本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * I; t0 u* F# A( W1 T/ @: t$ J2 g" `) p8 x4 b0 Q 转帖% V/ p' f* u( \* M; g" A$ h7 U( z
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ g3 F. b9 [' c, A; R
9 Q' T7 @$ v3 G
例如: 8 i8 c1 u+ y. J: o0 q5 A$ M1 l% [5 I F& g( n
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) H) G+ n9 d5 o
% S' X- q* l0 A; E4 gThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" y* Z( L9 \; b0 M0 H/ D$ `! Q+ x' f# J
# g, I& m- z# b* X) K/ }This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! d) b, \& Q) f4 Q0 i" |3 {
( I0 B) ?- F7 o2 HThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & q: ^, y* ~7 m0 K Z. F: x( \9 h) m3 O( X* [
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- b/ I" z" |$ r* Y; k1 m
; o" V; W2 \5 `2 B9 }4 ^( K
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' k, f, ?/ s+ `, z- r
6 ~3 E# g4 c: Z: o& Q! cWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 l- @7 a- K, ^, e6 _- @" w# W4 D
( L' D% O9 s a0 v& m2 [- A) iThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 H3 l% N& U, |+ a5 z
5 O9 I1 h4 n8 r; W! c2 N5 p
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! `+ U' I, i/ v( C
; {! g% `7 |" g" V
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) }) T! y4 M H$ I/ ?0 W6 _ , t: G! ]0 F9 |) u `这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 R6 n3 j- ^( H C" y4 L
3 W/ L4 l' C: |* p5 J$ h
. N/ R$ G7 n: V' C* h 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ?# t( L6 A6 z# C* L' R& n6 i% S2 H/ r
例如:9 r* t/ Y; q% {( h( U# {% w y
: D& z* n& F: d9 N+ J
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 e% R8 C# j! c( t! {0 m- q! |2 j3 M! Q+ R" J! |2 N1 R q1 ?
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 O# [/ Q. c' B2 ~; Q; I( W4 }1 n( f- J! B; d
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 ~$ Q8 r5 n0 M8 h9 x. u. K/ _9 L* o3 b6 v* L& T
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" p& `7 L: g4 ]' h* @5 w
$ A- s8 u3 H% w3 b' q/ n5 AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): \! t2 p" f0 `, |. A
8 @/ d3 {; l5 x0 [She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 N* b0 v. h! g1 k% Z; N" K9 w$ D1 ^4 u& d" _/ p) z
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); C7 `5 z: B& j" Y- G* U6 X
' F5 c) R- X2 m) \3 u" B3 B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 f X! B8 A" i/ K$ v+ f( D0 w( }9 e
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 O* x! N0 ~9 u9 _9 U5 G" H+ b# J
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) }: S* @) n" C9 `$ J
' t; X7 S4 t% t) C# g( {1 D
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ k) k+ l; G9 I& D! F: C, l
' e# m" q( L" U& t i* ?! K. I; u
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 w2 \# O# O7 i* y3 f- }0 K
# K" N v+ P* q0 IWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & U$ u4 e- ~1 ^+ g " ~2 w' e* R5 Q5 G' ]8 h) gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 k+ o5 t; Y7 `( H1 ~; Z$ R. ` _$ `2 n q, Q. Z6 |; I* o$ |
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 w" U4 m2 B) B 3 b5 o0 I- g7 O+ P此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( R# x; Z6 ^/ j4 c/ J+ D7 h
1 S! g1 F$ E' h' q+ N# v& p0 M) ?. z; N- I# z8 E& U& Z7 O' ^. K 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。* J) ]- [1 D1 T. a7 A) [, u4 T" o
0 N- w" O4 O$ p# O+ ^例如:; \0 z& B2 y; c3 N& w+ \
, n% D* I+ V0 S
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 T% x2 ^5 ]% |! [/ B
$ a) V) m0 V% {Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 ?& J3 [; n- A. f* A5 ` # B- N5 Y# K7 {0 k2 z$ g6 E+ l3 QThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( y% K7 C7 U* N2 r
7 b5 w2 R2 H. u7 x2 b$ v+ l9 FHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 F& o6 d3 R" l0 `; j8 F, M A" K3 P3 a" w2 V9 }# Q8 x
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& E7 b# S9 p+ i% v9 q& V
: H/ h& D$ S1 | R$ X
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 p& v; w+ f2 \5 R- ?# B* f3 ]9 F' s% a7 v8 U$ u% R
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : d4 \5 e$ A* z / D+ t1 Y# ^$ ~+ SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- C% A1 B+ `1 P, W$ x' O
- G1 |5 b2 M3 \) Y7 Q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ o [: n& q( a% g {& P O( ^5 ~: Z: T
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " Q, s* h9 P1 H' q" u 4 ^, J& x/ |$ S5 ~" E对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 e' q7 B, F( N b5 d6 f 0 e' ^# ]& m$ _, h1 c& m对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ h$ ?9 l3 @ W$ {* ^8 ?* ^
6 e! a5 g; W; `/ G
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : _( s* E- m4 D% F) |, G$ |) I" u
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' j* [2 l9 X* r) u6 u* f8 a* I8 x* k9 A# |& |
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: I% n# j- ^8 b
9 M1 Z, _' M* O/ [& \
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 E5 d" r- \% q* `9 j, m# k; C
: [/ A" u) i6 w; E, O- w" S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ?4 L8 [* h3 u _% q