本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 A3 ~' S! }. X1 ~' W; N$ D: T
; M% z( O1 |- ~ 转帖 & K4 ]/ ^: H% F' j/ }1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 x( y: X4 P/ C7 @& P4 V0 R9 b6 b5 Q, U5 X2 b {# _# E
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 U. h/ U0 x( ~7 ?! X! V5 h7 @1 H+ v* u7 h; k( F1 X
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 l1 a \; l/ o8 Z4 y! z- P3 u6 B% R+ p
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . R% N8 T0 D" q" @ # T' I) I; C/ M- B6 P$ q" g3 IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : V3 M6 k1 Y4 G: C! R3 B8 j$ H7 | " g$ {) j& R8 d' K+ F3 XI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 D" `! C& Z/ _6 k) Y1 _% V
6 q6 l; {+ S! Y3 fMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " }0 O* Z' t& _" Q) @% o+ k1 { i* |
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! p& Q# u9 v% } }, ?1 x" i1 V+ @, |- Q) z6 b; ]4 M* s: b7 ?
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 e0 a) } I Z1 _ |5 l
- O( }# X* M( f0 xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . ]" V9 d& e( g/ m5 t ' \. p* Z/ l1 m) M* l; O" \, ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 z2 |0 N9 N Z8 A3 } ) K& u+ z# w) w5 `5 v, `: Z0 q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# ?5 w j4 b3 m8 U. v" N
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3 p+ k: X" i& y2 [( }( g7 m2 X9 \ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * {5 X. A$ ^% ?) b O, s+ `' S8 o. H& t+ n/ h9 E6 N H
例如: ! _1 O2 z( H; k+ r# Q , V# t' O2 `& ~+ M# mAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 q7 \& Z$ ^; J1 d# J$ B- A: I) e( m) S
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ ?' S( X1 Z& N, e* S
5 F& o9 Q! S0 U# ]5 E) d3 RI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' X5 u$ B2 ~8 l9 m# E" i) R2 g/ e8 {& @ N( e+ N% a+ u+ D
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 `1 u: [6 U3 R+ j
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 u2 {1 ?* E- k2 X0 y0 ?2 J( Y" g6 H1 F
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 v7 b7 F. K! f: @ " w g+ m' l {% q% y7 ZI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 I2 q, {* \5 f3 [8 {8 u2 }! b* |+ @ w
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 \! c0 [7 `, @5 m9 _6 P4 A9 g; B7 ~
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # v+ v& W/ n9 k' y/ ^1 N) R % j5 w9 j( Q4 o; \0 SThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ ?. H$ I7 U2 K, Q1 R" ]& G$ n# h$ I8 f" T5 k, L# |2 E: M7 F/ X
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# t$ I( C7 B3 o+ m: w& S' J
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # P J5 ^ }- h) ?& d: N3 ~7 z, r7 {) O
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' F/ L+ [- D4 ~% v
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # n; G3 ~8 Y5 F , b" l2 A6 b+ q; ^. z2 L r% C写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) R; o+ @" y! V- @ b1 X& W/ w
7 k1 K" L4 X% Y* _$ i% ~此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, Q y, T0 o% f. F) S: `! n0 b
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) l' ~( e- B9 E: Q! p3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- {; z9 w- ^! c3 E- v
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5 G' k* W7 D7 r' RMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 e& E0 r/ r: o5 l7 ^4 N2 w1 C2 n
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); b3 f0 b. t; w7 I3 F7 F0 Y0 P
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) r3 m2 a+ f8 T# [' U& J7 [$ S- p ?1 U9 w
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" ^7 ~2 k8 Y7 X
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! M4 l: ^8 _. u! r( ~# u 7 b; j+ a3 K+ R$ d4 x# W% K4 UPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% x" S4 `* m0 j0 b
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 ]. t6 x, L, `2 p) c) L5 S" d
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! G7 F3 x, c4 t" L, u# N" M
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- h4 v5 Y3 H& G T
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# P! P' ~& Z7 Z1 z
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 U& n9 U' j) W3 d# I6 s5 n3 K j7 S( c0 C% ~# J3 I3 |5 p
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 C" ~/ }3 w) Q