本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 |- ~& \, A6 g7 c
6 c2 @# B7 C( w5 s: }$ l% i 转帖; m7 X- B+ G" }8 \- K- N$ s( K
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 m$ h+ X# }1 K2 I9 G" o3 \
1 [5 r9 A" e! k3 {& G7 m* y7 Y+ p" M W
例如: 1 p5 @3 _ v4 H9 c8 ?1 \7 S* F; z' y1 O) M+ v2 T
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # U( _4 d! @# o/ ~/ n. R 4 M) Q) k/ D: E" n7 K) c* o! j% yThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ z! T9 o4 A+ S3 y
0 F+ ^" j: J$ |- ~; |8 d) i
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- O8 @8 j# W# C- n: Z2 K
% k4 I% l- Y; } t3 B, r* J# P7 O; FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 X6 T9 n2 G w1 u0 m E% N+ d 3 J% r3 r& }# B' p9 tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), E7 M2 G8 I% `" |
. \# ?- k) T' E% c* S5 ~8 mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& [: o. B2 i* D9 w6 G7 r- T
4 k. Y; M" D2 `0 q" I. GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , G# Q S8 k% t2 Y: W ' n9 X- X( ^8 }9 }The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& j, M I$ n X) v7 I( N B
6 k0 a3 `9 \" }* h' f5 e% sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * ^. K) B9 V% R ' _8 y& L4 D7 X* q e0 t( B3 UPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " c V% q: ?0 g/ t4 i$ S " \ V2 }1 \ s/ C; w. k( S这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 e( `0 Q" `6 v6 t ; [) e# E7 t! ^- J* ? W2 T8 m1 I1 f- W2 Q7 b& ~/ R: l2 O. L$ U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : L1 c# P- D1 T2 q9 V; q! \8 {& E; }
例如:* s8 K6 b( l t K% w$ M
, R: o, R0 ?* x% L( B, u0 PAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) L! o1 N6 F$ ?: y# C/ k4 R* n6 G G! O# X9 `! O3 _: q4 c, N7 y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# I% [: T o6 D4 j/ d/ c# g: A
: I ^+ Q: S6 o$ T* [3 |8 Q
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 A4 w* I4 L( ?' ? % ^8 O$ E+ r! S+ J$ A( pHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 K) O3 o' e: B6 I. b5 I
. ?( \; C7 c* T( e$ bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ N) j4 r3 s+ _
+ M# O3 p& m5 @She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , j. J; [/ z7 D- c0 J+ p/ h, E1 j. a, I- a3 L& {! @+ S
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 o) h& [$ J3 a" R* i6 }- r8 w( w. o3 H; k. y- p
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! h* u6 _' v! L% o: O0 g. s* d% l ; B7 P$ m, i9 e1 o7 EThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* p* I6 n" ]) U! z1 \9 ~! F
7 x, r+ C4 Y+ D! i+ eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! J* p) w3 U1 I1 @( w6 Q
N" H1 G# G" O6 hHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : T6 z- Y c, x ~# R " c- i" x% }0 D z9 | JHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & z* ~: ?3 H- p8 Q3 P& h3 c. z7 R5 \: e3 h
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), F* A0 h! ~- G! [- J
' k' R, S8 R9 [0 f
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ x3 z. {! V2 c5 N1 v7 b+ \ 0 c3 n. R% z! ]4 t/ X. {写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) l0 [) I2 v8 H* G
q: k0 S# p/ K3 y5 H# [ `
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 m2 I3 o0 { f/ N . A( R1 a4 `- E* k6 Q4 k3 g O# r9 k) @, b$ w; F5 C! t 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - a1 u) E8 V; b. P7 U8 Y6 [1 C0 r1 V5 o; D
例如: 9 z' N' S. X7 s1 c9 D& [- P; ]2 A0 F/ V2 s$ J. i5 M
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 |* |$ r6 D# ~2 \0 I- T& e
* B2 h2 h1 v' l/ V# B! W1 Q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : i5 J2 v/ f' ~) ]0 |8 z* A+ _( E
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ~3 M9 f9 h1 z& G8 @: \# u( L: q) @" T3 w! ~: m$ ~2 m# K7 L6 s
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' L$ u) F% i7 ] b! y! l) |
5 [% v/ J* ^+ g" o& J* ^7 w6 vMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), z( u1 ]/ F: U! W
) ]% H9 _0 b! T3 U
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): H C2 ?8 a3 |$ ^# ^
( b6 z( V- N% w8 l4 ~' @5 i4 A- iCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 d/ Q* v: y$ a' A( u- w. q
1 t3 W; c& Z* u: z+ F
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); y6 R/ \2 o |3 P. m+ k4 ^/ Q& N
" {7 l1 H b- W3 O' U& e
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + j3 Z6 h. }& h( T, C* ]! W: h% _; K9 R/ }' U$ s. O
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 j" ]7 ^& z" @! L1 z8 o) ^ , R" Y* y* u& L% `& u对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& r- x+ N# A1 C
9 I1 t! Y: D) `! v0 G7 M
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- k5 W0 g! T/ c8 @' z! z
8 v; L' w, _: t. G/ r对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 J- w% p" E8 O0 _( j/ W# P
4 H& ~! U2 n( Z% `) L- ^1 S对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;2 Q" T3 T6 u- x4 o. u) y( h+ R% x
% g( h: e8 b( o4 k- P: a至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' v2 N2 H% `2 D. F$ \/ } 4 }1 r, \& k! j. ^: b还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' J) g$ H4 V1 M
1 d4 y3 ^3 h: l. d+ r1 [/ _有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, Z5 q% D7 e% _/ {; `+ _