本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' ?! w* q( U1 H# h+ X
, E, u* [: h" V/ d" S4 O转帖 " I( r% ^9 D! `# F: C! Z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 [) I9 a& a0 W$ {: c$ u4 G& _: k5 n: i5 g
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 y: E4 Y# u5 r S9 a1 O: W
2 ]3 R9 u# e: c/ w DThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 t! X( g( U' C$ t 5 H4 U, D: r+ _& p+ PThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 {: V; L7 J( d) w% n2 c# Q) ~. o5 Y4 P. v( R
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % I Z0 J7 S) z8 q) |: r4 p W7 X& N) B& q2 ?
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : \6 d5 ]1 p. P8 ^; s. `; ~: b$ c' I+ U! {5 m. l/ Y
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 d7 i, p: o0 `6 W* Q$ i' }& v1 x. w4 d7 `7 Z8 ^' O
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( N: G& |2 R: \ 7 |* F; Z. f0 d" I" S' CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) p1 G6 m% ~! j9 E; [2 @
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / g" I' L: R& b1 r. s. s4 C& Q7 u; [9 B" W
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 ^" F. Y7 \2 G# j) @ [" I* l7 _7 j$ G0 L6 W" R) M" E: U: G
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 A0 ?' K F$ H3 ]& N 0 @$ U; n( i3 }* r) u# S( }0 t. B 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 h! X. G5 F/ [; d, l0 |# A/ X) N* F$ z. j9 G- E
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) y7 M3 l k- U, b8 I& Z4 j$ [/ t+ B/ p! Q. v& R
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; D) k% t% N6 O6 I# h- {' M3 U3 B! x7 G
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); h6 U% H2 \9 l+ q/ E8 {
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ p" a/ u9 o' V: C$ e5 n- ]" B- f. \
8 K: {: Y+ D/ a3 u" rIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! D* P; {$ S$ N5 E; W9 H' ~
+ O8 f& O) c4 W+ H' d# GShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 f) f, I; I$ Q* {, e- q* H+ H) f+ \7 [
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . a9 ~# @" M" X- z 7 d2 K8 H$ |9 [7 ]! q: {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# C Q+ O; b: T
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# ?' _/ h" {+ z* S v
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 ~& j& i1 K: I! r+ D4 Z' [! v ! ~1 X5 g* D" HHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 @6 M* `3 p/ G$ s1 J% ^
& M' ]! ^8 f, R. BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . J9 q6 |1 \# f4 Q7 e" B4 `# y2 Z& ~" M" ]7 z- r1 o
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), Z, N. o! ~1 W* L% X3 N
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). B8 N, M/ h: ?) \) U) n% m. R2 q
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " V8 l' @, o# e/ q& ]" X0 Z, o 8 P0 ~ U* k1 X+ F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 p# L3 s2 c% n/ g& ?4 K% f6 d- I4 f
5 ?# H- x* \8 j8 f例如: & `0 e( {& d2 Z/ O+ \1 S # a& k4 A: o' w' J: aMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' r4 e4 N2 T: F0 ^5 z n7 |. ~ ) {! q6 O1 n2 a4 x) zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 I; Y) ~/ H1 U6 o3 f
! X9 k a, i) e' m9 N) ]+ pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & J) H% _- f1 }4 [ 7 E! ?* N# i. n* X# d" Q7 dHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 W7 ]1 K) W5 i" B7 U& [ Y5 W 1 u% _* A4 s5 e$ d Q9 BMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% u4 x6 o: z$ ?3 h
$ ]- v, U- @ z2 }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- j8 Z* J! B( U [6 @/ I* c7 ]2 X9 `$ v
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) U. E* Y: p1 q
* U. {) R7 Z' I: Q* CStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / P, e: |! J1 G( ]2 L+ L1 m# \, ^- C$ L0 j2 P
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , N: U6 r0 Q: k# r/ R- Y9 w3 l( C' x7 @: h4 Z+ h/ j
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & k5 M/ U) ~ I" j1 Y! g/ e" {* M* R8 x8 Z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ ?* }' q: d& y; ]$ _: I3 \
0 W$ e& z8 o& h对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 o0 c2 g! H# [3 a: T
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + p: ?, p2 }( @# p! S+ A / G' B; ?' U0 Q$ m0 Z: [对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - V: A0 n, I" \. [ , z; o6 n' y% B: f至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 g6 h" ]* t3 w, A8 C& y# n) {: ]) @/ i2 p
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 L! h. R& U2 q! a4 y- W z/ ?) \2 \% g0 X: i9 y5 j
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 |5 U# K' ^3 N3 i0 i