; x# g7 t* n- a; N5 y1 FMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * p- J B, s4 K. P) d7 m# K' H2 r& B7 v7 j- @( {
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* s; J8 M' p. C. i
/ X* S2 t+ ^; Y' K6 wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # ]5 J/ X* ]) K 0 w7 F) G# a7 L7 Q0 _5 _- i0 AThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 F2 |! h& D8 \0 b6 Y # p0 L7 t( R) C% x6 r3 J7 }. RI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 t0 f8 \! N5 O- e) b! h- Y
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . v! l. L. _ {1 W- i `- w# n+ g. d8 q: p
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # H3 I. U5 `7 D5 k8 y* j4 q# { # v4 r: D$ b" }& ~+ D$ G5 fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 c9 q4 j) H: e: ^' g, N6 [0 a
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 I4 R/ s- @$ |9 n0 _
+ l3 f- d9 L1 O: g* KPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! C; D( u4 |) j# r# q- F/ V! S+ w) ]; [, u" V" o0 u+ [5 r
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 Z) M9 Q ~6 n1 ]7 G6 T8 n
% o1 m# W' K! M3 n3 }9 } e' z$ X% Y( P; o P 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' f# t1 L5 W: [& x; e6 H0 S8 A1 x8 O ?
例如: 8 u- n; e: b; } ~. j1 P/ h* I0 H ' Q+ x6 u% E5 Z$ n2 C, W$ f1 b' G& PAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 B2 A/ W. u! J2 I j) ]( K
. j' M" u" `. u! tDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& B2 X0 N y; L) L
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + g4 ?) Q. H( E. g& B. [+ y, z; ^0 y5 P) t8 X: e& g5 q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' ?- v0 W& F1 ]8 O+ ?: t
, M& ?) W% X7 a7 zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). e1 e% {' \: S) m' R. Z2 I" q
: x1 ?) E6 I2 _8 K5 u# S! Y* CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 C9 w8 H* {6 \' C5 j0 y) Y- h& h. ]7 ]
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% A# _ ], G/ J" m8 N' ?+ }2 K
. b& ?: T) [; d, H) U9 h如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 L+ m( b1 s7 M' E- k* m" E& _( W7 m
2 S! `+ j8 Q# S: aThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' l6 d* |4 |* @& ]3 ~* I/ f0 ^+ S 7 c$ G5 T8 x% o7 |3 [/ h% f8 jThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ S3 @8 G' z1 U9 n! q9 f" f
+ A2 j7 i% e3 r. P6 sHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' K" V! k) }/ g Q: Y , v) f' a& U# F) \He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) g$ e7 t) ?3 L
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * {& T7 D, v9 p+ d& H( c, K" B 1 N1 X( X0 B; c$ B7 g. F! a; zEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 J5 [# [4 h4 P6 v
. W! u" D# ^6 f2 b: q# g8 R S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), E$ d: u. h; c* D, O' J2 ^( [) A
% F$ D4 v: ]( D% d0 w1 V) r' Q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 M0 d- g- n- ?6 c6 d
2 O3 Y& q7 ]4 D7 r7 |7 D; r) T0 f* o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 I( t7 {: @: S* N! A E: I; ]6 u/ V& m6 y例如: 5 d8 u' Z$ `7 M8 |- D1 d" [6 E& r# Z, X: c g) T9 o, b+ I
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" p+ i; y. m" I, k1 X# t7 M: A
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 _ y; w( m' J2 ]6 \7 J1 o/ B
8 \# W" U9 l7 a' vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & t& h% Y. T8 P3 t7 U & A' _, @2 K' w- `" c+ S, zHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 ^4 h3 n; H, m& m5 d% m6 \4 c7 H1 g0 Y4 G5 ]- ?2 }; q, q4 h
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) a+ v2 y% E$ P$ G
* B9 S% M/ m8 F w( L; QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 K' M8 E& ?5 N$ q- J
# h# Z# \ X! [8 o8 a- o/ K. H1 sCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 n7 H0 Q: h$ `( M- ^& r' L) t% Z
, Y* H" X3 X7 ~: U/ mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# d5 Y4 K3 q$ f" O% x% F2 F. _
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& A- { A; \$ c; @
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ o$ W. @' x- H6 x
8 s0 v3 c7 ?5 c v. g对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# j: O# O6 u7 O+ O
. X* h+ L8 ]8 b+ [( A. O对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' ], ]6 B1 A* P6 m0 R6 F1 K* K$ |( ~( C
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' o1 Z9 v; x" l6 b+ p4 w, l; O) T0 ]1 e' V: \
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - T" R A; B. O& e0 \& e6 Y+ t4 r# z0 [2 p) s3 `5 ?
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 p! s7 A# J a4 L( k3 h+ u( L 4 `& N% e' W7 ~8 Q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 A7 n0 M1 ^$ z) h7 j6 T 5 u* d( @, a& v3 T/ M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 f+ U' C9 A! H! V: u7 U