本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - G9 T0 v7 G4 o% E/ m
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% Q& ]' }8 E& i
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ p$ ` R' a& C4 G* [
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( l* \2 b/ s8 _
& j9 G" @& d3 k) O+ s2 _- ~! A; @This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) m3 \% U$ _1 d0 I
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ t& d4 z( s4 l6 u) d& n4 R
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 f. s- }, j" o
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 m* \9 x- x& |. x) s
- [( l1 w' n$ nWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ n3 R4 Z2 `0 b2 x$ N6 Y9 y& x3 m
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* ^0 N2 |2 k" x
2 R: P9 d/ X- A8 @We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 {0 r! W: e( i( o* a* p5 O/ k
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). {5 T" y8 ]5 ]! T
; P. S/ S& p' E- v这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 E2 h* ]( v K# }+ h8 a
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+ _" j. P7 ]" W" S6 T0 M' D3 ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 P* W: ?% B7 x1 k }: x * P/ D# v7 b j! g6 k# u4 A: ]: w( s例如:! S4 Y0 v2 Q$ M) R& T |
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 l0 X4 w: J% k' L: c9 L
$ L/ R% A" p, ~$ @+ G I& v6 @: xDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 \' F: j- H5 B; \; H
$ u- X# `' O" u/ DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 I( c+ G1 [9 w8 A- X; z7 Y4 U; F+ K: Y, x9 Z5 m: E9 t0 e7 E7 E: ?
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 C: ]( z+ f6 f% h ; d9 Q! p' R& l' \4 r" aIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! U6 @* @8 _, Z5 n+ v1 {, w
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 h* ?3 R9 a7 @( e3 s7 G8 w
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 d2 A6 B8 L* d7 w" U, N6 D6 w
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: e) @$ U p# q- s% J" w + O5 R8 A( l! T1 UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% o4 ?% I" ~# q
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 z/ D6 l4 ]& [( W( k
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' G% L( f4 A ?& m% a
+ b" \" _4 ^* ~5 u& MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 _, I$ n8 n+ \- Q8 L3 E3 ?' U
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 m+ I/ t& ?7 \$ Z" \7 J * p: ~/ N# G7 c7 J QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; j4 [0 t6 \0 z1 B2 X0 A. y- [: \+ R8 D; I% i, v, {
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : i+ L/ h5 [( ]& X1 { $ q/ Q: x- u5 V3 Q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; d( O6 j7 r0 C. t9 k# u( B# S+ e
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! B$ s# w& |- z# J* k G 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 ?4 a `( d. g' B4 i/ u \# T/ x( ^$ g4 Q
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , ^0 X" ]0 j/ F$ i+ p/ q6 }. E9 |% I E3 e" e8 s
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " k+ }- @' J( k( S! E 5 w$ e) X. m+ f7 Q- m3 |4 mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 G# y3 e2 s! h3 } I/ Z/ d' X; C3 j/ a/ S& f f2 F
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - w# E' T6 |, G5 T) C; s/ j# }+ B+ r) k5 k0 _2 Q; n G: S: ^" f* d
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 D1 ] R3 B4 P6 ~0 O
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别). K4 Z) J: H X) g) P+ G! ?. H
% W! C4 n, d; w6 E$ H, yCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 y: b" O1 J* {# @5 W u * v: O4 \% P T' MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 ]0 S3 k9 T8 a8 C# T% M7 Z& W. j4 s2 _( o- d4 c; d
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( O) Q# [5 `* i8 R4 X
0 u P. Q) b( c7 W, F当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 K4 A/ m8 ~" Y8 v7 K1 b7 | 6 Y6 d8 d; s% F8 K对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 U( l5 \* P% m0 M6 R/ o$ x
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * E1 ?6 f' k! k$ c7 E- \/ j- r% x1 E2 e; `4 j* f# _; x
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" [7 U9 s6 ]8 u) Y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 _, }- T* `0 q$ Z4 X8 @! P2 h , P) V7 K+ T/ Z9 |至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 _3 f6 P5 M$ r ~1 S+ Y) A$ |
" i. c7 {/ L! e4 W0 p# D$ M还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ) h& {9 a& q5 e* Z& I& x! T- C0 z& {! ?) m( \& D& i
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 m; V, ]9 S; v. @- K$ L