# l# i+ p" I* VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) ~8 K9 G- }9 r2 L0 s3 `
9 P% S- ]: t5 |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 Y$ f; p2 l9 O7 w7 b' { |$ H* `- c
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . I. z, N/ U9 k0 ?7 z. Q2 k " U0 l ^! g" \, M4 uThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ z7 L& h/ m! o7 `& v
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 C, E8 e8 k; X! x @ / Z! D9 u k+ g2 m! m8 v( T0 oMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , e+ ^) g9 K) P! ~1 C4 t- K2 }! Y. n( y8 U$ i V! r
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( t* o# ]0 O1 B1 r9 V% G
% p$ k( `$ c' r: l0 q2 C7 kThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); b& u' G; T+ w5 U
; v3 Y4 j# b* F# BWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), r6 G4 w$ l, I @$ a; c0 D1 ^
' q, w4 H; p3 YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( v0 M4 J# I8 R- e
% K: \# U0 @% ]" K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% n' r* |, D# V) s* u0 V
4 `2 U9 B1 N' {& L! ] 2 \6 h5 u) b) M# _ V2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" {6 v5 z. V+ U1 P$ i
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例如:" U) }$ l0 \* r2 c1 S8 E
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . s' j/ |' R1 `' t! K) H* i' O- N! P! T; }" p( G$ @; f
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ R% ^4 n9 r& k. c % |/ P1 b1 w% u4 ]I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ N0 q5 P$ T7 A7 Z6 ^2 m
; D. T* f$ }8 F7 xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 v3 T- i$ s0 ]6 M3 d
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , j) `5 F5 {4 e$ W, b8 o1 _' w4 D$ \& E" j
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / h. H" I: b0 z8 g0 u3 m& |( B. r' @/ ]8 F
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - C2 Z8 K- Q5 h0 G) Z 7 J) r# ^( u* B4 \% X4 t$ {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 @. v! d) l) v0 q' _/ ^
- Q( Y2 B$ h! T( pThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 X/ x* l1 `/ W" i( \/ Z# G
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 j5 Q. Z8 l1 e3 L0 @' `& T
! b) d0 r' P8 ?3 [+ vHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) _ H. K# S' m) V0 N2 Z9 P
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* V% m( O* ?' O6 t# z) z0 p, @9 u: q
/ p1 U+ E" W$ }+ A3 i" K( tWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ g& R" n6 m) C, [( x: v% W1 G
& t8 i: i7 J- r1 NEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) U5 j) R, J) U+ X5 a; Q1 t 3 \' M, t g7 m, v写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 U$ }. {- u2 a. }' u' \
; `/ W' z! E+ T. i3 R* {$ [# x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 F5 u0 C( Q( E. |- q+ H& m
8 q& o. y% q |7 \# j7 M+ y8 X' l3 O# S5 | 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( G- ]2 [$ n+ E! M [ $ z: i* j7 d; m. _例如: 4 t* v1 v( G+ s# V$ Q4 C) ? $ v4 b* R+ Q: z3 kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! G% X4 [2 d) |6 v( Q + F1 `9 `# T/ h! oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 j! I) e5 f" j& C' O3 T+ h7 y' C1 V8 M! C" a
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ X: }4 `. R+ f2 ~
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! a1 v% W6 J9 `5 o* W! x; a* p5 e" X' T
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 |4 _% v/ P* t, { 9 f2 m8 h: d* ~; U& q- i: [Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) B) x: X; n. D, q% x
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ U) F+ K. _* r1 S$ I4 p7 ~2 N6 k R0 k
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " B) ~* e, B \0 G: n * a3 j/ a& t+ r* n3 r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 }9 n0 i1 x( v# H0 Q+ k: b
! o5 z, c7 Y% \" y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( a& v) e# C$ i' w6 z 0 ~: ~ `1 p. A5 ~3 s1 W# V+ F对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* T8 r0 t) c. @; _
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 S+ ^$ s) _! P+ A % [6 m' ]1 ~& Q2 C2 i7 [对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. {- e+ q% [) `1 ?6 f
$ A2 I! e! c \# ^6 Z' @对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 [$ d' {* g, Z( C P3 a 9 z! q' W9 E( B至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 w, h5 Q2 _8 h; d6 h
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 x( g9 m2 g3 d9 k9 K
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & i' B) G+ b3 _