本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 s5 X: ?# r. B- P, T( z9 W+ H! s- s2 B9 Q& V/ b 转帖 ; l( R$ ?3 _$ @, i' o3 e. z1 {, [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ N/ r! A- N r. ?% ^; c: y5 M
! Q d& C' Z* \7 ]
例如: 4 c. u6 [. P9 ?$ G' t/ V0 K! S; E
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 J1 i; j. |; N% Q: Y3 S9 F) o J/ p% Y5 F* d, ~
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 q- g7 R6 `; t3 P6 T- X( t : z7 A" l" T* P7 f! D- p% n* g+ zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) @' I( Y9 ^) L* l! z% y; A- }! W1 i" ^) \
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 d& ?9 `- t/ ]+ K7 _' F/ K
, F8 d9 F$ W; k2 v% {$ y/ Z1 u# r( tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); b! y* t/ `" F! Z" R
* T/ }/ n; q0 ]. ~9 l8 Y2 G
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( y# e+ y" K7 p1 D
7 C9 I* V8 F8 a1 S+ Z) d# ?* J
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& q' d/ a* a, N' w! |7 M
6 ]( m) \; i1 i3 Q' I# E3 fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); T+ K" ` o2 a/ t% o* y5 D
/ D$ D5 O) O1 ?4 U
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 |8 S3 A9 k7 F- M0 q
; p+ R: M- V" _
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- A! V0 v/ ~& N
0 h; f/ D; `' c M4 W
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 R% _* J, U; p/ i
0 J) h0 a3 x! B8 t" e ' ?! F% }$ o B! N- [2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 x9 T" b5 [, B& G! o6 n! F* F
7 a7 J8 N; D5 g6 m+ k8 \5 u% B
例如:5 ~9 v* \" `" v& d9 Z7 Q4 x
' u! b) ?% n! P: Y; U
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 A) w# h: m9 @8 P6 f: O/ y7 ]/ u ; j) K7 J$ H& |5 g6 XDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! J3 w! ~7 _) i4 A6 r& A1 {( s9 y5 P7 i% b
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 d4 r9 `7 ~9 } | / j8 S0 Z, F! ]0 ]; O0 YHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; d1 x$ ?$ ?" C l- @" V/ I4 q/ S, J
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), R$ ]+ T, @; `
1 }$ q$ M1 {+ d: Z7 }/ D
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 w0 e8 a* r& z" Y! x ' H3 i" \& H* w' O8 W, w3 l7 i" hI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! O9 x. S2 Y+ L/ i8 S: \ 8 ~7 e6 a# p5 Y) h; I如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & p6 F( l5 a: ~) _ X! T# x! @" L+ V6 H/ \# y
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % z5 W) w5 a2 E" y % G8 m! l* Q2 e: l7 p8 u3 Y2 oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) N- ]9 b" k7 l) |/ T: e9 S" y" }1 U5 k1 x
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; b8 q/ ]$ K% w( C' t- F# U( Y
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); @5 n9 W! d" s4 G5 Z5 f
0 }! K* i/ _' s$ |$ y" Z3 t4 z0 UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' H& L( f5 t3 E6 t3 Q1 U2 f' ~! \. O5 p5 }
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 I- D H$ X0 @" R1 m, ^: i # v; J8 `- q, m% I+ B1 e c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" p% a& L/ }9 [0 o3 u# `. h
3 Z5 Q7 Q5 p5 _6 \9 c! d" Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( m# \7 f' J7 L- E3 E& z4 l U. |( }$ ^) ?2 _) O
' L! E: F: N! H" E3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ O5 ]! l r9 ~
2 C8 r, y. y- c0 W+ ~7 c
例如: + K) s* V) @7 W3 P; |( z: e+ V9 E% A5 w
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , T6 C W1 Y1 A1 U1 S3 z2 i0 f5 ~0 O+ q. H& D* C9 v
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) n* V: j8 J3 L# i9 x: v9 w/ i- \6 \5 \( z3 h
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; W: D, w7 {1 q% J # W/ i `3 i. b$ IHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) Q+ u3 K( O' A- Y; f$ T) t) @7 L, ]
6 r e/ A% e5 `4 u O, s) P+ [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 H `9 T/ k+ P6 K# h/ y0 O/ t) a) e! H* L
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! J8 u4 N. M% r3 k( R# B# C
6 H1 ?5 `% j- z; @: d2 X$ F2 E. hCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & W: s# h4 b/ F4 Y) K: _ . u. Z# D' l8 q6 z2 X- U" q: qStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 L. n: c/ r$ L( p / L- ?- }3 J! _" u同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 d) ^7 ^% T4 ^/ v$ X
* x" y& Y5 a: X+ k( N9 o当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 {) f( \5 P4 P$ q6 Q4 F1 K6 d- @0 _ $ B5 U9 ^$ g' V U9 D5 A$ B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 @* A! P* m/ L4 u, u" y- s/ v4 C
8 ` }" C- k4 q# D1 v" ]' e2 t/ A
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 p3 w- a# x2 g2 t& B" F" R# `6 ?
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! S; _8 f- k5 d / k; c- k+ e( N2 U2 H7 | c/ \对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 A) e+ H) h% y8 g3 @( h& F" t, q
8 |4 l, Y, S# Y$ ^. |- |* Y
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* [9 I2 _, v7 ^& U2 E! y6 Z. `
+ q a0 R- q/ N* S' X
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 r( Q; X% Z w
" a9 a- m0 ]9 Q% _
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. g" f) q! ?! N5 n1 M+ }$ b