本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 R/ ]: ~2 v# B$ z( }2 z5 ~2 D* c4 p0 n 转帖$ _) j! j: _4 n' Q
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # [1 r* h) {: n! @4 \/ D, ? 9 C# Y: p. D. o例如:" g! G) T* E5 g5 Z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; x! l( Y3 w; u0 T$ N 2 {/ u1 w+ J& S% A V0 L: _Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : R! h3 Z' R e4 N, n% I- {0 ^) h6 h# m3 N, W' C$ b" z1 u0 s
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / `, ?$ }% L% O7 _" Q( D* Y+ S; _- h: S! X% W! S
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # y9 {( o9 W6 ~7 y( C& U W 0 C3 F( y# S6 xI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 O4 A! R( k. P/ f0 W
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). a2 k& T9 v; ?( @2 C5 U3 R
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 }: A: a7 r# z. D+ ]7 V. K2 L + p$ v o9 K/ ]The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : [, ^. N6 F. s% x. a& F& {2 L. l) y% ^
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ v% @0 X; B* P! P
; I) l: B4 V, d/ `2 r6 n' yPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 H. n3 m) \9 a0 _
" C* b6 T7 N U7 l5 `. \5 N1 K. r8 ]这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% ^ y: l9 ~4 T3 k( S* K5 u+ ]
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; t+ G, ]$ Q/ h5 o( u% v% s2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; z' n) d5 P0 N5 {3 N% X; Z A# s$ g& ^9 b6 M( o8 h, m; i1 n. q
例如: . D! C- I) w- F" w- @4 {4 w8 V/ c9 e& e
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) D. M4 N$ l! F2 X- E! t. w! Z @
: V2 V( f: h: T" \* d& T3 bDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' j0 @5 }) Z, Z' U, P, i% D. T( u0 Q8 _+ A {4 q" b8 ~" w4 Y& @) [
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 C6 X6 z9 v) [ [, j ' Y- r- ]: P' K9 j- o3 ~6 i6 Q8 ~% SHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 n h! ?6 v8 W* e3 c2 q" { R1 V) J! ~2 S* @& F
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 T" [; d* u3 h, ] ! a, x) e: k6 }* p$ h( ?! W+ |4 k OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ c5 B9 [. B, O1 d: Y' A9 g
; q7 i: E. X) z9 JI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 s4 l+ L1 E/ P4 M7 R# |
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 ~4 {4 \( G! C; p' ]# M# {) D& M# \
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 S A# d; |; T/ M0 ^1 t- K . [: f q; F# L$ S$ UThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' h0 C3 `0 x& `* F! P5 O
. J. A" x5 k% O" }6 v' J( D( SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / n: \/ m& y) I7 N9 ~1 T* y: m9 @, J# F( f) Y2 X5 e6 P
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % c0 m- ]& l2 {% d3 n8 B- g: B- I6 O1 H; m0 I M
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), S W) B4 K9 h) f
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 O, o0 i$ S3 y5 f) |; u" \) }( W! t7 {
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 E2 W& ^1 k, j& o) }: S 6 Q# g4 E) I3 b此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 U& s' P: [# I/ ?2 s* k0 _ I( x- |8 @" f0 O. z
+ S; u8 X8 d) i 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- D, V l) S I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 Y& j* Q2 Q2 z. g! U) q5 u: R
' s& u C+ O$ `( z1 j4 RManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% V4 A% w# f6 |
1 P* d1 G# ?- _2 Z. j( \% Q. OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 \* A" `0 l7 h 1 P+ @' m6 k: q MHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 8 D" z2 _ M& ^8 X, g: F8 I* X$ S. h( v( [8 \
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% n6 c. K7 y, c) Z+ K. b
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" I) n% Q1 B+ x$ c
' ^' Z k3 N8 e8 q1 I$ |4 bCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; y- g! W) x4 W4 V8 |% d; G0 F5 v0 ?5 w7 c f& f( V
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 L$ d% o/ T' v4 |. L5 z$ r
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 a6 D& C# B4 t" u/ C4 F
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 }2 p% s5 ?5 x ^) F0 b# r
8 v h) s$ p" o, W对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) M4 [4 S G) t, O
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( Q& _* @& ^# Z# d4 M0 ]( _) q0 G H# l1 T, z" T
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 s) i. B: Q9 I7 ~0 I 4 j- Q4 J ~2 N! N5 l. V/ l对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 t; F/ R) b" w% ^4 Q6 t) j Q9 @- N/ S
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / q( l: D i2 B @( f9 X/ H+ e' G6 d5 \4 Q& p" L
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 V2 g; Z( l) H
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 n- c# t7 ~# ?$ i, j8 e( F1 c