本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 ]" Q9 r. Y8 H& r! q
" D$ Q0 x: o/ z3 @6 ?& u/ g转帖 2 @& v9 T% ]& }9 B$ o8 W7 M1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& g& q3 D) L2 A) D1 B. j
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 W/ {( f6 e; R) Q+ b! i# N0 X: b; w7 u1 d) j. Q" ~+ H6 H/ Y, @
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 |( w1 q( J" u5 W
- ~ q2 U# U6 l/ T ?This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , Q( Z. O" d* H) A! l% u! |/ l 6 l, Z+ D2 F% u2 f8 \5 f qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 L+ v3 ^) n1 s+ g# R ( J$ s" A3 D4 v$ zI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & I; ^2 R7 E( R$ x 3 r- h7 b& R1 U0 s K) @# T: OMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : D/ A2 x4 i( _& d5 T6 G; |# q ?+ X) m7 e1 D
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) Z+ e' e0 r% C% b; {! `& D6 i5 f5 ] _1 y; z! Z) i3 O7 X
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . ~- {3 [4 S" c1 I3 R" Q& ^ 0 V0 S0 B! a( z% Q0 I1 X% _4 p* |We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / S1 Z' M. k% q; s$ F8 s: J0 ]5 f+ e7 g2 G9 f$ U `
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 E+ K) w% d) j/ a# u/ |
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 M2 K- Q& Y8 }, G6 G& a" U* `7 u2 k" c) m& q4 `( l# h* ~
. Z, T1 R. }# @+ Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 \4 n0 [3 ~# @. q( X/ j& J
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例如: 6 }/ \' x! E3 R, G1 V6 ~* @8 m% y 4 a# E/ ?$ |9 p9 vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# f" U/ X& j, |4 q- N/ M
2 i' X0 s5 c: X( v3 B9 KDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* M# E$ l$ V! W' N/ u% s5 m8 {
! Z6 a8 b' K7 v8 t% UI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 V. `/ p |: G$ c) o: N0 n. ~
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ U" q* v; K5 `8 t7 i
/ k5 S) @7 j( E6 L/ ]) B% S. [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 n7 I/ p4 C `2 [3 h* k3 \# P, ^8 J; J' Z r5 ^2 \0 e% q
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! X# ?$ I3 R+ x, P 7 b6 l* r: J1 wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 U, I) b& G+ V* `+ d
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 X, K ~0 j( \" s) P ( \: F& W6 [5 s. C8 K: zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / {/ B0 m) Z' |* [' H* {# D & ]: y$ ^% o1 ?1 xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ _ ~' K* H8 z [- \' W; X/ a0 X" E7 P5 y- } x
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 q& s: N: d) d0 [, v, `% w$ W
2 Y* N# J# Z- w% rHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): M7 u' N9 ]# Q* O, q, J0 F
6 ^! n3 t X8 y& Q. uWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 S* K. G5 b/ h' L5 y% v; d9 w( p
9 b1 S6 e) x3 w- ~( k! S% p1 AEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : A B2 [6 Y* H' \% F; S# _2 x$ i & R8 R$ f, |/ q i. C; P写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / A- o( K1 z, F( K- Q. F7 m( `1 n- k- a- ^5 S. X; v
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * e: K' W( ~' g4 O6 f- x& J. a4 S1 a- l$ t8 E
- [' F9 n0 ? L/ G3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / o i: k. v) i / j) S1 y$ d4 A5 y/ u例如:) |. m# h9 s5 M, e
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 G" B2 O+ ]# i+ m/ X8 B
+ ^4 w$ q0 q% p, _* {Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) t( t+ {( ~3 D6 r" b8 {
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 e: c. k0 h; H, A1 P9 w- J
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 n8 @% X S }( c5 ^% Z5 i0 G5 ^- I % h6 o6 ]1 d! Q5 `! C8 qMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): m( k7 n- R& u8 v& d
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 O/ y* M6 \# v+ l( H4 R0 {
. G- R* F, P" JCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 Z7 w! J! L7 e0 V/ S" W # K) {& q; E0 ?, @Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' Z9 Y7 ? O* h% j8 @& w% x4 p1 Y1 N! R
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& |+ @* C0 A7 H( l
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 Q1 ^: [ T; G# M$ J' Y
+ X- f K) {; b( P" S- p; b对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. Y- G, d( L( T& N" J% V
b- {8 O1 |. I0 v: o1 M对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ I5 a- x T. \8 B
+ b; M- t: o" f+ i( D对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ d; D3 M* {( G/ h" z; r: g( D
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 Z2 _& D6 D# r0 s ?9 T; W . v7 ^& X! U$ T) g M& F至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # C: U: X: X7 G2 b3 t. S6 f0 I6 L' H/ a' R" P
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 ?: e, T- G6 o* a3 t0 z( v& l! ~& l# j- c/ L
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 q& m* M8 w8 O/ P3 x