本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! E' [8 h3 b0 b$ S
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . V: B" P( t; z. j# U1 c6 j2 {9 T; S+ W; W; k. c
例如: , y6 c5 J* x4 g& X5 W5 z8 `( V8 q' \- `) `9 x5 A9 M/ o- h
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 T- l+ \ _/ E6 A0 i
2 N" ~- x$ p) c- x, X5 P9 V% @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! Y e: U+ c8 @% k- q1 s- Z6 r5 T; _. E* F
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 S! L7 L. I5 Y3 J! U% q& _( Y5 y- |( f- g& R+ G
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & j; V& W. q8 f3 m" l, Z1 q, a* }1 q6 V! s
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , `6 [# ^5 d: `4 @. ~& |' T8 Q* V b1 e8 S/ A
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ {6 g1 _7 J# Y! C/ v/ S* |
0 U+ _0 K' K) z% W/ I, r. mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / f" C- b! Z9 O0 @( c. x* ?7 v 6 M7 F" ?2 b, ?. \4 T9 E, p! r8 _The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* B+ {" N4 c$ ~7 [! j( Q% o) L
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 A! Z! q% R% M" S& P. V: _1 a
1 |2 t- _; w6 u, U( l6 o3 TPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% i6 L; ?/ ^6 J' e5 X8 I |
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' w2 d. c- S9 L0 I0 }- P: M- U 8 V1 ]6 U0 f$ f0 f0 M& d* U' J) i* R% j# ] 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 ?. v+ y& S* w# j! N7 M" r% e' t+ V
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例如:1 z V n! a. i5 o. a/ b
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 r0 T: ?/ M/ E) ^2 ^& j5 l8 v9 y 1 f: ^" \4 y/ {7 K8 P! M: a; B, V) ]Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' L! i" x& W( n+ F! c. _8 d4 _* z( _; M: Z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' l6 p" b# o% z+ f& }( ^+ m& d! D( c4 |1 @& U# }0 t; @7 d( C
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ X0 J+ x! }4 l* c* k; g H1 ^( V% J. R1 q E
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 \3 l/ _" g0 i+ f
" G- ~* {% r' l% x/ \# RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % V" K6 T5 E" o9 @; \* @9 }, I8 }9 P" o7 I' d* L
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) \6 p. d) `% W g. n0 ?. ^0 F7 O+ h' ]$ _) U: [
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) O; U3 t: Y9 S# p 7 U3 ~+ @4 E, o6 \; \: J! }The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 F. C: F7 _$ F9 Q! C$ X 1 _9 Q- N) [5 CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 ?4 m5 L8 u) E2 Y' o! ?2 y! N6 G X
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 F/ [3 u& j2 D9 D ; p7 e9 E$ f: B9 Z+ w1 sHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 r, m/ i% y9 \: Y, L3 M2 a' E( C4 h& X4 m, W: ~" l; U4 J0 x
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " n6 [4 H, m* H" O, s2 I2 B7 ? % l4 w) {3 F4 u4 R( IEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 F0 `$ r l# e4 O9 `0 V) p% z
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / v6 J( E w/ n" C* ?, ^$ L+ o& C- s- R! F
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % Z7 E$ @+ S. a7 B . g1 _$ v6 ^' I' v0 l; u7 { g0 {- P3 j7 |; P" u 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : O& n. k* h/ z' A7 N' n5 h* n3 n2 H% k* p6 J; }% V# G
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) P0 X( Z: P0 Q1 U 4 b& [2 [% x! ]9 A. c- R, a! EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 @8 U) l: ?; L + r7 n5 T, a. R k8 l& kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 L% S& {6 j0 M% V8 _1 ` f- A5 }; P% Y9 r
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ Y! X: K& E" u- d% Z3 ]% ]! @
2 U! Z) G% ]5 T6 dMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , E/ K/ E5 v8 F# T2 Y! v" I " L/ s1 b, R' V1 ~( {Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ N$ n8 j( ]" l" d* @ + c& r2 j- e9 a0 ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 |5 J1 f$ R* {: P$ q$ m, C0 E6 D P; S# i1 {* U: \0 m% l
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 N* G1 g1 e4 K" j2 \. q* X1 A% f" g/ O1 O
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 D0 A1 G% F8 m9 t" i8 D' \/ C1 J4 `9 I! a: g. P
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " H6 G4 U. O) j$ V / d$ b( u$ }/ v" U, S5 ]3 i! T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- }/ ?( n R0 i& x: g1 j' k) Y* U+ K
: o. |# F9 s/ h, g$ h0 h1 Z& O; q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% o9 g, R; C2 x+ t
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. I0 J5 y$ ~/ p' Z3 S+ g
- U9 ]1 Q' b1 K6 s Z0 b5 e# _还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 X" o7 C7 c) [9 Y8 X1 b1 x
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 L1 l" _% m9 R2 W, z' q$ B _