本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 ` }6 D3 V$ f 3 m1 w3 D; B/ V$ E# f* `转帖) q$ @) {, u: r4 a! q, ?! O
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " }) r$ z$ G0 a. [! l. n0 s) }/ j) K( c; F" y4 l
例如:- f8 f8 ^ X, S) `: n, O
1 S# {8 ]% ]+ y
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) e0 h* e5 W7 ] O5 [ , q' m8 M& _3 v* ^' [0 AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 ?( F2 U$ B j & X2 G, l/ t6 I- ?This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 U7 J8 B6 u% ?
+ R0 x i; k C" U
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 D* Y3 v4 Y1 b5 Q
9 ?) S7 u: j8 {( Q- y1 k5 J5 TI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( P8 U5 E- ?/ r( W, j' S/ z
% J' y% \% q5 n7 `$ X
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) W; P! H3 W- d7 K0 q) ]1 l5 {
0 c* C, T; R" tWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ Z* q5 P* U L$ A7 `
0 S( r- R# v8 k5 pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 d- G6 ^' l4 W3 d, X 0 o( ]$ i" N- q6 H" }We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . i4 W$ w( X% R/ b& p- `8 \: R8 F3 @2 q" P
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' i+ w+ }5 p; b0 b0 r4 Y y2 J" ?. i) x1 I9 Q) S
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 @1 d( W7 n$ T. H% E3 d1 Y! z; L, `" ^. {" T# p: ?
- q- v& t0 f/ v+ X6 Q+ h% o 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 k4 N4 m, C; S% \ % t# d5 h% k, }4 W' Y) d6 H例如: 0 ^9 B8 ` N3 w" D 5 g; F5 N& a0 y& v1 x: O8 XAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 O0 y/ m; y& S! F8 W9 `
) h0 n- f4 o7 ]' X, `- Y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' y1 y- S$ a6 F) w! T+ Q$ d7 Q- }% A
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 F+ b4 u6 C! K8 O* Q; v6 z8 H% _$ ?# \, |9 s
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# k0 j7 M* w! K" C; M; L9 _
$ S4 J6 o1 [! `# XIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) H- i. w& R+ v
C/ a8 a; d3 T* Y% c/ O: v& Y6 E
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - ^% F* c. [4 _& }! i, [1 x 7 J& K9 @/ @& \/ t$ m" U8 F6 nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! o4 Y& _4 H1 B8 V X( S$ e2 Z0 s7 `
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " p$ q5 L- D/ h: J$ l- Q" q' U8 @6 [# i
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" I# v7 E3 j! N- T6 m I. t
2 g# ]9 e% t( C( E4 XThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), j# r% s# T0 G
- e; w: c1 L. E, o M+ n6 vHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + ~( F) K( J6 W$ c. |4 a1 A1 {' b6 o
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) u) v, ]$ Y) h9 m; d. }0 h " s) P4 N: H" d1 X! d" m7 kWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) J5 @1 V/ k. W# ?( r2 ~; ^, P$ `
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 y. N# p5 @7 o& z/ W2 ~ . }& X, x3 G4 m5 a* W写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 D$ `% p( f" b: l3 u 4 n! P& ^6 |, b: Q' z+ S此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. H" Z& M8 C8 ?
4 E8 w J! e% E) @ J/ O 2 S- J! ^2 H5 q1 z7 O0 Y3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ R2 R/ W5 \) y9 x
7 J' ~' Y* n6 O/ v3 l例如:) c. s, \% `, X/ w0 Y. ?
0 V2 i+ r& s! m$ n9 b- W; mMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 ]6 F" c, t; G( g; M! R, @9 j" H# m- T % k% W7 n7 p0 `# dManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . O5 ?* p7 I1 N3 I" h/ W, z 5 y2 W, F/ p9 [& F7 X$ cThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) }4 p1 K4 X S6 E6 B( s$ v! t. ]' F5 @+ r/ J* f2 `! b" m: Y
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + Q+ R# s, U4 q) t! W" P* Q$ y: B( [( m# K) d4 ~- C
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & Z6 k( R- s0 {* i8 Y* d) W; q P/ g, H9 R9 G% v
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + ?, q: ]! J7 e# r ! J* z V6 y# \1 l( GCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 N: k5 R* T; P: z6 z + A2 p. Q3 q$ B( b$ u+ mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)5 C! G; r! H7 p! N
) m6 l/ K7 `0 u& h: B
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 k$ M# Q' y: ~4 O. J/ V& T " F6 P/ T' O# {当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 r( W( z, c7 A- y$ w3 w' ]- l4 L5 S
/ P/ e) o. O; Q' A2 V* I
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 V+ P; t# u/ w- V! I0 U0 f
1 T1 B( L/ [/ x对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 y! c5 T# J" O4 x" ]. j5 `
9 u+ e3 \: E z7 {; I! n B
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * E- ~3 s4 _+ l4 u' y- R2 f0 y; o . U, e6 Y2 w7 f# k2 z8 N对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 E J( ^; x" q- v
, s/ y: U. W( l& |4 U0 [: ^8 t5 {至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 J8 j3 J. |+ u/ d" N% L
; Q# m* B) M9 w. r4 L& Y. G' ?& O
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ i4 B6 P4 |" b n( P6 t
3 N% N! {3 q0 _6 ~
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 e, x5 N+ s7 j n* H F