本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 c Q. V x- Q V& D8 X+ O9 G! z9 Q( g1 \1 U! ]- } 转帖 - c2 {; K/ I+ N) L1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 d' o5 t: x1 |1 H* d1 O) l* z6 g% k( H6 x: k# k
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & {* u6 j. m! c' ~* ` ! O- E- [' d/ |; YThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ m2 l& V! l' L" ^& N( s: Q, o8 ~: k2 I! J2 @
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * W5 \. h4 y! _2 @2 I) i# O" T; y* k) h
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & B2 C& e2 G8 j 5 Q4 ~2 }- Y" F0 }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . {6 g/ b& V0 M$ [1 ?5 @. Z9 ` 9 i" g9 |# C$ T% {0 YMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 g1 `0 B4 U5 |9 Z7 I' }
" h1 Y1 e& N3 sWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 l/ Q- f* ^; s
$ [- X9 o B% ]3 f6 VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* z# ^3 P. C2 c a5 O# A6 h
: W$ P. ?! R$ k6 g/ d2 @: ZWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) |. D. w. L* v; S
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- c0 r! k1 c; R: A1 {
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 P1 W; K' ]8 W. n& p+ x+ _
& ]! m, s* a" f- j! |* S/ M6 z+ v% ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' x. ?: b; W" \5 w3 a, J+ B( Z6 \ k$ F* m
例如: / F8 Z( L S* p- D, t $ @" ^6 y$ @* ^+ y6 ~At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); c! V- q a4 T. X8 N
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 W9 w2 G2 w% H) \' ^
5 E& K7 S3 p, L6 TI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" J% l8 Q9 i( t! r; }/ ?( J
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- O3 |% v2 E7 `9 r
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& T# ?( h& J, X- a
" c, X, F# T, f9 p) M1 OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) Z: H- W8 Z Z1 I" o- w , t' h2 G6 y* c, x: @I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , |+ m" w% P1 m% s U: ~9 b# {2 C( Q; Z* Y& N如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 s1 u/ m1 x0 y$ ~% s, L
5 k, h7 g' F# P2 K1 n* ? zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! ~6 [7 U" e! l8 {
" u# O+ P1 z1 K3 y0 a. t; a( a" K7 kThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ Z! P# L4 J, ?8 @( u1 L5 r8 z
$ u, l. Z1 X; e* }" J& c: ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / `; F& G" n5 |' o; H) p j `8 B
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ D% G$ X: I4 f( v7 m. G1 B2 q& o
G) }, h8 L' P& QWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), i% e' K% @ [2 z9 f
1 r- C# ~0 @: H( k. UEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* J- m7 [' p9 k5 A6 @' }. a
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; D. ^1 P8 T6 m* [) j2 D1 S c5 `3 |- {. v此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' I# ~0 W9 m5 n; k
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$ a; v6 F6 I; a* [3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , b" v/ V0 I: x! q5 N0 G) d5 F) d4 _8 U9 o; `8 g* z
例如: + d$ R. i( R P2 [* L , i* @& C$ A2 W6 ZMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# Y8 j$ w. G! h4 E
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 E3 _7 n$ U2 E1 i
# |* B# `$ q8 ~3 m* cThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 o9 q v6 I1 |. r( _ ]# W - V% s' t$ P. P! m8 d9 bHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 Z* X& n/ D0 E, p% x0 j) n) `& d! I! P$ H4 t
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! z0 ]7 K; z6 |3 c6 z& ^' T
6 Q. ]! U* ]! S3 y' p9 F3 r dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 ^+ g! d' b; V) d+ v& y1 r
8 r* N" o6 D7 e0 }1 tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( E4 i" M% i5 O2 z3 C0 k @0 h % l9 v3 _* H& Q) u8 u' HStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)5 k2 u: D( C5 O: N$ W; L0 K5 q
) i' c: d1 E7 H; ~) q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# ^! y. h5 K% U0 C
6 r. D$ D% g) x6 l6 c9 W对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' ~2 R5 M" b+ X; Y& |: W 5 b, q8 v$ S) m2 F4 }; I对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# y' G" ]* W5 a8 J7 A
( [6 q/ O( H) u1 c& k- D! h! ~) N6 a. T对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 B9 O0 N$ z3 Z+ {2 F" V% v( I8 h3 Z! M* ]5 u
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * k3 d7 _8 \8 z( M2 o + }" J" W K% l0 S; @+ N至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 K" w) \5 K2 X # H. r+ {% j9 H9 f还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: [' E% \+ X1 j3 S' l
5 ~$ t. f$ r# q, m有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 A( T" E! T) i0 p