本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 k) [/ c, q( m" h. H9 a2 z. H: _* G7 T p 转帖9 P( Y& ]$ g& F, u u: z
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); a& W3 \, d \7 W& a
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例如: : W3 N# z3 c4 `7 J 7 a8 [/ q* I( Z' } r; X5 IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( C& j& F* f# E6 B* E6 Z4 a0 I1 U( A
0 f( J$ O' Y/ g2 T4 ~+ AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 j+ Z7 Z* Y) b
J/ N0 X' T' i" MThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 F3 }5 t- V1 S# O* ]: H0 l2 s) p' I& @! z( c2 R) }; Z5 `
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) o0 w2 i- F9 s* N( I! Q3 \& k7 J: u# c# X. O- z: Z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 x& E, B3 K. {( \+ [0 v4 d" @3 k5 J
' Z' o0 n n [! VMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % Z ]8 I# M0 y. G6 }; S - q5 H5 j r# g. t$ m& R6 J- @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 x A3 [+ ?' U7 s( B( A7 j8 I& b& ~' E w8 W( R
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . z; M0 `! D8 L/ a$ A W6 ~- z. n$ @+ v+ W( o U) ?
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* ]$ p9 i, I: S B9 }+ k% i4 K: m% U
* g$ }; ?. j5 f2 ^. m/ RPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): i3 f, W$ D, ^8 ?3 M+ s9 Y, N
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . A8 ?& J5 a8 B0 \) X1 p. K, v0 T$ Q# \: H1 p4 _
. c9 N' g. P8 k* l# l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* I) c, `' R4 [& h/ G4 Q
! t& j1 x6 u3 s7 n7 k& `" J例如: 6 E' C8 U; C% }* m* e. c % K# c& K$ J4 p+ Z$ T" h* A) QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* R6 v* C$ l+ d j
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) F+ j" S0 W: h& O 5 h$ K" @0 h- p. kI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 F7 h' l/ W! ?2 D& h5 R5 {; s8 i: b3 g
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 z* \8 R* B; d " I7 G% g: R+ b$ yIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) I- W& D: `+ W/ |
0 _* r- }$ D+ U7 x& v$ BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) E& I/ S/ J. G. ^
9 r8 n- L/ V# M9 S& aI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ [& `( v `1 x& Y
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 z$ q, m- g" s
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + Z2 c0 N" n5 Z) L3 @1 d% N" v" c+ Q" Q0 E0 Z
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & M. ?9 p: G" Q+ l; q! X' \7 S: e( R! B* c N& _
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 n. [4 h2 a- i# S / z5 I" d q) b. I; B: `He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + k8 ^2 ^3 i1 o. s/ q - G. m" x9 }1 Z/ j: W% W# uWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) U- ?' a9 h3 z' R3 V* a$ m ) X& |; B. X. Y# }1 p* gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); K- n; S+ Z N
! d6 Q/ O4 T$ I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 X) d6 R& Y5 f
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ U% ?- {. I% h2 V. W9 q: q8 ?/ {' o8 }5 e% J, X
0 X9 D$ U4 S6 M+ E8 L 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- Q5 m* X% {/ O/ t+ M9 N3 e( D+ ], K& ~
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例如: 3 a$ g3 G: R1 B+ m( d8 [) B7 O2 @- s7 f
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 a& Y& M6 y+ T3 |, S% j
9 u4 o' G( \" z9 tManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 I6 t! `! N% I& X1 a" C ; y/ c+ [( E/ J4 [. A1 }0 S# dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); x q8 f# ~# M2 x6 f/ [; D8 P, y
" P* W1 L- A, r9 L: \' R; hHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + v6 v- u( E6 m' I. o4 l4 r! A) S2 I& u$ y
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & L$ ]2 R [4 Z% D: T. n( N) P; U ; S6 k& H: }3 e% }* k, i4 uPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 C: d; n* j5 v" P6 C' z: \& { K+ p7 R+ ^: L9 C1 Z F
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 f. F$ K; M' o
3 z* w c% S9 E2 eStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 |8 }$ \* L3 |2 [9 l
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( l+ \0 u& v5 s2 F. ]$ _" E w+ h+ d/ m2 W6 }% K7 a& f
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ W7 m0 T. G/ A6 H1 M + B4 n. X. v0 s对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 b$ H0 U# K; p: ] & x! q2 `9 L# z, j! b对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% i3 e0 @* A" H/ {+ {- J
. n7 _+ ?' g g0 ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 F1 ^( r+ Z+ Y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + r& N, U) c1 _, t, n ' ^7 ~ f$ g; P1 |至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: C& u* e- U( o6 a
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, B" M: a! B, C' t; j
8 W: m1 T/ p- K有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 W( E" L. H# u