本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 Z$ e: m% S3 v( T6 f7 H8 N. c' L; G* F! @# a 转帖$ B/ H, ^/ P/ P: }" L+ y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 [' b5 G7 k# T, F* }1 `, R. P+ q; t; V5 E) p2 H
例如: 9 z+ E. b" Z8 \4 z8 H" a3 j6 ^3 S" l& D# `3 s- M0 _5 y1 P2 n* u% g
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 i& o' v% h1 H% S* Q2 M- y5 ] % x$ M+ k5 p' g$ ?Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 w) R4 [! N1 ^! o+ M
) \' u1 d. f. I: OThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 v- d9 x1 I, }2 o( U: S1 U0 Q4 t$ W i
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 E) f; R0 }8 }% E
8 {# {4 `- a7 S8 I8 @7 B7 v
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! S. \# @& V! D0 e) P- q 0 h/ ~$ B2 _$ Y3 ZMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). S, c# c R5 y4 k5 c
3 c5 t0 y' [! V$ T% ] k# V$ M3 DWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , b* S. K# v2 m/ Y 2 y) ]4 _% j8 `* j, l! J4 ?' wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), y6 b, Z0 w' E9 J! ~/ q
% e4 i' Y, X' W6 h# P) Y- J7 ?2 s
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 t- E; {8 p/ \* |9 \
9 j% q; V+ ?* i8 ]2 F4 l; @Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ Z. r i0 C8 e% O% l
1 K) ]# c( }# j. w; o) T, m
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 h+ |2 ?% w" h$ T$ E# j
3 b' ?2 o/ l, C7 p- T$ Q9 | * o8 f& Q7 m6 P% m& @) `& f/ M( ]2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' F4 ]4 @ T! X- b1 J% o
V) R% i& K* k% i1 U
例如: 2 z( s( L; D8 j1 s% y0 S7 e% e$ P
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), }5 _- C+ ^9 n
2 \; p0 B3 i6 ~ Y; y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . D, J ~4 q2 j' I* i5 C2 m+ Y9 Z' p5 s) o* }/ u; U" z+ B: I
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! w* |/ D9 x" V1 s6 h, v$ W8 t) \ 8 Q' Q, c) c0 d. F/ D, Y6 JHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 y$ P; |, U; ?5 d. {5 ], A( o9 s5 A4 H3 [
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& e* K. d% w* z; I- C2 o9 O
+ ]* q% w) j* p' S; F7 [3 x6 V
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), t- b+ L; x' B
) T! g$ F+ [& zI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- Q$ ]3 P6 R3 O& N! q ?
& n" o4 \* ]5 E4 z2 ]4 \
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 ~3 z7 X( q/ `
1 {1 B' `: n8 t7 m" G
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + Z1 L% K* u; A% C8 n- m$ V: s: M) Y4 [5 G
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ c7 ^0 W3 h% p* Q
- k$ q" S. q5 F9 i' `+ x- zHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & j9 j5 |$ T: W4 J( v# q3 O/ h1 S1 e7 k8 S, K3 Z g/ G1 A1 X
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( l" w3 X1 a1 Q4 h3 q* x& o! P
( C+ x- A4 f, t: r0 ZWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : j/ L8 Q6 o; y! S! R' ?/ O& a4 }! _1 O4 s: {' q0 v, O- @! w1 V7 Q: ~3 b
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* x6 J2 s) j# ]2 Q4 {
5 ?, l: j R# F. Q h1 A- v写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - }0 {8 V+ p8 a9 x; g- k4 M: v5 \5 s) Y; U- y. T; Z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) k1 D9 m; f; P2 H) @
( Z- o- g# Z( k' Y" c
' Y! v7 H( X4 H# |/ c% A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 V( d8 U0 T5 `- Z7 a% N6 D$ q: Z7 |& q
例如: 4 d) D8 a+ b6 ]) D* U . ~+ h4 y) y8 h6 T3 FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 J( I" F s( n6 a, A8 X* \* l0 Z 0 X, v- c" ^* i9 B ?" c5 w) a! EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 p% `) f9 l0 F8 ?; F$ R
+ z1 N1 N; H) v( D6 {7 B
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 _' A! X- y. Y5 k2 P* k
. o S$ n- H) MHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 i1 {+ x) I- N
2 O1 r% z% T8 p8 C/ q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + W, v$ m2 T/ e |8 ~! ]! N5 H* e& ]2 fPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , o9 e: r3 {' I( X( q; m ( G1 Q' D9 c: ?1 FCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 I" F( o3 c$ ~- j! ?- {
9 X6 z: q8 I7 w* K7 ?1 l2 _: MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) T5 R' u4 I# v7 v* J, o* O5 m4 B6 ?* e
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : }5 S- F M5 ~' y9 S9 K7 O+ _" } `' Y$ y7 `2 ~
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 b5 t0 c4 s( x6 f o
" m# [# y- b' k0 S; C; l+ |对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , O: ~2 y! e, ~0 O3 Z1 u: K3 J9 ?3 U2 E5 [
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " E' j0 e8 `. T- X* O a9 m, c/ l4 v; k
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; r3 T/ x- M# c# Z+ H
: W, b* g. q# U9 s( ~7 k对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' S( z$ a. R6 G9 V" Q & k* C: `8 v7 @) @, n: f至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & b: b0 X/ f- ^$ F8 D4 t- j* a5 U( {1 k3 c& u
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 j3 b! m, E! c( |$ i5 x) A6 y+ Y8 l J9 |! _2 o5 }- k4 E有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 y7 S8 D6 P& K( m# j# s) D9 m