本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % \1 X2 Y V2 j! s& W
, x2 b) E: x% [4 H1 e: ^ 转帖 ' n6 R; B9 U' }1 T1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) M, a+ y7 ?& |1 D* Q2 A. y! T, U( T8 U) x- k
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " o; f6 ?) N E 8 {: R1 F1 ~. M0 _2 e" eThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ?; F+ d& h$ D$ g `3 A
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 z# c2 {* c7 ~ K1 F$ N" m( [3 b: b5 B* C. ?% b6 N. A4 ^
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) _) _) w) y$ t2 a6 t# f+ o" c) H/ t% |. T4 m- @
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ I$ Q- }5 Q, G1 U7 `, ]! ~
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 c1 c. L) _" H! k: H" f$ I
0 |7 l6 E8 |# _4 r% E. S9 sWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 B) c1 M8 O b8 Q/ O1 r" g: K; q5 q
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 |4 j% B1 ]4 }. z" W7 c8 V 4 V9 X! @: u) z$ l( y* X7 dWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 U4 l% x! d" F3 I 5 a, s3 }, E4 L6 D; B/ U% YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - }* ]' B6 g4 t: Z( i( m' S" ~% u2 `& ~4 m
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 J/ K; T/ q; q: O 8 o$ X( Q, g: N) A7 E% w1 K- K# ? 1 L6 J- }5 S$ P q1 o2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 Z6 B; r2 l! L6 J1 v 3 d; f- n! m! k& y/ o* T$ b例如: $ R5 Q% M+ W' d6 G" A - H: m3 _) l4 t1 ]$ HAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / j6 }' y( Z* a2 x2 N j3 [( A / A3 P& R1 e* T2 T4 o2 g. \/ IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 D4 v p5 K M- z! V5 ]7 g) j6 _. H' d0 Y* P8 ~2 w6 I n0 o/ @ ~
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) x K7 C4 k2 m/ ~5 \0 I$ ?
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) Q* V3 P3 ^& B* y3 j, q
e7 l' @3 P4 r# y1 P! |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), {6 G. T) D% A! C. Q
: s. `! d0 J N1 p. l# }She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ g6 @, |; C/ W1 r8 ~
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 e$ T* l( v+ J. Y4 o: n, E 8 T x( E4 Q' b% y2 Z2 W如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# l% `* ]+ c7 }5 J
& P6 v) M" d& ~( D6 cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 B5 `' n. W+ n' J% [- k% v/ C 5 `6 u5 T. } S4 f) FThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 A& P& ?+ n; Z# n. O& c
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 _. K+ I7 C3 `4 h4 @% _" B% [- G$ l' Y7 s
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- V: y0 o" N: v4 B5 n: T
/ W5 g1 e8 H, v4 ]- M, sWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' \; h P! @" o9 y) N3 M |- W' j, W* F% D; z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 k! g8 O Q i! P( U8 P / s! ?$ q# p6 n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % i4 B4 E+ ]2 ?% x- R. b. a( I6 v 9 M8 a% y! y N* E7 |此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * O9 C7 t& h4 i% B+ o : m0 }' o! N, r! f# r& b# z 3 c+ i* s6 H. t+ I. q/ n5 n! g3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 P% `: y9 X) Q. C3 U6 m" r
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ?% J. [ {) u 3 e. ^( t) G# |8 G8 c" _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# E/ u- P4 X0 J1 j) K3 d0 L
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); d* M) C; H) {
( G" C, k8 b4 k" _He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 ]5 p6 q" U1 x( i6 q; e# ]1 d$ j1 w
: S% B/ V2 s+ K3 q* ?, ?6 @1 }. }Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% l" P" P% y2 ^$ i8 |
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " A# U; s7 U1 U7 Q& a " ?! o7 g3 m9 ~$ u* |Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 n& ?. A) ]1 l
) v1 \7 e& e. ~0 MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 x2 i4 E# `) A. J( s' y& `/ N* {+ P* L- w, G, k! k5 A
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 K1 S2 d9 g; [" L$ U. {
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. e6 R! X. X9 J3 o
5 E& i' i5 n+ i' E对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / O- z+ ~" @/ y* F0 R* {7 u, R- g( O6 I
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ?( U8 Q j: |& @+ f& @0 i( ? 4 l# { ^% R) E2 R% ?7 L ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 i1 {' O; F) K% x/ E# e. A) V1 t' A) ~( e; T, p8 Q
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 S3 i9 T3 m3 {! A- J0 |+ W! H p3 t! H
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( \' q3 T$ Z. R0 W8 [# g3 G ! O: X& ]: G) M9 m还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 g, T5 \) u. I3 ^/ {" W8 v
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 Q. {. I$ y6 @