* ?( Y) D0 g$ t& dMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), \( R2 Q% F) [, q3 Q9 U8 X
! h G* C. S: s: G" yThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " J/ X) T1 M; t7 u. M! t: [' Z" `. B6 w' x6 [
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)5 [- d- {0 Y/ c& J; |, |" }0 {
8 n% N" _, H1 }/ `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- d& c9 X, q8 Q
' r1 a# f& s+ |+ D6 d nI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" R" h9 v Q1 Y; E- w4 u+ o# u# \
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 @0 U0 M. ~9 p8 X. R
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % {" y" h+ R. N1 x2 q0 v 0 T' m/ u& p" F, z G& m, aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 {5 b l3 w$ [& X; r5 `( X5 [# A/ v6 @3 |. i+ M; T$ ~% j
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) c8 N! q; z$ P8 N) o# ]& b
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 ?4 P* [6 M* c; L' {
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % m& e6 ~5 P+ V) ?7 t5 ? ( f1 a2 P: u" g$ m% R( U E2 ^* {9 k% O+ C! j4 B 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; L2 Q3 h7 J4 P6 j& p% y- Z
8 |8 |1 W z4 u' n* B例如:9 G+ x2 m, B2 I8 _: x: m
$ Y0 L( C4 {( m) ]+ lAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ `# B% m# `. L' Y3 s# w
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ l; ?5 Z' X: y6 ^ C ], Z8 T5 j
$ D8 ? w" G% T/ X2 GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - X$ Q4 R' H$ W: n1 o: \# T8 F* e6 k
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ M& l9 q% i8 ^* M$ y R8 z2 V {& W. \
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 B$ E7 N% z- T0 U6 v- @8 Q; l; J" t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' U Y9 a* _4 G0 ? # l+ `9 }# S3 X7 f% w# v: VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 q; a Q8 [" p/ }% Y/ k- C* K) j0 u
6 Z7 w7 m" y8 L8 \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & ]4 w$ g- d5 }. P8 I s 7 }, g# S5 M$ F8 D7 EThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 C' y8 \& W9 p* E9 ~5 o E
" p8 y& w6 R4 B% m9 hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ m( z- B3 B& w' G6 W* r+ p4 Q4 Q! Q0 n+ }4 e, G' V
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 X% J) _2 X2 ^: ?2 L
3 x, b/ l$ y' f& [He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ A/ a$ ~" i' W# A7 W
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 d& w4 ~1 `& @- j/ t/ b ' X; x9 e) k# Z: H6 ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , s! J+ y) M; t3 ]7 W$ g ( c6 F3 k. \2 _) l# y; v# S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 k9 V, B# H! R( p: {
; h6 G8 z# ~ m& O# }此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; n; n& r% s+ n0 T! P( g 2 m! g* j( p5 W. |2 C 6 p7 k: G1 E6 q' m3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ q0 F0 r+ _* B9 P8 {+ }
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例如: ' Y+ J8 i2 }/ s+ `% A: h( f/ z1 T; S9 p1 l7 x. Y
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( I7 E# R4 ] _" Y
% _6 @; a/ V9 PManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 u, V$ R% o" V& O% \- m) {* w: g$ z- l6 \# V
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 D- l: z1 W$ e: k / \+ a& r& Q+ w- ]He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) D2 K# m: U* k8 a. x c) U: F* F4 A4 C+ y+ cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- Y+ A; G5 Q* i G+ z; p; s; |
; P& O' Z- ` R& V+ y8 `4 [9 GPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' W1 e) c& s# L
, p$ j- N) ^0 A* o2 D9 {- }. DCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " \8 A! ^9 s" ?8 g$ X2 { P3 h( t0 r' \& R$ X1 d8 [7 }$ BStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 ]1 }) f. |6 J. A' [) k; a W( d% U( d% X) B$ I V
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 m5 H( G' r/ s# X3 L & j9 p- }* y" f, A6 y7 C当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 x% J! h% X+ O" x( Y$ y2 D( W 7 N& ]3 P/ K. k2 H6 i/ X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; U8 W- h9 w* v3 Y
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 T" @' o$ v, W( |8 b% \) A) [: d) _
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 x, F* z2 |9 t; ]9 T' a
' L9 a. I, L1 J0 r: E2 D对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 p# I) S- e$ U0 {6 W% Q: a y* d+ h( ?/ y2 r: S0 d
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:( U M7 ^% v0 t4 x2 n3 e3 i
& b/ {8 z& G" Q, @! ~0 }4 F; v还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; E. H7 v( l" J9 d
! l8 n+ _$ H0 |/ u" ~) \% j* _有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 h5 w n( |( m' v0 |