本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 S. n; l0 J, _8 O! n; }$ q6 t% x4 ~- Y2 Y" M" O( @& `4 ?$ L 转帖0 z# |0 l- I+ v6 Y- z- L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 Y% j. Z$ u5 e- v( ?2 ?# x! A: V
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( {" j# I4 P2 q3 MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 z/ J1 V6 b& j% O9 y- k
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) z& q, n; i6 `. l3 G1 p: Z6 ^1 ?: D8 S7 u1 p# A" [4 v7 y
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # {" R& X# @6 |" ~ T % q0 s# T" X5 d$ yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' J& \- m) y* t* N( I5 A; s% r5 y0 @6 q8 p: K% O( ^) \
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 \, E) d, q# r, p8 \% s 9 H7 ]5 E3 @% F kMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + p/ [6 Y- G0 g9 I9 G3 Q. H( r( q9 M4 \% o
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 M/ L7 Z% S. [+ g& C7 d" R! _
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! D% u( l# P1 F) d) k- N8 P8 e9 t9 V7 J
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) ^7 R: c" b; N% L7 a8 ?9 E5 D9 l* Q; ]7 t6 |0 F
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 y; T- l0 A1 |6 U, `
" e; V4 Z( y+ q, d3 ^这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 t- S: c3 A8 i2 h2 R4 \* f
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: g' N& j# F4 @4 wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- p1 \# J% G1 e' Q
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( W5 ^) `0 O) s' O, T& B% Q C' e
; e7 B6 C" ~7 c* ?" J2 G% }I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ e% k; |8 w) M
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 E6 M" J0 u& {. \: Q 5 N: S$ g1 f& sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 L; m2 f8 P# k* W , J# K0 [" }. W* pShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 S$ z0 {% t# g4 ?& n6 p! ~3 X
/ o0 V4 d" O6 l0 G# m+ f( sI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 Q* n' y9 ?5 ]7 M6 u! a+ h8 _% j
0 L8 [; }7 z [8 J! i1 M如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) Y. O) D3 F/ y9 G; R7 z+ e6 j
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 [6 t( I G! r5 e* h) O) \ e
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; {0 j! m5 R: m2 Z. K/ |/ z$ j+ ^; z) @7 i( T% i6 b% W
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) y8 ^& z6 a: W" \- X
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); G$ \0 ~ u3 p
' w& [& q' r2 C1 V7 x* KWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 i/ c/ |4 }" O( Y8 \
+ I* a$ b ~4 X* r4 D: rEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' p4 q8 c7 O# a6 Y; P
4 `' R* o1 s. V# u) W& h3 m写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 ^3 H0 M# [8 Z0 {, i% D% r
- O8 n B( E4 W# L# w* i9 S此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 H, c" e- \# x5 C# @; j w; w
& F+ Q. U, N$ r8 z; T 1 g* N; ^, G6 ?) E+ Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & }, x6 x& T1 i$ x; g5 O& s7 J5 Z0 s3 D# n/ z
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, s4 b0 E& u1 w- g$ ]0 ^, i* O" }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( f! X/ l4 _) n; z7 N0 Z; |; q/ p! W" ]% d& O+ i7 B) s8 X
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # }! A! v9 j# T# J# f" j+ e) t , Q5 I4 X% Q$ DThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& w% X1 l4 T. Z2 d9 M$ u1 g$ b
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# l9 y/ U' R/ t
: n. ~# ^. z2 ]) b uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% i) W' s3 K q) Q! X
: @2 h, G$ f6 y3 o0 v, p, u m, ]Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& I9 p( @" X+ u1 T
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , }5 e2 E+ L$ a3 Q$ w& f6 E& O + Z# |: |8 C, @ y% m, u( vStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' \3 ]8 L2 Q1 }( o6 d
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) _- L* n% x% V
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* `0 P5 k: m) D9 b0 G8 r- n7 z
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 D, Z( F% A, i3 A" H4 ~. {9 O
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & }2 v9 L2 ?: }* } I 5 z0 M5 s6 S5 @8 a M- M9 Y1 F' i' ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, c$ e7 W& C5 R6 D) |3 Y( `9 T
9 i6 R! N7 q) `( z' m* `' h# J对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' @$ n9 ]* t# m$ i4 |8 H* J0 J# G, R' S
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ Y ?0 n9 U( a1 p
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ M' u* n6 d5 E% h1 x ( q( N5 @! l" c/ o' X0 z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 j/ i# O, |* {6 H