本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! R' X1 i+ i2 \% ]! m+ |. M % p6 l9 w. T$ i4 g: ]% U转帖' ^6 ]) \+ V1 w U4 x8 D5 [3 J
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) I" Y8 G/ m1 c2 o
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 @, R: Q: d9 k: F" M( u # x. Q! e7 d* rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + f0 x! M" ?1 C+ n4 z! c7 Z0 ]. |0 U/ D+ q1 X* ^& T4 x
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - G1 m3 N \! z7 i f& I) X" j4 x ) x+ Y4 v/ O e) A+ S# e( BThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 i5 l% j. y1 T1 J0 n1 n $ S" y% C: z$ [- ^% {I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 \" U% Z* p; {# S& N 9 h8 H n* d/ ]/ ^$ gMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # D! z) x0 ] r ) u' K. V3 ]! \6 |( QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 o F5 `4 e# D, b+ M
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) z" l2 C1 b1 ^ : r! V* Y& [9 q( g) A3 r: g6 ~8 lWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 v7 K f6 F( X
4 i6 M7 E3 V) D% ]4 \2 hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ g. {! i. x* G$ q) v
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " R& Z a4 g" A& S/ ~/ p( N. \9 _- C c: T& B3 U* g
7 O; K$ V- ^: U0 K, T. f" F: y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- l# z+ n' ]; W4 F& G' x
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) B! @8 P: v! y/ p2 g+ ]( W# ` * d) {% F# p3 o- {7 yDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 k) i. N2 x9 H- W& t& b
% m/ Q+ |7 X* E) a5 D, D+ t/ aI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) L8 n; R4 d i/ B7 l7 V$ e
) ~9 U7 w8 ? mHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 W7 Z9 E- e8 G$ [, y# l f* K# ?! t9 X5 C
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # j, l2 f2 n: G7 i4 ^- L5 q, B 6 }; M, w6 ^! uShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); @; o" P |0 {% C7 c' w( L R
0 ?4 F) s& A" Z% U, b% j0 ^% LI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 E6 }3 }+ j: n- d; o" K" R. I
% n. b2 `0 Q# A* m/ r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + f) X8 j4 @# a4 X5 Y4 O3 D: z1 e, Q6 P u4 t- @) ~% p6 j4 T
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); t0 Q; \$ s8 p! E; K
! ~& a, W; ^5 P' v# WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 B5 J9 c+ Q" Z
! j/ S$ O% [- o$ C/ YHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) }/ i) {6 T2 g/ c! X2 E8 k* B3 r0 V
! H5 |1 n4 x4 d, r8 e1 ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- e" F0 u& p2 N+ Q4 J1 F
$ J4 `* H( |: W! Y$ q$ hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ |; s2 R; h0 Y5 y
2 R |7 e/ b9 Q, h5 ~5 o* y( e9 |( REnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 i" d6 |* K) m9 U2 e$ o. e
' J! h( s2 I1 P, L/ ^' ]# e; V% z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! S) }8 Z1 R5 F: s8 `0 Z( o) | F2 L
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# Q( t% i/ {5 i9 f
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' s. u9 j G8 Q1 L9 O3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # k$ o' x/ x) F/ I# D 9 {6 i& k" ]+ V3 Z. b2 S6 [例如: , |( W4 ]4 A7 F' o4 w6 l 3 k- Q- N1 x: k2 L! w( LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 Z5 V: C5 w5 }; J- ?4 u8 v 2 ~ C3 l1 G, {% }) N1 SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " u* Z: {; C: \7 O4 K0 U" G/ f" G: @2 |- d; f" \" n2 r8 [
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; C2 N2 a" y& m' M) R. [5 I 6 y( H% M. {% A JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * m$ S, Z9 H- F$ s {5 _, i* h( }7 i" cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) C" [9 g* `: G) j1 P0 D 0 X V& a5 H$ ~) c. ]: WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) F/ y9 x+ ~7 T
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 g6 r) U, O# {6 z4 q1 M; X
( r+ M4 `& I& g4 z- x' tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 X5 _: f( N, G/ E
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 `( z# @ O* g' T5 F! \( y( |; q) [- C
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 V7 }) F+ v I- R$ P% P: J: I1 e
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( `5 U. I+ C# @$ r/ H. y$ V/ v5 V8 g9 l x' l i$ X: {, t
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 Z6 S+ N. @. U5 o
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 e6 r" B$ `+ | % E' b/ ^8 M4 x3 u- A. T( m对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 e9 `4 @7 c v; [. ^# [/ q' Y/ ]) ]# |' k
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' ?! E6 p) l" u' F0 u$ y2 ? # ]7 W# c4 }! ^) J! o还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " Y+ T) @5 ]3 a4 n 5 ^4 G+ _4 A% I( ? R有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; s9 _4 z c- W8 H! k) x