4 N9 K. G1 o, Y" Z( w+ P例如: # k8 x* F4 c* I- {7 Y. n ! i, {* B- ^+ dMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ A# @. S: ]" G9 B: T8 \* J
/ X- M9 p, j4 n* ^' s+ xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 m$ n+ R/ U# d) F
0 o+ ^% H% W) v3 D3 D: s2 ]This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - j$ Q3 P2 c, g, |- c# T( E( E& G, s/ O
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). H; I6 _) H3 U2 K! j. d% `5 y. U
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 v1 w |& m' v0 p" \9 f
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- u4 H) J6 a4 _( D+ M
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 D& I) @ c7 p" [1 @
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 ^& t6 f# j- B a4 u9 y
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 s+ t' ~+ _/ h
$ X4 J% W8 _6 p0 _ I! ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , Q; { U9 n# ]5 I7 u2 p4 j i0 z* V3 A& I: {+ Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " k, n. g" H8 U! l! ?- [* K+ D3 h& @$ r' U! ~, P
& Y& ?- y3 b, S' x" W, Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* x8 ]( R; c/ `6 ]2 ^. x) i
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例如:, K- V9 Z/ W3 Z- s8 k
. k' W( `( e" `% u n3 J$ qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 \% U+ {3 j/ B, V1 l$ ` & t, B; C8 ^- Y6 s4 u8 ?& K, EDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ s/ q3 e$ }9 W0 q" }4 a) x0 V ( c/ R9 P% H1 D0 {% k6 W" r. `I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . d1 C/ u( t5 b* e & o4 Z) _9 c& t* S2 v( K6 P( OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ }8 S b& w/ Q; r7 W$ R
0 y7 ^; n8 S; u8 N. ?5 h3 ^In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 T# r2 W8 e. l
8 ~# M( M- E) k2 c) l5 _. L3 e ?She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ h! H: z, M8 W8 \" W8 Z7 {0 p
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 k/ Z$ }$ \: |' G, R / S+ R j- k; I4 w% ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 ?3 C+ V5 m$ n L- C! w
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). m! ]$ J$ Q4 k( ~
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' _$ F: S" G# f. T3 R) `: D2 X5 e9 l
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ M- a$ Q) W. E6 l
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! }* X8 ?$ G8 v# y! c: J. p: n
( ^. b+ x% N( bWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" x$ S3 P5 p4 L6 N3 X$ Y1 f
& `# {& Y- K9 ?Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! Z) i! z2 f+ ~: v$ w' Y
$ I7 n5 H8 q+ K$ ^$ q# P写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : {, y! x0 [, G; b5 ^8 K: M) H' L# Z! a% U
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % D6 }! C& `( T" X: s8 ?: x, p- E3 J
. \9 j" Z. z# F# Z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ L. m0 o, t1 w6 s0 a+ j
- A& x, M+ N, Q% ~, d, Q例如:* ]6 t( k" E6 t
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); |; V3 p' Q2 S
! g* S7 E* m1 X0 @; e7 QManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ x7 V4 x6 X1 |) Z3 o
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 e9 N, L5 S! t5 z( Q1 p7 l6 t* e$ n7 @/ ~+ W0 I j
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - { q L" c. f k0 P/ u2 h& J6 o7 |( v; m7 ^
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 Q; A+ c7 n2 Z K
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 _8 s8 M& E5 V. N+ B% q/ T* a
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , w7 @: A* p2 x9 i 0 w- J# A+ r7 W$ ZStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 d: o* ]) {$ e1 r1 v9 E: [) o" ^2 Q
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 ]* Z) o+ u, K+ r2 u8 K# F8 r 7 ?# }; J& b/ g( D当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: @% S& L+ V: H1 r& X# f
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / }0 r+ X& L) u+ {) G: z& a/ x- Z# ]+ n# n' Q
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : Y' `' c" a8 G " c" C, A/ d3 i% q; A/ b/ L对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - y. Z. N; i: p# w: Z. c3 T2 }+ O" n/ j2 S/ Q
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. L9 X# O$ P+ g! q3 m
! ?$ Y3 Z1 k n7 ]1 |6 S' } K# Z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: I. W+ q1 Q' c+ K2 n4 Y
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 B9 R5 m2 w; \+ h+ A
% |: Y: J& I( N+ ~3 [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) g( {, f1 J0 W