本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( M( a! U! Z/ ~ # O$ K, p' x# c6 }* K0 U, ~8 k转帖 `; T5 v5 q4 y9 Z* N
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) x8 W! j5 U, z N6 k* r* D( _9 @- q3 h例如: ; X6 B* p5 E$ v3 O 8 ^* Y j8 L" @. KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) J% [ W% V0 W0 w1 ~* |7 C4 D) D. P8 H1 d# _/ u) ~) K. Q
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : |7 w( M" p8 M! I, a; p2 h, e A) G: M+ R1 G+ M- _
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / ` o; S# t! _% ^! r- [1 q. V: ?" u3 _
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 v" ?# G' d- V3 G" f6 l+ P" N. i6 E: D/ |9 z4 z. m+ e
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); Q% o {! `* N- a+ c9 e6 h
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + m( H# S5 i: [; [. t4 i3 O# o# k1 Z% o1 \/ Z* x0 G/ l* D, r* \
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : k7 Q+ t4 c+ n& M , r) L4 ]6 x/ v7 J6 _* Z8 |The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - b& L; w+ L# m Z) R( i H5 f: ~! a# [; H, R# Q# {We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) p) ?! a e- {$ U' F* b0 ]1 V ( L8 n7 X: }& ZPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 ~( U2 d D5 P$ I7 I6 O% z! d
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 W7 c9 e. S! {& S: T+ O
# v+ p$ g @+ W! l. `5 h; f' r: d8 i4 h4 A 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) W- z" O3 o# _6 o% X! Y
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* g# k: A4 b# o. z& `At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 i: X: x! V2 Z; O- j1 r1 E3 p' X3 T " E" r% v+ m0 ]4 rDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 R9 {" a" v1 p: A
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! ?* u5 C' T2 }4 }5 ?3 C S0 t
. ^! m- ~7 B' k0 X& D* _' D! JHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " t U `- q; J* H2 ^0 q! D/ |% K7 O& F/ n) t
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 z) l0 q1 m( o' J1 v, ~& R1 C9 P+ A
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' X4 o9 `: S8 s( K- E4 k; y. B3 g# w' J0 [& X, W. H" y' N
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 w, k9 q% W+ z+ P: q
8 ^ l$ L8 H! E) i如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 u8 r/ M0 ^: ~- g. I; y
. v9 ~/ ^6 y: E/ rThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 z! L6 }' o! I/ G8 l! c0 `+ @0 ` # X* S. M$ v. f1 r$ L% O7 lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 W( e4 w" N; o
& {" _3 V' P- F; FHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) V- s; z- D. r: K+ K: P - _/ t6 m0 W- ?/ {# U6 J( V; YHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % V3 J) n/ }( h6 D + ^$ q* s! O$ Y/ OWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' F, Q7 W D& S8 e4 S q3 W( i( `- J8 @, p2 m) C
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; m1 B5 B: B/ X 1 r; \8 ]1 i+ `$ Y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * e5 \8 _0 C7 i ; e- [2 _3 k! J0 o. f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' X- u1 H7 E; V- i ) f) |5 Q" B B9 {' H: f( X+ a& m. c' q% N* U r# L 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ ^9 c! b) ^ @$ \$ C/ Z
" h( t) a7 F, l- T例如: 9 k5 r+ ~. v# U: _- k/ N8 J& X4 }' ~5 V6 G& Y6 R8 | m
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 ^2 G9 |% F3 ?5 l1 C 4 {* F- v' R& [/ T6 hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 R% F) T7 g+ x& T$ F- q e
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 R2 v6 P; M% |/ y4 m) n % H0 Q' u3 L3 Z3 FHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) l2 U0 h7 x0 `/ a1 }3 ]! T
9 ~: }: H) ]( T5 Q% L, c1 wMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 \ w( s9 ?6 V4 F- I7 u/ b* P" D" A0 P0 Y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别). X+ G; M! f$ O
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " R/ a& {' i) Q, t. V / P8 x! e5 v7 x, Q, l6 K( ~5 i. dStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & r) |; n i. l6 @% {3 d( f# g2 V2 |7 _$ I
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 g) w1 Y+ O, z
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; J9 G9 ]+ o7 f7 }: U# y- R3 B3 s5 G2 C- w
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' t8 p: X, r+ N* }
# Y- @/ D- ?0 j }. u0 r/ E0 b2 s对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! K6 q% @$ s6 E2 F! P + _! f8 t3 O8 F对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 s7 |2 |; K9 L" n. r3 f9 d- \. ?) ^7 R7 J! L' Q, ?4 p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 }; L, c$ x' }: a+ u) J
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: p+ u% j3 g7 O3 A$ j% w9 X) a
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。5 {( d. B$ S) u/ B7 r* F
2 |; D9 V! e& `+ F) z+ m' @有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; i+ g$ D4 m9 p. P) |