本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' o/ I9 c3 |9 m5 n( v# ]& R
% @# I' U+ J h5 n转帖 " X2 V( \, A2 v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " ?# |' O3 e' r6 g+ _. h ( Q d2 {. e0 b2 ]7 I例如: I* ^3 U( _$ r: r ~; w: m5 @6 N. u1 C1 C0 Y8 q- a: _Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" V2 |& @# C E+ g- T/ c' l
$ H; M3 H: F0 ^. hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 C4 q! n- D( A% m. c% K
0 s7 \* n6 \+ o9 }This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . t8 J/ W% h4 c- X: l9 z$ G2 ]* Q( Y% X( g( s
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 o/ T% y. K8 O0 I7 C " J9 N* A/ A7 a7 kI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 {! ]+ O* P7 h3 g ^
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; F" b/ k" D/ G2 j C0 Z( C# R% r: v6 W, M* S9 F
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 L8 m9 w/ b- v7 `7 W2 \# F4 _
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 R5 M5 o5 k3 m$ K ) {7 _8 Q2 ?, o! w4 qWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' C' L( b! [3 i& C
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 R7 ], G. ], @6 B8 w9 K+ x! W- V J : e5 R. O+ V* Q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ r2 `0 g+ S- c0 V7 Q) R& x
, [6 ^, f5 D3 D H9 Z3 z % ^7 y& l1 o! I: I# ]2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 {7 A; {2 T2 c ) _+ h% W- Y& ~) I/ H2 b例如:% G% i; R1 a; f5 x. v1 M
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 y( ~/ T* S- A' A* l( @
. u f9 m& b: L0 Y4 F: s, j& sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * e4 M4 c4 x2 e$ P* \) @1 a2 U & W& T$ C# ~: `/ S" xI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ d, L0 A+ Q! O0 A4 j5 n3 J
4 n: P! k5 E6 ^) xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - C" }6 W o+ C4 b. [ 6 m7 o y' j/ O( n& j0 wIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 g; C/ e! p1 h, u1 ~' X. O
5 {: d& W4 A3 i9 ]She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 \) N" i- Z+ W0 Z9 T
) R& D, y; \+ h! pI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : A4 f- V6 e8 M, t8 Y5 Y! o- G8 P+ I, R% W* l
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 _5 i ~0 T( Q# @: M! ~+ ~8 I7 k, M0 \. ~0 u( ^, P& [
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / S6 [; Y* N# d( m/ x ' ~; F: k0 o! b# B- qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 \) N. a3 I1 E ! s: Z5 r ]$ THe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 D+ |0 ]$ h! G) R5 N/ u E) t
+ L6 `3 u. C$ V& \6 `He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 L$ h. T; ?! o$ ~. t8 l& p & n+ k8 B0 F5 E, {5 B+ sWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 v1 c8 ]5 G4 R& E0 L p. [- ?9 U
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 }* b0 Q6 ]2 ~' r2 z1 Y" V, Q7 [/ B8 r
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) p: a# Q/ | b, v/ [5 h/ c1 ]
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 c' X/ K i! F2 g3 U8 H( _
/ v ]( \ d5 m/ ^) A9 N- b6 d3 H$ o& n: \* T9 F6 A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / N& l( M( l1 @, L7 N- m; H- l8 |8 T6 L* I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# h4 h o' w" h
5 j. I" R, b- j2 hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 }) y4 b) [3 L$ W0 G8 m $ E; R0 |6 P5 {' \3 i; ]This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - T: z, {3 L. F/ f. Y- N4 V . X; [; k& Y( e4 K/ O, pHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! r! Z3 W' I9 U$ I' W1 p5 p; S) F5 `3 t
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) j) `8 h+ Q6 u2 U! f0 I 2 ^- ~1 ^) A4 }) Z. oPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) m$ d5 z$ j h* C$ y# X6 S- [0 ]* M
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) m1 O$ N" z; f. E+ A
3 x$ q/ }& |( f& |- yStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " z# ?& R& M8 N2 F# h- d, ?" ^ $ \: J; A& h" ?3 t/ l同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( [( P2 T( P$ }7 J+ H( ` ?) F8 b- |6 S* ~1 c- U当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ N& Z& Z5 N2 a3 ?# w0 }
1 M- m; {% @0 L- p. ?! n; `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; c- O* b, W5 K4 R$ m9 e: i$ f0 ?/ y* x& Y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 W, v( m; R, U+ {5 V
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " ?6 i2 f% U' D5 p0 E M: R& `( K- E % `" ]1 p+ Z9 ^2 j1 M对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 B* ]# M/ `, }2 L! L4 ~+ A% q L9 ]1 \
+ ?' O! w' ]$ B至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , r! o/ ^7 l+ g& c 3 H0 u- _5 t7 n$ ^( R* S6 c4 x还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% e- `' z0 ]( F5 n9 x$ w' Z8 i* Y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* x0 z. E- J& t T! Z8 \' I; z