本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / X) `# E/ r5 r9 K+ m
" H3 T+ W+ f* u# x8 I 转帖 ( ^! i* ~6 m9 _5 o1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ Z1 E9 I1 ^; W7 }4 V) Y) F9 s " v1 `. V$ H- e$ `; q. ~0 y% K例如:5 d, k6 o! [6 {* u) ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& R2 h) Q' N' |$ a: k4 i. j6 g
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ E! s% ]6 | N ^2 l 3 i# q: g' H2 Q( L% FThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . ^: S% l) G9 S* N# g! } s; b- K g- I0 }' [+ RThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 M- {* z) g+ k% ^8 }, R
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 u" F1 Y: g* ^/ I7 F# f
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + `7 w7 _8 d' K( [2 v 6 J, \( E" N) eWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ L8 D/ }0 d3 w. l* c4 ^
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) L6 _7 c5 I3 E* ]0 D/ F
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) p1 ]/ M- ~2 M3 ~0 H: p" ^
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " F% y& j# F" ~; S5 b3 D# s / `# i7 }% j* s" J1 n$ ^4 ?0 v这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 h8 }, H4 d7 W2 j! p5 u f% K1 w
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, @7 M6 Z2 P- c7 j( m 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 W' W4 V( W+ ~/ N
" _' e+ e* L" O) j& _% y7 n+ T例如: 7 |. H8 x* @' Y# ]2 E* n) C+ X8 R: u! M: u1 M) Z: s
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ ]) J( J! p; \+ V / [# W0 y! _, d0 cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 l+ N* Y' q A& X
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' T$ s L6 Y5 o& [* o( I q6 ]
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" H( n0 `2 J, d
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" S, I' S& g# P4 s2 I4 `/ n; W
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " g: Y9 b3 N$ z2 r6 P( ^ 3 U- `; ^4 i. mI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) |. g9 O8 a# u' T : p' r9 Z* |. V9 A如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & ^) f7 p, {: _+ E% W' W; y# w) ]3 ~ J! s7 {( T
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 b" j3 L7 E# u, A% q ! y4 ~0 H/ c/ k! J- iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 X8 o# D0 J, w# X* X) [" B' E, w& C- {; N6 O+ S4 F
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): _+ I0 Y5 S) b) `/ L
; p4 y: g! Z4 `9 uHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# z0 j* K6 @9 y0 v' u' G p) x
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 @( L6 j0 R% ~6 d- @+ _
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 v. ]; Z0 }/ j1 M2 B7 M
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 q# ~; _4 A5 U1 V
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! E: D% V4 D+ }1 Q7 Y& |& J. {% H$ R2 `0 L
; y) d! o F! I+ _* T0 `2 {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 @2 x C5 q, w0 K8 C
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( g; w/ X* }# J5 x7 _. W& TMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . m. z; v* ]& w, R7 M4 `6 j+ T/ B. U* ?' K! Y- P' i
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 j) D3 O* O& R% w
0 W' \+ a; ? |7 q, s; XThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : O, S0 p3 [ m* F2 v2 i( g" S4 a" w! {9 c
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ R! r6 p% f- }2 X
- k/ |4 q! e7 ]1 y, r/ wMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 N7 g4 d6 h9 k5 w0 D+ Z
5 d( R2 ?" y7 n5 ^7 ~+ ]6 dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + `6 k: c |+ j$ t8 Y: v. i. K( Y" b; v. r' j0 Q& U* F1 }
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' a3 G- F/ D* I( G
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! h9 a- L& X; t/ h4 O {8 x2 o
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 c' o0 w9 F1 C, U- m 8 `6 r1 b/ j8 ~& P8 ^/ S% Z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 A8 t' `+ ]! O4 g& e* H. Z2 w: C9 x6 p& E8 z; V6 K
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 W# j5 g8 M5 e2 g3 X9 r
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! n; x" z) b- j2 ]" Y" z % M: l& u0 t0 C' [) G对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + l2 J s% ~4 v! E0 [: C & f# s" }% O0 O, A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' I& |$ Z: e6 }1 G# {/ p2 E e+ k
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ D- m2 o9 ~2 K# J' l" T* Q7 f# F# {. n9 s' J7 j" w
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 z' F5 a- R# I, q2 Z( |. d. ] _6 l& C! f" i1 z
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % L, _! _# ^8 }, h. J* M4 h2 E- E