本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 U/ N9 b" t! w
4 `1 b3 ]2 }2 l" U转帖 ]' P* c7 u Q- k& s3 \' D( V1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) y9 O* _, ~4 n: p N' P, m* [1 W3 p9 v3 _! d3 g4 b& i- Z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ Y; e$ R& X! z' {) C- e
5 Z3 s* C1 v1 t" o' rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 j* Q+ v( t% V K; V& P
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 a* z6 B" k6 X# J8 @7 `2 }! @1 Y( S9 ?
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; M& a1 J8 U* ?7 I) K0 H % K f" \- ~6 {6 t O1 gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & m* {& T% a3 y! t% `4 a: [" s7 W8 J y# U8 H0 B
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : K" E( f' f, v- } ) P# S/ P& @+ A& \) {We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ z! p" m4 r! J4 m( E; b, ]7 l, c0 ~8 z* J j2 M; U
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( C8 X1 @% B& x' B& d0 u
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' ~* }: A+ l: v( `! h' o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 m* J4 L* x- V
1 S& h( V+ F5 E. E0 I* d' v6 y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / J7 c5 S$ m) ~' q! f9 _6 ]5 v % o0 _0 [) X: j! ], e9 o7 |. Y' A2 o- P7 b" L 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , z; P- R& d s1 K& e% w3 x7 x6 R5 q8 x" b
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 D& K: F% l) G$ I+ M; X5 E + t* K) ?' }3 r# w/ R" U! WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 G; c7 Z" D5 ~5 y2 Y/ i' a7 {, A' S
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 _" K5 r* f: ~5 U7 ~# I+ c1 Q1 J
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : \ G, v0 k/ J- T3 T $ N9 `- z0 W/ l- P6 e9 H+ Y rIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% f2 M( j# d* E" C& Q
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 P/ I& y' E) L7 r1 t. i7 n! \! {# F
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * ?% e1 C0 I1 k5 x 7 `3 g" K" t) W- {" |% x如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( m2 v* u/ r1 P* ?, U9 D3 c& h
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). s {; i/ [: Q5 W4 r8 j7 j
# r6 ]5 X+ V B7 }The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) {% M4 J& l- N& [% m
/ R8 |' c8 R$ d aHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) C. q% `: k3 \4 a7 r4 E/ V$ Y- ~9 x. B9 V a
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) H& G J& c' s$ L& _ " {- {5 q1 L6 p6 f' L, ]1 GWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), n I, l5 `" x
9 X3 M8 A5 b/ B- R2 m# U6 BEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # @+ E+ \: C& S. A6 K% r. B# O
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) h( W3 b3 G# }4 w
/ R) _( d' V$ K( M( `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. Y0 F* x/ |9 f Z8 r, z- V
5 x, ~1 ?; S2 c" s9 Y$ Y* B7 S6 q 5 U% R: B. i, T3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& [9 l. o7 r# X v' j8 q
' u; }2 G$ s* \, n例如: 7 i( A4 G- X% \/ e0 @# D , U- A) |! u+ O4 _2 A0 }5 i2 c! o& RMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 T F4 ~$ R3 A( [ C+ U$ @- S/ P* U) N) gManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ K7 S: m5 X/ @
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 P0 i) E ]3 g. S' j! a% [/ V' k& z/ z3 B2 H( P) A9 q5 n6 C& g
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * q! t6 K$ d5 \" }, A( @ B" o& n# Y8 J; [
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . f0 H. }+ ]/ P0 G" g0 {8 ^/ O7 e6 @% C 7 P( d+ n- d6 n4 I% hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( c1 A% e- D* _* D: a3 d6 l& S
9 N% T7 Q: Y8 XCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , a$ x/ x7 s$ k8 \, ^; A+ b1 v) ]/ o9 z% `; y
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; w6 }; K# ^5 h' } 3 x4 N& k7 ^& h6 G7 o6 J& ~' s同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " x7 E+ z4 k/ i Y, p! ` U4 g$ ? 9 r8 J- O8 u o# ?3 N# |当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( G2 T, o& r; [+ e m/ Q, S) p
6 _; G( p/ t- P/ P7 k6 v7 t' b- |6 X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / X/ {# T3 F: N- o$ S# d) b% _- ?, W0 p, x+ n X9 r# X7 G" u+ N
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 V5 S- H2 \4 N! a) W' M* ^! k* O* ^' R4 y, K! h$ ?) Y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ S& w. y1 b$ O& Q! _/ L
; c# t5 o- e- {2 v A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: A! [& o }& T0 ]
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 L0 N+ N; [) A% Q0 A, _
- l+ [" D j& J& C/ ]1 `; C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * ~ ] I/ Z/ @" t