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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- E/ n- t" W) c. R" s* |
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$ F3 i0 q9 M- I4 |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; |4 h2 ~# g5 j( c1 q 1 k" r0 u4 ~3 f! p/ DThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* e; K5 I2 g8 w+ d' g6 Y3 D% L
" @, u& m& t6 {( y/ G! ^, j/ I% {( hThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 R' J! G* a, U. M( s+ d
' Y& q- S. d& u; h$ b n! V+ y sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 c! S( ]+ Y8 A O# A: Q
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % s) z6 {! I5 k- }) k 2 K' O5 a* j& c# V1 P2 H4 e: nMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 c8 y' j0 L* ?! b) v4 y 4 m! q- Y! C) ^& e" C8 E- GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / z& Y8 ?4 _# W* _ h( Q" \! v5 t( X+ m
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)! f9 k" c' j$ W; g2 W7 S# L
E( H" M! s, i# L! m9 `! z6 A2 l; ~We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / ~: a- ^& ~; ~9 ~5 X6 _/ a6 S % z, [ J; y; P4 a. a DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - @+ ^; v5 G. V& T- q8 i- O9 c1 s" P3 `) K
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, Q; L3 F0 h- O. U
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: b' a, K! }* J1 Z- l; Q! g: d1 i! K: y/ o2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 A% i9 G. x4 m* m: Y8 Q- W4 T9 y( t; h9 I3 T ~: H' r; R& g
例如: , @3 H5 b" f @' i. K4 b& |, x4 m. w a- D! S
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 C, }! Z; D, a8 l: c/ y* F) `# m" \7 r: a, L) G! }7 w/ q
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' k: o' B' m' U/ V7 c6 ~
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), D. E" }$ B9 T
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " Q7 q) g2 q$ j$ a9 }$ a$ A$ A! ]/ p- j9 L7 i/ F
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & F( ^& |* m' l' W- O* t1 [8 u
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 T* r( h1 {8 T. r* T- D; X 5 I8 Z* \6 m$ |/ J) dI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & M6 `! g; Z+ l- ~2 f8 k, t3 ]6 w8 ^3 C5 Z8 K
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + T6 x0 k! ` s$ G$ ~% e, t- c4 F. c* S4 [; S: S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ m4 r: b0 N. C
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) A9 v9 A4 T! `) T0 h
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) k8 R9 @1 _0 I& C n! Y
. G9 N' M. q' B1 K! y0 E9 ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , A4 C$ X( H d! W* _ 1 ?# b t2 Z: [. }; `We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), T8 Q& T) @2 u! g. {( q' i5 @
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& X. j" g. @" n9 ]- O* }
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , ]# `# O! k1 @3 ~ 7 C: q [3 o% I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 F, h9 j$ `8 u. B+ }- m& T0 j" i2 [# P4 W s. |
$ x1 u( }. P9 F9 O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( j; ?3 Z" ^1 F; d x8 L2 [
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& b9 _. l z# H- n- U; r7 j7 |7 O
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 J: M5 Z: @7 ^! x+ D* d
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 F7 e/ k: J4 i) h! g7 J: A3 o- \& ` 9 v$ D% n( y ~' O YHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) i9 V0 v& k7 _% q) t9 B - i1 I. ^1 B4 W) pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 m4 Q2 K+ [" O4 K6 n, D0 U" J
+ M- Y- g, u( C0 C z0 V' O# OCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 h6 p$ M+ p+ x* C" ]
4 v2 S, o7 m0 Y- A# Y6 J* pStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 v% p1 g0 c' x6 ]5 M) g$ O _* }/ W7 }" W7 L% O: U
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' Z7 g2 i6 c$ J' u. m6 C0 j
$ Y! G# X- _+ k3 D. B F% B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, I7 Z+ p& J" a9 o
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" j1 x& W% h- I* p4 `' b
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 d, N* @8 e/ z! \: s2 @5 n7 e9 r/ L: k$ p/ m: C6 F3 X
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" e; l( h, W/ z- N, u n8 a& A
+ d6 ^" P1 j+ ~! {有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! q& H( a' Z) {0 F) i" J$ ]