本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; h$ X* v6 ^6 a) \8 \3 X3 m; ?6 k ! _6 Q9 X7 n, n, T. i( k6 W转帖 2 W* R3 [6 f8 |' v3 t$ h1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 y& { H ]; j- V) p# r( }: h+ ~# m2 x m1 O! F2 Y' V# N9 ~
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9 _, P. c5 W% B' [Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 V( C9 q, q2 b5 Y1 F8 Y M5 x; R8 F1 S& u5 g
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 A. g8 S6 w K% D/ G
+ b2 M- n! I5 R" TThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 a4 {% i' v0 Y5 c% O
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . e6 y0 Q! r/ F8 Q: u8 W |( n! \% \
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % y& C( F3 l2 U2 b" z8 ]1 } 2 r$ E, h N' V- S* X. j& r9 y( G' DMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* O% _1 J+ {4 b2 o5 V
2 S! A' D2 n# ?We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 Y- G I9 ^# c- m' @! a * H8 I6 e) C3 p \+ ]The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( }* D! E& k9 \, L8 o" m: Z7 w: T: ?5 ?2 P b, {0 i1 R
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 [* O; ^; q) R9 Z/ z
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! X- h [. F0 X" J 6 _6 c! Q9 S, l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( P6 f+ U3 Q$ ]/ K8 F
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& J8 y2 d% w) s1 A9 v6 s' v2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 f N ]/ a- Y0 D7 X3 l+ X8 N T+ {4 @0 A* |
例如: " }+ z# O! C6 c. C3 s3 S " n# M O! B9 A G6 z9 A7 @7 F* JAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 d% C }8 ]# n) N3 ^* C/ ^) V( D' N4 v7 F8 F+ h; P2 l
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 e4 @) U+ ^: q: m. h H, S8 [( f
4 l% G+ Z( W' O7 t- m2 x5 BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! [# p* g% _0 o* t, u0 L. @2 L
* Z# Q% A, S3 g$ f" x2 NHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 ^, s* }$ T8 _# c . P4 z& ~1 a- h9 |) TIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 K$ f. `: N+ w4 H0 O: s 3 S+ {2 P: w8 [; L! z% ]* X2 PShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 S4 o* ?) _4 H- n7 ^. b$ t $ @1 Y( x4 `# X6 i# i- EI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 G' b5 }: ]+ z
8 O7 P- C' K% I1 e0 c- W. y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# T" y: F* P1 c8 F, G* k# Q
9 v" v8 O' J$ c9 l' ~+ x) p/ ]The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), w1 @) V( i) D* w4 F
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ f& M* X2 A. f0 `3 A
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 O1 } A7 {( x- G9 P! @- d" A* O# P! @/ ?% ]) _
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' x X2 Q+ h3 b0 w& x9 U$ Z! [9 J0 |. o$ C9 R8 b6 e
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( ]2 C, U5 @& U% T. H; _7 D
: n9 z3 c2 z* X& `" v9 x% C: zEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ u3 o6 C' x5 E1 P# M * g5 `6 v9 E+ h0 ^9 o写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / ~+ \" V6 k# o! T6 N0 Y( I5 ^& a# \6 g( j& d8 v
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% l: {9 l4 s a T* @0 F7 v' A
! S. o9 i' R5 Y7 j s" k6 d; x# K6 ` 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- D* _' b5 a# c. Z- l. [
% B- L/ U7 k" M" w! S例如:4 {5 B7 t3 r5 N) f
- w; W% G% q7 @& FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 @: o9 Q7 Y) x- q+ }. _' L6 M
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) d: B1 M8 a2 V$ i ' A5 a+ ^/ |% D; H- K+ dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ k1 m* x$ O7 ~% x, v: i
1 a6 }! N- [- |( EHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 [- @* [! N& y6 u( v
; p L# G# V0 j, a) PMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 @: P L8 W" w! g
6 Z0 D, `2 e1 i- |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # ]: l3 ^% @8 [/ b, ~( V3 @ m1 x Z3 X% E2 t: M
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " {4 k+ F. V7 ~9 H: b " } x4 I4 U9 ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 N# b: g) ?, H! g 5 } E0 {8 \6 i7 ?) R. |同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 Z( R9 l2 e/ e6 L* i5 } . A2 z9 J9 [; d z' u% d9 }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- _0 Y& G. }4 E& ?5 G3 E: R% K
5 C- F% x( J5 Q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + O. v: {% I; f0 f4 O; [. l2 @9 I$ l& C- S7 r2 ~# S# e
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( M) U: n+ B; ]% s0 F
& d6 o4 { o3 L# [8 T2 U对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' o# z8 F9 [" u( ^7 w$ P A& |# |" @. S) N6 m5 ?: c
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - B5 k& c! f' C9 x/ R+ o- n8 U- `& i
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 r9 A2 R& [+ Z6 B$ P8 }, y, M
' ]5 ^& E+ R* E0 m( ?有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- D4 H5 i6 y6 x: f- A