本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + y, Y" w4 q o3 K( B) f, V - W7 h5 ~1 j* \/ n转帖* L1 S2 ~2 h% }/ ?2 l! O" s
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)" k, s2 ~6 G" _3 z
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例如: # c9 l/ t- S, J o+ \8 F8 t/ | % i0 }9 G" ]. Z6 e, _3 WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' D- E0 k/ c# i/ @4 Q7 b" O9 O* l8 @7 H
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; r; o3 D& h" i" ?( B$ z1 R7 r* [) _" |2 e g' e8 B |4 \2 h
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 q) N' I4 o* W8 ]9 ? 1 @+ I: N# k6 t0 aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 ~7 x) R. n8 \0 U7 e2 R, B
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 N- \1 j) a6 C8 k% h+ b$ Z4 _ 6 @- y# E2 |& V# Z( CMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 g r2 \9 ]% ^ Y
# E# K4 ~. I" A: C$ @! l" l* GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* \' N) F5 a% I1 i! w
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + v4 e8 a( {( x3 O1 `0 O% T/ v U) a( x/ n
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 I2 T& R" W$ {, d+ T, `
' L- x& T; k; A# L% u+ V0 K7 k1 oPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + \& @7 }% C! f; z+ g" u7 }# t) I# B0 A' J
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) E. q. I) N5 t( b
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) g: ^& {, p3 G/ k0 r4 g& }4 c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( `: H2 K% i( ]4 I
& O% l! z8 r0 \, P; C# {7 U: f* U例如:5 X' A$ c# h j& u6 G# R
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 f9 Z/ D; E% w9 \. G! p
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 P4 t7 r4 K# T c* R$ @7 ~3 L/ G8 Y! A8 Z6 p& M8 V
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . X- H6 I9 y$ W9 w1 H( b* m1 N$ {7 L9 `. M' U
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 n t: A3 K; m" I, M$ f0 b6 ] ! z4 O; z: n, N. _. _& }+ i: l# LIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# N6 l l0 ~8 c4 B
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): u3 d& T7 {# b/ r: {1 [
% C8 T. i/ x: D1 ?7 yI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& E4 u1 d, Y+ j; H
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: z, V+ I* F7 ?
@! a1 o8 T! m; [4 I6 z6 \/ @' VThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' |2 L; v: a! ]5 N& x
1 W2 Z1 ?5 T! l8 l, }) |' i% l' PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 {% u9 k1 z$ x) J. j! m0 F1 | & a2 A s5 f( r' T0 uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 C0 h s; z6 w' S. B4 j# L3 o . m% @4 K5 o) b% WHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : ^ g8 t" N( L' o ! a. f! V) `' n5 RWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % _, [2 u" V, ^5 a; L" u O; y; z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# Y+ V8 R% i8 V5 j3 C# W5 A; \8 O
0 I9 i9 g; A5 H1 `- n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 y; w' }! C" ]/ G
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - k, q# p% T% e* L" Z+ A3 P% H1 m! F. I3 w2 F
9 U5 s0 ~- ^- N3 [9 u Q. A( B 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( [8 z J* T) C# v
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例如: , O( H5 L& k# g6 i9 E8 I3 K. p2 O0 [" P
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* q& _% A% u" c2 e' O
# d3 g; Z) u8 ^Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . I# L3 |+ C8 N( `' m) d( h5 O ' q# j$ Z; K6 d4 R" BThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! Z3 b V1 l9 h
; n. X' C; @9 J0 ]) G1 vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' ~# k* u7 g, ~0 Q+ f5 \" Z
3 v! K# w+ |" S! q! h7 n6 jMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) X' v! q% X' D! y! Q& g
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + s2 _* a7 S, Y) s) s% E8 l9 b( Y. O, [4 W( F" A
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * t+ a( S% D7 l( u% Y8 U- y! q% N1 y6 ~5 M( Z, [# J+ @2 a
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : {' X( t: P2 f$ s1 ~. O) O% }4 [8 U1 Q* _
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * D$ D$ E3 B# u9 M( U; g ]; f5 z# ~9 j
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, J8 _4 \. O% T* v
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . o4 a. Q- j0 f3 J% [ 1 \' w- M# C- B4 x对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; |( c* X1 m$ D0 l. U/ o) e% K4 o+ K q Q& X
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 X: V' E: O' L
, p4 D$ v# G4 a; {& `: s& e2 T有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 c4 T S2 q1 N