本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 R5 f' Q; ^$ y8 \
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). R; `7 p0 r$ g) [6 \
9 q6 G( @# _3 L* |5 c) ^, l8 M例如: 7 y0 ]# x- l- M/ p) Y" L8 ^ ! ~: X. L* |, y2 FMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 N2 m3 l& |. Y d! n a( |# w 6 e$ ?( Q7 d: [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& M3 H- U X {7 _% w; _
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " P* ~: z: w7 F # D1 P# R' e% JThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 v, n. T* j9 |" f
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 y2 b+ `2 Q/ Y" ]6 ~9 n' ?0 \ - z w0 n5 d( C z: HMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 n% \& q5 H! K1 S% ~
( i9 @+ Q$ V+ o/ h/ _; KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . B* u' `; \& h9 S. P* M+ } ! S8 I3 E, a6 ~! M, o/ D; M7 GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # [3 L/ F J, {$ d4 n. ^, ~% A0 l# t2 z" V0 k7 S% i+ i
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) L' y7 \1 w- p3 U4 B) D+ l
% c6 j: A& h! a7 c% L) Z* W/ E' g' KPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): F" [7 m! _) |4 g* b
* }8 s0 g" U, B( P; t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 z4 G4 _6 L g& g/ u: e, m $ {" T7 Q- i. W) h. ]8 H , Y3 P/ R. G! c; r z& `* }2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : Y* ?8 W: o, k- \: p' y. }/ C ( D. H$ ^) B' D% g$ e8 D例如: 2 v% L$ C& }$ S( ]) N; C7 N8 q) Z l4 d: O
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). o, r ~ m! T0 g* x5 i( I9 R
' i6 T+ `* \* E" h) K- dDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - f/ p- c# g8 d* `' {5 t/ E" T1 Q* j7 n# z; z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), Q! D6 m9 I4 h
# y/ ]- ]0 `2 f3 t6 p1 Z" t7 R4 n& HHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 T3 b/ w" b/ g9 E& p m
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 C. |: ]& _" f: v _3 t- O5 ~ % O) J7 J3 L8 i" S+ C" ]2 fShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); N# O. y2 Y( |% n* A
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 Z' g8 m! L0 F! r& Z, }- V, s8 p5 D+ a- r' c! ?& U: m
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 b4 o3 t0 Y0 S- }# Z6 g
2 R0 X4 Q r5 |, O& ]5 L! UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& ?( u. u& v1 Y
) ?" c' O' S, W3 q2 P" nThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); f" {+ ?- t7 C9 ^& c* o
3 B' k( x" j I$ Q3 J% B/ X# wHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% ^6 H5 m, j* \0 j8 u- v% v! a
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( h4 T9 l/ n0 q$ y/ B/ P; n0 a0 L0 J2 \, _
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- s. C4 n8 ~$ A1 i! L; p
/ m( t `6 h% b* x7 Z4 |Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( q! ~% y; G1 a) P& D+ r) }6 ~
! k W a \ i, h6 }写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# O+ r7 i1 g3 \" ~8 W
' z+ ~+ R# u, N' @( z; T3 d3 T此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 R# y5 ~3 j X, l, D
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! P- g5 K! j( g$ w2 j5 S# u3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 P, N! d& G( `6 H9 T( n0 s' c
( l: V, j# h7 d例如:) |5 G4 I" I4 P& ^! c
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 O- n& f6 G+ U
' K/ O T2 x0 MManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). D, x: ~( H. ~, I
2 O3 S! `: x9 T9 I3 _( kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 }: d* ~0 W& U& `. `& x; q
" T2 S5 z! r4 a& V2 U! YHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ a6 ]# {# q) x$ s. }
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ c4 h! I7 T% J
( b# X2 f/ b# P' ^! JPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' b/ s, I3 f$ L# t 9 o3 O* T e/ w) a) U( R BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 S: ?* W: {* `; z: A2 c7 e2 B' N, z. i8 ~' Y* Q5 t
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- L$ [# ~2 q# l* W
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : G Z" e" y b# P! n 2 a) `# I# S- q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % ]4 o+ Y4 A# b+ o- h8 |' P( o, @3 `% H! L
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 ]0 y H" u h. c7 h1 M3 x
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 R" m( s% k1 z: X% S7 v6 w6 `# B( \! m+ X
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - l, Q; e9 e* E, y5 {9 R" W$ v/ f* e. u; z% E6 J
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( f J: `, M/ y# s; d1 M- Z/ L! n* |
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ a, x9 ?2 y$ @- ~- g! B
6 q/ d% F; l* ^% n+ r还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 }. ?4 Z7 \# u3 p- O; H, d" F, M! O; J
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ }& F* X8 U4 ]( y$ w