本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / V' R& @7 o. Q- R' u; {: C
" `7 S" x& i) |- c4 k& |转帖9 r: s/ [% O' w$ O
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)" D; H" W, g* v" t
, ^$ n- i4 [, E3 Y& z% a k
例如: 4 F0 P6 D5 a, J% z" Q! Q6 I 8 R- L: N8 e$ n. E) Q6 YMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' e }" p5 H; v
; r$ J8 _! J( ~& ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 X, I6 Z% [; @/ P& b# J P T" l/ i- e& D) Y0 @4 }6 ]
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' c$ h6 z) D1 }- m; q/ s# `$ `: u
( _0 l# e# m9 B% K# J. l7 \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & K# e3 ]6 R8 M+ V! O- H1 F/ R; h. c) [. f5 n5 e! v
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). \* }- ?8 m: p( g
6 O- M e0 b6 ?# y+ h
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 |. m7 A- U U8 ]3 G3 D: y: s
/ P6 Q3 {) j* \7 PWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 b3 K% L+ a; o3 t+ \7 H) E% n7 B: h
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 C0 H$ }/ \3 k& c* S
4 _4 j9 C E. K% f! I0 Q6 W
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " @: p2 m' \: q2 i5 D 6 o9 G* z" w9 z) ~) j3 V! ?Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) `) l8 I! j7 o" D) H
0 H, ^; v# h# _5 X% f8 C这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . r1 L; p% S& \' d " F# K+ A+ r( _9 u ; N- P1 t3 R# ]& T; r) S2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) b+ I& @4 s3 q% m7 X- |6 T9 U3 g. p. H
例如: 2 j: S* i) d% E9 B0 c2 k( d. o5 i- M
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , |% S, B3 W: T# R% s# x$ ^ 2 k! x6 T9 k0 S- oDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) P7 G1 }3 l5 x, m' i# G+ a; O) P# f" d7 Y1 t( K: Q# L/ m2 X8 [. M
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 V. G L. S* b 5 Y- w% K1 O& m1 m0 HHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). D8 v. T1 K" j1 f& r" z1 K% D* O
; K4 G% q' Q8 D# T+ SIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / g6 W. I& y$ x& } 4 r+ J# b/ i; m* {She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 O6 A# P; \1 Z9 H2 i" ^
! Y! v- O, ^& UI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( g. Y8 q( v5 J. {% C" J6 m: d( ~& V' X9 D, {# Q
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . u4 ]) E \5 a2 _1 [" R& f3 A$ Y4 G) U
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 Q$ W$ z- F' F 7 ?: n2 Z% J9 X6 ^The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 i: A6 J% u/ g+ O
{- C" f- L" N3 X: Z% g# e9 T
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 {' C; n$ s8 y2 h
' d8 C$ b+ l( @ n7 }He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 n1 V8 N# ]2 r
+ A4 Y$ J, n$ @+ L
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% ]! X* ^2 ^5 v8 t5 v9 _ x
w% A5 N6 P8 J, {2 x! H7 {9 wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 W1 T& I2 b, }5 ^6 @1 l
$ V. ~; r4 W7 ~" ^5 M! i5 a9 `( v写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 ]5 i; w2 {7 {, p/ N/ F+ Z5 n + j6 l+ c4 v& k/ k! n此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 ?! Q7 A$ e4 f: f1 o5 h% x3 V' E7 z) \5 h, x" ?) R0 V
+ m& k$ t$ ?4 P3 x4 a1 C5 e3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 z- }/ `! k( m0 x6 c. w2 i' I; n7 C) D: ~
例如: 2 S% L+ N+ L0 Z, d% c 2 Q" l, [" z5 cMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , ?7 v7 [4 E( y% J% ^; c2 R" N 4 F3 ?# I' J. X" f, p1 m2 \/ _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / R# g" i) }; P5 X- c3 B/ G 6 k# ]5 m. h7 M7 V: n& y9 _. q9 }! g" LThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 ^/ F4 X% N$ W$ N+ C9 h! S6 \
) b# q3 [- @% n1 ~+ U$ ^He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 x/ |8 I2 [9 Q A) y X5 L- ^2 Y! g" H0 g' @Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 c! l9 H; f9 k! |$ d
1 `+ F5 R6 ^ E2 y) @! @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 a9 o5 F4 e& [" ]' i1 x6 z }* `6 N
) H ^+ b8 N4 I' ~Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 Z' p* g9 Q4 J. _# }; d$ J; {6 C+ ]1 L+ m
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 [8 e. n$ a- ^ 8 K' c% J( h: d( V& A' T/ Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * G+ w7 g B1 O+ |# G# W( s # e l; ]( `$ q0 G当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' P/ b2 h6 {0 Z2 E) \0 v* X0 @
" d4 Y; f3 v3 C% s' ^: b/ o
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 Q c# l- m0 m" w7 f* [
5 k7 G$ K# Z$ V+ o b* \
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- y( T$ a3 ~7 x- |3 h8 i9 `5 g
( J0 A: u% N8 p7 \$ x. E8 ~
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 ]8 c! @) N$ ^, c6 ]4 z
# ^2 @+ I2 u! l. S# y
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; z/ D. O# ^, @, G% V8 C % {: `0 [' ~/ C" W9 {7 L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 l! H0 {/ }% I2 M: m; l8 u. _: J6 A, q) X" a, B) R% e
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 n4 N" N) t: U/ ]% C5 j/ \+ [. A
3 ^7 @ G( ^# ?2 E* f% y
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 y0 t' R, m Y( @7 Q* P