本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 G8 M6 E' b' i' D
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 I; D+ K+ f6 D9 ~5 F5 _$ X0 y0 ], M( |
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- {% z) b5 ?: o* P
% V- \' [5 {& mThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), U5 Y% I2 r. O4 k6 @. l% T
; Y4 x! g; }# v6 YThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; G1 \1 }$ U9 ?. g1 f; E; Y! H0 `
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + i: W$ x+ ]: t# u' i# G1 y2 A. D! @
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! N! M7 E( [% w- a4 |0 Q9 V% `5 m7 l/ v; @/ m0 d: e; [8 j1 d! w
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' ^! v+ C1 r) v6 D0 m% @+ ?" W* }* P
: N1 l3 }2 `$ H; SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 ?6 k: N5 X3 B: {( p. l- S4 ?- Q; W R1 `: a
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 m6 ~5 w s( o/ ^* o- a, }- _ # u8 j( Z: N4 e1 pWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & b T* V2 w; s' q( r* k/ v4 _* R# l: {7 V
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 s o! b7 X2 I+ c; a5 z9 A
9 U. N8 N4 o* C: [4 y; g6 ^2 @这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 G3 |1 d& P, P8 `& J& p* b; J1 M# l1 ^# j
6 D* ^0 o4 f+ e/ Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / `& g$ W% Q/ v3 x+ A1 N8 `. x# C, \# l
例如: / @( a' y/ X2 t& p/ m! C, n; A ( V' Y* p4 I1 I! |' `At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 I/ z3 p( d; I! ~
* N; m/ u H5 s+ g* DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + t! \6 O( v( a2 \- n- @: H( s
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 `0 ~* Q- H* r4 _ U. V% m. i( p% U* {8 t" D! b3 sHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) m& P5 ]4 H. A% ~4 Q6 e1 ]
z y" D3 O$ HIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); ?9 P4 ^6 Z8 _! a
' _8 @) X5 @! PShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - |- X( p6 s! g# `; {( v; n) l& Z' b
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : ?2 K+ t) p" t" o) w1 Z% G/ W: j! w/ U: n
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . E ?% M: e. g4 [3 m 4 H0 o4 h) p$ X& x b3 ^& jThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ V2 D: m- Y1 g; E# [# d" W
: O" }% Q* U2 ]The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) r2 D9 c: ~+ a) ^% p; \
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! ~5 \) ^; n1 Y- n. z! x* O( J/ O$ w$ [9 O8 e3 S& z7 k8 X- ~
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). t% h3 [( `4 ?1 `: r) R; s
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 h( B# n! J9 ~" o- p! w0 [ @% g h4 U# x
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ! I2 [5 D: @8 B2 }: s/ d1 e# \. o: p" s
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) @3 J$ g0 G0 p9 d {
2 b& n) I. I4 y8 Z7 q# V9 Q5 D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 }5 P0 T" Z9 p* a2 V/ m3 T! \4 c3 A
5 b3 w7 K% E! v. M. w 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 w' u/ G7 J' Z$ _2 y+ v
" V; O n* p" X: t* x2 L W例如: 2 j. j+ r7 n0 y, \0 \ $ y; d# A4 y) b- lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! l9 D1 l5 M Z7 M' D) O. n4 ]: k1 N
; \0 Z* I: B. \) PManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( F% J: X u7 d; ^
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- F4 J! k4 v) c
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& Z8 h1 Z' Y( b* C
( l" S$ v, }* P4 v' r \( rMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( j" F1 [4 u9 F6 g# ~' a5 j0 [. w: w: ]+ K
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & T! J- Z i) A& b ) _( D0 M, Z- k( d5 f) rCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . O" P; [: b7 S7 j4 ]4 x# E" y# k; l/ N0 x
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 ]+ O7 R% R5 ^2 q 0 l7 ~" x: j) C) H; g# n% {6 J同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 R. u: Y, ~- z) O) ?
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& H2 u1 [! e. K; o: I$ \5 |
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 J" S( b: v& \/ s1 ~' m* O$ r! v ) F' p/ I [- ?' {7 J1 B. A对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; q$ f9 `: k! k2 |; i7 l: P2 W# w
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 W$ W# Z" i1 O$ {+ l) R/ f/ u; N4 T9 e/ e) `5 B7 R1 U
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. b' y* U- F; w& A* z
+ o* w2 W8 I" e6 `) e1 V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! C% v2 H) G W0 h2 K' @: @0 I1 y0 U: u) U, `4 D( w
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + I- Z, q( t5 r/ j! X. _8 f. C ' m# p. {2 [' K$ A有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* ]4 z; n7 Z# q! q& W* i