本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 ]4 T, _9 Q% X3 s/ G* w# A, z. a6 A: T 转帖 $ I/ R* V' \& I% L, G7 [8 Q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) w/ p7 Z6 M" t& J- Z# c G% J/ m) }2 f% D$ O/ u c
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' Y6 r$ i; |$ a/ o/ k8 O3 e' C 4 J- i. x1 g5 S5 o5 D' m) o; \7 [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 B4 i( P; z: S9 [
( z8 R# U3 x% g% ~( w. aThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ h9 Z8 z; v$ y! h3 t! C; e/ I ( U. u1 H+ k, w/ }The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & \; K$ g+ i1 T2 t1 F) d 8 f( O+ i+ Q$ DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! d |" Q" |# }4 Z
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 {+ O3 Q! I) J+ A1 M
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' x6 P# t5 w$ Y8 R9 R
. H" {$ \/ v% ]" B/ n4 tThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); A4 G. T% w7 q ?: r) r. _; n9 z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 g4 Y6 p( x. x8 X# W
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) * Q! i8 T' w% g" O- [9 @ 0 L/ V L9 ?: ~1 B2 h- M这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! V2 U2 L( Z! a7 M! ?
# j: O" r4 d% O) N" p9 R例如: 2 X8 O6 k5 w k. \ ( A: [: C( ^# X5 OAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) C- H, @. b5 w! ?' d # P R4 s j: n$ W* W4 RDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ _' j9 v# u8 u9 G8 ?
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 k0 P3 F7 D% X, f: L0 z
; h ~& ~6 }5 C" P6 R' a' `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " x0 Z7 F# i5 {; B6 i& ~* y U6 c " K; z5 v) u2 V4 XIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . Y5 G+ b% b l3 X6 F% L% \/ M! Q: q" J9 v
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ x: W, G' V! w9 f$ Y 8 A5 O# X7 M' T0 s* P9 o; f8 KI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 e( g8 x$ l5 y6 p9 p
! T7 h; b9 g- H+ g如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* t) C; I% |9 I+ _/ ^- q; N
4 f# ^; P' Z0 }The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& d" R; S4 \ ?* q0 {$ F$ S
* w: B7 e1 V' J/ AThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). w& W2 W3 ]$ H' M
# }! k" }) N* J1 CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" l* y- N0 b9 O, a- _
6 n4 j1 `0 {* H5 D& q% A! `% ^3 @' Z7 w' bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : o4 G% x+ @- v: T6 T* p1 o( [ 9 i- r/ ^2 U% s& T IWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 V# N8 [; T6 l! u9 y
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ c( i' z- s- c( _. z8 o% t
' v& _8 G% W7 j( e3 m: S- e/ s写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , q' }) @2 Z* z/ n; A4 [3 o8 Y+ Q G6 i+ {, z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 M1 D5 f. t& E
/ Q# n6 e) X! X1 y. u 3 O6 Z2 w0 I# }" S: W8 h$ s; n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : ~7 T5 E) k- y7 d) k$ J0 m% q' N" o/ ?- _
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)6 J+ U q+ _: z( C
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# q4 e7 h5 i$ \- o( M2 H, ^; R
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # Z% G5 E, U" q; P' N" l U" \, F5 M7 K DHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ q; x( |5 M* S& w3 V8 C7 [$ j" s0 o+ `
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / ~6 n; t: M% ?8 H, g% c% w; { \" L& ?6 [
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( N- n- f- Q5 L. R) J
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 P& b% `9 ~: {
7 _4 ^0 K3 Q8 L% t0 C% W- t- `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 n& G9 l& i5 K3 _5 ^4 K- T( e; M. W% U" g
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , M. i; H6 J% V; y1 ~" ?4 V% A* r 1 z# R' V: t. e& D& m0 `当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' L+ h. v7 o: V& j
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- v9 x" x" z/ K9 j9 a. H) ^
3 e9 d, y. ^) q! m对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ X/ m. _& J4 _4 o1 p
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 Y% k5 ]% B4 X
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( P0 p2 m8 ~, r" m5 ~, K. ~
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) h) N4 |& Z- |2 R2 N
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . q( e& A" i! `* ]6 b& s0 s9 }, T9 X8 B% ^: R6 ~' \5 _! y
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 P- @/ l, m5 @$ T, z# f/ l