! Z9 P, ?9 d- p* e- s x2 GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 L# T" ?, j+ B1 { 7 R4 M, `- Q8 D6 oThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 P6 P4 H7 \+ W9 Z, A1 S
. w$ Y+ D3 G) y; Y& s0 u' B! LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% t& Y- N1 X/ o" }8 t
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 n7 I% {2 d/ ^* h* |0 Y# q
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 q( A- \. {' C' Y+ L" [$ t
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" L1 W+ u8 C3 b8 x9 p2 S
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' D. \3 [1 I. u( x. y- D0 C 8 A$ X; u/ ]; QThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ]0 d& F; a1 @+ i- k$ D . d9 ^( W/ X2 XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 H2 P& A' x$ s 5 o" Z- K! N% x" k0 LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . I$ G& \. _. Y3 W / |' g! e3 O6 I这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! D' _* i$ }' X5 b) j
" Z% A$ H- K) J, c- Y) }+ _- ?; A4 t, B5 I( {/ O) M; S 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# |$ `1 Y( K! V
' Q0 R! D5 d: G$ Z9 B( I( i3 u. gAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 j1 z: \- d# U$ }
% x, k. e* j/ ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 \: ?6 n0 U6 A* O 7 _2 r- u A% Q; L# p/ A) RI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): W9 x" ~6 s3 H( ]9 M* y
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). P9 K* _* \& B; I8 U6 A
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' x" B* ^, q& c. D
8 _& @& z1 {. f6 W( X. X) v: |# PShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 s k' v, f8 }3 X* U
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 ?7 {+ Q, s1 @6 O6 \ 7 I& l ?, G3 s! D! |: T: j4 V如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 i! Y$ D. ~" u0 F/ @
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( R; B3 U# H7 `% \
1 F3 [# `) R% }* n; `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ x/ E2 I; p9 }5 j; n7 `% n5 m- A" A# \
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 m+ Y4 x$ W% \/ S" k6 W4 E2 \# N3 O! {
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . O& C) ]' W) a1 b, w2 O3 u/ }' F z6 }# O
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " O" m) a7 W' `9 Y7 q* a , [4 B8 \/ ^+ W2 n2 n+ LEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 B; Q' ^5 X0 I; q! j! U4 `8 q
8 V. o* G0 T, }" V' y% X* F写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ u& T, t/ U* e0 Z; p7 B+ V
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) w# E- t, H8 r* O
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7 c5 L* Q% m. w! y% a8 ?2 ^ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 W, K3 a0 y3 ^; d
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例如: ; u* e/ L9 b4 j N( V$ L ! N$ F" o5 G6 o N! C, rMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) }# Z$ u" W+ `1 @) m5 ?8 o; G8 m" w
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 a# q1 {$ [8 t$ ]; } ?
" m1 B$ e% f# K" j1 UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' H( K6 f9 p3 s0 f: T! p' K U& [& h# A# E0 l# e2 b4 a
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 N5 `$ F) s, u* z3 i- R |4 K' _8 j) c
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& y7 [2 L z2 ^3 E: l% @5 t
1 t$ I3 T" Y. CPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; X% m5 v- U: m: o6 ` 7 M% I T% g! p# H W0 VCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 X9 O0 l# r' R/ T, X$ ?( U
% u6 D0 B3 H( K% \8 R5 V2 Z4 JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % n( R# b$ r" ^7 t% s 6 s$ Q* Y) |" d1 Q# r9 x同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# R/ l8 A% N) q9 U, p" Q
/ m: T7 E5 a/ }+ i! K% S当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' ?/ w) f# V1 }# W- b [
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 S) T! I" z, k$ O1 \! L: H0 ^
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 G/ |5 p: }9 H3 v5 U . ^4 r9 }" l* \9 ?对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 \$ g* B; I k5 v) O 7 a; n* b3 N6 B0 H$ V# y对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 e" t$ W6 Q* z; m, C1 _/ P' L/ y/ D
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 s% R" c) ]4 `' S( y ? & E# X' m2 J. k& z6 J还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' L$ B$ E8 |- K- q# ^# n; P5 ^
4 k u( v) y( ?4 n; ?: Z& f9 b有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 Z1 y* W6 P% _% i# Z8 g