本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 x6 i2 _( _2 S" @' P P
( I8 B. q x5 E6 G/ O9 K! i# k转帖 1 I1 s9 \$ K" U2 x7 _/ V1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . Q8 ], p2 u1 w# h* v% C1 a3 x3 f8 u* t7 P3 u# Q9 V
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 l: M5 Q i4 P/ l$ q
& t8 _, Q4 |% Q8 K6 S! f7 QThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * t! `; A5 |, j: x3 ^- A9 [1 ` ) S! v) C* ?5 t" z3 LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 C# Y; I2 U" K9 Z8 V5 W% W! `. z+ u3 u* i+ k6 F, N; X
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! {' r$ \! Z, C
9 E9 Y$ E. R7 \. ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 j# l+ `- e r) P8 J1 r0 a
1 q: S& r1 A! [! j% N! mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; c; {. Y( B Q9 s) i $ X/ u- R: r* c8 u5 g0 xWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % P0 M" d; L/ z- i4 Y3 ^* U# ~ I& @ u
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 L. k" P( G4 N4 K9 | & N* {3 i9 ~4 Z" VWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# ]6 {1 p3 v, l! T. v& ?
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ i% y; Y$ V( \" D4 f' l
7 j/ a8 k6 {8 r+ ^, M这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ Q4 _, a+ Q0 s# o& _' _( ]+ H- P& t6 q* x# t
. Y$ Y8 @( Z! O% W4 p( {$ h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) p# _: o4 {; _- I$ J q5 |$ R. ]% R6 S
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, y, A7 q& L8 cAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ q1 r6 K. x# H+ J; t
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 `, [: a5 q+ |
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& L( q Q# n4 \ F" d
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 i) M, c: A- `
6 p Y& }7 X5 @5 U' EIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" n" h; [& T& N4 H5 x+ F
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 ]+ A8 ^4 i' @- E" i( T/ L; {% q
, k5 Z; M8 C, L3 ZI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * K6 a8 F9 C @/ W! l6 m; x) r( D! f2 F7 W" O9 l
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) n _4 o5 S3 Q+ y' _" B! L! C1 {( u1 e) E" ]
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % a$ p4 u& F* J/ ]$ `0 c 3 z, o/ k' g) g' S1 |) TThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( M3 h: F# @# M6 _
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* |6 A$ k7 D6 X" ?0 v0 X
2 c. L" ^7 ]; t1 E) @$ V/ m! A5 ZHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# j+ S! ]" u3 V( z" f& p7 P' U
2 X3 @: T# T' oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 v0 L) U6 }0 e& S- W. k8 P% g
8 g. }% ^! N( `% n5 h6 }* y& zEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 f. K9 g) U# w* x9 |7 X8 \% Z( s9 b' T
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! n( {) f8 [. p: y4 e
% [! v1 w- \0 U* e+ A+ U, V此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + f8 D( f( I7 j' |# A& l5 A8 l) x( m6 _) f1 v
* `7 v" R9 g m. j3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 M3 I3 m9 u0 g( t. K, P" o: r3 ~: g* N2 X+ | U
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* x) Z3 |% |$ p& T+ l- Z: ~0 p
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 _# f; R7 L+ u: g- |& x1 D, J; W1 f1 j$ Q( B& D' z! D6 d0 }. X
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) L0 W( I9 H' _
0 C$ Q1 C5 e7 a; ~! n* ?: ]6 @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 b7 A* G9 R, t- ?/ z
" d9 s& w$ V" a; n2 q& ?Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( s% ~7 g! f8 D, M) p* V+ { ) l# Z* h* X \/ q* \9 T/ q: m N$ ~Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* O. n5 {' T( c% z3 I" c) I
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * v- Q* x" K9 f5 e6 J% `! r: {' F- S9 a, d# B: J& N/ e3 K8 v: e$ R
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & c7 }, K9 k" ^8 s; U; h0 ?% i9 m. h* F- r% ^% n
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 P! ^0 |( q) o" m ( a* B6 J8 l' V0 i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:$ F4 q1 G w V( Y r) j. h
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 w3 O7 e4 u. A$ E. Y) z( J4 x% j! z0 B' u* I8 ?: H
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 z }; q, n1 b) a2 m& w c6 n; F' I * l U. ^4 a& d5 A% Z* q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . ?: q5 i* n% t I- ?- m6 x- \. C8 h0 c
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 q! z! k: l6 P" v4 W1 p2 S/ @ # g8 p0 }; b. v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' S( r/ g5 w! _5 E( r' {* B2 a6 w) Z: X% n' n
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ g C4 L$ G) ?5 e' y! p
# y. c- l0 h( p; g, }6 a/ d/ k有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " \- Y; `; l/ I3 @