本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 s0 |6 ?3 Y2 r0 I, B; s2 p
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 Y3 ^, ~3 ]. C) v& z% ^0 h# V
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 R6 Y; W' ]0 v. E1 A# L 5 r3 s) {$ [+ S3 pThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ I+ p2 W/ @- C5 Y7 c3 t8 @* U
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" F% L3 |" W1 G. o: }( |1 ]" v
/ @, q& @5 @: I8 P: w9 {The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# d2 Z8 w4 V- W8 J- H0 Y6 G
6 Q9 V+ e; Q! h7 C# s4 o& lI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) @+ O9 R. w c+ P5 \" `& `
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ ` @+ u: g* W6 l % O3 m. Z2 J# y, G& k rWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & `1 }* I, [; U# A6 c0 t" b % o# J2 S4 ^0 }# n8 q. g, {The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* H5 [& T' L8 U& F* U
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). K0 n$ u! Y9 \0 P, U! \5 s3 F2 h
- ]# d& a( ^ Z2 |8 D1 g8 GPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): t8 B5 ~0 d5 [( ]
" n0 t9 V: z$ x- x8 N# k这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / I( `8 S$ f n) ?4 ?! y4 u/ _$ c
$ G# M( E; F2 ~& H. `2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 u- T6 J% W; E9 C9 G3 Q3 h# j0 [4 e9 T4 a
例如: % G8 E% l0 j% j1 r' i 0 C3 S3 _6 D4 fAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% Q- B; R7 C9 `3 u! r
/ ?. x+ `% Z: u+ |" `4 pDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 l1 n n! m8 }% g
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ X# U: G/ p) z# O1 }
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , K1 J7 G2 p% u + q' E) b. U# Y; ^& d5 \In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- b' Y" e6 I* B' _2 Z4 P0 y
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) p3 E+ V# `% u! g2 z% m! [1 g + T" r% N7 R1 ^0 ^8 Y0 T/ k, s6 lI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & y& c; l0 x6 g+ s7 c) \$ A2 N6 Q( ?2 f" O, w8 O, w( }3 D
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! e6 I* @9 N% W z. v
6 X# n* `- \- A! M: R/ UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); t, k, }7 @7 w/ `+ Z2 O$ r: t# z
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . f, h+ g" E! h. D$ d5 ]: k" {9 z* `4 I. q+ T2 D) i
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) |; X0 U- g" @# v, d, d% l7 j) n- N/ C5 ^1 x& `4 y6 ^; @2 n. N
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 p( k. i4 r4 g% \- w. Z% w; W& W- u7 F3 p
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " H0 `- w/ |5 R1 K2 l% n7 c# { & L2 W! T) n8 t& ?, MEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- o" m2 W- f3 Y! n
! z) H8 ^% j8 k% Y( g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 D8 e) l1 A( a k# U% K. r1 z. _7 p6 ~. b/ L
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . Q# x$ |( P2 Z( I' W! X4 I , B: R- z6 r' A$ s7 I1 m % _; W8 W" w0 _# ~7 x# ]/ W) ^+ J3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) U* v6 ]9 k! y. B4 p2 e
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) q9 P% H6 p2 ?. k1 W% v8 C. _
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& t6 u2 t; k F) X: ~2 N# ^
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & e3 z+ X" h$ _% n , I r" S+ L% d' N$ HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 x. a7 @: k O$ Y: B. h% ~7 _- h" n1 t
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 Z: }# b& J! b: X6 L% I( N$ i" W" k
( @* g; p) i3 W# [Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* F3 ^8 f8 I; o) J0 [8 h
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 ?4 ^' E% w- a 2 ]3 P( e7 w0 Y# z3 U, A1 {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# @$ i8 a% w1 W
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" m4 {, E6 O7 J" K' r! P# K
9 j7 y( D d" \6 |; ~8 C* P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + D4 b& c" M; d( F/ W& h; z$ I; R$ C; A' B8 y1 x
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 t& z- v& }& Q4 D, T7 n# Q ' h( b- q6 k1 v. c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; w5 O; X' X i1 |8 Z, v( w+ d
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & k6 b. j: k! I; U! _: f' o2 {; X
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . ?1 X8 Y. u! O6 j: \$ j 4 ^! c% P# l* p5 Y9 T \* j* {. a0 ^$ c K至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* t6 k# F' ?$ Y! Q1 r9 l
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + u; d; Y! g5 k0 R* v ; c$ Z$ p" K. p0 p# U. ^' Z, t1 c有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。$ |$ D: q$ t' f' }