2 T2 N* j7 k3 z0 n, y$ u- {( U例如:: s( K. _; o1 z m) d H
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): N" h- ?! F7 x/ I$ {; j8 I6 P
* R7 k* h+ |' H) a0 K/ w/ mThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 i5 G- p# K2 {0 i) C' V
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; ?( A; @4 S. N+ r3 O3 U# U0 c% l
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 D% R8 S( q9 b$ X 5 w: P( N' {: Z' t2 e* s4 aI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & D; E c Q2 S0 j) z/ } " z, d& t% p! ^! T% zMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 ^/ }* {! m4 `+ x' Q! l 6 `# E' X8 D, _! o( }; PWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 F* o! Z6 ?/ u7 e
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) K* T' v+ N' q( X : c' i! Q7 |( ?( Q# `& NWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 ?$ V2 h s, u; d2 H& M I
* @6 O8 y- n" H7 _ ?1 s* wPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 Z G2 u, j2 T" \1 O, t/ H5 }) p* v 8 z \; \) O: p7 I+ e这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 x! V" w+ u( W% B! |1 j7 ~ % i: _1 B; b4 \5 n' N$ W E7 X1 Q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! Z! A$ K- U5 Y5 e1 r3 w" u
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例如: J p5 \. W. n: y) t1 E
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 A# @. {7 a. j, B n. x $ y& P# g# o$ ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 Y7 v/ j8 k% e7 f+ @# T# j
2 @8 }2 }2 x2 v( F, tI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% K' T4 x9 b/ R- R0 M& w6 S$ D! a
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 m. n. S7 @5 }8 m# ^ 3 s1 j2 l6 z' q2 P; c. l0 @* bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 f. a2 V, Z, P$ s7 V' A& B( p( f
* O) r9 C7 i" Z/ K. DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , Q- x; U0 L3 F8 i! l# R1 N3 s1 H& w
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); a+ e- X. p v' V
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# W8 a/ Q5 R* N _$ L
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 y* p7 F0 V) n) ?& M# [( C0 }0 l& }" ?; v9 \
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + W8 m; z1 X7 i7 }+ q T9 h9 [1 v; S% `0 R3 _$ k% m& d
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# q+ w9 l# o5 A( q, I
: g- J& W5 {$ ?. K$ v3 f3 g. cHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 L: ], d# Z+ r. g6 C* Y) v
7 n3 V7 A" p9 L) Q/ R, [1 y0 C- xWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 N( d8 s5 f7 x( @7 \/ G
7 d& g" V6 q5 R2 [Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). |- b/ B1 X8 G. x& I c/ v+ W
" Z) |. M0 A6 U2 T- m写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( m- X5 H: d/ T3 _: p6 O$ p
3 S2 Y9 y; T* D! G% I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , D1 t; o$ v0 ^4 L5 _" |. p/ l% c * P- y, o6 b5 S( V6 {& u2 E9 q4 c8 L2 X# T) I3 j 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * K8 [7 p+ W5 Y& Y8 l. F 8 c- x6 O) E2 F2 J例如:" z+ H8 M/ n, @8 o9 @- Z) x
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 F: D; c, V: h1 Y$ L
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 c3 u9 Y8 t* O8 f# q
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 H+ E7 k9 h1 o4 {6 `# o! o8 P3 n9 h
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)3 D: N$ _2 I( J* W# n% R2 U
6 w; }6 X" j' S8 oMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). m" o' ^& w. ~% r3 h0 r/ |5 C/ o
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) x5 ^" I% Y/ m* ~/ X. |' u; v * P R6 F3 q' K# \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ E1 R" F5 z& m# q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 {2 P4 l. b7 ~. j/ e9 z& f7 n4 H) ]2 C: a) a1 }' D' q# s
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% K; D( t( X \5 s
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ f: C, G: C0 h + c$ i. O4 u, q4 w7 ?' k, N对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * O7 ]1 M, I9 _7 E . i; i: ?6 _5 }& y& o. {6 p对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; U8 v+ @ ]) l m _; T
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' J. n. Y2 p4 N& e) J % }4 u) i8 I- a: T& o0 z4 z* m对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 ^; m5 C6 b0 U) w0 ~' X, M& J/ _. E 3 C' P# u0 @, u4 n至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& j6 d. U: F2 P, W- ]; W
0 i, H0 x% ^9 Z0 V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 w8 ?5 T( _: G. g7 [% ~7 @
' b& r, N9 j6 q/ V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- y# C6 N0 Z1 ] K: @6 e& o3 g1 i