; u d. \4 Y) h+ m& m5 rMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) Q# ?/ N6 @% i# R
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 h( P) y5 h$ I
! y( O% o( w+ n& p8 ?This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 e' [0 l4 ^; D5 q( U/ t
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . w. L3 |: `- N8 }8 \4 t: Y7 Q0 _1 h, s! f9 Y9 d
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 M1 U! c! P4 B- ~8 A1 [
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 F+ o0 U+ K1 _" L2 W & o5 Q1 h- p$ e$ MWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( [8 ?# _! ~/ V+ n: r# ]
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 M- V! x+ u) | d) L) g ) ~; z7 V$ b* i- O6 P+ k) j$ gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) F6 J, l3 C( B) D4 Y& G& M$ r* O# u/ A1 T' Z+ w! B
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , V: @: z, m6 K+ q: s7 Z D. L; n ?) E, v& J
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % c# n. ] _" G7 e 8 p; q1 r9 B2 y3 I3 a! o6 ?& G: u/ L! J+ a0 F) e# O 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) W9 V, ~( H2 s A8 d ! d/ h. l2 E. t, a6 F) M, v例如: 8 G H5 v5 N8 D2 S/ e& Q + Z @+ N% ]. W KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 Q' V% ~, G9 K4 u2 V Z/ E# [8 ~- V" z- S) e8 CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 r9 x9 T& `* r W( _6 c
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 G8 w) `. R7 W " u6 I0 Q2 Z t1 h& R. F3 H! `4 OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / g0 i1 ?$ i* S, K3 I" B4 ? ) @" `& X6 p# u" cIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * O! q& Q2 Q+ o9 l9 n, @% n" ~7 y1 d8 U
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 {( l5 N+ z4 h& ?0 x* {
- T, ]3 N8 }. X$ f% ^I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 t" d$ g$ H {2 e4 k/ v
- M& v/ ]: u! a7 S& s. c) w如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" s' c# i. O, z. f+ O! h
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # {/ ]/ @1 c1 K: f; d. Z# v( P5 o" q) i8 ?# z0 P2 d# i7 j+ ]6 L, F
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , c6 X2 i: m$ w; a5 x4 d' F. `+ v2 T5 ?0 P9 _* s1 O. z( k- E0 [
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& z- L+ o0 w: q7 ]5 M
$ K: X0 F- y2 O3 [2 HHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 e3 o: u9 c0 r% {# B/ D% v. R" Y
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 G" p$ U5 f3 ^7 h6 Y2 I( t+ P4 z; f' d! V! B, o4 u
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) p+ \ J# \( I! z9 V) |0 X$ C$ O; ]* {1 R% K
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' a$ x3 w j2 v/ m* A
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; \& b$ r8 c' p) g$ x- X
5 F; U, u& |+ D' k7 T) g! E# T d- U- S9 \% L t5 O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。* b, D M6 k) j& ~6 }. R" r
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例如:2 T# S9 {3 y7 a r& K. g) O* |
1 c. Y$ T `$ V6 g lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! r* ^. S1 y. I
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 e7 i0 N; {7 ?, y- O( G6 k, F8 J4 V O
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 s% r# \* `0 P {' q8 ?5 X2 @ * z, U, W! h8 X" x: ^. W3 \8 f: lHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 m2 S! t3 U# ~( t; H8 f! ?
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! P! ?; F% C6 ?5 x* P
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! U+ c4 C7 q4 T& T5 V; \1 s( ~! D2 K5 E, Q, j
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 h+ t. j* }2 i4 w
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ n7 a6 o0 l& |& k; t& _) w
1 u g( ^$ c+ w: ]/ o同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' L# |- h' a6 N# F
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) a9 a) v5 j( `. a& F' H: ^: G6 J
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: R( @" D" `- `4 T
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & X2 O% q3 n" o$ L$ Y' b" t9 ~8 Z( T% R7 J
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ c9 m& ~; w" R8 W7 `+ B f# a3 U5 u8 ^
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 t" b5 F' V# w
& F7 f; s( x2 z' \至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 [# i& [6 T" m) o8 S v: l, j) _( x' h& ~8 ^
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( ?# U; k" J+ c1 e( \" {5 A3 G
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ T+ |/ d1 ]1 _/ ]5 v