本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + @7 C/ A) \9 T; ?( i6 b4 j * K/ ?# r/ }/ m5 N. I转帖 : D$ a% E; X' l f7 w1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). M" @6 e. x( x/ y5 i- e+ [
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ v0 q( }4 b5 g3 _' w, ]
- C |# g1 [$ L1 RThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( ^6 B0 i4 x9 u. r/ h
B$ p0 y6 u0 m! X9 |% `This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) l# `- f, x& q; L4 z: Z, c1 u/ i% V9 }% \4 f
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 @+ p3 v/ U# k0 G6 H0 o
, s- R2 V+ Q- C6 Z' _! mI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) H$ [7 l$ |. u& } g
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ L. ~; p5 G1 ?0 ]) |
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). h) w3 [3 K% P9 }1 k: o4 c
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 P* l" L8 |$ ]+ u. V
& c( i( d' H# ^0 g' fWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 h- W, b5 i! N [- j3 O; N: c9 Y. K. U6 t1 Q
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : w% t7 U5 U2 G; Y# g" m Y/ _, x# l" A" w9 d2 W4 @
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 x9 ^, W( N' b" Z) ~; H0 x
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2 {& X4 D' _* i/ l3 g, f( C0 HAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). H! y" y0 ] ^
# H, v5 f4 n5 B4 p6 [& q3 f: {, Y5 \Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 F9 I% U: f& h/ h7 [6 K- y, l z) E
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' N3 E1 P& q( G: Z0 @
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 Q( @ k u6 o( F- A1 ] 9 p& P8 E1 d4 n/ a6 f6 d5 l0 l9 }5 KIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 [" N O" K8 S: T g& K6 o- s+ g/ ]/ T, v9 S7 {
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 k _9 a2 F8 k: g, Y/ a7 _! u+ n0 l+ n; |$ g8 c/ B
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * Q" [8 ~: V+ `) m. c9 s3 k: Q1 K- h3 ]
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& O% p) l4 O# [/ Y' d) Z
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 |7 }8 q- n3 m) o7 O" N |7 D6 L5 `4 j9 P5 @" R
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - U1 N4 ]' N+ _( i2 x% ]7 S6 Z+ U+ Z4 `# d/ G
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 h# N. w% T5 B
' e& a$ I$ B) L5 d. y3 k2 VHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ K% v# m3 W/ B; K+ B0 @# q- I9 e. y8 t
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 B. b) F: J5 x' J- Y 0 k: x. z. E& l9 |* j+ ^6 YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). }7 W0 k' U9 V( Z3 m" r2 O
+ n }" i6 j9 q8 E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - u# k% p# V' k6 B8 Z 2 w! \& x7 ]. S- V" B+ |2 q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . v& `* J8 T& @2 |7 L" E* z" V* E2 O3 s& A6 `
, G) u8 s. k; L# M- RMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' ?' L3 k7 Z: d5 Z1 c; ]: {: P/ P/ O; R
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) D4 ~6 O+ ^$ x) i 1 g* w5 @8 D& CThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ R& s" z6 U+ M
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 n- F" f1 h/ E4 P) u3 x4 A8 c ; e4 k8 F/ l* D' QMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 W6 s+ @4 K$ |3 i0 v
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# D+ M8 Q7 n' v' x; Z+ E$ Z" {
: G" |3 B) G- W7 DCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * b; {' O' a* ^) b# h" d8 T" ]. ~ . r6 i; }7 Y, c0 u% l: ~Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( u' M6 s; Z% T3 C7 ?) } $ y3 m; h5 s# j. \同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - e" \) ]+ ] G# @3 ]3 O1 Q, h9 \" r" U. |3 m+ ^4 j8 A; n
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 F# c' i( V' i) y; S; B% q: }. c+ W1 h' y
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " I% X% y, g6 Q& |0 k2 S' v2 t- R6 m3 { S2 n+ y9 G2 S( I
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;; x) \4 S/ ? a: p F( s) ]1 N
0 R, L7 ?9 J2 _6 t# G5 w对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% R- [. g8 L9 l: O
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;$ M; T# {% Y: Z& V" P
_. p% {8 q7 H$ n# |; \有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( E5 @8 c# \2 U& J: X' c& k