本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # E/ r/ |! k+ r5 |6 ~; ^2 _3 q8 F/ b 转帖 4 P+ ~1 v# R9 t9 y8 j6 a& j; a# o5 L1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), k6 D" O" d9 _0 s# y: Z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ Q2 x+ ?0 C6 u1 P r: D
0 U% S2 _) h3 Y0 cThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 ?2 R' ?* j% [) E- v! j. m" I
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- ~1 {/ K0 |5 a6 t" A
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 Y2 w, L( A! }' _, T 4 P- f. N0 }+ R: h. O" ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 z' o. k( D( y" B1 J 3 Z# h0 R8 R: T" F U: V; GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) u" n; j1 p. a) h
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' p5 H9 F9 N+ c& Q' ~4 C: s- v' ~! U3 f6 T
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 Y! X% g2 a9 e* `5 r; N( i+ o% G3 u 2 K3 a. y5 t% k& A, ?We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 d. p) G6 n" [* _; h, T : m* K2 v1 `- t$ APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : F; A( D! Y0 y# o' ]5 x+ H" d% L2 | / P9 A& a) B9 n& Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 w. ~; `* f6 p% Z8 P# k 0 u4 G" g1 o* n+ e+ \ - V& e/ ] m- z; U5 C7 |( T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( D$ C5 a$ c5 i- x* t3 j0 g3 u* z) Q9 u6 p3 u
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$ n$ ^) P$ E( d" ~4 IAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' Z$ R% T( G& m3 [+ | Y$ K, ^9 G
% B1 P% k& }( CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ B1 P, E6 R3 _8 Z9 i3 i# h8 f* Q* A1 c# r4 @% l. x: y# k
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 i- ]) V- [3 o, B6 [
9 D% T+ Q$ ]& v9 |% z8 z1 YHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), g9 {" w; i2 d, p. \( r1 h
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) G1 Y+ a& _; {- \7 [8 C2 S3 f* g8 K, ? c
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 d$ y% p$ G0 Q4 u, P5 C2 [9 U6 G. d6 c7 x& N1 T2 p p
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): d3 @7 B) ]6 R% j: J9 T6 p
& T7 O' C4 O# `& v% j( D如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 |2 Z0 }& W* F6 [; z : a |1 a% w7 Z j8 XThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% a/ M6 I; F" H% m- f) D7 o
$ i( }! ^, e. w+ S! A4 o& F5 d+ {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* ?- Y3 L5 J8 t6 S
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * o4 d+ O+ R/ N& c$ T0 u: [# R D, `& e0 Y' L5 b) i V' _4 o
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 }3 o* j' a( X, e6 t3 M9 m& J) _1 J2 A" ~
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + h) J4 l/ G* {! }- f4 k$ J M" L& o' g8 C# v4 k5 o
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 O; z% g Y" k2 s
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): k- {+ i: I! S3 s3 h
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 L e8 V( Q" l) M1 l* [- d6 M0 p" A p u
6 y I4 {4 q5 v9 `2 v3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # N4 {5 ?2 n; [3 A 9 z% \1 ^- Y+ y1 t1 C4 V2 D# a7 H例如: 7 w4 U; e& p" {; T( _" f/ }2 c1 |9 H. C( K% k, N- I
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 `. R' K: [, Y( o , q/ s. Q* o& S$ kManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* x' g4 v9 i C6 k! }+ L) {- G
) }' @7 h! y% Q l/ Q; uThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : g5 V/ m$ s: v# m/ \! Z W5 a3 k. N3 U! W+ THe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 w4 U+ e" V I5 G; e+ u6 ]; h
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 z) m! h7 K5 z8 }+ U
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) q) I3 l4 Z( {0 W* _7 w3 Q) u9 q; O$ \ / D! x; Y8 J( v+ \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 w h' x! a4 \ ) ]: ] N- x8 ]8 Z* M& c' }3 vStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 l+ X% Z) v7 [8 J% Q9 j9 T" B# N' _0 K, E( V
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & {2 L. N; a% S& g1 @8 V2 c# I3 B/ r! A2 \
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% H- } ]1 r% z- x7 C" @2 Q- O- D
* N. ~4 k$ `2 e8 h1 H% z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . s- d+ S z* e2 Q2 `4 n3 ^. M9 P3 B' O$ H
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ x4 c9 C$ r% O7 m; }. f8 I. v, i1 _0 r! \9 X1 C
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' ]* }1 q# }" P. D, C " R( q4 ~/ n7 W. ~/ p: ^7 z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ N& I6 x* e" W1 x6 c2 }5 V, @* I5 [: v
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 s+ j7 C- C X+ B1 n. \
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 q# l) x0 P! k8 s- O7 Q
7 u1 G8 F3 L! y; a3 a有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 - Y/ ?/ z6 g- [3 d, \