本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - ^$ h# A; q& P" b) z
. e/ e: S5 K0 x( b1 e: g 转帖 ; {9 {, y8 K: Q& w! K1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) k/ }( z7 E* y5 {9 p- o
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例如: 8 {2 n7 U% g9 ~" U* x # {4 }& s5 ~' u6 IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 t' g Z7 i2 l+ Q r4 c/ S
2 [1 f+ V$ I7 V. b( D/ ]$ S0 JThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 v$ h4 l* k) T$ E& L- `' v ! U# V. D; V) W( L0 g. ]This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* q. c, u0 L* y4 @/ w; Q' C- U$ n/ \
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ u1 `" Z& E7 ?/ Q. | G6 z
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) q+ p) Y" B7 u8 J4 G: R4 r7 O- e" r5 `; W+ O
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 o, u( S0 z; @+ t, q6 y, @
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ v0 f; y8 o6 Z" C/ u& L/ E" I' P& o$ S( v
6 _7 R7 {1 [' Q, [( j2 gThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). @3 r: L3 L* a) X A
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 x% ~+ F9 ~: L' q; k4 }: R. ]0 Q
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 @2 G. k1 E2 l+ H' K; f" I" Y# ] 3 s1 S. X1 r4 S% T这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" N G/ P: |& a! m& P
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8 ^& v* K3 `9 O G) g. Y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) v [+ p5 \1 I! O2 U" i
" F3 p' H5 c# }; a例如: 2 N" g5 L- L0 ~0 W" H4 U ) W- [0 O( p2 j( T) R2 ]2 QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 W/ g) u5 c- _. i, K, F& @2 P+ s' ~+ b$ ?$ F
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 F" y" H0 }1 j/ ~3 @% N5 U8 z, N2 ~9 b1 s: A9 a/ @
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ x5 T8 ~7 A* g* } b% P0 f
7 M) y) H7 E t! B8 g, fHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" h& l6 r P$ n
% ~5 k! P. v% E! Q* d& nIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), w4 R s3 n2 s) q& j# I9 K; x9 w
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 R! A( I1 ?; z& M 4 h3 ^0 D$ I: j" ^: w) _* jI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 u3 o9 {' h$ T/ a( M2 I v6 \- c
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " h$ E; G% i6 w* D7 c/ f % A: s) ?3 r2 f; h& R( JThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " U# i% J: Z8 G6 h* m0 y3 D3 C( W( y% \
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 c' F( g* h @. [9 S$ ] b5 ~0 t/ s# N/ G! i2 h9 A/ pHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - O" M3 R& y. h 8 ]5 L3 n+ L" \8 s' @He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " t9 V! Q4 Q. f6 P; {( R 0 \. o. h6 T6 m- Q4 ?We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 [3 ~% D3 \7 F# r3 o1 }
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 _+ m8 @7 C/ {/ p/ E- L! K) k, H( C0 u
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); i7 _- D% \& P- t" X
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 \/ L( l0 y5 X p0 ~ u3 F% b
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$ s8 B7 g0 R! Q* ]+ w7 d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) M* o& {3 k, b( [& a0 D" b& `# G1 J1 k& U V
例如: * |! a4 t0 L8 r4 i- K / r/ |9 A- R& u8 U' n1 _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 n' i$ X* o- M) R" @/ s" I9 r' X
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 H& {2 e4 R* l( N- A' _+ [$ c% d5 x1 j+ _% ?: J! {/ v( \- L( t" ], q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) c( e o, c! l4 N( C . H7 L: |2 _ [/ k0 B' D: AHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% _1 i/ l2 j$ c$ ?( J) _: G: B
( u! D/ }" k( m/ a4 E: f6 lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 g1 j/ K1 z/ x, E: h3 V
' Q. v9 a6 ^' f3 LPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ l& M; E: U: w r# J! }! h$ [9 Q7 J
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 a6 I3 F! d/ u& v* E
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 k4 F6 w. N% y# S 3 V5 |) V3 t5 D S% m5 ]) S# }9 O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ p% ]: E8 N' ?. [6 V4 f6 {( C 2 Z8 C, w; L$ ] q% ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' s: p4 B: b( Y# ?* H$ x j6 O# i& X! U
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' s6 \) P6 f m& ^/ P
& |' F5 c. A( O2 e+ E. @1 V对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 z% p. \6 c* }, _, I2 L, H. b7 `& w1 r, r) ^2 _
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * q; q; h7 A4 ~3 \) f q( m+ y" A9 o) I) t& c
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 u7 l# C% r+ I& O. |
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * f7 y! h9 t- c. ~% x: }4 P1 Y( W$ }2 L9 b: ?7 X( `. c
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 b K4 F. i* r' L0 C
! `$ B! ~: J: H# J! m- T+ X+ s& s有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 j7 i2 C: B! p: I( F y* u8 X