本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : d" N4 m7 V+ b7 o3 A, y0 k + A( k: G0 m& h3 @4 x/ f! C2 {8 @转帖 ) ?) z! v% s" O6 v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " e( n& o5 X- h: V2 N$ _$ { # `& k. F3 @' _! v5 ~3 }例如: % h( N- D! @2 N1 H4 @; Q6 h6 U; ?7 D
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) u+ A! c) U4 B4 E6 G; t# K % [0 P; s' q) F4 Y9 f% d k. l- VThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) ?: V$ K! M5 A; J- b! v1 k- z+ T1 V, l2 T3 t
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). |8 `' K! n R* n0 L4 e
! g) L! o2 k& G* c3 r" ?; KThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( Y& n v$ h$ x1 W4 z$ _% y; K# T
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + k, Q# \( P) U / m* K/ D- @3 E& XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( [3 p3 e4 R& v4 E
, @: \' N; `2 _, a9 J" p9 jWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 {: ^4 K2 y4 G7 J
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 b& \2 n4 J) t8 ~% n/ g5 j
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); [1 p9 _% U$ X! [ u/ t
+ b, f O$ S- }- ^6 U YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 M+ H/ S8 A; o Z8 r& M; M% `# e' c8 D; Z
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) u7 {% Z$ p/ C# d5 L: {. L
$ b1 K0 |% b' Z% F2 ]/ B( X7 m! O 7 d% \' l5 v( g2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 P0 |% e8 {9 o/ a ; P/ N) k6 _6 m5 u' q6 ~: @/ [/ F例如: ' b, a) C5 v0 n7 T$ |, U% c. i: w* ~) u3 O( q8 q' \9 W$ W g) _
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 O8 d& p7 I6 d1 Q; } " ]$ F3 N- m, m* { B9 BDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 x- H5 D0 K7 Y% W2 M% W7 i [' Y0 X4 B
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ H3 D" f! Y1 }0 j
4 Z( ]! p+ [' K$ jHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ E# {/ u7 F1 K! p& ~; M; S! X
( c+ K$ A+ S( f- [5 }! _5 tIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 {6 j/ X" i# A( z% m5 r2 t8 S6 t, z2 @
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 C7 A6 x: t) s. O1 s2 e$ K! w6 _2 Q& S
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' f% M; W5 X1 I4 S 5 a5 @% ]1 y1 h% X* V* R如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; A% y6 }; {4 o2 `
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ |& D: B s) @3 F+ W
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* \! v4 C+ C. O/ W
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 `* [' } Q2 a8 a; h7 Y# O1 T
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ C M! J, X2 Z3 L; X# C1 d$ v# ^
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( S ?4 y) `1 Q" b- e5 c% G& I0 D7 I2 j" T; @0 I& h2 _8 \
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 Y+ {* n4 _! q! x7 \) O3 N$ R. N! a" G. x+ l# P& T i- t
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ N3 t# Z X0 E5 E2 A! b& w
, d% `% F W3 L6 L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ I `: v& k* q2 T9 E6 Q- p 6 u6 O, |& I9 R! A z8 h! L# q% e7 i% T% j/ @0 ? 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' w- H$ Q$ V$ ` w* H: i% y: V' Y: C1 U
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' o; w$ N" V3 J7 }& L7 r0 NMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ G0 F' O4 I. a
: ?: ?, Y8 C( t& y( c" {Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : Q" \% k p2 u `+ { 1 f) P: o/ [$ l0 |6 z4 s( I- i5 KThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 t* F. [; b7 A* H3 i8 g6 C- `0 h& a* H( i4 B2 |9 I7 i2 J
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) t7 Q9 k: g7 S$ K/ s! d2 `9 Q
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , d6 z3 u- e/ j/ k7 ^% [. l, k* h$ R: y$ Z" s
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . Q/ ~: J2 K; A* W5 H$ g$ f: v 5 {, n/ \( q* F7 G4 h; q9 l( NCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 r4 R9 ?, h5 M0 E
- f9 \0 b1 f' p0 vStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # q" f! i9 e7 W! H8 U4 w3 e1 A 4 @1 I0 f# r: r9 I2 P' P/ `同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % h. c; C) ^- n6 ? + x/ W8 h& n( A; s' k当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; R. V( \ I f2 e- ?
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# U& w" R$ b0 t: O4 Q
3 e( Q, B) X2 M9 n6 t4 J4 s对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# Q1 W& }- p0 N8 \: ]2 @
( E% ]6 W( \- C0 N对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; d% m( A0 n5 `5 ]( I8 l : {! w+ |7 V+ U% ~' X/ t对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . `/ ?2 t Z' i( b% b8 O # A" B3 i, q- z& `0 |( t+ k( J4 v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 m* X& ]4 P/ [- y7 { y8 @; V& @. B( X, Y: Y& p" n; B! T
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / p* W. ?7 \- ?6 ^. v, _4 W5 w5 D Q; A8 V7 H- \& J
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( ]) b: L7 H0 @" g* T/ P! O# `8 x9 q