本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 v7 v* Y" u2 c5 [; M ' u! H& w" D! Y! ?8 n转帖0 F$ h3 t/ g( H6 e G9 L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : }4 ]7 V* f5 f8 m& {5 r8 l' y7 o; S" l2 G
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- L2 B, [1 Y8 O5 W- l! |( I8 PMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , j8 C5 ~9 S# P7 s j & r# {( K9 L' m3 wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & U* z$ x& R" a3 z& Q# y+ | {5 n; M( J8 [1 q9 R
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * q. a& Y8 ^4 M9 X. m4 N7 }1 x8 d0 \) A3 |
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% J g* S p+ r9 j
\- P0 d7 s5 I. o) b( x" Z7 D+ wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 w6 g* B2 s; ~9 A0 f7 M2 c
- N& l+ j1 g/ Q& @; b. r( ]Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 m$ k( Y' X! j& k& T! H4 n 4 E9 M6 A) Q9 o0 g5 yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 B$ c- x- l x' m4 U2 u" Q* S8 N* _1 y! ~! a
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): U/ g( X+ f# f. i# G2 h
7 q7 [! E* Y( M1 W9 Z/ eWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 m6 e' U0 F8 ?1 K$ k- ~
' [' K7 r% n0 Q$ vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % R x) Z% s+ E$ Q7 F* A( n! ^# J) X( t( C" ~9 z# F
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; ?0 X, g9 d, [) f+ F; I( w/ B
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! n. _. J' K! S+ W9 Q. J 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 C7 y8 E* M0 ^5 ?% q7 o) j' U5 r8 F3 S% ]$ N3 {" A
例如:2 G9 s3 h3 |' k/ N9 g9 j9 m/ q# V
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) i6 e- ]6 S% V$ J3 X8 k, E+ d- X3 _1 e- A& j
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 t6 \/ W4 {$ G! S% _ a1 {: @/ {0 H# r
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' ?3 Z. D, r. a% q- |7 F
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* |5 B$ y5 }% t: o
. ?9 j8 P1 J+ A9 K& ~/ FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - E# j+ C- R" Y1 w. l & s" n* v# a" N$ NShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- k5 E$ \% s2 @8 Z- ]2 ?
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 }' ?& U4 `9 l* ^4 P9 x2 v N5 ^. Q# Y/ l( t
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& U* O- x* L/ f3 O+ ?* j7 r5 U! H9 B
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 {( }! c% B% K* L" J8 X" B& j9 `
7 ], L: O5 r2 k9 b+ S, P) YThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * N# ?* X! Q. K; W ; {& Y' K$ Y. s# \He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ b, u9 u" O7 [/ J8 l4 }- ^ 9 c0 h/ L! ?; WHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% m! D9 r0 ^2 I" n
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * B! `: ^( Q7 D/ o" C2 u. n7 a0 b$ q2 Z* q) X/ ]' ~
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * J. h9 J+ e- v$ n4 @& g) \& V5 U* }; V3 P1 Y- q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) N) U: T! T1 Q( v# m* J9 d: D5 L
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 u8 v- p! s. R8 u4 t7 h 7 m3 i6 H _6 Z) V3 S5 ]; \2 Y 5 g0 m( p8 _' Y# I$ m' z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 |; A P: L6 |8 E. i) I- i, Z4 d" L3 W9 O0 `
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: `- ]7 k' K4 B8 e9 hMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; P7 W4 X; Z/ g w % z L4 ?( b* `9 F* `: {Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . U9 z0 K$ n/ n4 e- U1 v( I. m( l( f
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) {# d, ?9 [( ?: h3 `
6 w- p. g3 C3 @3 R2 kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / h. q$ Q" P$ y' N3 f: A# r7 ^5 f3 ]( L' G
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & C7 S1 L- h. m- q5 X+ z: E0 I ^* c2 G9 u v
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( n2 K, M9 }, ]; Z8 { 0 g9 }3 I* p: ^1 j9 z; I& ]0 d( dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; m$ N* {' V0 }, |# m* d7 I9 |' U2 \& Z$ |5 a2 k
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & b9 z5 Q/ d+ `# S# e5 D0 K/ C! g& O! N! k' Q
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # `8 f+ i; g1 T6 C0 l# H$ `* X: Y' y6 p
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; f; R: t( X9 W9 Y) G
' q, n: C5 x) u- e$ W; J/ y) u! _对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # F4 `. n& k) U4 o* q7 c4 b' n& f8 C
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% d; S+ r( @. Z, {% {
: t. s/ Q, |$ R6 w% S4 b, {' Q9 I对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 W' Q4 q- O% t
5 B: P% p f& _6 Q& N对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; V+ i- g* w& u
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * [$ ]+ o. O( m% [2 K: {, @3 I0 v4 f' x4 q9 i" ~
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' J& o! J3 F Q& I4 S4 a
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ a' E0 D# W7 n