本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 \: b. S D! y4 P( P 0 T- h! u) ~5 C2 _; W转帖+ a7 d9 A5 b- x0 i* e: m0 A
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)' X$ d: X& g/ S
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 m2 l- P# n1 c, [. [, y: S8 Q0 P7 N9 Q3 ]/ ~$ c- w3 y. V7 |# K
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 _9 C+ A: z# @
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " E f: H+ d7 g4 `- ~1 X( O3 w2 p, r8 }. Y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ O0 P, H' i* I- S) g4 d6 l9 f9 @6 k) W/ T. |
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# b3 m& L2 L& Q" W, F' B* U
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) k& ], [2 V8 W5 e) o $ F, h/ z& z- x4 h8 [; wWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), y- [' N" ]( s% k
" n5 z; U7 \' J- ?0 u5 \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): c0 f$ N/ [ m: V6 `
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ _$ E( m/ N* Y2 `& e$ A! T 6 ?2 s- p' b, F( F/ D0 @Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! ~& t5 h" J& I. F$ n/ u% B! C# `' G* g) H1 t
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 ]3 |' N1 W6 f* F, Q+ q e
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3 b/ j( e1 j+ u2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % Z/ ~! O+ ]$ P6 H1 ~% {+ Q( Q* L: r; H# P3 H5 o. ]
例如: 0 _9 o" x! H8 c! L0 w9 V ' ~5 w0 z3 I G+ N% a) LAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + v/ J: J+ g$ Y# l' G' s( d/ N- U6 j$ q* ]1 {6 n
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 E( W4 l9 @! d, I- @ ]& K! u- h; g$ n [9 R8 W1 o
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 I) U* T4 B& D0 {
: ?0 F2 r8 ~2 i& g0 pHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ J; N& @7 x" i' _$ u. f
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 ^ l- h r7 ~) c3 z$ q D
; U2 D/ [( Q5 MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 s. c3 X: D( W( a/ ~* F
9 m; d7 `6 F$ z% `/ KI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' l" o, v; J0 [4 ]
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 E6 P( a0 E% {; e' W/ i4 e& O: {: x M: Z
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 M; i1 i4 j \" W
+ ]% c* q3 W. T2 j/ nThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ @: }8 I V8 e/ I, h/ o z% U4 F$ ^0 B, h& w- j4 Q
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 p/ D* V. ~& n. o2 d9 r9 M& K! t' j, P/ o
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% G& B) \' h( R
3 c+ B( r! u* d' o! b5 rWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % @# U, r# d6 A0 I) `, j0 m: N 8 T, P& Y- R) P j# _8 @Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 @' d. s6 l: `6 o$ _6 Q. Z* Q' D2 v8 P5 u7 T
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ b- C- \) V' q, ]: | ( o. f* e6 }0 a/ b5 T2 G9 x9 d+ M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 D3 n( d% p- l + [* U; j( R, D m7 D) {' ?9 Z0 p" u8 J3 _ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & a" L v' l* h% b0 x1 p0 j1 o) ]* Y2 ~# C/ o$ m" ]8 p: \
例如:3 d+ t# @5 \) P# Z$ _ G ?
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; k9 E# K8 ^/ D4 @6 I1 x: Q& |' a$ E" l+ x1 Y
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& b0 D1 M) `' e0 |- r& N
* i1 s8 C- J, W- b* jThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 ?, B- v; G) c0 q. j% d
' G7 @$ ^* r( v, w& ZHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 G# U6 H! q9 ]/ R
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - A& V# n3 }: w* ]% j) m8 w. S! h! g5 F
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 R, u& F% i+ d$ |+ c/ M# F- _9 i7 \0 E1 e5 h! A. z0 p
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / @# h" {- F0 U9 @" x% V 8 m% c/ \2 I- D/ x- m! E3 sStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- |! [& L+ q# p8 p* O$ ^& Z' b! `( _
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* D3 d$ g3 d, ^% I6 s
8 }" ^9 j# l2 { L/ }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & b8 W( _+ s4 Y# R; Y) U. o& ]/ ]* o 6 r+ s" I X8 _; ~- M2 S对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( H* R' s* w1 N& u. |. e& ]1 k5 i. d( i' X! Y+ V, J
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 a2 x ?5 r0 u2 Q 2 O6 R2 j* y* ?* `对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* L' [' Y7 \5 [6 b
6 H. ~- O0 I! F对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & @" h9 d# t/ f2 {+ i 8 g9 u1 X9 p& l至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 b) i: k6 s- o! v( i5 b5 G; d
' N. s8 ^, [! R6 W还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- H2 Z& @- M& g& w# J) o% N1 \
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% K' v2 k! W1 r- U4 k