6 q6 b4 W* F( L& r1 `7 MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & g! N& u$ `& x0 x3 d! `1 @& g9 M$ @- k
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 M3 M2 _8 `, N8 Y' K5 L; b% X. x( c' _! l9 D( R4 J$ a
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 v$ z: S8 j) |4 c ! v+ C/ ?, i% h4 C" QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 N, L3 e: A' K/ `: R4 m9 \! s
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , }/ D$ K0 U. o) E9 I: V0 N7 Q4 i7 t
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 V- [% B. @( G! }+ u& b9 n/ W* Y9 K1 | P8 _& w9 R
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 [3 _' O5 f+ |: ?& A- j9 |- k + C1 q3 G$ |7 e' H3 `2 Z* }9 vThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # R' y$ \! g) I9 R( ^& N! W' p4 q# l# j0 i# ]1 B1 A5 _
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 U( |$ m" d# m / C) f) B7 w2 i. b8 o* ~Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + d) D, d) l& j+ z' G, r. o; I' F/ U# L" G* `' v' D
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # s8 X* q+ j* V0 z3 h1 l! q/ ~/ m* U. E! W5 p$ A; I
! {% a1 D* N& k: v' U4 d" _5 ?3 H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* O+ z! b' d2 c8 [2 `. ?" r! a' ]
0 C3 V3 i' q! `! I* V+ j例如: + E7 q0 ^* \8 I v( G9 x ! D$ Q1 |" J! h* T' O( B- xAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): P8 F6 A |4 d$ _8 g
8 Q& J6 G- ^( S) `: V% I2 g1 M/ N, qDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' l6 R! N* k5 ]' D
% S% ^" s" a4 aI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): m' Q5 p" t. n: V
% [! J. H/ I; s* G0 Q) {$ WHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- f3 ~ \5 d, {2 s7 H7 L* {- V
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& [( i( l5 Z6 T5 U. r7 A: V5 o( }
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 I3 @4 M8 J+ `% l! N) _. d+ ?6 ~ & g; }3 D. F2 Z) g$ `4 s9 WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ [9 u5 }" d9 s1 }6 Z- [
6 D: Z8 ?. u+ Q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 A# I" C, N" c" X+ L& P5 E/ n# a; w( m5 a, H
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 H8 c7 I. t& k8 X4 c ) ?* t0 g/ w! a1 kThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 s; O4 B% r2 B( P & V$ }+ Q+ k* s: ^) HHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) m5 C. W# M# h0 _/ S5 C2 x
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 o8 U% p! a) a- y4 a$ ]
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 Z9 H- e! f" k9 t: W
|2 l. ?" @! T( V: u1 D# I+ k' B* hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ s8 R6 H( V5 Z! ~5 S( T1 O8 ?9 L n1 c, O) Q3 V: w
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 y! u# j4 K+ B1 q# Y" Q8 T$ z6 d& F
+ {$ z( x& m) D/ m" M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 u) Z& |5 d' J' i / o$ z/ J3 T0 e/ x) h: D" n * N+ P* t7 v1 c8 o3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 X. V$ \9 R L- @8 w1 d 8 T) E0 U! i; l1 t+ X9 s7 ?( R) F例如:2 c% @ G# K2 l6 j
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ X( _" X. x, A* U% z* @$ u. r, Y
! l4 s% w1 P$ X5 a/ j% u7 l" b EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): _. j& X' c# \; x$ t: [7 M6 ]
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( |5 d9 |/ U; p( E A! ]) I
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), s( _1 H5 r" X/ F3 D5 | v" I$ K
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) G( A4 ]4 a+ R! n $ J& J$ ~3 r H T1 M- C, tPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! _! p8 M4 a- M) R # Z8 u$ V: D4 @. [4 U; A" b4 gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); [& s1 K! Y/ s$ [
% M+ l g$ n9 F" R. \& W5 sStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- F5 m6 F: C, c
! n8 [4 d! C" c' g* x同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( J: O1 z9 u/ b7 O- ~" H; N+ \/ \8 Z1 O B) k
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* w% A" `. v! E! f) y" g$ x
; i4 @ p$ m) B; a3 v2 Y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& ]( P2 B/ _% p& ?# ~
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ k. R) _2 r3 ?. _
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 n" F/ S0 B7 \% n2 F $ [0 E' \8 U7 g/ Q3 u3 a对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ R A7 B* T' r
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# b7 u8 f3 l1 t; j
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。5 @' u# T1 O% R3 M- J4 Q8 f
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 A: U! L+ r- a. ^5 {; s& M