本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - h( T, [& J! d$ S9 f9 X- [# e9 M ) z7 e- H$ N0 s* d. q转帖 * V) t- Y' J3 o0 h# M1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # t8 H# K+ ?! F* r7 b/ ^ 7 b1 ]2 ~# V/ h3 K4 e5 _! K例如: ; ?6 l4 I1 |" e# _) z 1 i) y1 i! q% u7 _9 XMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) z3 [' Y# p7 i4 m, Q* z
; i6 K3 D* U6 K! i& r! D" G& AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 g' o& ?" A1 l$ H. v 6 {: O! R6 V9 ^$ jThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 `* g% K! I; B2 y& G+ K: r
! l4 A& t2 j0 hThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ^: }; V7 x: r( e6 c9 p
! U2 D1 D1 H# G: u6 r6 BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 c( o+ W. i( J d! y6 A4 D
/ k" R w2 t: v3 U( I1 g e7 RMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 t( u9 n' n4 N
. T, k3 T& z6 {% T& SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): u' v5 L! E4 r( R6 h+ `* O. z
" K5 j- Y4 o" J* q2 i( J& pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , j6 c& f' n1 D* M! ?* i' W0 k) X& [, h7 H4 P4 J- n7 w
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( C9 }- }5 w1 s% \% H Y y Q
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 J1 N# t8 ~- B* ]
) u# n- @: P ^- j/ W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- u% @8 D* v$ {) i
6 u0 Q" H0 e @8 _$ t! h- g" Q5 y 0 |4 H5 W2 q f5 s$ ]4 m9 W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 y9 T' y9 B7 @ M5 ^: q, ]; A& c$ O) L
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) ?, l: l4 i3 v: PAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( ^& D+ r; a5 q/ ]; X: U$ R 9 q7 d* Z9 N Z9 @; V' Z# S1 a7 ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# I }! ^' l: G$ B
. a3 Q0 m6 T ~, Q& RI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 ~/ y" e8 D" ]5 R' X! |7 G7 c7 b& _7 s! c
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' Z: G3 V1 ]8 v1 b
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 a3 t/ M9 E+ M8 n
6 e0 N+ @, f5 \+ ]" J$ f, T8 hShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 w' r4 W6 O2 |& i& Y
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 K7 P5 H' n7 S: k% M( A. V, f) @6 C/ V G! l
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; a7 B: H6 e% {
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' Y9 ~1 C% v, M1 ]# w8 t$ E+ w . p) W: l3 k% S U5 yThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ `3 C0 r. b! [5 N" ]
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) y4 m1 S' L# a' y, ]2 d. k
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 p% ^! E3 F; a0 P, } @# W& T* N/ p: C3 XWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); e0 H4 W3 F) ~+ U
, \+ A) V) e1 s1 }- J, G2 @1 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 C7 [% g6 u" y% g8 L+ U) H% u5 o& o' i
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& ]* E8 [9 T4 N
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 C- R' L2 f: w4 J* d; { 6 M/ m0 |; s7 Y9 @! f- |7 {- t1 H5 ]8 c1 \0 T) z! d& x/ z7 V 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 M5 _" U. q( @5 \8 d4 [0 ] 6 n: W y* ?( s例如: a' W: o5 g) L0 B4 Z' N6 Y1 B. @% d' i ?/ B
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! y" \* ]* B: h( V* K- G
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; ]3 g# Y2 d) D+ `5 e1 _" k9 [ d+ \
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) v; r; P* E/ }, X9 J) N! K1 e
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 N; X5 n# u* G6 v
( q/ x8 W: b* ]. ~Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): c. L( K" Z; V; U6 o' Y; _
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 P, l: L" @! y$ ~6 y7 G# v
. f, q; }$ ^; lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! f0 m( H8 L: S/ g. I/ r) x4 a- m! Y# G) x) c
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & _2 c9 j4 k6 D* N u: T% g8 L! h1 f: L4 V4 P* y7 [
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# d+ v& t! n, J+ N
' ^2 L, i T# z* M! j5 c当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' ]; ]% q* k, ^, r0 ]$ u0 R4 B! C " R9 { Q, u* A' M, ]# c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% j: f* G4 r+ r# | u6 A
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 v- b: n, Q4 }# d2 R8 G
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: O) q" i- g1 ~5 @# V9 @. V5 [
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 I4 O7 v5 m1 x; z2 p4 k% a4 E# `- {) P
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ I+ r$ ` Q8 m6 f( f/ y
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & ^/ ] T7 Q& o, P. m4 a- ]% r' b, o# z- u
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 h" P+ I( `* m* @