本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 b$ d. Q- L! @& F! S5 [
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , z( k5 R" I3 W+ r0 a4 n6 W , ~/ ]5 E6 n8 r# P( h9 i7 J例如: & \4 g: y7 n' @$ Y$ B: ` ! N3 b: `- k3 {; N8 yMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " E! j7 j; [$ u2 M: X9 X) g: k+ D- J) s6 V% V9 e
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); C0 `/ y; K" Q2 D" L. T, V+ r
" u1 `- H- T1 C. T7 {1 xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . u" ^3 k h) ~ d/ x P& o7 c% q8 @- x- Q, DThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). i$ a+ D8 q. y; ?. B8 w
* Y- W2 y2 f& lI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 Y1 j% r4 U9 t( W+ y) ? 6 M9 I9 X1 G9 g- J! A, z$ IMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 N1 J2 e" J' i: y; m1 N& p 6 ~: f) X, ~9 Y6 K7 zWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% ~5 ] J) ~/ c: x
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) _8 `7 M$ j- Y4 ^
; Z8 T- e* |0 s6 u; Z, |* X5 M+ `We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' M, ?% h5 `- u 3 Z" X' F$ N2 A3 x; Y' x7 `6 APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& p9 l3 I' N/ f$ X5 I
% |. |& C) `% W+ w5 K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( o* I3 z- l6 W" a4 |; M, N
$ f( W% q$ V, { : X7 m6 i" I: l0 p2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - Z+ V. s( H- K7 M7 B! a ! ^" u# l5 D0 e- }例如:' B8 ^8 r& b( Y' A6 \" J4 w- t
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) ?% T2 X' b) l4 G+ U# `
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 Z8 H9 v( t$ y q+ ]) k , P0 u# V5 z' F; Z0 AI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 A0 E/ @9 k1 m" v" G
7 P. q/ P/ Z. m/ Y# m$ N; V3 |He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 I9 u) N3 i F6 q; f- A5 o5 T
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* B% y# k( X, V6 [2 K
5 k: h1 F# j; `$ z" `5 I8 P* U/ rShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 J v8 U, z0 Q% g5 u" q v }5 J ) C3 E( N3 x6 Q O7 r& OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); p+ F+ z% s, F. s
4 ]8 S% j0 O% u5 A如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 @! y1 z( S% _3 y: d/ S
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 T! X) R. O, v B: b
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! C+ _; p# n* u% T# F |' `
: l, {, O5 C1 ^6 \He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . r8 H+ _7 z- y; k) H- ?! _" H& l2 i' ~9 M6 Y: R( y
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 R% C5 d' T5 u, m' f8 Z8 j8 ]9 f+ F7 J/ O/ Y6 u
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : }* X( ?8 d/ {* `' d' V 4 {& n' Z0 _8 U! d7 SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 _+ D7 @5 D9 Y) Z& f$ W/ _
( t: @! D$ P, q8 R, B写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 @# h3 |* j" ~" n4 x* X4 l [, S
8 ^, G5 e: | m2 ~" h! h( J2 ?此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# j1 ^% H! N9 V9 x/ W" s% d/ C$ N1 v
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* { x: o% i5 a5 [3 h9 E, Z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) t9 Q+ Q' y R
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例如:6 {/ Q0 u( I! |: s: j' t
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ S0 h0 D6 C! P% V1 j6 \' _! r
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " j/ G" U% k: X+ l. D- `; b6 @5 X, x$ H$ d5 o2 ?( a$ @
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 b9 D+ E; v3 B4 O, o4 H* Q) z/ a* I; @9 B$ Z. R
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) k; H8 x8 p5 o$ t2 \% P
; {4 ^8 S2 S4 ^# r1 q& A3 XMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 f* K I: I, g8 A1 B- s2 b8 Y k: {- D
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 C% j+ V: i3 w9 d! [/ {8 E2 h: \( i( k* z+ M* @. S. M( y
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" l. D( p6 z; G: h' \) E
9 X1 }1 M' g( p# n- q8 AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 K7 {# ^/ U/ t ) H, F: _! V( E) v( s5 M% P同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ k g2 R0 o3 a& C2 ?
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, T( C6 s, U0 C
* D' ]0 Y4 Q4 C/ H对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. x3 N/ z! V3 q/ s
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 v8 F/ B. D' K5 @8 a
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: L9 |5 A4 P) f1 I
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;2 P( v- f: P% B8 w6 [
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 [3 l0 }( j* b) q0 J: J
: T+ M: G) h3 r. }还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 ~1 g/ Q3 i( F* {6 _) G) \" H8 R5 H- I
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! O- N K7 O3 r F; F, I