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[其他] 英语写作三大注意事项

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发表于 2014-1-8 22:50:21 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
HuiTong虚拟卡
本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑
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1 I) H( e4 s' q+ k, L6 W! _1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)

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! Z; h% O0 F! E$ t- q/ h例如:( ?/ s8 [8 K" K6 g7 [8 J2 i

* |6 v# K$ b% H! \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 \# k. v/ ?8 w7 E/ d
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 m8 {2 x$ z4 {3 V4 S
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ [. ~" Q3 i  i9 F6 _" o6 |
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). V# h. p# g+ M$ G& N1 ~

+ Z3 p/ t  G# _1 v) ^- Q& z8 O6 AMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)
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) K! n, u" s" }* E6 ^4 o/ `We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 v. A, W6 H5 H, Z/ r, J

% U& m& a9 Y! ^, x$ `The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( b2 O3 ?* D- f/ E; w

( P+ ~# j4 ?8 T$ F$ XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 g# b% Z8 P4 e6 n( E9 I

& K) I2 X6 b& T/ K0 {# I+ qPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ h7 Z; I! i) |( Z. f/ E

' S8 g& A) r+ l' Z& S: ]: F这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ y( K7 f7 @( I. e0 ]( j
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3 |/ \0 e7 k5 \1 q! L' G/ N/ w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ M' I; U- S* J2 X/ p% `) }! G$ n

$ J( Z  X5 \9 H+ d3 ?例如:; W3 E4 ]2 o6 d/ O2 s$ _$ [) W4 S

) ~2 Q0 Z8 N0 A! y6 p2 _/ G* gAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' ^3 A4 n; \1 H1 P+ i8 L" {; `8 c7 ?

  l- D  _& q* n. Y( VDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* @: ~# M+ Q: ]6 F

% o9 _: u6 H6 K% @# iI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)
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: k1 x, g& o6 n8 K3 UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- H* m5 B+ l/ M% O( n

+ K6 \% X2 O3 a9 N7 RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' }. u& n) ^( M- p# N

/ L$ o9 v# n$ M2 rI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); s* w$ T* J. P/ s8 L- G" y

) [# R5 v% \) A8 a% e6 E# b, ~, S- P! u如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 K% L, Q7 C) T. p$ P
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 j4 s/ X" y% c8 w

1 s8 k* F! ^8 V6 N4 CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)
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" o4 Y4 r' n3 }0 B9 M9 BHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* D! F, j0 }7 e0 `; k: O" O

6 n" c1 Z# \. ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" z  k& p8 E& |+ M
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: B+ r, i% N. Z7 R2 L! z
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2 H/ j5 O2 M' |- i& ?" a3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」
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2 q# d2 j2 o2 G6 L1 K, B例如:" p( C# W% P5 T5 ]0 Z" R: q" a+ J

2 l+ `9 M9 d) e! b& c3 N% x' @Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). g1 R' V7 B3 }# G; B

( t  x) ?, @& BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)
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: A+ @, L7 @' {2 _% IThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). R7 o5 H5 k- H" D+ t0 m
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 A6 T: w( Z5 I- k+ M" W) n2 c
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% m: S: ?: L3 P3 K

. c% V' E; A5 C& c1 \* f5 A$ RPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)
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8 |. H- B) `- V6 q3 A7 u% KCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 F) _% P( F0 A5 k- _6 H% k8 b

& t& M2 V3 }. M( UStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 C, i  ]0 h; v0 j; t/ m
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; h5 h3 p, L/ _6 r( W# r" d) B

# {1 v% e) L  J5 i对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;
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2 _5 \2 h8 a9 ^  }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 T1 v  i5 \* M* f" L( m5 r1 y. b

& j+ V0 p  `; K; I' }对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
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/ w5 {4 A, S4 p% c3 U8 c: X3 {. U对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% e; C- D# O+ _+ _  I2 ?- D0 _

1 b* O: J! f; u3 s0 L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ S2 g0 u; i) p: J5 J8 y$ ]
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。
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+ X5 i" x' v5 M1 A5 E( ]有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。
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