本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 c. S8 N9 c9 u) Y3 N7 K
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& z' O& l$ R) {4 G$ t
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; N9 O" q. H( d- z. B- \+ N6 qMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) B0 \. t- d! H3 `! V
/ l7 ^6 L |# M( VThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! o9 ?' b& Q, e$ B; o5 @& L3 c# T7 v r$ s
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" ?' R4 a6 u4 M% g X% ]& [
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 e& d1 d1 g3 c- r+ @1 T }4 `" V# k+ ^2 A3 {: v
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ G& L2 x, S: U
" P7 d7 y$ K( j1 e, n5 F+ z& K9 ?9 }+ |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . y4 z/ e7 I- b3 w# q, s1 K1 {; ^# ? m* O/ e( [
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& W5 g1 }- W0 z+ S' w x
( q/ ^) i0 B; p6 n& dThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & _; M1 k3 Q- I; e( ~; ]* @" |- f- n- W
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; ?4 ~. m0 G p0 u5 \ 5 G8 D' P! f* i2 {- M$ PPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 h9 n A8 A6 i1 v E1 s/ R, e: b$ D+ l( Q+ f! q; O$ ^0 l4 g" ]; H2 X
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 L8 C. Z0 U/ ]3 Z( G# c3 t9 K, Q% l
$ Y7 a0 M& g4 {1 @/ o" H7 e `" t 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 L- H m2 a# l
1 O j7 k/ S# e, k1 d W* R例如: 8 A5 ~: i! [( v* Q. h( Q 0 Z4 t. d' l- Z+ Y. G4 C$ J6 i& nAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) p: c3 G& v( v) v$ i% } ; I) G- D% R2 i+ Z: e3 LDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 c# V2 d& u" f! ~* J
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! [: ~$ v/ B% I! s4 T9 x% ? w ; ~! Q- m& e" ^, LHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ ?5 ~3 k+ n2 ^- J1 X# |& o
& Z o' v: _ e1 P- eIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) H4 A4 ]% U9 B5 }# R6 h% [: H, j) [* L, ]5 i9 R
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), ^& k& Z8 b6 [7 h8 W0 u( T
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). O5 }, Q- G- j, C! s
: |( ^) r3 v: O" X如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # c* l ~+ D" G. V0 _. b3 U" o9 j: h' K' ^7 _) h: X
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- q0 M, v/ C2 ~ f" Y
; t( z1 C" P2 [The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) ^' F- j8 ?& J* B! q
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 }- z% p8 |7 Y, k( S- w4 m+ s 9 p& e. O$ s0 J( _He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 C2 B8 m0 x b, A. Q* G
9 L& D$ W3 m; GWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 a8 Y j2 G0 ] 5 Y0 a. S2 c& R3 _2 I" v1 q. qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% B: E/ e- X* f, r% F
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 T2 V8 F, @8 ~& l4 t4 g5 W ( y. A" |* T8 l- `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 N3 N6 Z0 @3 I# V$ p1 Z) Q& v% i/ q I( L) A
|! F7 H" u! I6 e9 j: N5 LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 Y* {+ N3 j- W7 I* j2 m% o" l
' F( k. K6 I9 q0 a/ x4 h5 mManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / D+ @$ ^( o" E5 B6 K6 g6 i& W! I( u6 B }6 @& l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / k& W7 L6 U9 W / t7 k. _7 G' Z" F; r: E- e, zHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 ^! r7 G5 ?( j$ ?2 C& Z ?$ u! E( p
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " G# p# K! l- T7 a: ?" {! u( J' e* i7 F0 d+ y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 c4 b) S. f3 \# V
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 f) \# `6 n. C6 G0 _: m# q$ t2 ]* K: v+ a9 C
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . [, @0 |4 N- w8 K2 P. \8 I8 r) G* q, A- F: p
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 w2 s0 @. G3 R1 O% G $ D& G) h/ i$ }6 ]3 s( R; e当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. a8 X6 P% Q7 X- H! k
. A9 n- Q' z8 P t! S S对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " w0 P+ e" [1 j% x/ x: u 8 ~& Q. ^0 B! x1 y% \/ p对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 Q2 R+ P# `$ s0 E& |- O/ m