$ {% f6 _; ^; S/ ?2 R4 l例如:# [" c% p5 C# p& f. [
8 d% l1 C! V8 k2 ?
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" T4 U1 l' O/ s# n; p1 ]5 j$ z
% z3 O I! F& J6 R
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), G# e8 V9 j. g! M9 r# f
) k1 ]4 n |) n/ h9 F
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)5 v$ \7 ]% i: G+ L! M' ~6 g
8 `# k4 L3 l3 j/ I5 e! V/ xThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 L1 X [$ f3 G3 L9 c
" `1 H! A; e* z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + r4 G/ o$ V% n) \% S" Z w7 T: J1 J7 J D6 b* |. }2 f8 E
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 ]# B1 @) I7 b; W, C/ y! e" w3 v' y( r2 B i* _, g5 Y3 a. L- ?$ D4 M3 z1 V
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* P( r7 W" u% R; T# I& o) p
, H8 @7 i7 s. X% r. B6 `. s7 z" VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 o/ l# e% L) F + N# F& h) s0 D3 i7 e# sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) o* v; ^- [3 s! O
& z& N- f ?9 r7 {- W
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % F2 I1 F2 e8 |9 b( S8 T( [) c$ {4 D ' s j5 {4 m. F: n- p0 M" L7 ^这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ O" ^' A. b4 Q
+ p/ x7 Q* H' s8 h* _
$ l# A8 `( Y6 I2 ^ Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 `1 k# O Q; H3 N$ J7 e+ ?+ o5 b! M8 q
例如: + Z9 Z, f' R/ e- g- [& d7 s0 U2 C& d0 _2 V# V( D9 X
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- H8 A) t7 ^4 k% I; K" u
/ S6 e; V! z# o* e2 @9 i! n+ B1 LDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - G" ]: `7 q" [6 W% h ( c2 H( d$ F4 j# cI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; G" h+ m1 h+ f N$ W. d- |) v. K2 q8 K/ c; s, v
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 Z) L1 x# ?, T9 ~ Q" z/ ?) `7 o% s E0 o- y1 T3 b
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ j5 G8 J0 Y( J! Q3 l1 k# } t% I& k1 g0 _' p
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 k3 p" Q* I* {3 Z+ Z* A9 b; \ y+ X d/ R- S# \' ?& ?$ y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ D: a) b' i# I2 o4 j
: |- E5 F: y* p; H
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " S5 G% L* a" K' |/ Z0 p* B! K8 c3 Y* w# a1 ]5 ]
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " l$ M% v% e1 Q9 i9 }# _, L 5 h' \+ f# {0 }: z0 ?! n* ?The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); o" S9 u& H4 A+ S) x) o
/ C2 ~# Y6 X1 f$ Z1 o6 K- B) P
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - Z" Y% S, Y+ G3 } % b# v6 y7 O$ N+ s/ U1 Q6 X* eHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % l" h0 T& y2 t p" K 7 e, e/ f7 T; ^: SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( O9 a4 k. j# X4 b- [" D8 D. C: a# E& T- t. a
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 y( ]" l0 j/ i* a+ [' z, U( @! C, E* Q( Y: H/ Z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 H9 K# u. X9 q: L: N; Y7 n
h& z. J, z3 y, K7 }4 F8 }/ Y1 Q
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 F/ ?' M* M1 }1 L' s0 N
/ r5 N9 {+ A4 c( ^; V }5 s0 W3 B4 ?- G6 z" Z9 j) ^ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 L& k( K# h- c; R0 z; i) X2 a, H- `
) r3 b0 ]0 s% A a" Q
例如: 8 v M! @4 Y4 I: u) Z2 N - r" w" t6 P5 d5 t2 s' N- eMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 o& V5 P5 A) M , D/ ]( A" V* X6 ~' x6 I; uManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # a4 b- D6 Q, z: }2 n - N* W$ g$ w5 S! XThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 t0 u+ |2 w0 {, t7 |/ [
6 u) x: t* g9 [/ B2 HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 |2 V6 r: K. L! k) R" ^
Y; |* c# {9 Q2 g! u2 J
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); Z8 @% j( I& b1 ?6 p, h
6 S$ z A) n. j ]+ d$ z4 s
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- z" P3 G. r( e( U
! x. m3 M+ W; w9 s; }8 wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' P' J& @5 t [$ f7 y
0 {' v2 _. f6 v; a2 _3 e
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 u, J; H$ ]! |) |/ b
! u2 y8 ^; z% }7 A1 L9 v5 {! J
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : T8 m+ Z/ S" M4 C' E4 N& P3 K 9 i1 X$ H7 D, i) P) m$ S; |( G* {* O当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ n% g% C6 W, O% b! E
9 [% |4 z8 [3 ]
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 J* U H* n# s+ [; \, X( b/ G, W- `7 m8 i$ _8 z, h p5 Z. t
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 u" C; m/ p2 O. i. t! \) W: N, v
+ w$ N7 s' k" O% ^+ l还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ F7 j/ T3 @, c2 ^* N 5 ^% e) N' j9 r有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , b( O. H; J. m