本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * r+ u8 B2 X- O* p
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 M5 t8 u" Q. j* k5 R7 @
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i8 |/ B) K+ ~: A3 wMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& j" P2 J! h% ^4 S
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * o0 a3 R/ _7 j0 r& t 5 _2 s' c/ g" n& f' IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' x8 J9 e# c. h# k/ |# T# P- i/ C' I7 ~ }1 b/ H" d" B. u
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) v: K9 G( o" a. x+ c, l' |3 \/ g
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 n) ^% w$ \0 d' l+ F' _+ z
9 ^3 ?8 @. @: ^- {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 T" ~5 ^3 w2 h+ a
8 n+ k- Z( G7 G" Y9 VWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 l% u* o! ^8 j' Z0 f" Q* u 8 C" J4 M# s6 T) [$ c: {' yThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ]) {. X6 u; z" P [ $ F v& }9 B; D# T7 {5 FWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; i0 L" G& P3 q& E4 j! _' F) @7 u4 a7 s
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; Y8 y) a3 a5 c 1 V5 `$ W8 B, D; p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & S0 N1 ]# `; n7 _" i ( W) N2 c2 p' g d3 }; k% i2 `! F7 Q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# J5 n$ |' z6 u$ b1 W5 X5 Y
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例如:( f) b d& U/ T0 z( F7 `( D( i
$ m- @- D# |1 H J1 KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 X# [2 h* h6 A1 y' q' R1 c' w% E! y/ s9 x) B3 P w
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! T$ o# [: ?' N! O+ m& P6 G6 I! s7 {$ {) t; [2 Y
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 w& o! S4 R0 W; k, O! o. z5 M % { J- A6 E8 OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), c. u6 ]- k$ V {% G1 J$ I
8 B! i0 G7 Y ]/ n2 CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 m3 C% l; r+ P8 \5 t' {
* R* @, l: k b% bShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% h" ^. r4 x' J
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 N( R* M/ G5 a9 A2 L
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 [% e I3 k1 y% ~4 ^- ^3 D! h, M " _1 f7 ~( _! k: PThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 j9 I C! x8 I6 h! u& H
7 ^; W+ y' _$ a0 u/ \The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( p8 z% I& b1 z3 H0 {4 }- t7 S' }# u) v# b0 b; W
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 [7 Z& z' q2 I8 A% ^& j5 A
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 U/ M: L5 q2 s O
- I" `! k, y& d* m$ y% A; f' T1 DWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 B$ _. A; f, R4 ^$ t& u 4 Q$ V5 A+ @4 h3 k4 eEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 B/ O; y+ A! b5 U) O5 l
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 l# e2 Z S) K$ T* h( a3 d. R ! i- ]7 V w, ]4 y2 ^$ m9 P此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 T# A8 ?6 e6 L" k9 G* S7 M ' E: f2 r9 C' |0 f / g7 I9 t% v" \2 [. ~- x' t3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 K A: L# w1 M7 c" r0 p5 r1 ?' t4 |9 Q' e2 D9 M# z& U
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) g" `: L. k4 d( j( p4 D: aMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 J0 _1 `7 v! l
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & y! x6 X6 c/ Y ' p A$ Z6 i% K8 ]* X3 E! |This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! H4 z7 J7 Z3 u2 g& n6 Q+ S9 ~, F2 y+ q6 i- B. L
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 n7 |; H" z6 y* v
2 ~! U- u* o( z9 {Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). ~& G+ P* j/ t
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' Z6 @8 m2 C" ^( E 8 F/ y0 N) I2 c# VCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - ~- O7 x0 g& ~+ E) ~& M1 v% U* a/ o0 y% U( D& ?
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . t: @6 K- T& L4 c* L) [ " q3 d# s; F* k" I0 \1 q9 e同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 k% @1 Q* |" c* O7 i
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 [: g' l: S; X5 ]8 c) H# k+ W
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( Q' L$ c1 j' D7 P2 D2 Y- ]4 a" ^2 _1 b0 h
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ r$ E- Q( \1 I+ ^. G4 S! N0 `. ~
9 b0 ~9 K' ]6 \0 b1 m7 ]( J; k对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; Y( H: m& t, b/ A% z1 K . e- p) G& M& B3 |对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # i1 A2 w( C5 l, \6 G* T$ o$ Z+ x) N0 ^6 A
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% H; u2 r6 A9 |8 f$ O- E" G' ]# ~
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 m( _: G1 [; G0 g5 x$ y0 Y @2 \ , Q, h4 a2 ^1 t. u0 u有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ w. F' U2 U G: n$ J