本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 _2 q( t5 b% I+ T. T. }
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 ~2 b- K6 y6 H# W( S
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例如: + \5 K5 y) @5 o8 y* J1 u0 }8 [( B, B" G9 I. Y+ l
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" n: l8 H; s0 i; T/ B( J
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) C/ }' U1 \( u1 n
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! C' u% Y" y2 C1 O# R$ l 6 W8 _6 w; j- E$ j0 r4 GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , q/ r; U3 j$ D B; f# e$ f% i. l3 `- D; ^ k0 _
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% ^: N% n* X+ o# [
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( | h7 G) n# v1 a8 }% @6 ~' [ % `5 s2 r2 l! ~% i; ]8 AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 q Y% p/ R- W+ K% d ( z) i+ w/ B* v2 r& DThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) r9 d! c/ S# U8 I7 ^9 h
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 _( J6 Y! r. V
6 _* f7 R' y4 N* m5 d! zPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), }3 G$ ?& W' E4 z/ C% Y
" k8 p {; L6 R( C4 ~这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! ~6 H) \9 I) ^, g7 Z) f( B. J1 f+ N9 v I
' U6 c- @# k( C# f$ d. D a3 ?1 U1 s2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 n; h9 \2 ]/ s7 v 0 q- P# {( j* B" S! M e! Y5 j例如:% g( k& m# @9 }+ ? B7 s: Q, M
2 Q2 G8 H+ F# f8 I9 @At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 ?! ^5 t3 S I7 M3 M- C1 h2 g, q* D/ s* s2 r" ^
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 s1 e+ j. G& n! L0 s1 R5 F+ z1 R5 U5 o; U- S2 G
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 m' y+ x( e3 U+ h7 `5 Q# [ H& ~" m1 Q * e# h9 O. J3 v9 _' r6 O1 RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ K! U2 ~* E6 G1 J# w# [+ D9 r6 B3 F5 d- F& y% j0 H
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + ~" m3 X4 }# Q* E . O. {" u6 f3 ~$ RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! \ k# ~2 E. n' m2 K
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 v4 c* [6 k7 Y* g! _
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " o8 o& D* q1 M9 R 7 c* h9 g0 {& l5 oThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); V& E; {- r; n
% g1 h1 q+ `9 M) ~) iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 Z* F! z S# t: v. s6 e9 P
, X& O( k$ }& B, R; H9 C _4 FHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! ?5 ]0 F" q/ r 9 A+ }4 W8 T2 F; d) oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 u, q; r" A" g0 h4 x
- V7 p2 V& |+ D7 W( E. uWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), h7 ~4 q5 H2 m+ z, w
4 g s5 p' I R2 L! xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * \6 g$ s" q' x$ K8 Y8 d( E" m$ R1 O) L5 m" w. B+ @/ @$ v
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! v$ C- [: _6 e
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# l7 r: ^5 t0 t8 j. i
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* ?5 _# K' L* Z* n* t4 d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 U" S# ~9 C; p
6 Z Y) \4 \6 Y9 qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & b/ b- \, L! b! [8 ?# I" v) p/ Z+ i; a5 ] ?- r9 X& P2 e
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & H$ h! o* C: o+ P / K, L# l$ d+ y7 `2 x+ S) ^0 UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 |* e; y& b: f. i, k; @: J7 E$ \. @" n8 t/ Z8 `) o: ~
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" t8 x1 W+ o1 R8 Z4 X7 ]0 H, y1 c
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( }# k) o7 ~2 W* P$ C
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 k6 m+ m" _3 M7 l8 j 8 o( @4 s/ O! S+ w; a8 s. [ }Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) y9 L4 r) h, y8 s" S% B
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 N- C1 q$ O/ B8 z; N+ Q# E; Z- G$ c, |/ Q$ z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' l1 Y( q3 O y# q* Y `
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) P* `" X3 S9 a1 M- N( N0 w/ R2 k& |6 j4 r6 ` r9 T
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; S$ T- j# R" F7 |* L! D# n 2 G" N# b8 Z2 f* l( e$ W对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) a" |" v' P8 w$ Y & P. i$ ?# W" i- t4 G+ i- U* q3 E对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: a: b4 p' {* L6 U; k: Q, f; F0 R
. }- U1 T: A0 u. k9 N8 h1 v对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' K* x% p( _1 w2 H