本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & r- R% D% R I% _% k$ D$ p% Y
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! S- U, o! P E9 W! n ) i+ p2 y2 K9 L; x8 w! P9 t例如:5 y" i5 M. c9 u" {
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 C8 d2 }0 k5 L+ E3 j9 O
1 J1 T# p% U: `+ J( ]+ {8 nThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). \# H! G8 G2 n8 q1 Z
: m+ r+ n8 I n$ ~2 `* SThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 q, Z, s4 W: O3 I( v: S/ n
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ r/ f( o1 f0 F7 ^* K
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # h( ^& Z" M. _: ~ " p1 G8 e! m7 O) i- H! yMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " F/ _5 _, R' G+ E+ u 0 I) P5 S' C3 \/ _! M6 D$ rWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . d7 u. C5 G4 S% l( P 9 J& k9 h$ A3 |The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 N6 u9 y( x2 Q6 w, f5 N; e' t& W
) ~& T. D. F8 Q) RWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 v! a+ e+ T- w& \/ m; }& x4 o1 l" F& [3 [
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 O* m8 ^4 P1 e, R/ s4 C( l
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " [& n7 p9 C3 G0 v0 h% B8 v' U2 C1 c8 S& r6 W, z5 E4 B4 h
6 _+ l+ v) e! ]- O& |9 v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 h, A V5 K5 b. U5 P0 m# Z , U; s( Y C$ t, }例如:, G! o" I+ ]0 @6 g
1 p6 M) u% b8 o' x1 _* YAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# A+ S; Z" O$ y9 U' ^
/ Z( D/ `* {4 ~( `. s+ \Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + K/ `9 O3 K1 Q4 L1 j; X6 `1 W, r A# h' _1 {* C+ c" Z3 z- G
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! k Q1 H+ t7 j! v. @' q2 A2 L# ^/ l( D4 j. D
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % u8 K& l6 ]' S: q- V! _# x 4 U- H6 m% N, b l. LIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( K* E7 L& L2 w/ ^9 b
( ?& L3 G( {( o3 d) T6 Y S/ HShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 b! i% p$ T, q3 D5 k, }
# m7 d1 p& b* G. j. mI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# D6 l# J T, h7 Y
0 I5 q1 k- ]7 O" d" V! K( i( k1 J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 v: y% Z: b- t2 _( \
: l& F; a+ g2 e& UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 b* t. U9 U8 P& `/ E1 a) ?& K- g
6 l" T& S7 b, }The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' i: u" f7 z3 y& k- D . i% n1 [* `( [" U8 eHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 t1 i0 o) Q5 H9 V6 t9 f- x' T7 N: {6 q/ S: ]9 Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / z) b9 S' E8 ] t: J* L' p4 J. z0 I
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . b" o! i6 B$ c! S* L2 c2 g $ [' |5 I3 k) I* {# ^7 qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) Q( y& t2 x( A3 q+ R
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & T0 e4 E' Z) N 8 T0 w# y% K2 u& k4 y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& \0 V. B# J/ R3 @- H
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/ }# @/ e" D5 P5 {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 H( r, o) Z* g" m7 v
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例如: . L: B4 \6 g* Z' \3 e, b5 x 6 z- i( d- {. o3 _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); H: _# l, N7 {! H: u6 p( }" g1 t; v
6 e% p0 F. u0 z. mManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 M: o4 ]6 \' i8 {3 a ) ~# v9 u& ?. X NThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 y: d9 C4 J' G. n9 ^
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 N2 |) r2 n1 N& d
+ ~2 Y- G5 I, T9 UMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + L) v9 B0 q% H0 n 8 |" A7 \9 F, l0 x0 m* u- NPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 u5 i! Z; h C5 a, d" ]2 _+ E& M4 K5 A# V, p9 D& Q
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& Z, g4 v; X$ Q) l6 ?0 d
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " H" H- Z4 Y: R0 s6 W * n& D7 h% Z/ G# }; G: B3 N' i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: U) w8 j/ Q5 Y% X! y n1 Y6 S' n
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 o7 T: N m" O1 c! X/ D. W: d* D' b4 i. p* P/ D
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ M- M! e/ P( P$ U" O: y