本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & z a) \+ u2 O' h u# q: D! U " Y* @" b$ S9 z% Y2 l4 Y转帖. _# c+ ^, k7 E* n
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- R" k6 H6 Y! ^* ?/ _7 W
" k4 W9 K* h( P7 J- O: p5 \8 `例如:. R8 b- ~3 x; X* F
- A8 M4 P. @3 ~- T$ P
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) P# m/ d* A8 s3 M( s5 j/ I q3 o8 e% e* {
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 f% ]# f6 l( o( G' B( Q0 C9 r 9 S7 {# Z7 `- L9 Z/ T- OThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- {7 z9 c$ o: Q; u( R
1 y8 _( e8 H2 c9 _! _; m1 a- L/ |+ hThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ h/ o) m5 ?7 i( @% r+ a) M3 Z3 x
8 ]+ J5 i( V' P1 @( e
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 y' _ [8 j" D* F |6 ?. Q! k' L `$ ~% Z8 w) X% d1 _
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; g o; B1 r. }4 j z7 E. r6 ~* X) c9 c; _; L+ \. a3 j
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( e/ B4 j& L1 f# Y. }
0 X+ @$ ?" R5 H4 o7 CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% F6 n& K d( q6 i
0 x, ~* ~* N% T7 q5 sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ j2 Z3 Q x. T" x4 N
6 o$ t4 i0 s- e! n
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' D, R, s( h* ]" V
4 P# U0 H, w8 ^" _" t4 I! d5 \% c
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " Y, s: \ O0 B9 q: N & \; m+ `: T, L1 D8 Q/ N0 ^ j6 D+ h* `6 k; f! {6 Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 t, A' ~. i/ _$ }4 c + y O/ U, l" H$ [8 U4 o3 g4 W例如: ) U8 B& ]- z8 ^, B e' E% K% \$ Q6 l& Y( C2 `5 XAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! S) L, A$ f) }% s/ x7 K8 D: {" i $ j9 u5 v" N2 F1 z; W( sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" [9 P6 H- m5 f V' I6 w# I
5 A# L6 g# ]0 L, J' M+ ?; r: w8 b# QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 z; ]' n6 d3 \2 S: k3 S3 S3 I D
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . S- Y4 E. k& D: _1 X" N( R+ @6 u' i% X' `" W9 |8 G
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " J5 p8 h, y! R* }2 y- U& R$ h( U& v/ y" O0 H9 @& v
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * I. e) l6 x0 P( C2 ^8 b3 L& G% e4 ^# u: o* C2 x: M9 d( a
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). B* u# q, v+ }: p9 t) M% W
+ X) C3 s$ n/ e0 t
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- B5 s9 E# o. _" {; ^
4 s8 Q' H o( o" m b+ @
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) Z- q4 X, q3 r6 N
$ I) ?! K. o. Q; I% {" RThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! S/ y5 ~$ l! o& L. a8 p0 e( Y, A8 s8 q
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! U* z$ |. J! ?& _
! X; M. Q% t- S( a0 v# a/ P5 M
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 y8 Y+ s7 T8 Q |" {6 H Z . ~8 v. G z' E% LWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' I( S7 j4 u9 B: ~& }2 {2 W( J+ w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , }! A5 E$ \- z G G6 c2 H. g6 [0 R0 z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 H' h8 ~; L1 B) y m/ m
* L: L: ^8 Y) w1 r+ g此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 A9 r1 T, r' f, c) P; g8 w2 l/ ~8 b
: h* @7 D [4 m% X: `6 y N例如: & a7 i f l; s6 \& w2 E2 _+ N6 x" T/ y
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; M& b& @$ c8 u4 _% k- F0 U' I$ g9 P) ^) B7 p- b' `
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' ?" O8 C4 p6 r& {. U. f( R' b % |4 S! A$ _+ k: L, J5 CThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) e0 \* l5 W, z
9 r/ [" ]. H& q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 E/ |8 W/ F/ K& Q: h( i! m
( X0 b# [4 `! G$ W5 s9 j
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( D5 m, ~5 `: h9 Z# F 4 w& z9 s1 {) y$ ^3 [Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' E7 ~) O( p8 B j
& J( r) u- J6 E2 [" T3 M/ B, s
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' C7 v% Y2 N3 f4 f* F# o5 E; Z& Y+ |7 s' m0 \
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 c& m( m' p" y" }' q, s: ^5 u & l# y1 m* p/ q) h; E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 R% o, l( h' J, v6 o7 a. ?) ]
; c3 }/ t7 ] a1 z! j6 ^当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " x2 b3 H6 B( r3 C. Y; G4 U l% s9 c2 n. P
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# x) t* `' L2 l+ l0 V* ]1 P2 n( w
/ c# [6 O. P) z/ p, j- n! u
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 @) @$ `9 x; ]% U' J6 @ H1 ~8 \6 m1 Z! m; L" X
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ H% b5 `0 G( _3 J; `# O4 A6 c' x
. M# o5 m( N8 h! K4 `5 w, u# M% R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ o D4 f3 W# U# X( o+ X3 T: [
$ j: ]& V4 ]6 B0 R; f有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 R9 @0 I" T# g n- p