本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 Q: i0 k/ @! \; ^% _1 [6 t1 c; y: H8 B1 q7 s y6 v 转帖' v0 B& q4 n6 F1 L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( ]& F" T( F2 ?; t6 H 9 D+ W- R0 @8 v1 J. Q; N例如: 1 ~6 O9 N) x& M8 ~& k% e$ k, S6 \8 K2 Y- i6 u8 K
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% c2 w' [: [2 ^' D9 T
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) v+ j+ L9 w1 o5 t3 U4 `- w
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). D" b* H9 g6 b& l+ n
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 h: |0 H4 @ g) b4 o1 g; h. f4 F& V2 p2 S* B1 D H) i
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ Z- O# M3 o, v2 \
/ u8 \7 c/ a- e1 b7 zMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - Q6 `0 ]# b+ E5 x: b9 |7 I $ B U7 ]3 a' w: U ~" uWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( K B5 ?: |9 n $ r! y) u$ a" KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # y/ q! q; Z1 a! y3 s, I 9 P+ ^2 A+ |& A7 c( Q/ MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 ?; o0 u# A6 J: ~% k
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- h: J5 H" _( R( B9 b
0 K g! D+ x. u, L f这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( C& \" s" O: u4 m7 B3 \
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" h# @2 C' c- v8 \, v& j 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% ^$ ?2 y! s1 n
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例如:# e# [3 u1 S9 F
$ V8 C0 u5 V! g! M5 ?At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) L4 o5 c+ K) x1 G# f1 V1 }- t7 n
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ p9 a7 D5 ~9 }( ^+ ~+ X9 j1 L/ x' y8 a' a) l) _( v; D0 X# Y
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). `5 @3 J( _7 ] r
! Y) s9 Y8 n/ |5 d b5 M gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! q# i" Y/ |% H) y/ I" j * O3 J- J% ?1 v5 O. L9 b4 a% |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& }5 o; a! g9 y
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , @# d6 U" d* X+ _0 D. w; @( i" [1 e$ y" O
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 S' x7 x# o4 o/ k
2 p4 `# c( X1 t5 z1 c如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 `, l3 J! N0 }4 F9 R& q. i$ p/ F, \9 S/ [% F* D" y. B! \* d
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , f# E4 E; }& L8 q) Y4 s1 y : q/ V9 i" D. z5 Y1 [4 {8 D" tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 ~" c$ K u/ h4 H3 R' [ ' X& h4 I' l1 i' S5 A! LHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- O- T! G! [ W! S' W" B9 c
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / ?( u) ^& I1 D# J4 s+ e. j4 B% ] & D0 }+ w8 p; mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( ]" u5 g" n5 ^# f" L& F: ?4 X
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 C0 M b: Z' C1 P: L- i& h" j3 S+ y7 v$ R9 v5 G5 n& x& t! U' |
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- {) x9 v/ ~ b' H% p( y; C
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! H: @3 F* Z" K1 U& s9 J
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% {+ _0 N5 i8 r4 d! e$ j0 G, J3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 @0 X- r: ?4 _+ O- j9 t: \
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1 E6 f$ J( x9 G0 l6 \Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / J% {& ?6 v7 i5 o# I, N3 `6 Q( H9 i. L* i( P' n( Z
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 a0 X. l. X# d! d9 `/ ? 3 r# c9 ~! z8 g! c% fThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 B) O9 F" q) `- h# O
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ f. n, ]3 e7 `/ ^( E9 A
! [. n4 z5 I6 V: ~Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 s. ]. s4 I4 j# {: a
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 y9 R2 n/ P# o& Z
; K) k2 Q& w. Y1 `! G3 ]Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # L( O& m& E7 e% i# x8 Z% y! L5 f1 U% n7 g
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 c$ M, b" @+ m1 s/ H) I% S 3 n3 D, w/ I- {$ Q0 ^2 |同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 ^# U( }1 V4 c1 j6 p. P
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + r* c/ y" t8 V7 K' N' ` 7 X# s2 L# q7 q. a' f对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & W# a' h" Y3 m! c+ `# C . ]' s0 T* d* H: n: P; T q0 {对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 W; \! v1 L. i" L: E) _% U: |
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" c7 ]) R7 u6 r% I) b8 M! s
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; ^/ B7 E& X/ N8 @5 Y' l0 w' }5 H
2 u* N* O- L+ E9 b2 g i6 v有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 i3 l8 c! e! e, K' K# y* @