本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; B# f7 x8 Y" Z+ |( v3 [/ C+ m
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 K( q# V# i) \! Z" y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 s( _! V( N( C4 P: v
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 {7 s+ L+ q; u7 C! g8 X3 I% c/ V! ~2 ?" O2 V) g
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- ^4 V$ r8 Z7 e( U6 X$ ~' [) Q% S. G7 g
3 u( O \# [1 O- [& m6 F2 o9 QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! B4 m/ w* S8 J; A9 q2 r2 G) p$ w. B0 M2 k% n/ Z7 B
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 r- f% }: H' o \& Q
! s8 }- h/ u+ F2 B" g: d/ s' wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . A" ~# @) b( J+ q _. @! R+ E8 w3 L. E) L# R) m
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" c' s: ^5 y3 K$ c$ P/ n& S( J% @% H
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & A' K5 i L5 `0 f* W' S, n: p/ A& R6 V* i
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ w% H3 @! d+ k' B ) F+ t# z. B0 P4 g5 P; {Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + j- r: j1 s; j9 w0 C# ^! }3 z. V3 j; [" W1 p' l$ S, m6 R$ n
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + U$ h3 u/ X# `8 @. ^% t & A) T! G: F) ^. M( `6 e/ O ( K$ _& f9 u/ c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% U) e& L; t, m' C
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例如:6 Q# X, F& W* D
9 i9 `2 o& r) v* g" X% K. c4 iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). U! J0 q. \0 s; A
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 m7 P* A" w4 P% t
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & _4 @7 H& H7 Y 6 d4 i B z/ V9 t6 JHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # H8 ~1 ]; j! d* _3 g * E+ j$ p' H( N" Z1 ^1 f1 H+ W. r/ V: xIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 ?+ u, f* u& p7 K; e" w
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # R' z9 Z/ o. N4 A) d: d9 w/ R% i2 ?0 A/ A- t
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + T* m. x' A* F5 ? 1 V$ W/ r7 i. E- v6 h: Q! s$ s }4 |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, o2 J" z. i# b2 M% a4 y
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 s7 T$ ~/ Y4 }2 L 7 }5 D. H, p! d6 ~8 O" b+ h R7 G" dThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 f; k/ m( u9 @; `; X- u
5 T3 f% g: p& ]5 v. i% N5 ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % w3 R- G) j" Y4 i' c! ?# m8 ?/ O- s( o0 p- L7 f4 t
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" v/ E& B- `6 E0 X
: X3 m$ b) x) C# E. |( [0 {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) k5 F' D5 u1 F; m6 u$ k3 @ 7 i M3 G$ w$ g/ c2 B8 aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" D+ J7 W: A! ~
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 A' v9 Q9 E$ H+ r
3 j4 y {8 z4 \0 l, M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 Z. r" I+ Q6 F1 B0 ~
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- S! @# N7 N& t3 a3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 M+ z% c7 O0 s U6 x+ H2 O/ S3 X h2 U0 V2 W" o, f* N0 A9 l
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4 a. t' ]( E2 _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' C1 F# t; [5 K) n- A6 n: m9 C , @1 w( S" ?0 C' yManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' b8 I( r/ n! Q& Y 6 b. K& e6 Y& X m+ ?+ A1 IThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 G( n. c. f5 x. H4 r+ a% h. S1 i1 a/ ]- x
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 S5 s. n$ s1 q* f+ q3 Z& E( |% w1 w2 [: y
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # {- j( G W8 `% C) \7 f * _8 q, ]3 A9 t# L$ B9 x4 Z1 MPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% T5 O2 _5 d! \' ?: n" g9 Z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ M2 [) V0 V/ |6 W+ R/ J. b
Z. X2 S, I* e& B, c4 UStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% U4 q: D/ M P
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ s+ R6 w' I2 V5 G
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , H' i( d2 Q% s, l, V1 \' b3 M) L% m2 x; Z+ g6 |* b8 b( l" z6 g ]
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 p! q) z' ~. ~5 d' a& k
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ b. j8 ?9 `* l& G# _3 h1 v 1 f, w+ w. x/ Z$ ~. V对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; W3 X; M# Q# l! ]