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 A! O: r" ]. c$ l `7 w" s! A ) H/ Z8 b( N5 \3 X1 YPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 B) M! A1 M8 Q 3 I% N6 D, c* k: ^$ s+ F/ wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) S p# O. ?5 W+ B. `
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : T$ w- x. Q. g& q + h u2 H$ r" w3 q9 Y6 ^* r1 ^ V同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- J% O- p5 O2 ?/ [4 _) G% `& e
0 m; o' D6 `, P; p) s I5 F当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 j/ O- y/ p' O + l7 C& Y2 X- A; O* L" {对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ ]0 w- H; }: B+ j& B2 Y F3 H
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * U m9 E; B; E3 m, b, Q0 H! i/ I2 A3 k2 q& _9 I* c5 i( l& Q6 f
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& [- A4 @# p' k9 {: @# b
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; : X2 E! \( V* H- b3 x + J" [6 d% u( q5 M4 @8 K3 y' ]至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# G' x( i" |) R: x
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ \/ Z9 \3 p. Q/ l9 M' y + T9 ~/ e6 h$ \) Y) k" C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) e5 ?/ G) z3 w, T" e8 L