本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , b/ c) o5 }2 Q
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ [+ t( v. u K m1 y
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( P' _, t& D+ \5 u2 b: @( HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ X* F- G# Y2 Z. H) s3 |0 |
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! p( r2 Y _ c! E H$ G/ m! k' F: C. q6 q2 C" D+ P
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) W- A% _5 e' M' a2 x: q ' v+ S+ g$ \4 l7 C# ]2 vThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , y5 ~* }' H# ]$ x0 G( p# p8 c4 e5 S0 }; V4 I" H; @, f. {
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 [# p b; Q7 A6 P0 E& Q: a8 u ) B3 p" P2 a" ^) @$ o0 T0 NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), F( _1 B" k2 M9 Q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# }/ s# |6 U5 B$ o2 \' W# ~
3 D1 v$ f1 V# L; u, L- c; H6 qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" @0 W, j7 t+ K
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 n6 d }1 u2 F1 q) G
1 r( u- s1 S5 \; m- H( YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 T* }' v" X3 ~4 K# P# t5 I, c! B$ [8 } P
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * m+ v& }# G$ f- Q4 k' c2 } ) Z. v# Z3 [4 |! c5 O/ c$ } ; f" p& T6 x) }# L/ B4 o8 c: s$ _3 A2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % f0 \ Q0 Q$ [( e # R e* W9 q6 X1 e8 N例如: N9 M4 O/ m1 O- R# |+ w- M " q" `8 T) h5 F/ D# eAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) e p" O1 w+ H+ X; q9 j% T' X0 v$ M/ u6 m/ }
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- m0 F( j. r! t$ P/ R$ ]% x1 W
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 r) x3 ? Q( s& R0 N" |2 B3 F, ~8 }/ u
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : e- s2 F' T& s k( B; l7 s 8 s8 l% M0 [5 BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 d4 z3 k$ r7 m5 }6 O
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 @6 @8 M# I* L 3 P* |3 q6 b1 e ~- xI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 u1 w& l/ }3 ]# {6 v% Q 5 {! }: H' u2 d; R/ f5 Q J) w如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, R6 |) U, R% I- l Z( v
5 y1 x; J2 b- L( x9 W: k* @9 L' ^The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( b+ f6 o# ]% D: C: C) M. ^
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 h c9 V+ Q% g4 Q8 T
- O( d0 w( K9 pHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 E3 E& A0 B" D9 @- \
/ b; _# C, x+ h$ _4 b* U+ {He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" Q8 L" C Y$ J* b* N7 d/ J
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 {3 {9 T3 ^/ N
; _9 U& A3 p7 ]4 t) D) E) X" qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 f* ]. [6 a0 Z5 |8 e
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 A# u6 [" M$ ] ; t- P R1 J" _# x# A; w, {此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. h" `- I" _' C' U0 t$ I; S) u
; V. c& s8 [7 Z$ f* E " i, Q3 G* M, h% y" `' l. E1 v& l3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: {. Q5 n7 g1 z
; }) d) T1 B2 i$ ^6 y5 BMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- A6 q% v5 V! W3 ^ h* w. R H
4 u- o1 p( w" Y- FManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 \, G9 k% b7 V/ r( K$ j6 ~) O, e+ D6 o% F! X
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 S7 t. h4 v, |% H9 N
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / Q1 [- R% P& v2 b1 P" w; v: L2 H) A$ u) {: e8 X$ h
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 E9 C, u/ O, n$ N 0 F# k( W0 ]9 }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * d+ }( j3 O# I% }7 j6 }/ M0 |+ v; G/ {. t4 i8 e5 g
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 }5 V! p' `" J( U
* x+ G0 D! x% a6 nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " B, }; h) m/ J6 P) o, s) h# ] * T* c2 F! y9 E7 W4 {同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' Z y' U; h9 p
/ h* u: Z4 C/ w$ G- o7 k" v当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , X( R# }$ U/ W s9 u5 V# W( P9 r' s: {2 @& f5 H! c( _/ c
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 T! o& {$ ?+ y0 D) q# c: M
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; j% k& c0 y4 G2 O - D$ N3 ~" S& _对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) ]9 O$ R4 }5 _ }
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; : O, K1 d2 [6 E2 r2 {# { 5 v e7 L4 d) x8 v9 m' e至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: l# | R4 w0 v: S6 |8 J
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' V8 i9 W% O L : z1 \- `: R6 I' S/ p3 x: T9 k( Z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; a# d+ X+ Q. }+ h) G5 u8 `- t2 O