本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # f8 ^, ]: c; f
( ?) Y- Q/ N3 w& s转帖 7 A7 l) ?. h2 v8 c% f$ |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ C0 A' v+ q; y1 F
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 N- a# @1 g2 i8 b& _/ J1 c( w; a. W/ b$ q
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ H5 i6 H5 F4 f+ h' [4 v9 j
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) v; S" N* D' s. S3 X# Q! f" n' V- [, e5 ]7 Q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 X" p4 S$ Z$ x) t' w9 V: ~
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' j9 t' [( T& x& ?2 M7 R9 ? 9 v+ C0 r. U3 RMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * g2 T( f4 b1 j4 o0 G/ D; |" @7 X9 C8 k. [! a6 s" M* _: f* l
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . T: G: p% z! Q( D' o; |& I8 f- b9 A5 T$ x( _- z x7 t) ~
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" W3 b' E7 a9 d; }
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 q$ h: n* r3 R/ |, p( B
9 D- S! M9 j4 }, OPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) z4 Z! l, m! [# x' f/ d- [
0 Q* W' P) |7 E9 [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% y% g9 f. C2 k; N Q1 b4 @
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 Y0 E# n9 s! j+ j
9 r# T% A2 l7 m) t" ]Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 `9 m- {, u' h7 t4 Q. ?: ?. i 0 O% q$ `2 c# K/ [6 i* Q$ X4 YI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 a" Q: g/ X, C$ a3 a" i l
. Z3 T# g) E& xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 M5 c( R' R( u; v) j! G9 A " v) p2 h4 \. o0 V8 g! V# t1 _In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 G! g; i, f8 e M0 g# O7 Q. x
# T y7 V, \& i+ W5 O9 dShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 j6 W$ A0 L' H6 [$ X$ F0 A$ V2 v/ n$ q; Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 p7 b. d2 x3 ?0 S. O. ^5 g
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 r: w/ c' V8 `# ]
+ ]6 p# y9 z0 D" w( ^$ bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ t, h4 U {) r7 ^, a
6 }( {, W0 o" n; GThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( Q( |, b, M/ X Y0 W$ W1 o7 J8 c& Y
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 o( g+ \, X( h4 H
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 q* {; l1 G7 ]6 C( N) r' J! g8 ?$ A
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % i$ G/ M0 y7 [& _6 Z6 o, b/ G& Z- G) W% _8 G# G& w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 r) j# t* p6 }1 e% Y% i ( t0 z' x& i! m! n g: ?" r$ e( r写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 T/ j$ y( y! |0 m9 X
* `2 h1 \2 C: R& P, j此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + i$ i* N! j N$ I9 v# ]8 n b6 f, e9 i3 e& Y6 a( Z' P3 f
^6 Z4 V+ [% H 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 n- l* Z: j1 K- z6 g# f s7 P# {
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) a$ E8 n' X( `; T( }- ]3 gMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; Y# t0 \3 W8 Q! Y6 h0 a( H% n9 t2 C/ e6 g# U
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 p) S A1 } g% v p; F7 q o3 k% E1 A& C. W
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); W! O$ Q2 M& L
) t' l2 R( |/ _& b4 DHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * ~+ G% J! n8 o8 y ) @ ~/ }/ o2 x% D/ G5 s; zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 B- m" x: c; G% d7 x1 h: q' D7 k) F8 v; w6 i
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . p: ^, S5 B% Q4 }1 z) K# H! Q. e 2 d* f9 f2 \9 r, [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" e* p9 o% E$ U+ f+ h y- Q; e. Q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ [8 i; N4 T/ ^' z A2 `0 A: i; Q) g7 j c0 e
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 S2 m0 d& K c; y" A
+ \) @. [. f5 p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 S4 u8 A5 u4 @% i7 E9 D ' E* K2 J a$ ~1 T$ Z3 B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ T# D$ F; \, u% c/ F! Q, {7 F
4 q7 v; z- M" @8 B对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 m3 ^* k- @8 N! t% p7 g* x3 c7 P2 `5 n7 V' I* ~: l2 ?
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . @. n3 R$ X+ T( T N9 r N$ T1 J3 ?: c
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- { I- {5 Y# D. Z) k9 E
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 h S4 s! ~2 F+ b* Z8 W0 F/ l4 _6 E7 R J) ^9 ]; t6 O% ~
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * A" m+ B3 P. A. @1 Y+ h7 T 2 I* u- z; m, V- e2 L4 _有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# G7 J* E# l A! S7 w& j! q