本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / W# W$ }, q( I ~7 u4 j* }+ j9 D6 o4 l! @/ U 转帖 " y# r3 ~: y; q3 |( A& p" D1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ g$ S: }8 k( S
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 g9 V* L5 c. m+ G- m 6 f0 G& i' G8 C% L, g% ?! A/ O) Z6 w- UThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* A# I1 q- ?) f0 d7 @' w/ k( i s
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread), K- P6 R9 z1 {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- {+ A" }8 {5 M! r6 t
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) v* g2 ~# J1 L; w) s0 v 3 I+ l y" @+ V1 W3 ~) M+ A5 UMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 e5 T' j e; u
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 g3 X {8 U8 H1 d3 a6 s3 `
; e+ g+ w, A: L0 qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 h# ]6 W7 M7 K5 ]) o
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 V2 E5 W" g1 d4 u' X& [0 l
; {, L# e# [% K' F& hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 K+ b0 ^/ u) ]6 L6 v 2 p7 s; o3 E$ y# D这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! Q4 v5 z6 ^* B% c# f8 O
' n8 s/ t3 s% A9 `! b! J Z3 Z & p! O7 Z. B! X( I: Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( p9 \" c8 U; k) P% c ^
/ _- s, \2 d; Q& D/ b例如: q: R# H8 b4 ^1 Y$ f' m5 x 7 o* p8 t6 T ^. d; ]5 D9 mAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ m( T9 `0 K' d) | t# x
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): N( q" ?* _2 z( w# N. z% M
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( Z4 k6 P. I6 y3 R) m$ y# V% Z' t" X$ O
2 K: H& Z. ?6 _% Q/ i8 U8 o: aHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) Z* N. G6 }. Y9 H
. P- [3 y" b' a4 O4 q7 kIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 ?/ N; u3 E( O# U6 @ z
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " V2 I9 U# O9 X& B. u3 S5 E0 g5 a6 i! N/ W7 v
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); t5 I1 P m" ?3 W, X- g, y
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 `9 E2 Q9 N& y- X$ j y" g# W; p e! v; _5 ]% J/ _9 o
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ V7 z5 I$ F6 E+ \9 }% m, c+ G# Q+ K6 U
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); }( s" r S9 @2 j: Y& |
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 i; t. w1 }4 o5 O6 j* J) [0 \) I5 `) S, C' D0 O/ V
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , B! P5 q0 V3 `$ q! E/ Y2 S5 \% Q( {' _/ P' T" O1 f
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + d- x6 X1 @+ L7 J, E4 `% ?0 n ) k4 _6 ^+ ^1 W6 c$ p/ k( D5 YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# k2 S! N7 f8 ]: c: p
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* }8 P. ]- b$ N9 [
$ ]- x' |+ {7 x( i2 j% d此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* ?) K2 E9 ~2 |/ x( T+ s
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6 b- I) @* o+ \" F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 U: B. E1 Q* _! z* c O; p2 \ 3 ^/ q5 S/ J1 W; G2 J5 v7 F例如:" B: @8 L3 \* g; t9 z h N' I$ _) \
5 f+ s! X2 n7 r Y; q. SMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 c. D- b( K C; N& l1 Z) c
. X8 W" u! `) L/ ^; Y# y- _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 O: {3 [# B! @& H3 k6 G$ c# J; E
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* n2 G9 G4 v; H# |
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( @6 O: Y( P e/ @9 m7 b" ~+ G3 W$ }5 W" k: i; |- \8 d+ W8 {
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 n% E" }( q! `0 y$ {7 v# f* t; g: a; `* [' m7 `
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# u. Y( \7 ]! k, z: ?+ `4 d
$ }8 R+ @9 R( ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 z/ q/ n: v; ?$ Q7 u" l
# L5 o. a( R: `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ ^1 w) c5 v' F7 U9 {
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! ?: B: I* |( O
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# U9 B0 d$ M5 @; F( [0 ^3 c
3 C! J: r7 I. }) Z/ G! L对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 L8 L F9 Y3 \0 q' O. s4 t: ^% ^ Q- s8 a
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( E5 p# Q0 X. t3 e g6 l 2 b6 u |: |) P6 m O( W% J对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 _' Z/ d! X9 D3 {4 T* ^8 Z. a P" F
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 v3 K p: q! n* b8 j2 l9 S) a
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 q2 i' ^* k( D9 J) K $ B8 t. R, J1 \6 h0 r$ K还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 F. f6 {8 z, F6 {
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 Q! R3 ]. k; I" C* v6 i: j) i0 n