本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . r4 x2 q, {" R' Z3 s+ W: d( k9 t% c5 i2 B4 W# `4 ^, P 转帖; F8 {5 ^5 w) e# c5 Z$ f
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ e5 t( ]) \4 M' B4 X/ \) z2 g4 l 5 x, l2 x3 l* }' Y/ f; _+ {例如: y ~; N+ ^! @- C# L5 ~8 W' F - Q/ W, Y& i/ b, @5 Y4 b5 V, SMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 k' k# M- c6 t. H9 b. @- b6 e1 e / c) g% T9 n6 p! m1 [9 u& qThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 @; E' c3 o( E O
& M' k+ v7 s# s N4 q, pThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 u2 b% M: b- K 6 {" ]% U8 z7 B/ AThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 T3 q0 q3 b8 ?) g Y- E. U- [ _: Z! ?' s C; q; q
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* T3 U) T% u7 p, P& P0 l
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ Q7 M5 e: L4 W- e+ C4 t
$ F) ^0 t" v& ?We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 X+ C h! i2 ~: | 4 Z7 _1 E c$ y6 f9 rThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" A1 `+ z# R. j8 o: l7 U
+ q1 o) N% n; A7 A' m$ gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! h- r% T9 T0 b4 ]) w2 o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & K; x" t: Y7 J$ n% O6 o9 a; I1 S/ H: l- P
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; W) H; f1 B+ j% k1 I
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6 w, k3 a R2 Z. g; u# y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , G3 s) t$ g2 D) e- V+ y- Y6 R$ K6 Y
例如:6 Y7 I1 l8 Z, O: q' A& n
% @# a5 V4 n1 {% X3 wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! i- P% a j9 W$ w1 k2 b, i$ \" |& G2 a- ?' e, H) ~8 H# E
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- q" s% q! n) r; k/ M% H3 D+ ?
# d8 E, @0 A. V6 bI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 ~1 d8 F/ q( b( r& g$ T7 ^) f8 X ~8 m6 ^9 ~. {1 A8 |% m
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % V8 Q0 u6 c/ W. E. p- E c. G% ~ n9 L' `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' L2 }: J D1 W& J( [% d+ } $ S7 q* x# z& e3 s7 Y1 |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), V2 B) H6 ?; y7 l, c
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 L# d& m9 |6 v% y
& `/ `; N9 |0 B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : O: F: j4 b- u) ^) Y 4 O/ o2 H; X6 t/ W# ZThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 ?+ Y- V" ]( E( x# M2 }2 \
- C( V3 J5 U4 B" j. L6 ~! y" OThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 g- e) B5 z! w) u / I( e( u; y) J% K# ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* _$ f# ^* W+ d \. F5 t; w
, ~& e, V" G# n8 H: t% b0 hHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- {0 I1 T' o" s1 k& n
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( u3 g# N: d t- U1 R
7 u6 V7 G( b1 [+ G2 z7 R; qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; K6 ?2 w. o" | 7 Y; V2 W) m+ T2 j. \/ W( r写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 q! o# f% M6 s k1 {) W: N L' T6 f" l; v此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 D7 Q& V( `6 Z& w! r7 M0 O
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) T6 P3 q) P. X$ O% D 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + j: L' A; \) n1 K5 o6 _3 P% L+ z% V/ c* h
例如: 1 e! i O1 ?" C; i; f: l 8 S- t5 T) G1 H0 [Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! \9 [+ D/ D- V$ D' _- L
! u/ B$ j* p; E6 t4 LManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 r, c. k: X8 j. _3 L! c
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 c6 d" l1 i. c
# Z8 C8 p" v( P3 hHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& a/ |% [) M" g, I
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : P6 v I" N, ^$ J1 e# ?$ Z. T: q) H! {6 V- O4 B% X7 C
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' M* ]) H, [! b3 s8 p- z2 w: I" W2 r- M8 b1 @) f
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): w$ s) v- t, p2 t8 I9 r
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% t8 n, O L3 y0 X' b
, A& \" k% d, B2 r/ Y! x9 k6 U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 H$ l9 a& s. @& c& X4 j, x2 J 2 E W% v& U' F- C$ s: u当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 K1 P# C3 N1 s) g * a2 H R" O* z4 i+ @; [对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 d- A/ M/ L* M9 Q- @ X- R 1 F; P: |4 Q- i. y; d对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; }- p0 J( K: ^: O. H4 }
. n/ T8 b! v6 \' H- C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" F k, F* }+ _$ a