本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 ~+ y: v( d! L6 B% y
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # ?, O L0 L; x/ C( H2 u: o' Z# s; T9 Z" _# S5 K; Z/ P: {& L
例如: 4 b2 T- h: [" {+ U ) O+ T. J" c4 w5 x, PMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) }. N2 y# \& G, f Q5 f
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 [$ m5 u+ `2 E0 o/ J. z: c% Y8 z! k2 e- i! s
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 ?9 B. O/ h3 f/ k " Y% |2 C. R* d' [/ N; J6 [7 V4 vThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 c) K: X A7 p( Q2 ? 1 |4 a! k2 q, d0 @5 KI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 F+ J2 |% ]3 _, o
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% [0 i+ F, o& Q/ _& O
7 z5 b' d5 i7 F& U/ C7 t% u( KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : N8 ?& L. y9 Y x) W! K# l# X6 P' J6 V1 M
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 g0 Z4 e7 t4 }3 {: i) q7 K
6 L# U K `5 e" VWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& y. }& p+ _- @8 X: R: u" d9 }: B. F
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 P4 I5 \( O6 m7 a 8 N" P4 R6 G% l0 T5 h7 F, O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! ^3 s g: K. ~/ v3 w
9 d+ r, B# O2 M* ]+ `: u! W. |) @1 X l9 h 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" q* Y+ C) b- d: w7 C" k
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例如: ! ~( \ J. T$ G; U: Z K: M+ ^$ `# _8 Z+ J+ n
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & o/ K- z8 @ @/ r( k3 Q# V1 C9 Y2 `- }1 {/ W& c& h; d/ U
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- ~* j, f2 R$ i& V$ \
, j# i Y( v! _* e- y+ u! o; QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ \: f/ `9 v+ x3 K" t
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 h- p# [! i1 D
7 V5 d5 Q- |* l7 o% |# m6 i/ y2 C8 YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * H1 R f* n5 S* @7 h! D! c) o( A, A, U0 W
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; b3 v5 c \' h+ r0 F 3 @8 f: H6 s% @$ h ^, F( @1 SI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' p4 z: ]0 k9 e9 B
& x1 J2 b8 Y9 h2 l: V" N! Q! a* J* ^3 a如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : o w& [. q! G! q) @, V( }/ J$ K6 _* ~- A9 V( G
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - Q2 E7 u+ e# U) `" M8 y , f2 n3 l, b8 [The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), Z5 w7 b" w9 v6 S
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 p! t+ ?: Y$ U. g2 K3 I/ E$ A: p5 P. h! S% ]3 N
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 D" Q$ |; y; o, \ ' q- ?5 Y. I( O3 ]: T9 WWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 q# h" { ~, D* x3 S% O* B$ m' Q n$ r9 D' y: u
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . |0 l) J9 B* Q7 K7 T2 }2 z4 R; q- p! D5 t; d
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % K5 s( }, d& w* K8 v; G& ~) L% u; T
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" ?1 H5 M) C% m1 L3 J
3 f' j3 h- y$ S) K" U/ E& Q/ s% ]& B) B. ]0 ]5 [ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( A5 w! `' ]# [, w) n/ f8 o
4 }8 `; t/ b& j4 H0 W例如: $ A2 l J8 }' @' Q5 q% V 4 q& @# d' X& h# [" CMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 S. p1 ]! K! |8 \; Y( y/ a
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 C: ^% U- `( m& l* I1 R- {+ T* P
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ B- x8 t" F7 D$ Z9 L5 Q$ @) O* M6 h
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : g: Q/ E9 k g5 y% C# Q) I- b' \: V2 |; t- N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- ]4 B! u3 ?. W% u4 b" m3 f, e
. w6 j+ `& g, ~9 s0 UPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 b" Y9 `+ S8 O" w& @8 A, i/ V6 L) D& O6 |6 N0 c. J
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 I7 } r( D5 T Z) F+ y* X/ x4 n3 y
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) E: p& J0 f2 v, p9 P" b! Y* [- }% v$ `$ D% e
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , S' t+ q1 l* t' m; Q: l & R; {- K2 a/ V0 }8 V5 _4 w5 F6 _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 N a4 m4 r% x9 D; j/ p% [* P
& f C9 H; m* Y F# y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ ~1 {5 ^9 Y7 ?+ U ^ 1 I R- ]+ T& a6 p% W还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * N( t) @; ~; B5 l: ]# R. A: @+ U# |( w# X6 o0 q6 a3 c
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 Y5 b6 y- ]/ q9 Y! r