本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; Q2 q: u% _- f9 A, [8 n% \) e
) }9 \7 d% ?% n3 p0 o- U( {9 O 转帖 7 B( V+ S0 V2 z$ Y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 m7 j) g$ R/ b2 w. ? . p' {4 a) E. N/ K* ~( c例如: * z1 v: u' ^; a6 @7 s4 x( G3 ]; U: A* e6 X! z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 z! X5 k% I, Y+ Y# S A5 [" w' } 6 s7 J9 |4 p( l: FThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) B- s( g& ^$ t! _
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 Q) s& ]( ]& R4 w8 I) R+ B " E( T* J; g* C5 c7 B7 F' ~The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) x6 N' p9 t8 Z# I
+ I. }$ ^0 J* l6 i' b1 ^9 T8 D) BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * ^4 k0 A. l3 f7 Z S 8 I7 }' P, |6 hMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( Q& h( k# j+ j
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 f: L/ @3 k2 y9 f
6 ~7 X. b: \/ eThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! x2 r, |- @: n( c! X* v3 X! p; W" ^" K/ q
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! Z* W+ s" _+ w4 j
4 j$ ^5 v# E( nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 K6 }$ g7 c- u( A9 n& @) o5 e7 N
4 B6 _; u' ?! a) A, D这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: `; H9 N" X( Q2 A" W* ]* _
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3 h3 j5 ]% D" b J% W) T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 b. t- z V' P" b : D" ]0 z5 Q' X例如: / ]" f5 L8 S3 d; |! \6 Y: Q8 C/ [" i+ G o2 w! s- l
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* t# o! q: {1 b' r4 y9 q$ }; g; Z
e3 x( Y, K) u7 HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- \5 V- h3 _4 X3 ~; d
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) d( Z2 y- c* e" V+ S, G) `8 Q
8 I# h8 J T: v0 \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 g& }, I& x# K" F7 d 6 F0 _4 Y9 x: S6 e5 @; E6 h, N8 e* LIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / i# z( \3 V; @6 `! c! a9 w3 x, `) I. |- M7 Y& i6 b. [6 m
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 ~# M$ F( l2 w; X! `. O9 z 5 I+ ~% W# V! ^' K% q& yI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " `% m# ]$ `6 k( v$ W$ c, u _; j" P 6 P1 Y2 r/ r2 u% n) s/ i' e4 F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ U: w/ N/ i9 g6 h) i
- B, g2 h5 d. X6 V, aThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 X* P: @& k& U$ B
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 u" J, C% E: ^5 p9 p
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 s+ O) v+ @* i$ y" s% B X
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( t" M( Q# Y( i* h0 Q9 L+ o
3 Z+ l# O8 k) kWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( A" }' W% `8 u/ G) k5 U# l. @
3 K2 n- r* I3 ~) m: ]* Q) I7 C; ]Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( e6 t& P# g B6 B% b& q: i9 O% A" x' G" `% P, _
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( v- z' {% u4 d6 h! C, c, U - [- Z: d1 @" ?7 g0 S* G此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 j, B; `) L* y( w! d0 [
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2 C2 F- a, `3 p/ G7 I! m5 B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 ?7 R Y0 E$ F% X! t' o' t% t- z3 V* S$ K% K0 o. F
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7 I, `% X: ~* g8 q% LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& O0 ^& P: c) `
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 r* X+ i7 H+ F4 z4 e1 U# R; k, ^2 Z3 j; v) E, z3 e
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % p" ~! I7 U0 n! ^ E# z2 \& l/ t( W" R' K8 }$ t+ m- E
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - r* e/ ~0 H/ M8 H( D) L! R* V& Q* E* e0 z- Q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / ]' t( O v" K9 v3 B5 V5 o) G' R
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 g9 v6 h, p3 E( W) j+ P8 B' A" `0 y7 n
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 y+ n3 g! G; U, e. l" Z# p
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # O4 J& l4 B1 U% j/ M& k . S b+ L7 u1 `4 i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 Q0 X' o- x& c( B