本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " L) Y: m8 S, [$ A* ~) Q h/ M
! _. D: @0 }0 {. f: z- G转帖 2 f1 w7 q7 G0 q3 i. z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) Q% J0 E+ X5 j% n& C ; o! ^! }# d! B+ ?- I例如: # W& ?' d' B0 g' k3 q* U4 _# b! \% |* G% X ! a( r+ J6 m' J4 D9 H, Y$ @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) b* b: n% w4 W, ^ ]% B2 N1 Z
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ U$ v4 B3 \ _7 g4 e( }. g D" i, K& z9 m" v+ f9 O0 E
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): z; w8 q: L7 g
+ ?, Q5 N/ {/ w+ i" YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): C! p& f( s/ o5 ]6 V
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 O: V" @ E. z8 w v
. {* I. g+ ^8 c X: r; TMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' U1 b0 [9 o* d! S
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ y8 ]# C$ S, r2 _
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 b' @8 m# u# G; d: K, t6 `9 b+ F6 c4 E0 D
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- h! \* D+ i7 L+ n8 Z: _
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 d- d7 j" F. e: O; E- }0 y( f 2 e) J" I( p9 v5 E8 n这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + c% n2 s- y$ A4 T2 Z9 I3 A0 A+ M % t5 h9 g. U! h; ~+ ^4 Z$ q( b2 f* i3 L& r/ z; W 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ d# f' F8 C1 o& y3 B 4 L& N9 ` [: Z4 Q" I/ t4 P例如: # |& V3 `; K7 d1 F6 g- y ~! W1 \; O$ _' n
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " e2 k: t' H! C; E) z7 u7 |& B" [ t0 f: Q7 o8 J
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 R z- B% L( p Q# C) _+ w% f$ }5 F
1 u; K! j# u% n6 O. ^7 ]& iI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : b, l, H- F! S( ?/ b6 I% x: K9 a' r1 ?6 B
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 a& }4 L2 x% \. g* U) k% S, Z% z
( c! ]/ F6 ~& H6 i2 _/ i* o' ~. YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- u' E2 y B# [5 W
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% B+ b# Q2 ~2 v. [" \6 R$ ?
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) \5 }: {' W; J
) C7 u' I( i) l. j如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ t7 B) b$ ?1 S$ V6 E- T ! a5 b" Y$ z4 D4 o3 F9 m& jThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 d! Z0 Z: Y) ? 8 B5 i9 |; s4 C/ ]The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 a: H% w# F$ ?. P( R7 H6 @$ D9 t5 q" \5 i5 n+ j
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) p( M: I/ I. y0 l* T8 b2 S6 \3 I + {/ T) q2 k6 O* o4 J- ]$ X8 YHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - l# b9 q; c: r' j) x6 z9 `$ @# f) w7 l6 A H/ W! ~- C- O% p
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! F* y5 i/ B7 R7 q+ t
! Q( S% m. z$ P9 V2 {% y CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 g/ |6 W! s* |' C- G % \' m! t u# Q! m7 A7 B写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 H R! |4 h- t; ?( t4 B5 y& U $ p& O4 f# [4 C. D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" i5 [8 T7 l2 a# ~" t* |4 k
" @8 ~1 R; Z# v7 y+ L4 f) G, A3 Y7 f( `! R9 l# S Y7 F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, ^& `+ w; s: ~6 {# ^
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例如:( m1 P2 M+ q% G8 D1 D' H& ~
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 n$ T' c. ]' a/ m
( @/ f$ Y6 D9 E R( X5 U) @$ }Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& w& }% L7 |2 V2 _! {1 K# P& T
' I% B$ U- u# j# \- o3 V* N) KThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 v+ e/ v+ p- x- ]
# D, G/ Q. [9 D; Y) OHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ S# t- J* N3 }, s3 f
, H. \ E1 S% ?8 NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; a5 u* A; z3 L8 o* L7 y+ J 1 R; m5 X* Q% \Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 _: i& h. H1 \0 s# b K
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 [) e; B+ Z, C8 n( s) l i$ Z2 C# W* ^* `) Y/ g; u
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : o/ Q/ [6 t$ U( U* d 2 C4 K6 ^4 C0 a, K# T! R: T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# p. F8 Q& q, _6 k
5 O7 T: l- m) ]9 S当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 r! b7 d% B. u. Q' L6 ?3 q 7 Q5 w1 E1 Y7 f0 y2 A" M- H' ]对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 L$ X$ K% A# _3 R7 a. x * I9 h: |5 f( x4 P5 C对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& d0 Y4 U. |; Y/ F8 ^8 u) H- b
0 K5 y7 o! e" r对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & u3 z$ x9 f Y0 E8 }0 j8 A" V8 I0 ~" D( @ j
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + j0 Q" Q$ k+ ^# F' W2 d9 _. k8 d: G# r. R
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . k9 H/ G/ g) i1 A7 K ?: R6 \7 n9 o/ o. e1 u
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ m9 x& q6 \( _
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 @7 U5 y% U& w& S