本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + @9 T+ t4 g/ I0 }1 H/ z ; g1 P; ~: `% T; G- B5 k7 t转帖 ; g/ ^. U" k3 b1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ H+ z- k' L e; N1 J
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & t7 W( k$ {' q1 v S" u+ ~/ k' M' q/ a+ i% M+ MThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % e. }7 a3 e$ A" q) D% r; L; P( ^0 r8 a" D3 {- O
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! A. y$ D8 @- N: r7 ?7 N5 ~0 a% p
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ r. T9 l6 Y& K# q8 G8 r% U) s
4 g& x# k- m/ L% J# E" t3 BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ r! J" i* t; t! K: H2 ]
5 C; Y2 I( m% [! n' rMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* Q/ r' y; \8 c$ z' ]3 n
: x4 X, S: X3 T# j7 \: t/ XWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): s4 z6 x; a7 f( E" `& B
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 {0 V0 w! Q' j- r0 T % m: t/ h. V2 a- CWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . N' V% q' T0 g4 \4 }9 V2 }: x # {) V R! e% y- m. p7 O. APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 Z- l$ {+ _: u3 l0 J- C8 {
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 ` h& F+ R& p" y
: _$ `+ W& ]7 U1 u, K' s) Q+ \" K6 u" c4 p 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' m8 E) a' R# X( U! b
" A) P# z$ \7 B' D3 V+ I例如: ' V0 ], W0 A' s, @$ G4 a W " J3 L- z3 a k0 t3 SAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) {2 M( Q; Q6 O( [2 [! H6 E$ |
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 }1 e& {! i: J% q) k: x - e& u% K9 ]. A( v- s( II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; r1 [5 i) w/ y0 ~- y' Z , ]1 H$ d5 F$ ]! z$ v( U! R* oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! T4 r# b% a5 E9 f. H( W% u# F0 q
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) b6 ?7 h* s! L- |, w9 N: t8 ]! `% a+ C6 k1 [! B9 j
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' [' b& U( v3 G7 Z+ `4 R; D% Z! \7 F
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 {& P/ G8 y$ J' |: T ! @* M) h5 r( D" U( _5 B4 J' t( I如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & N w! |" T- j' z. }. |9 a 3 A4 q8 e, L6 {7 G: L2 U2 W" p6 xThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & |2 H/ R* ^' b$ |6 f1 n" Z( _0 M9 Z; J& z
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). H3 R6 s; M, _
" ~& C/ K+ Q" L5 U8 ?/ L* e; ]& [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ q" h$ z, s; H7 k
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 p- k: o( H4 N+ d5 N% s* F* S) B5 u4 v6 O' \: p* d9 N
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + [" d1 e6 {0 O8 M7 I, ^; l f l2 p% s. Q3 J
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 u8 E2 A5 w& S1 G4 @; B# o) G% w) L3 f: y
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / u4 f% V* I( y1 U: F9 w: t. C4 ]
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : H( p$ W# S3 [: W+ X+ ?- j : C* p9 P8 p* n6 W3 S7 k/ a( J( b: Q P2 i# f1 M 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + k# I6 x1 @: `$ W/ u* t5 s* c, U# L! e, Z+ @7 k. |# l1 Q/ N
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0 P5 q( x. Z. UMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 B, D0 v' x! T2 }- F4 W* D: I6 p) J5 c7 W
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 P Z" ?9 U) P1 o5 c* _) h7 l
( ?8 D* a1 V+ V. V1 V1 g K. ~1 sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , t# Z3 _% U* L& N, R1 d. p$ p% h1 m/ n2 H6 e
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : R- W7 |; C) e: n( N0 o$ s! G% a0 V& ]# _9 M) H
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 r. G5 ?- E0 z/ \ [% }
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + E( @5 P; o1 t9 Y + _" i5 r# }& p& ?% o( VCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . D5 f3 u3 t6 x; q/ t : t( f' |0 ]) W$ ]Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- ?' Q+ k' e" K d3 b7 o
( z l: E, M, C5 C9 N同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( x G: }7 ?3 e b9 C/ d . g$ y( c! V0 R( o" q# ^当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; @& k+ _8 n' s4 |
# ^ ^3 y9 T4 d3 R0 W+ e9 C对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ r8 Q) B4 x7 f9 t2 p
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;1 {+ c& x; w1 H; b5 [ t' O& C
: v+ h$ e! t2 G; l至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 V! g4 i W2 N! ?& |6 C
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' \1 Y4 ~" ^% u9 {% q0 G
8 r+ d1 B5 R( o: l$ P有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 l* @6 v! @: B y