本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * k8 {' e+ T0 h5 o% m
$ o' @1 U! `" [3 g. U/ ^& L转帖 ; w# k- F$ X* A* P5 C1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % n# P3 S* A' D3 p4 K1 t; `2 Z, Y: ?- l& G
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " q2 K9 X8 O* }& k- v- r! I! \: G& C2 L; M
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) d# Y" U1 U; P: a# r2 f / ?, ?; i7 ~$ G9 uThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + ~" V; g: j" y9 _# `2 @$ b: `& c" j; q% }; B ~3 M8 q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 E1 M6 Y m7 A9 x
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! k$ R' l3 n3 a1 K2 n& }$ s* n0 b, m+ P2 ~! v8 w
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % M' M" o/ S2 ^* x / T2 `" U8 z9 nWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 y+ d, D4 R& A% J4 J . _+ O* P" w/ G* M! k2 C# W- \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & k$ Q; f2 u; u" |7 m- k0 ?3 j ) E; ~9 B8 W: a) T: L9 O6 zWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* i4 p) r5 e1 s# S& C
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 }0 ~5 {/ m0 r& z- S
* `5 Z6 a$ F3 I2 w0 m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : T& Y* r4 O( P$ P ) P+ E/ k) K. M # L. f( M1 r: g* S2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* S( F0 O1 `1 N7 f9 W: c
/ X, `, z, p& o4 _2 z例如:5 a7 f" M: D6 ]1 \( p% U6 S
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" `; ~7 C8 t0 A" N$ n
; O" {. U v4 W, m% [/ A4 o* fDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ X: H# ~; e6 \7 L
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 M( O& m. n9 @0 W" ^) K
0 i# r; v& ~4 a# c% F$ WHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 k5 }3 E/ M5 W3 F0 j 1 A7 `: q. p$ \% e/ k! l7 d3 _8 NIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 L% ~8 l3 X: G6 J! |5 f- X4 n6 C/ J C* r& o5 w8 |: S [
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) P( Z+ ?0 f/ J9 C
4 w( g: z8 L3 uI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' Z0 n% \: v5 w2 P% D& g! h
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ c; V8 u1 d d$ _& U2 X# s0 Y
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 ~+ H" m6 {- b2 T, v' l
0 V, S, k& s, w- OThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ [% X3 N9 E$ ?4 \( U# b4 j0 b3 f
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 k$ R- a% A9 A
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 ^( |4 V3 i( W4 E" C1 U& H" z! E9 `- d: a
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - D# s0 y( V$ V) P6 {0 ~4 x+ Q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + ?9 N5 n: r) A5 W% @9 U; B: `- C9 Q' T2 U9 m6 g, q4 t
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ H. o7 ~$ ?% }3 j, K3 C( m4 j
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( ]- @9 o% t9 Q" B s/ ^9 `
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1 s. I2 N& L2 c3 T4 z `; k例如: 5 \3 d A% h8 d. m - p% o' h# y0 d; gMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 z( {, R: }+ y % F9 A4 _7 g- {. F. V; Q# j9 ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : l5 ^2 R- z# i : b( \. p; L N. e& HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 R% L" P8 G- z0 r( R# h9 c
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 g3 C$ P+ [* U7 D0 e* R E
* U; Y) d. d8 {, a, V5 pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * ?/ H: m* ?; q1 d! w: H; g + i' Q1 e- |3 a" GPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ K/ S* ]2 j- |/ C0 q; x+ J" q! q3 w
8 a7 `% ^2 b5 w1 K- [6 ^/ jCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 s( d' p4 C: c5 s4 {9 }+ J
% K4 \+ o: }4 Q2 \" C1 \2 BStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% M+ o9 C! |4 }. r
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( ~, D$ t: X! @, D " T! \% M& w' \4 i/ H' D6 P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 \' w8 m. M2 ?
) x5 S( h7 o% a0 t对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' D3 G& n @$ g0 h9 L( s! T; E( l# y- B7 L* a% m
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- b% U g5 Z$ O# o