本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 g# T; a) U1 h* t, w: c
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . ~; q2 R. Q6 w3 \8 b" g$ B f, W/ I! g* q6 G3 j0 S I8 v
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : ^6 W% V: S2 Z+ p! A/ w / a4 `* H8 F1 p/ {1 ]. d/ JThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 K) F: A+ h$ K7 x- w m% A# J" o
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 Y- |; s# U: p( {' N6 r; Z+ a) g5 Z! _$ ^
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - Z, u9 g* l+ b+ d: W7 n, ^% D# i- m1 @0 p1 U
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 _' I ]! d ?3 x6 ~+ v4 m) r; V4 o+ ~) \. h
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 } I( T. F$ U* b! Y
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - u$ E+ b7 e$ _' w; }) n. @ . U* S7 V1 t3 p) n ~2 ^& ^The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% }* w" m+ D+ A; W3 J8 S0 Y
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 l% n! W$ l* E4 W8 ^
2 p J) \. \) ~3 h; jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; h% X; k: w0 y) b+ p; v1 |, `5 O7 q. F0 v! t; Q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, I: ^) s `$ o* k. M) F
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% ^. w( b; g) _! y0 [& O, R5 k1 B 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; R E1 @$ |8 Q/ U6 F( Y
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例如:0 F) s6 Y+ `9 d' Q! j0 J! |
/ G2 L, j9 o) [% UAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + h1 Z! W7 _5 t5 m) h 1 H/ a2 V5 Y2 ]! [/ S# Z' ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . `9 ~$ h- m5 n$ g! ]/ u/ W7 O) T- F ( K- ~4 R/ ^) B2 t. ?% ]3 g2 DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 A6 O4 Y% R- e2 f; B L O! X7 H; B, H8 Z: C9 a. S
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 W$ n; |9 b6 k- h8 a 1 y& F1 z- d5 UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & u" X; Y4 K# }( M # Y6 S; Z: o( ]+ @* |& eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 n" `# u/ d1 a5 m; X$ f* n
7 a( Z1 V& p) M& }I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); o8 ?3 y, Z" h# I
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 x$ N8 E" r6 F: F, `
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( W! f/ s/ t- }6 _, u
- E, C5 U$ V2 T1 ^/ e6 xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 S8 R9 O; T8 n/ {4 V3 G/ s5 X0 t! P
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 ~, G9 }0 \" \6 [1 X! l0 u( U
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * U! H3 j6 A2 a+ ]- ? Q) o2 [# T
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 {: Q* n" ^+ y, ]# R' P, O" j, a5 M' _" {1 p4 }
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & [( h: ~2 `. i# l4 o4 H+ S3 c$ V" |$ o- m8 p
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 S( z: y2 v( H. ^ * r2 C I: z8 g此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # i0 O6 ?% S& o) S, Y# _; u( _# P* c" _
4 D, G4 x( b) C$ |9 T) q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; J7 g% b4 G1 K! [& T/ B
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例如: ! C8 A' x, i+ u/ s, ?9 V & w) L7 o, a% s6 q9 yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 o: ~1 c( e# w) W" V# [. n; z4 M- t
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% y1 r' u$ v6 H5 N; h' f7 d( k) W
7 I0 {: w4 f1 D( }9 xThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): \1 Y5 U1 f2 f% t. e. s: w
4 U6 ` U6 k% u+ z6 s( OHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 j( Y: T. T7 n! X! P 4 }, T9 j5 V* K. E+ K0 \Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 Q6 { ?4 Z7 D" Y
3 b7 j1 n3 G$ k* n# rPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 `( q& z5 z* [7 G- C2 ?
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / X7 p {2 s) v) s0 q* `1 g' i; z o2 D
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ J1 p# R* r# r* z! H; s" v
- E- ]+ W2 q/ @有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , i$ R! P+ Q0 I6 f+ R+ ]2 X6 U5 s