本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , b" W1 y/ f: X; c6 u 2 L8 m9 P2 b, Z9 n5 m6 W: T! A* o0 n转帖 6 L* M" ] g: m( H0 V. T1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 O V4 Q* A* `) _5 P# B0 c6 j* ]6 e& E$ i* B- P, A8 m
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+ K& S/ t8 J% u* F0 B4 zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) A# s$ I1 V: E! W h5 |2 J& ?% P; o5 x) j
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): Y) w* y9 g6 T; B6 r4 t! n, Z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 G) {8 n" {* r# O5 } W . r" E3 k d# B, n) xThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 @$ W) K9 k& G: d" m5 h3 S3 n6 }3 d4 R( I7 H; K; H/ p4 I- f
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 s1 f2 ?* ~& Q' u7 ~6 U6 ^: g# K" C* \! Q* A. Y' t& D3 F
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 z* t4 ]! }5 _9 R 8 y9 q: d& u" V6 Z% k; k- RWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 O+ D$ l, Z0 u# [4 M0 { x4 n7 B' ]
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 a# v- e1 v2 E& Y+ |, u: [4 f( a {0 h2 c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 q$ x: d- r. `% C- f& ]% V & p+ Y+ }4 f% f/ ?Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 e% [+ Z0 _* y8 } 1 _1 r+ Z4 ]/ {3 r* p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 v' [% g; A+ W; \& g; Z . d/ }6 Q: w" s1 p& M6 d! Z, [1 R- q+ ]1 ~6 x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 K: S& Q% H& K
8 s2 V/ K' _# R. R8 n; m+ \4 D' C例如: / \( s t# U' s$ y; \$ t. P& s4 e" }$ k# {; b3 y. b# l* P
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ L! u; K. ?( U1 R4 Q& V' G
6 W8 x9 X" a5 O! d( _Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % s2 b8 L, E" ?" \- S, q: B" U# P4 ^. v/ n: i2 }( E
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 M/ g8 e/ ~" h$ n $ y* @- f4 z' f6 e% E2 oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- q& m7 K+ L8 W, _+ B- v ~
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / W2 X2 z, |4 j5 z( z * B, u+ U! E- V" z+ j, m4 C8 R. sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' w; }/ _4 U8 G8 f' T( f
" J4 Z! B E# _* E/ {& w E: p/ x+ \I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) G3 f' d) o4 D- N9 c! ?9 c( {0 r8 I/ }5 U# b
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + g/ ~1 Y H9 N- f7 c 6 S# j. Z; E! X/ D/ j+ FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 w6 p3 H. R% r, p# ~$ b% y0 a; R! S% w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ p. l- P8 }0 a, e, O W! U
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! ?* g% l1 U6 N7 u. T' t" T0 o0 g8 e6 v7 C
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' N# C1 Z ?" n! M3 b6 L& I; Z9 A
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 H8 j9 ?: b5 F- \+ t1 z0 a
# M* k+ r0 Y# ~: A% X3 ^. GEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & M! R$ ?7 X$ o$ p6 u& Z; V& Z% g% `- P7 x, P% v+ P1 k
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 Y, {! o3 |6 o- t/ K. f' W$ ?8 V* J& q7 M) `/ ?- Z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 Y. ]( |! \5 Y% y; ~# `( |
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% d8 i, ]: Z- [) F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 N4 j# Q. u! ?; {! y
4 s1 g1 X8 N6 N K6 ]0 {: W例如:8 I/ w- q: V; h e! k. c3 U& [4 i
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 u; s! E2 F2 p2 N
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 j- A5 |+ `9 S! x/ x5 n 1 g0 X5 ]; Z6 \) a$ vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * f5 P/ W$ p$ x1 F0 m/ S' k * x4 n. d( r8 }8 p( WHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 f! ~. p" q& q' i$ o" W4 E6 Q
# C$ `2 N- m9 b" iMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ b; X# I+ @- Y
4 R+ V1 U" ? q% ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' s- [6 g5 R9 w, q
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) t! R& f) P2 I+ q5 a1 j, |( c' F- G+ c- J8 k: E
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* Q6 n% y& x+ ?- X) z2 y
2 E" h: W4 ^- S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: D! L$ |; I5 B4 K0 g
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 p7 B: `( e+ U. F: l- O, W: x
+ V1 }7 ~+ S5 n6 s5 s对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . T# {# V' H( C4 i3 A8 H8 j) y2 z: B" ^ Y- u
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - D( d4 w# U# y* ^0 B # o1 W; c r4 R g: B2 ^* S- O对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' D9 k# R+ y) H/ M8 L4 f( M0 O5 h
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / ~' R& d& q% g3 O ( V$ b3 T9 h# u7 L# f至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 D& J: W0 Q; l5 S c2 w& c
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - e: t( I& R4 S K7 _8 a/ b! b 6 y4 n" e( [- C& R* a: h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ W: T+ i' ~; i( P' ~& V6 F9 E9 s# P