本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . C2 l* @0 O' _3 A' W% ]( G1 v& L ) V9 ^$ e/ g9 n3 T转帖 $ g" K I0 P9 _2 {; z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 B% V: u. y+ k$ A7 f6 N7 j $ T, a$ O x \) l( J( W% |6 p3 P例如:: \' G0 P5 t2 q+ Z
+ Z5 C; o4 q7 e! M! n4 r5 Z5 nMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& ]! C, }5 i' `# O- P' a
0 K" ]. N' X7 @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 b/ y$ L4 [% I8 W' y + |$ d0 X$ x0 Z3 G# k! aThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ }, z4 B1 U R. Q) j! Z% R
( o( x' k9 V& p1 V5 @The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + Y) S- [2 ]9 C1 l/ h8 R# K R- }2 w
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + w5 p3 |+ ?4 K2 r3 i( a+ i( I- l5 {2 x4 d( ] D( b
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 Y0 Y. P. l0 Z0 ?3 o' ^8 ?5 j% m) e
1 r3 _* Z( @1 m: b: S, gWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . h. }+ ^/ p3 l/ I2 k) {; f. P/ b+ M0 K7 q* N3 w+ F
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 V, `& n# q( K+ C' o7 `; r6 w+ A. m
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 L. y' P: I4 t b2 z( q
9 V- W7 H) Y- w; [' T; FPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) * {5 n G% z6 [- U, i1 [9 j$ w0 l4 e 3 Z0 _+ e# v E8 Y5 j$ c这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; @' i; r7 N6 @# U. a5 \6 q 4 W" v$ B/ R# A% r2 ^& f& N; A N" C* o* W3 f' Y- s 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , ?8 ?# O4 }7 M1 T& s& y ^5 v& A, Q W& \8 y
例如: . p7 C% K# j0 A3 G: q. U: A& g ?! ?+ U' z) C1 g0 [( e
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& K3 a5 m2 [: J- H7 }0 I
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) ~$ w2 R( P' ]$ F6 b$ g ]6 ^/ q. c) S4 H9 ]6 d- c
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & {1 G0 f, n5 r; l4 _6 T: w U: C& ^6 a$ T0 J) h
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! [% m/ I' c' s) h% W
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / d$ o" i' C. @7 X4 L/ f: T6 y" W( e8 F
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ C& N0 m# ]' H$ l
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 |9 m& M( u7 O/ a3 L: m! b
* a. j% _: T: X* @0 g; C4 z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, }3 U" x, g J# a4 z' b
6 j7 }. _! ~1 A [1 _3 I5 |The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ G7 w) m6 J8 m2 [ . i: ?" ^$ R2 f! }The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : G* k3 L! N; i. b5 U 5 }0 W9 \& U% w" f( hHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ V( C" g( ~& Y+ T1 u
7 T, X5 r3 g% \( v( F; t9 x0 oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ J+ o8 z* w5 u
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 `) C: N% n+ @% }! E; O) z6 L1 M+ ?; ^4 W- e
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 H9 r7 f0 N+ N1 J# ^' S8 E5 B i
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); a% x: R& K1 I7 m h
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 h5 b$ j7 f2 X# ]5 b0 x & L% z% J$ O& Q3 o8 N: c% a 1 q e8 [( n& B& |! U+ S* K3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) |% L" n- c; A3 Y* D8 d' v+ i+ ~# ~! \ 3 |" }) e z9 x$ Z: E例如:; Y1 _ R. i; K# `5 `7 J8 N
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) Y" p+ q" Q/ M1 }* y/ a8 s
# R3 g9 f& q- H+ L/ ]7 f/ kManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 i: V( j% }8 }) k4 o4 A7 \+ i
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : Q c/ G8 N; |4 n, k/ O f3 M8 s' c 5 M: t' o3 L" F5 w0 K6 nHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 C- h& {, c6 n) h8 V, B 0 U: O/ k/ {% U% i: ?8 @& v' u4 `Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 S% z0 H5 H: `% _# u' @* ~' z) R* f/ D
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; ^$ Q5 i8 D# X* [# X' \5 [0 t- l3 V" y
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 T, ~7 e. S, i, |/ a
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) H8 }+ `6 c9 y6 z
& C/ Q0 Z/ h7 F: f! \. O" S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) f: O0 J9 _$ P8 W3 t1 g Z4 C
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" s9 d& F7 @6 Z, V3 G( {7 R
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# S [0 F/ M' u7 l8 O& Z
* u$ ~7 k- ?& G% @对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 w0 \! x4 u, P. Q$ w& n- o6 t! w8 W
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & E# ?* O5 W. A& Q! x" e, o5 b: W9 q1 ?1 J5 r: _! d8 C( E! h y
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ R' t7 b3 Y3 b4 T' W0 q
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : l/ }. ^) v2 C2 N8 ]8 y. r