本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : t s* p) T$ G, |# t 4 G& @* G4 P+ f9 V6 W转帖 , W( e, Y( ^8 P" A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 ^& _. t0 N0 y* h/ I5 S: |
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); l+ K! x6 v0 A, |; u% B, D0 M3 k
! H q: g6 i4 G6 F9 b3 zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ _& l' r% {1 |9 f4 R9 R0 U
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 V( t3 N% y& I2 S2 o! A. C$ K
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 D, N. S) P8 {7 l3 |* d
0 {' R$ L# t9 U. BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 j" Q7 v9 x1 z+ a- Z5 m- K' Y. e" ?" G; X+ h# D g/ c; p
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ y9 q: k1 W: s, b0 c T
* ^5 V( j; F Q8 j( j4 X- m9 \1 oWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : P+ b( ^! s1 m4 ?: a" G) v' o R) |/ W# k0 |" i0 o/ w
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 C n" o8 `/ E/ V6 s2 ]6 T ; ]9 ]6 X; |. ]* |6 b7 XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! x0 e0 d6 T5 n1 e: S $ M* b: g7 x! x! [" L4 GPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / {0 k p9 m9 w9 R7 ?* t# r' j2 s# E2 F0 |. ?
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ^% a' l# h. w! f
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; ~ N+ l" D9 z% ` 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; F: x, Z! U/ t4 k4 D
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例如: % U3 i# h2 `) @. C- g4 t3 s% P* }. V/ L
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 F* C, A5 @# C
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / N- C- `1 D0 E 7 Y9 |& a B+ GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' ^) k+ y5 [' ~( U3 r , w2 j$ {5 s; S; ]/ K: dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + j/ Z, l2 G, V3 }7 s% M- v9 J, @/ e; V9 O q) y
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 F5 ~& J; t* l/ ~9 q+ j
, X& J, y _" WShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ D$ S ]8 l/ C5 O6 W* C- f
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ O; [4 V0 P$ m6 L7 U! b2 j. S; k, W) \. l
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# V( E- X4 i) {% @) E0 e) R
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) u h* W+ c R7 C
5 Z" k* e! [" V& t' _" y: c3 ~The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): Z3 P; R1 ?2 V8 {
( L/ x4 Q7 s Y Y) A; f) R0 ]He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% l4 X: E3 T7 w4 {. Z: O, N
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 Y% I, L* N* x# Q: M8 o! U/ k/ V1 T/ G3 N! W' o
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * N. \5 p q" N: o2 d( E; M . O5 o5 [) o+ u$ v& eEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" Y$ y! x/ e2 {: l, S
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # z" t7 J% P+ n$ U3 w 4 S3 h( D! {$ K$ c, l此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % q5 ?8 i& x! k7 A 0 \" H3 w! C- f0 c; i 6 j' R& I$ ?) J/ P3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ A; o! {' S J3 ~5 x
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% {! R8 o: u: D1 wMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ V/ s/ d( [3 H ' P8 ?5 A8 {1 H7 S! e, jManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 w) V l' Q% Q1 q
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ ~+ D; P+ L" k2 v) a6 |9 T$ B
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % \0 w6 z7 A- b- F$ V & _! ^8 z+ c- uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 N( E9 E1 p# X! {: E
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ q. \4 t. r! `' X. O, W3 E9 h
! W W# }/ T( X) A) E1 p- @: ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 ?0 v2 g( `) w, t + @7 Z, W* o/ D- M" Z3 O2 o4 KStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - _5 w% a, w. [7 a6 y/ s4 I ; T3 U9 p+ n4 b2 W3 B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( x9 q0 y" c' \! M: s " J9 R. W7 S3 J* H/ Y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - ^! }: G2 c6 p, K' x 5 {4 R; d4 B6 M; B/ L& v* M对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" {- M0 z1 g; P* K1 u
' u9 Y s) _6 ~9 L' S0 e对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 Z% P6 G2 p0 e7 |( `. b
7 n! g+ z3 M; Z" [7 T$ M d对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 ~# g2 S) ]4 F+ [2 o 6 V4 z9 j4 X f对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; o6 T+ K# O% V0 J d
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 E, p+ I9 O8 K/ G
0 q9 C* W- R0 T6 q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 _ y) x# C" I+ r6 u* O0 @% F7 `2 ]6 {
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 U: m/ K# n3 L; s1 N7 b. L. k