本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # @! S8 {1 Z |! B! T- I 5 \6 O( V- |' f Y& y) e转帖 - N( a" p7 m9 Z" R4 p1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 B5 [: D$ G h* ~( V2 R
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; a8 D2 J0 [9 ?2 \7 m; J+ ^$ `2 _/ ?5 o
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# S+ _! m! l7 R$ b0 ]! \1 [
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 Q9 i; c) h3 [& q0 l
6 L# }- T' P2 h2 {3 q( d! _The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( O- v" \1 _3 s+ Z2 p
& l1 ?0 o6 ^ b0 xI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - P4 c) m8 S& \( j+ _7 G" i9 t7 m2 X8 r! c5 {
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - i+ T8 D! S2 q% v! I& z1 T# M8 q J- W6 W( ~# y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ d0 c4 U$ b2 G# C8 g
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " S* e7 e% L$ Y# R ) |$ c$ ]0 Q+ v; I aWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( p. y9 u4 G* O* P# b7 W : ?) L! o; N0 V8 O; c8 L& |: ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 J& T, p! U8 @
) B& }. e a0 |这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 t' E2 F% d. B) D! ~: R3 C2 `" [ $ q+ e) S* _) F# F* b, p' n9 ]8 M% F+ _6 V& g5 Y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 `0 Z& m) u4 s% r7 ~ d5 I+ e 4 Q% E; |; S1 L例如: 0 `8 t$ M; e* W, W" d) R3 U, W9 P
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 V) B" T& ^ I' k- d9 i/ O; V
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 H- _8 I, _! P% O& e% T, U k! J" ]5 g: }* t' k, y
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 j9 A5 Z) O" H3 F1 K& X: q ; a8 C( m6 H' g' d0 gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' q& g- h) m8 Y* ~1 P4 L, m0 D2 K. }' P) c# f7 W F. @) G
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # E8 @" i+ E' T/ H7 D 0 |+ M' t$ A' n! c7 V6 d8 l6 hShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , J- B6 v6 i! K L) b! A4 t' K) [+ ^/ E
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 D, k8 U* f `% X 7 q3 L. H- j0 H" h! u/ I如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 a8 ^0 [. l9 ~1 V9 G; p5 X+ R% a9 U- Z* J5 v; o& v
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( _2 D K* X& Z) _
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 m8 \6 L% x' u* { ) K) C: N7 Y9 U. h, DHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 [- z( A, U- {/ R) B+ A" w2 p0 P' }: z$ Z; N1 ^. ]
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ |/ Y( @4 N4 |: k$ n
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 o0 o2 P0 }* k* h( X
5 N. O7 O Z2 N& o0 l. xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" _# h1 D, T% U' ], T4 Q
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 f9 ], ]( Q3 h6 q2 h
3 n S. L4 Q5 h( S' O0 ]9 y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( P6 r& v6 K! H" I1 ?2 l; E I , C/ j# ^. @( s4 t 2 A, e2 ?# C ?5 { [. y3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) N4 o% }$ z; j) }! t
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) ~- S7 D8 T4 @) x
" p* i/ S; q' ]4 l9 oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* A" K4 ?! I9 A/ f& _9 D N
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 [8 A/ r1 H( ^: O6 }# m0 ~
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( y5 k1 t. P$ s, \% Q
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 u- `7 R5 I, _& E$ T9 N8 M# ]
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 `( T% {, Q9 V ( _: k4 v- {/ k$ |( t* ]Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 g* i: h6 `0 a6 R% g 4 A% q1 a, s7 c% ]6 X, _# `8 `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * b1 ~5 q+ I( b) G" C& X ) `/ T% v( `9 W' F3 ?同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 C" j. d: S4 b4 Q% c1 z3 C
! I) F! V# @. G当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# G* _* J1 h4 O' C; Q! a& D
7 i5 N$ W6 F6 v+ e对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - }- [# ~# ^8 k' p( E5 ~; @2 Q+ o. c, I% `5 m3 `
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& t: Z: d; ~3 t
3 u e, ?# B# A8 X1 i还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 v% p/ t$ P& b$ g; U! M; u S 8 q! }5 j/ R+ x: _1 ]- \1 A1 `; j# e% C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 d: [2 K- U. X: N& B