9 U- [9 }$ \( l" h' h& I例如: % {9 w9 a! U) L$ W0 ~" a& _9 r: v! Y( ?" L# \+ m" [% A, }+ f6 ~0 ], A
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 d! m/ _! k4 U0 {0 j: M7 j: i+ n/ J5 H! @; U$ G4 [8 Q3 u
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 x! \6 O8 O ?2 ^- s+ o6 y
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 R( j, Y- x# p/ r " g6 |$ M1 p# |( CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) o6 W d' T+ Y; _6 v( j: S3 ~0 k" j' ~% h s: S3 }
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): T$ M1 i( \3 x5 J K
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! m( F2 b9 Z. O9 @0 C' @* ~8 y; ]0 b6 X5 z/ X9 ^- F
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 b% H. i3 |& I3 Z t2 l# h
$ G, i. l# A: J- c3 U7 wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) }9 _5 F$ R9 O* f% m7 b9 [; |# T
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 w. J( c$ u7 R! F2 E
4 H6 x& U9 S, T6 ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); @; @- a* L+ y$ A5 p# i5 Y
0 Y7 a4 u* E6 [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! n9 r& x5 F6 M- @% J3 r1 k1 Q
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E; j6 A9 Y1 F4 _ D! ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* v/ ^3 Q( W+ m7 O- ^2 }
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例如: + U4 B, X- o( P ( P* k+ ^8 ]# E% X+ L! ^At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) c/ t+ N8 U, v; ^: P4 o
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) g) W2 c7 V, F' Z2 M , J: `) g; f* v. p% U5 ~I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 D# j" u( u+ ^* W7 v' H 3 k3 n2 J0 Z& o. oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( x% h1 i6 u+ z$ f" O; N7 o 5 F o5 _" P5 s; I6 f% oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) W4 e0 e* e- w. ?
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( Z$ ]3 l6 h) a0 j8 i+ g/ P7 {! x1 p7 W$ Z+ N) O
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( |- J/ T, l/ w! X( R$ g2 J1 ^/ S4 V& ?* q
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 G" c! A* f6 l( J' R
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 w( m5 T7 j# `. z# n9 Q: s, _: U" L! F- d1 d
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). b# g4 V* b: ?7 ~, R: D, T
9 k0 b4 g* G, s6 b4 D9 jHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) ?: c1 X) g$ g) E/ X ; X( H& N8 |3 E2 c! s; yHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): x; @$ g8 ?* b4 E; X0 }
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% P+ X2 D$ i$ _) S' d4 i
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 A O! V% N" w. V+ [3 N( F, I7 c5 C
" w* `6 C& u3 Q9 g; V写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 @* W, N" q: U: ~$ X " y/ m9 h' [6 c0 m+ m1 A此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 R2 P7 g1 H% P, _3 m+ W
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9 Z* ?/ W( l0 E0 ^; x8 E9 t( I3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, C' y: O1 G5 A5 c. X/ }
) u* W1 \. g A" C例如: - M( v9 O4 ~( y- P 6 x" }3 ^$ N& q% H9 G: N4 p% @# u9 TMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): G4 H! @4 z4 ^( a
1 [, m! t. s# R0 s" JManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 J; Y( X$ D0 b" a) i/ b w% s+ P0 v( y* |- f2 `& T" P/ E
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 |( b7 T; M1 B$ i 5 k! C4 R% N: S ]$ {3 `He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ E% l Y5 Z9 ?6 n! q
* w, `' i9 L5 s- C2 UMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 ~, G$ i" }/ i
! \$ b' h. z! y8 I! y) Q; UPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( A% J; `0 x( D% B) ^. s' z, Y* @
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ Z* E6 t! v# z/ K/ s# I7 ?7 y
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 @; q' s, R: w4 r; K6 R 6 |( y* n. |) g+ q( U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 ]! I' l) `, x2 U ' f6 H! m; t- B" `% M" d5 y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : o$ o% X: C; }1 K: E + F2 H, q8 ~, @对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 O0 w+ K2 [- s& S 4 w. ~2 h- E# ^) J9 E' [对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ ^8 ?! P/ F6 c- @
, V0 r$ a4 w, i有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / E) U' o+ T. A& Z8 `( [; @9 I# R