本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 A9 b: z: v; z1 z2 d" ^+ e
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 L/ I3 G% Q) K6 r3 j, E) A: m% y; J: ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * L% q) h( e3 a1 Z9 b. `/ ` ' Q* H& Y& ^- |9 q3 }0 Q2 Q2 D! ?Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- l2 J" l+ O! b4 O' ~0 i- B( ]7 S
6 [, w B* p! a* D( WThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 F4 |- F# Y, y' k& `7 Y* ?, ~
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) M# s5 d: j% y# C; h+ F9 S, A1 V- Z6 }3 r+ R5 h+ J3 P
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 g+ L/ G/ g x1 Y) Q & U* U! q+ P4 j! ~) cMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 N0 U, l& a2 y7 h% w( L
6 O/ h' y; X! h) c$ c) }We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 X# z+ A' u0 Z O0 X ) d4 P* T0 p3 |3 _/ w u4 cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % ^6 ^# j2 G& F- d6 ]4 E) K, V- o) H; M; @/ i2 w
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) }& m. D: `) H& d! {* v9 j, i9 q; [
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 w7 G, J" v O
0 c/ x+ N7 ~; P ^这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 J8 w" c8 ?# O9 G8 z9 r : t& D- t6 s: @; ~+ z3 ]- _' W" [( O1 O% m/ V 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% s$ c1 Z9 I3 S" Q2 `
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例如: : E7 F$ E. q; j+ B Q" S% @' q/ U5 ]6 u9 i: E. {: t
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" a2 b- S' r; I' f' ^' B7 c$ k
* U% i& A( `6 f" ]) VDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 X7 x% z+ h2 h( A5 d- N1 E 9 g* I, D6 ^9 z+ k& [( \+ WI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 \# L+ W! b3 R# x9 F
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) K- F! L$ C, m0 I0 v) B8 O
1 X8 @* f) s& x% O9 p0 ]( {5 uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; |4 r# h$ T! q$ `, u - i/ N; u- m% ~. |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* Y# [7 u! w7 ? J
$ [- s% l+ i8 NI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' ?4 j, f* c' w0 z9 |
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % G/ _7 W3 v9 W" z, l6 T1 J$ @% a4 _) I
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% D' M' ~9 a8 P$ r. u, F
: O, [/ a- e& E2 h8 Q. L) VThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' B; j3 A( V }" N7 K% c 9 u1 h9 W; a" ?2 z2 u2 c7 |He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 |4 f* F1 W* `, w# X/ I1 _# o 0 d1 ?* F/ C- o' X* T- pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ l( s9 |7 Q) N v8 I. B+ n ' A) X# W: A- w5 w5 J- UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( m+ U- @+ ?5 Q* f- q0 V0 e H- H
" Q% }% P+ z3 S+ @; QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . n2 e- j0 x4 `$ v) L; \5 { v2 X/ z P
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 G9 t/ p: l# `6 |2 o# w* Q
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 Z* [0 N) V# K
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2 r7 Z; I! {! E1 R" G例如: # k5 G r: Z& U1 ^5 ]) `; c; x& C. V9 o( x4 B0 U
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + w8 C% R5 t4 y9 G& ] . i3 j0 o# T. V7 n% h8 EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 l4 F- V5 `- O! G
. ^1 ]' l( O3 N' fThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " Y- I7 t) y, n1 ] B# w& Y4 U7 D& H3 U( x- u% F$ l3 I
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 j- Z, k$ L" U+ b. T
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); m k0 n4 P) t( f! |& A$ B
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # u3 n0 |1 ]/ _. E4 n/ l % y: @+ Y6 ~; d1 R7 {/ a* VCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); L9 D/ N! Q- k" W* X. X: \
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ y; M4 G) R4 V' J
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( Y3 I& J2 T! z$ S" Q0 Q# G$ o
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; s6 @) D' l8 N; [; ?; l3 i: [' U2 a, b- K6 W7 ^
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* j8 B# z7 U1 q, Q% [, G% Q
: S9 G& m* [# V' s }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - L; o ]$ H, O0 g. _; }$ c+ p6 G- Z0 B: v+ M& }
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 V5 H5 b3 W7 J/ a7 @) M g2 Q2 I' `% O" l
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' Y$ \( e/ x' W' c 9 R# b) P8 b3 v; D1 h至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" |( n. [& @1 c- _9 f7 N
0 W, f) ~/ b) }( l3 j+ ^- c还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 p7 x% b& A: B- j, d+ Z1 k- m. m9 z6 B" C
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& V) a: @4 ?3 n% D2 m