本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : x) C8 {" T V0 s
+ m; r8 s1 S' s; ]转帖 % _2 ?2 p( x, s' n" {7 p1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 c3 h; O2 r/ L+ ^
: G) \2 t8 B4 `0 w5 R' z0 P例如: 3 u3 y8 s; C# C% f* h* `/ ]* E7 D ( [$ p1 H% M) T6 E5 d2 t' FMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - x4 X# n2 I2 C1 d& z, p+ X; T! D ~5 t4 ^6 u
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( b# x# \+ c, t2 T' i- b% G* a$ X g, R
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! u4 V+ z* u' s- v" G3 O6 ?2 ^
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ x7 D$ A% j: E3 P- X3 D, s
- A1 t4 `& b1 UI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 X! O$ A1 ]9 V i5 ]& F* \: h# ^4 e! C p" Q7 X- @
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) W2 N# M' l/ S7 |. R5 q m) K8 O+ \2 j8 O" \$ e0 y( vWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 H- {! y4 V' e: j# N2 ~1 B
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 e `1 e ^: O8 i
9 U- G; u3 `" s, MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); _7 W9 C; Q+ i
+ h3 ]1 ?. l2 l$ \8 g# HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# O& O' c7 A" D: V3 b1 d5 ~
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + W) s1 N3 o/ C9 G' {# v - r6 M0 b8 L( x4 \: a% C a( i1 K- |; c8 l 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 f- M7 U. Z( K$ o: a/ ` B8 ~' l, H+ R8 N& k9 l% r
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/ H" n9 q0 e% S9 t8 O7 ^; _At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , E2 s0 V' `1 O/ Z9 I 6 U' c) S1 E: r* ?. Y, HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* X' V9 h/ v# e" Z4 B @
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : D8 u7 T8 E$ u; e ! z6 s2 V5 j3 B3 N9 j8 d! I6 Z& MHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 \2 g* k+ i* D7 K% ?/ W7 u! |: U" M% L# `! C" L% `- B
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ \) [7 |4 Q: Y" E8 u
+ X f) T. B/ ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). |' p/ B% y% w
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 i, ~) t/ p: B % q6 a* O$ T7 @* z8 R) S如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ I8 r9 N- E4 d; Z% X B! h8 a
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- W5 K) u6 l# w4 K
* q$ r$ }4 S0 ~2 ZThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / X3 r3 f7 t8 ]3 I5 b E! g' ^ L' H8 n" V) K5 J" h
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 a/ ]" x% c2 T n; O4 m% p/ _! @
3 Z' Y6 N" e! x$ w" r4 oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' c: K# F* D8 C9 E
3 h! s1 ]3 H3 x" Q- E) zWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 g; A$ K4 Y' }- V * F& a" p" t2 ]8 oEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) _9 }% L2 }) x
% U/ r; d' d% J, E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), H3 C X% N; [5 k, C; Q
6 M* x0 s2 ~/ n+ S此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 h4 ~. ]4 L' Y
# q3 v( A0 b3 q$ L2 D6 ~% a1 X1 h4 n& u+ X. v 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - g" t! I$ j: t: M, K# D4 j2 Z! [* r1 |( H# a h
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 A% i8 m. O( R6 H
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- W) ]% z* I4 I" `' d6 _
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% C$ I+ F$ A) Q: v& V1 u
$ ^5 M$ r; z# n: h: KHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( P5 K" N% ]7 r( N4 l( I& J- Y# `5 s3 j n; ] [
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # v0 B* J" ~, I/ W$ R) ~7 X" G) L
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ {; B5 K% {- ~+ n6 z
; V9 J' L" c) ~" c# f+ W! gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' P8 V; ~2 w- N. ]8 x2 y6 m e4 P1 o4 h' [# {3 j& r3 [
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 n5 N& E6 b* \6 r: n- u M Y% a$ d& \9 O, y) ]7 L3 X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& d. n. Q1 N- a1 L) a
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 i3 ?' |! U- {( a K3 K 1 [, n# B Y6 b' o s对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 @7 g( ?$ n1 M! D/ w" H 1 t2 U( D4 ^/ t1 u对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 5 E, `5 \" C7 t4 S' i 7 X0 j( u7 ]5 p+ z, z* ^8 ~对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! d. W5 v+ h- b" }$ v5 f7 W
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& ^8 K$ x7 M- J: m8 B( }2 Z' b
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 A* o' l" d" |6 J9 z2 d; e
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( M( C. k4 c9 W* q / j* N+ }) e9 h+ W$ Q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 F) n' q3 p3 N" d4 K