本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # q- x2 `" ^+ U1 h
9 \! c- k W, b* j7 g! z, a 转帖 9 C9 k! V1 H, W" l2 I! a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ |- t5 B% E; K9 r* z ( J7 d; C# h& _3 u' ~# m例如:5 C+ U( u5 {9 S' G0 d4 d0 Y4 m
" w; Z1 t$ X9 \- ~: |: l9 QMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! r) w. a* `: t1 w
7 ?. c9 V# _* p, p1 d# X! R d. aThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ k% ~' }6 u; S. s/ S* n+ `. J/ g+ ]( ?
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * g3 `( Z+ S$ D* i" O% }8 k3 p8 Q' ~' [. Q( S u
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). s9 h8 H; E' v) d4 e
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 A" H) t; W8 _3 J M: ~' E& J% ?; tMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " ?. H8 Y" A/ V9 K$ a: V ( R2 Q- a/ N6 W; n V* CWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# {; v+ ?% p- [
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) S; @ n7 p6 X/ t% o2 ^" M/ [) W- Y, o# n
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & ~, v8 J: ]" c ! _8 s/ p7 a0 ^5 ?' B QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) * P# b. g! M: @4 R0 W' T+ P8 s7 g P7 `& S% z2 c
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + Y* K* l6 b9 O: L4 ~+ d0 x! i : k9 R2 q# ]$ w7 f! D. w$ L ) t0 I1 u) d" c, W4 E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% Q2 W6 U K' f5 w! D
+ P- M6 B4 J3 ~3 P1 {1 s例如: . M; r: u; L) `* U$ [& r8 w0 y! I8 x. k5 m; X6 ~8 a
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & J3 x" [2 i8 c , ^. x- Y9 U% U/ s% e8 N6 SDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). C8 Q. T! ^7 x0 Q* b8 W+ t+ Y) }
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): ]" d( j' t2 f3 v
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' l& _: k; P% q$ S0 K4 B$ ?
6 r @# e9 h* j; E5 v, X3 }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 }: K! U2 }8 x' K) G' h ; N* M8 E+ T# Y) e+ jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& d3 ] G! i4 C& i# u5 I
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- y. k' ]6 p7 T9 [% _
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( S5 E7 C; `, B' ~
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 A" O# }6 t8 W n
. P3 T4 L9 a4 J( S. ZThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); t4 T- D% y1 q. d; @' ~2 \
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , L5 B' Y% K6 q% Y: ^/ M' V 4 l$ [0 O6 @* bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ R" ]) }. C1 b8 q* ~! Y+ h- g7 ?
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 _4 u/ G1 [$ X5 j 2 f7 y% z/ P1 Z1 {4 d; x0 mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& m7 B; z5 E. h, G
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" G& f' J, H& H( f# z1 M( f2 k' _1 o% f
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! F" p( O+ |% G2 w6 N1 ?
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- A/ c) q4 N9 q. |* B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& p: X+ M5 |- e$ y. @9 _6 O
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 K' l* n8 j1 N4 Z+ b G2 x6 c ) k2 A. I3 ]8 ^& E8 t+ t2 j8 N. wManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 L0 g4 r$ G+ }) E/ A0 i, h
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% d% X+ Q) ^: L( i) E+ n4 i; @. P
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) R, N7 m! p/ ~0 _4 @ . _; O0 e/ ?/ m0 N' W" y$ w* y6 P$ dMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& d' E0 g/ w# [) K9 d) E
1 C2 m$ |/ w& D2 TPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 B4 J+ V5 w( R9 W$ B8 S$ Z3 l6 a, Y
5 F) w7 D9 g' P8 O V; i; {Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " a: F& Y0 ~7 r5 f! _: y , P6 u. T# C" J" j. K; x# IStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # L' x- _: p6 n3 f3 ?* Y+ u: X" W! j) z) [ ~
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 l; m$ C! W( u0 q
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + N4 h/ w0 q+ [0 ^% d7 C- L5 V/ ?7 E0 H: T) }. X2 Q2 d
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , H* {# n2 e; X$ n! ^3 e2 Y) |, c8 K2 U6 }5 d
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' N, C5 C8 u7 u4 N5 O
1 A: C5 ]2 C8 O. M对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; c4 l8 }( L1 u9 E/ M , j. \# L ]. N对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; W# C, N, h0 [4 s; f% C5 n
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . G9 l. M; G0 c+ ~$ U2 u& ]( ?% x, ~4 i$ a' _# m
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ t \( F2 j- ^3 g* G- f2 b ( u6 M$ o# N/ a _" }: q7 F有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( y) k8 x% e- q& \' C A7 S2 C