本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , r+ D4 r/ Q- q H! _/ ~1 n7 n
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % r" \) g3 [% A/ v s' K% o, h R9 T
例如: 7 S2 C4 a0 p: D% N# | 7 q+ g; Q; |; ]9 e# E9 [Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ n& s5 s# J ~3 ?9 G$ s" r! o& h w$ [4 K3 n, q5 O
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " V" l2 L0 D, M , C- j" x& A" s4 rThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * l, F/ V# V9 S+ S8 \" F" y3 z1 x# A" C0 y5 N! U
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 ~( F* c' J% F! B5 l" K% X9 ]) Y) K$ R) F
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) _7 L4 y8 [0 _6 X* m1 F, J; l+ C' Q) N/ v
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & b7 ~2 d2 W3 ~; P& p; h - {1 d4 m& V' k vWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) z1 U8 O V Y$ Z J- d s1 X$ d5 P0 c, {
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 t9 s- l9 _ y, ?& K ) R! |6 W1 L4 J, E2 E# y4 [We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 A- `! O) b0 X: A! q' L
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): m; ~# f4 Y( x, M7 o: N/ J
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 e* r( i$ X; u3 v! B. M F- l" a, I* ]4 t7 C: j. W+ ~6 N( |) F" u* V 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) ] G1 V6 ^; l) {& y) C9 S2 x9 _1 D 6 r7 ~/ @& J" E: H( Y: L# @1 c例如: . A* G5 ^# p7 R5 E3 |+ W W7 r+ N; T; L% D2 R! M7 p
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " ~7 B1 a1 O: ^) n( h1 @0 K, x, K7 D$ g! E4 m6 K
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 ^1 X: I2 Y6 y2 a + P- k3 M! q( [8 bI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; x" t. b$ {" c, H) |" {" s, d8 _+ r' u8 L' v o& o; Q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! r% `1 l- P) i; B% f 5 P" `6 v7 K! P: Y& }. M. H2 hIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 Y0 q( [/ C3 d
8 y) F1 P* G& Y) t0 B7 OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / Z; u, Y. q5 [" s$ r* M * y% M7 E: I3 \( n% P/ @! MI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ n0 o4 ?; r& r( f) F
2 _/ r U# K4 h7 U- P如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' m8 U# C% |+ r, v2 \
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : P' ?$ O& O( G5 S' l/ u. |7 }+ ~' j% ]6 c
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ r( F: N3 u; p
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & {: r! s U& P% V 0 D# Y8 e* ]" i! I! x, |: X9 IHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + _* l4 C, y ^3 |6 z " D0 T O8 N, L8 |4 I. @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& F, i8 o' n# r. s; }
: X% c0 \- H8 H. n$ }* }" AEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 L* z% f3 i3 Z* P1 y- ^0 C5 }8 a3 ^, Q: D% [; W' m& q/ L
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 H2 p% C& d- v4 P$ k 5 M+ W* w) j9 l. v此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 f D( ]0 x' ^8 X4 w, F7 T, f# I
4 h8 P! ~) r! N' q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + d- G1 b( m/ T+ e, p2 b" }- w+ q9 P0 q8 w+ q; s
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& W: _6 f) \# i6 N1 t: x9 |; RMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : O1 a+ I3 d, X9 |, c' c, ?! ?# Z * E1 t+ h# O& }: ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 ^3 z" i/ t7 W# I ( m' S- { a- H B/ V/ }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 [) o1 H }2 A% t, L4 m* O/ O
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ r1 p, O% m. k" P; L$ S* e6 G4 g) W
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 g* A: N0 B- k- L, e& S " x' t, g) N5 p$ R* cPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 A( y+ c& m$ @% a( c% Q x3 x4 @4 E @9 q( e+ K' z KCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; d. P# n! X4 z2 j& d% |; c+ m# y" h! w" n% @1 N4 A4 H1 ]9 q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)5 p& y5 i {: @) O6 k
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. z! m2 }) b' L2 E% n& {! y
" Z$ B2 N1 {; a5 Z# w8 G当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ A/ Z8 ?: h# x9 U
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - X( N/ _( `* s* W/ i" d5 a% m2 W% _' t o
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" ]9 s8 R( B7 ~9 l5 e( _
& _$ z/ S9 j2 p+ j* o& Q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 T$ ?0 b7 _2 j8 u3 G; [7 Q" c# h# g: a( y3 g( x
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * R f. G$ c! X! ]