本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 q4 o$ x0 G6 ?3 h$ R( A- @6 K
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / o' {* }+ a9 r0 Q4 X! C' V9 s- X; ~& `2 u9 C
例如:: K, y7 b9 n0 n# N: m
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) x) U: Q: I; |# Y; y
0 o3 S# n4 c4 H+ ~9 wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& c, G P8 Y8 d8 Z8 x
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 k8 O# K# J$ @, B+ I% s; c
$ z, W0 c0 R9 ]3 A* ], SThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), e* p- M f l7 v) O
) J9 Q9 e# d/ N- l- Q3 S( QI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 Z; Z/ J- i* G% l. y- o
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 A: S/ L5 G w) G% P
0 j6 i$ |: W( @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 H& f; g* O6 f9 L. `$ O0 m. d
5 b2 B; l8 a2 @) e5 I5 Q+ VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ y E4 v! X/ U$ S; Q ; C2 H$ p+ U& U" l4 k# UWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * d N3 e9 I8 e8 m3 `% _: j / c# E+ U! c) f% rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& S8 A$ }+ N$ x( ?
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % n( q6 {( T0 Z9 C1 L9 m) G6 b ; h" F0 B" \! t6 R- C2 j. L1 N$ N& }5 \. G; n2 J6 o' @$ Y3 K: n 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* J- m8 k* ^- { D. k* B. ^& D
, f8 B6 }% J/ y# A6 B例如:4 I2 d1 ]8 h/ p2 B: T
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 q) x+ h; R! l# n8 \# E- H' G + |# c2 Z! l+ G" o! K+ FDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), h% H% Z, V& [7 e
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) S" V- X8 B8 y" q, g: k- p _. B# A( @9 l& F1 ~ e
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ |) U R( A+ h! y9 k
9 Z E% q% n" D6 K7 W) e1 cIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # L7 m& `7 J, E- ^. f5 | 4 d; N3 t, O: ]4 z oShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' B O( y+ Y* f l- Y1 J9 f' {5 ^& h% D5 ~: w" J
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 v3 O; R" D7 I Z0 f, n5 A
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! n$ M" w$ v& m5 I* q4 A
: @: h" ~- k0 Q! S7 C/ ]9 E! DThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 G- _! y B& f- N0 Y3 j$ @. `. G
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ l& M3 x% x) _* y, a
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 I+ M- b: P- ?. V- @) j2 }9 H$ A # \* E( r5 f$ AHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' z5 u" O, `4 S! h
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- z& t8 t6 _$ a* W9 ^ N2 m- Y
" @( }0 S2 g' j# F% ~0 FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收): T% z( S& C6 T! q* }7 B8 S
' e7 H; B- ]3 A% F0 w写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), N$ N; Q& y7 b. T# Y/ l4 j( p" u
9 ~# y, ^2 b m, |4 ~/ E( X7 s+ z& c此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, K/ m; D4 b& \# U
% w" G) H7 U) j# l2 W) T7 U - d, w Q" @- Q7 f9 U5 r7 N5 ?3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ x! D9 T8 ~4 x6 D
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例如:; _# p0 m, v. B; U6 w& S, v
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 x% @- O0 D# F* A0 f
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / i4 _% }; ]- T# j/ e x% W( t" s( x" {0 NThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 v1 v4 ~+ e- J- f D+ x$ ^6 @5 ] Z" _" Y- A( v% a) D' WHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - K7 B# G; G1 D4 |) f6 S) T: L) @ J) M, T" ~7 o+ y: u" E; f
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , P8 ?& s/ x N 4 L/ ^: b+ l2 y5 Z& `Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) m1 c g9 s5 V- y Y( X! j9 `/ {2 X7 o) l8 ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 C# c+ f$ {7 b9 d# d* Q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' M' c6 P: g h$ O! E
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' }1 m$ `( e) r6 Y0 A1 { ]% b) F: ^* P
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: x% N6 u2 O# J, d
g' Y# j* A$ B/ |1 X& o' k至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 o, H! d7 L& ?/ w. t - J1 P* L( r# b: T( O, y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * q9 h2 U9 ^. D * y( }0 @9 c. R! P5 z! W$ U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) m9 e/ q0 e9 l& r- O# u: S; r