1 V1 s2 C1 Y; `' M4 B- Y! G例如: 2 T& P- n% Q& Y5 z + Q% \9 c0 v& u$ S, DMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 p8 |% @8 Y5 Z/ e
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; K% U& u9 k. P# [: R# I! u" L1 ` / ]& p. {) W0 ]This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 B; r- H, {3 W8 u* \9 n K
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) g1 Z9 L; Z) l' N7 ~
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ |; e/ [+ A4 ^2 M4 ?# ~4 x/ s$ c
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): r# V9 m7 u$ d# g
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# A' X; d* j* L1 O9 ~
: X4 r- Q5 x0 G7 ]4 yThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ p% ]5 O9 ]3 }" X
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' Z4 P7 C- j. f
, ^. P- `) Z* L; X7 F: S2 pPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 i: a: N" ^9 ]0 N5 |0 p" V. G' t( L
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; ?6 B0 R! Z( a4 a' T7 [* }
2 a3 h9 _8 k' u! E; _7 ]( B* J1 e/ P, R, O' N 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- _1 j; h, ?2 K; ?' r
+ z0 \/ E/ S+ @1 M例如: " H3 h8 E3 W3 @0 \( C6 R B! }7 M/ e' x# X
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) c& A: Y6 S; m8 T' e1 N& w( {; F6 q7 \
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! I: X' W! N& D7 k f$ u 7 K# ^' Q8 y: ]3 GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ f8 o. ^' o1 O8 k C, Q$ G
, O" o' X5 |' N GHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & k8 k" t7 w; N! s - s/ X/ s, j8 w7 `5 p6 _! }* KIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 a: }9 X6 z4 ]) ]+ e
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - ^) t) R/ m% W4 s+ F2 g; K& X" o) f: v! Y9 J# G6 [
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : }1 S$ z- S7 j 1 b. J# }8 R* [& z) b/ e5 v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 r# S7 |/ }& J6 \ + T; _- g2 f9 }The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ ]; s! ?% |. i* J* ]5 }) a' h, ?! D1 [9 {$ R+ y; k
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 F) {; k1 d3 E7 T
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 W$ A, c! P- s4 ^
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( ^; [% V+ v- g% s v" b2 X+ Q* s& z# O# b ?
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . v, z1 |6 n: E* q; h. G- k! ?0 L$ W) Y, P3 ]3 j/ X3 ?( b! }
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + ~8 k3 y" e( Z" T6 P9 v 8 X- ^( e- D$ d( E4 k* O写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / l; q" E# w* j- y5 | 4 S7 U# A" \# f5 r( m此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; @1 x# b; \- h
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! J7 t$ T* v+ c. i0 c) y' } 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ I: e3 t; l" a L: R7 V # d; E+ S8 {# y' k# b) |例如: 6 s+ n9 Z! Z P$ x0 K# H: V9 ] s" i6 M8 z2 ~
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / u, N0 s" y5 u' I 3 N3 L1 v3 w2 l) I9 I1 A' gManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 @; f4 o) L5 ^9 r* s
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ P" K% {6 l' y% I( A0 W
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): |+ a3 a/ C! N& [" d, R
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( y" K% W, c" v$ E& n {
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - `3 q6 A3 J& N5 D6 X# n/ Q0 N! B/ I. k( s+ E
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . S- n' F; T) p " q6 m3 h9 q }9 j$ c3 SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 K# o9 B F' J+ f! O( W' X
( x5 D- {& {; `# ?0 ~9 o, {5 S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) u% [0 w- }$ \. m9 a& ]3 D
5 Q Y+ T- O) S当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- d7 y0 M6 d/ u
' T* D2 P+ i. P: }对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " v$ l" g7 a5 ?% U, J * R3 {0 x8 k* j3 G8 c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ G0 r2 H2 B6 H2 l6 r
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" G E( W. J3 w0 W3 X, t
* {. g2 Z9 u; z/ h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % w$ f+ X/ J" R; Q4 f