本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . [! V- _; ]: g% f) F. E" d ! z) h/ Q+ T# s$ K4 V k+ }转帖1 r& l5 }5 b: s' ]8 L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 r; E m) ?2 n4 [2 g9 l/ p- v
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6 x y' P* B2 fMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" g. C6 }1 C! O4 Q3 {8 `
' b+ Z2 X5 O2 O8 {3 U9 o1 z3 eThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / ^& k8 }7 s, ~7 ]/ b6 h1 u- P7 w
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); B/ c. f+ }1 l, Y/ o" ?$ E2 U
# s1 ^; M! ^6 z2 G3 k SThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ w/ o2 r$ Q5 q2 F
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 ?/ ~4 [0 Q* z' J" U/ ?8 V
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 r3 M3 }+ @+ S. |) R O7 m$ L/ X. A
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# _; E* U+ A4 i0 X8 L; ]% Y0 x
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , a* K+ c4 K W% d0 S0 T. ?- B/ ]9 L
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " P% T1 r" G& W$ E9 J* \+ ~$ A9 N4 \: J' g* o% m/ m
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 b3 O- n2 K# \" t2 e7 p6 T! }$ {; V3 S/ p# @: [9 H" K% a
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 H' r8 x- t" J& f+ w4 h2 ^- d4 N5 K7 K2 R: _$ ?* O
/ f5 g7 L" l- V5 C: E) i 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , `& Y7 T5 e% ?9 ?" M- @! k 3 U3 K8 F5 G- y. W; ^7 w& }: q5 a! N例如:, D' c, u% D" Q/ o4 C6 @+ I
: C* ?- S) d4 e& v; XAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & M! z2 g- l* U ' ~( G6 w" g3 S6 e( Y+ z5 [; m1 FDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 s) _& o! s% e1 x6 g* t
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) p' h: d& L2 G% {5 {" j& A! C4 H& T: I; A: F% r8 O- q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( i8 w: m5 A" t7 z& [ @7 F( I' ~" |& v ' v0 D: }$ q0 K" v7 c# FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 z% x# t3 {% K' I- J/ {
* s- `1 L& ^) l% ^1 kShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 m5 R8 G1 v( [ ( k6 H6 V$ U: T8 I7 jI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! t9 Y6 ~! Y3 B; r
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! N. Z m; W( T( R* ?4 a. w- h1 h% W' o
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) G/ j8 V6 k, e# W; b/ A# R8 C! D! g8 j& c/ [- d
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 E; L$ Y' M) }0 A$ {+ F7 u
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( r* _% P: Y5 X8 k; y T! r $ V( R: k- ]& g9 @- u4 k: dHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 t9 g G9 q3 ? " u1 o$ K& _6 B/ a6 AWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : B6 ]1 I x7 U+ Q' k8 G! y7 _& O! o, x! R/ Y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , C: z0 D5 U& s4 m# x 7 s3 n. ^' f: C9 X, e写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* z9 s; Y8 f4 F7 ^
$ g! h! k( g# g, j此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 E4 S( b# h8 J; @- j f& {& m- s C6 M. Y
/ V1 c, u! P# m( q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 \$ {/ y1 c3 ~; d' D1 j ) u( y. \# y. Y5 U例如: 4 K1 a1 l" b" l# q g# {4 U+ O% p& c1 k# G
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 G& H |% `2 m
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" c [+ I9 P$ s6 p9 o
" h" U, J) d$ SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( O4 Z, y/ N% \9 m% ~, y4 I; ?
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): O [# d8 `/ `3 Y4 `
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : F: J" h4 A C2 k& {- ?: h1 S3 l3 T3 H- T& \4 Q4 c
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! c) F2 a9 M* M. a# C+ J8 m
' d, I% j" k; }2 O5 }7 G$ l6 P% d: {Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 N6 ?; Y' I3 [) V! M3 I' H( q' J % ^9 R/ a2 z, _" A1 ]& D: f% pStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; y ~. l' ^- v2 t% I& K D0 w( y+ ^5 b" {7 _3 M
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 A4 W1 \8 K x5 v* E" ]* N' e9 s: L+ p4 v
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 l) P* Y' H2 U+ r
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & q2 t T- B0 b/ j) W / I4 r# X9 A2 u: s- q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . v5 E# C) _; t7 | " n4 l+ A* t6 T( q) N; @1 w/ }2 J对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : W5 P% P0 |( x& i6 z3 I0 V - q+ \1 v6 k5 s& Y6 I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + c1 G/ @4 J/ _! M( o/ s1 p$ V; p Y) Q" J0 p; n( a; f
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) N9 E, Y- l m! [+ }$ P* E
3 h0 l& ^; \; B还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; B) A L& o* u! x: E8 O5 u" l( e0 C6 }3 ^4 s' U# N& Y& z
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 K2 W+ M7 k. n