3 w' f% f, `0 X# D1 K例如: ) F4 H5 [' X3 k4 D7 p' x 8 ^, J( Y% D/ f# p% f0 {3 _: rMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 P; h$ u* F6 d2 Z0 H
|% t& E0 n" r" r7 K, ZThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " v5 Q+ Q$ S8 T+ ]0 F* `$ t6 J$ g [4 M8 X% p3 ]' l, b
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( M/ \$ v2 K/ W7 Q) u& T
; @7 r' ~3 G7 GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 C: I& x+ }' z
7 U: M) I. a& Z* q, h& yI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). y: N) R# Q) N( g6 W! ?' y# C8 H
$ }/ ~- j: X! N4 U3 Y: hMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 I3 o* o- y& K5 I6 ?
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * K1 l1 p2 ]! L: Y0 W9 o1 f+ S0 ^
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 h* e( B% w+ m* h3 U; r5 }$ }0 F- W4 `) }2 w K
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , H. U* Z+ g1 A$ j1 w) l( P; E" B' O/ \; L+ K9 F; [6 {2 p' C
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % ^' f* U: b' F' W. u2 D) W0 C2 e( A* d# L
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, x. d. U; }5 `( }' m! {4 D
q4 J9 t, l" X; Z5 b) b/ D8 O5 h3 D& \; |" f% V+ _$ D 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! j) x0 D( V8 L b& f
' s9 Q* Y7 @+ O( a$ @% s0 \, P, H例如:) n/ x! z# k- [! c
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( S4 v E" ?* |9 C" k1 r! v+ h( n/ M2 K" W8 l# E! Z
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! ~; [; i/ P: L0 A. D% f 5 W7 _" j9 g3 z3 ^2 a. O) A$ yI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 V P% R- x Z2 x
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 j; R( V. h7 b9 Q" O1 Q/ ?8 J. L' h8 ~* P1 D# ]
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & c0 }- d9 S& n( M d# E0 M6 \! ^! Y3 N0 z% r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' A' j$ G1 [) U
+ K1 o- p3 e7 f7 SI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# C# L& V5 |- w1 x$ a- K' q8 h s1 Z
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) z( ]2 m; ?- z+ ~$ [# A9 y u Y# c/ r7 R0 c0 p$ r
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 A; O5 h4 q9 a* r a
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). j7 y2 \) F0 w+ }9 c, [$ b- p
& g9 k# s3 T) R" n: E7 X+ k+ D# \He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& A# A& W& J: n
; c" t5 G- A- a3 z7 y FHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 e8 P$ Y) v5 K. C) F& K u% g
" D8 S% Z; P2 d7 ~) iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( j7 |/ G# I2 y" i, h8 y
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & w# ]# j# t# X8 W 9 N8 X- O% O g2 `, p/ i8 Q, b# P写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ q% q* b' ]( m1 ^% h
& ] V- O( i* c4 A此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 E7 n/ {+ Z, ?
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+ o7 f$ R- o% j# J- C3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 G; C0 I/ p- V$ u . q1 i0 ?1 G) D) V; D, f8 L e4 M6 u. ~例如:+ K f0 C, W, O7 d2 N
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' ]% A5 h- z5 D6 {; m# M
& P3 t5 q# J7 _$ q+ hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). _& S% ]- A) [ R; l' Y+ }
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* a9 X2 ~3 M X5 E) m0 k `( }
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 y" ]. u) u8 t+ w7 }4 U, ~
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : N" C$ e' O! a' z! U& I: ]/ A 3 [- z m- N7 t, k( f, g- Y3 mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& Q L! U G, H, [ }$ E
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 p' _: w @3 { o( b 7 }! s4 T+ J9 \) H- |Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( Y" @) d4 p3 E; ]3 M& h
" ]# t; }) I S! A$ Z4 a/ \0 T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 ~* D) A' ^3 s3 P# @5 y. m; M3 ?2 q
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: A) \1 G; e/ w) l6 Z4 J9 P$ c4 e5 a7 C, _( ~9 j
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 m* J0 g7 _$ [0 e2 z
. h5 F I5 B. D9 r! @对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / P6 V* s; B+ K1 M2 w6 }+ v0 t+ V } h" M* s' `- a
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 |/ z% Y, `4 C( q
* Z1 @, L& r: X& D4 V- d. Z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! x" Y. R& J1 ^* o+ C4 G
' S$ O) k, N4 M- [' P! s7 m1 m5 {至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , i( z' u; i. Q + s. W) Z. o6 J还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 @# H! z E% @) W4 [' u/ D) ]4 z, J) J$ P9 ^4 z
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 U1 R; M2 E0 U