本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 d1 e+ I, l% n) I N$ N3 } n 2 i+ e u6 s q# i0 V. y. g. z+ X* F8 U转帖5 B& U* `3 i. T; \- R
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 I. Q8 ^/ M, d+ }2 M" z2 f* _6 ^
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- M( ^+ [& z* j5 Y: b" E
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 T/ M" M' h* _$ v
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 E; j s. h# O0 R, W9 Z+ H+ F- U - ]% x& J6 z% Q, r, X6 eThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)& O. n8 ~4 P- L8 B% s+ b
- ], B" f- a2 c8 d0 `I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 t4 C2 x+ T9 O ( g/ F: X' [2 ~: Y/ rMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" h0 l/ k( b8 k" [; M
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " i& q. f' m7 S% I. h/ r5 e. a9 m# M- I1 b$ e* [9 a
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; P( Q7 u t/ T" y9 ]# Z # v7 ` M R, yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 _% L/ i9 V* H9 ~! S% `# _ j
, R, G# J2 q4 X+ {4 n( I# Y- MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : \ A/ M& {! I) U+ X1 G & a5 C: V/ Y/ K$ m$ l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " I0 o* R1 P' \9 V : p' N! H5 ~' I( l, M F6 g# q' @. D2 Z4 L1 c8 Q& i' ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 {2 F& N6 Y, f8 M t
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例如:/ x. d# j. s% D4 n. u0 `8 n8 E8 ]
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 v, v+ k% O) M/ n/ `- \
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), g3 x) a' x/ b# `3 V U" q" \
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' Y3 O% S2 o, ?# h: u1 T3 C* a' M8 {. V8 V
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 m$ r6 G+ @' n. H& A 1 b0 ~) T: I5 d9 I& Q* zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( O. h- P) S; G. Q6 J
: L5 Y1 @- M. { N$ `She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & T+ c. _7 T& j+ c: Y2 P4 N3 h4 ?# y6 Q* C y7 I, E, E/ i
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : Z) i% S" J" |6 c# x7 f8 M6 {! K 8 h( d5 V8 |/ P+ V- j) H ?: S" [如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , [; e% C- s( i2 b3 E 7 G: U0 P* r- |/ \4 L6 i& UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) a, i7 E' O t4 m4 f! T- r0 x $ r6 U0 p" R- y: BThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* f: N3 ~2 }4 h. N3 \
6 q% }' A( p' r# c* GHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 2 {' H: N- v9 b# t6 j: y2 U; o9 Y ( {1 m$ F4 y* kHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; b0 b- `! }/ y: H2 y+ J# k; [1 F; [6 ?5 W% U! M: D3 ?/ }
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * l) Q, `& h4 M+ b8 k3 J . _1 s! l+ Z3 W$ WEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- X" \ t3 D! W1 C
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# [$ x3 S3 Z8 T+ g1 @: e2 z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; A, g% L/ V* m: h) x \( u2 O% {4 Y1 P3 [. U8 v: q
, y6 z9 z' D# n4 B5 q0 h: Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, q; V* ~+ q3 ~/ @' [
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例如: $ P, i4 a: p# G ; }+ W; U8 ?& ]4 W6 xMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + p9 S: \+ ]" d' j' I" O0 [" C) K 4 Q1 S6 _- ]! {) B, [% u$ BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 s. Z7 R0 |! { B( x, Y' a
& C, Z2 L: I p* X) u/ t2 R# ]$ {This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 D6 M- C ^7 ]! |) I, f9 ^6 R/ C: M0 S' s& [% E5 A
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* A# j. Y. k7 h j5 w ]# V: v8 Z
0 C* U7 K+ p* [+ uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , h! x2 N7 B3 U9 \* m9 m' [. g c" d2 r% H
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ t0 G% s0 g( d) I! P
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 N) J$ T8 A8 Z" \" G4 A
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' U0 v5 ~8 P& [+ J$ r0 s5 R% k2 H. E! P( B" z, |- z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 e9 H9 X, q! H4 \% t" d. A' z6 ^2 I
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " b" q7 b9 n7 I 6 m4 x6 j1 n) Z! e对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) t# B! y% l' J$ y
% D# |0 ]5 H0 j& Z/ o9 Q/ O& a3 U$ U对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . V H. q. V0 _- X: I% c4 Z/ v/ `/ \* M3 A6 [! u* L
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) D( A3 [/ X0 q$ w5 M/ Q0 _5 `
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ h$ d1 M) o a- k# |2 u% S" e$ [- | T" C4 T( n( l- c
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 n+ ~+ Y# ~; `: [% v8 C/ F8 J
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " h0 Z S# Y" E9 h/ N9 T * {% x, ?# M/ {, m! C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " V1 Z; c! _( A4 y