本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & d j( |' t0 ~8 {1 J8 L
% M7 k1 p, h" l9 k转帖 1 o) p3 q& Q8 i2 {& d7 D' K |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 d1 B+ [ m! u4 m6 C* U: S4 U+ m: e- i0 o. e& @
例如: 1 V$ u- F0 g" X6 ~) j4 Z: i1 d- \. d $ e& { x) M# d9 B/ a' Y7 aMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & Z& p, @' D p; l1 ?' Q! l # R0 r; T/ W7 ?8 c5 ?' |4 |5 JThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % D# |/ m9 T7 u; d4 I9 `7 P& {7 F: c; d8 a
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# c9 z: z& i1 {; [! |
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; `2 J. t/ j' N" u) b7 N# E& c9 V4 v 9 |2 @) |. C) X1 x7 _4 p- HI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 X1 g2 n6 U5 s8 ]% r- s* r3 l# c+ @$ t
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" w7 B8 k0 `* y( ?
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ t6 j+ W* t! ?5 e, O, l& f, `% D2 l& a ' \# Y( n' L" ~6 {6 Z$ aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 L1 D0 c# b0 J) \' B* h" A/ v
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' W3 \" ]# J1 N# g) h * I! ~$ n) `" C; b# F4 bPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % ?0 [: I. r/ u7 ]" s7 V& X1 C7 m* p a7 G! c
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . W. Y5 M: i7 p, E" B / ]- ?# u S" p/ i. k: S& ~ : i, ^/ j6 { ?8 S+ o2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; @1 Y4 |9 C* y# J& r
- q9 c* E8 b8 o9 ?. v9 K2 vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & `( R3 U4 w9 Z+ r; T* j4 G6 w8 i, k4 X+ F( Q5 r6 X
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 ^$ g" C2 B8 Z4 U/ a; M
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) B% Y. ]. C& v$ V0 i 4 C3 q5 M1 I! E& s7 lHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# Q' P$ V' K) ^0 y! B( \# W
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 s4 g2 d6 n; Q" j1 s# W3 X 4 \) B' k" }8 `/ `3 q" Z- mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / K9 @5 w2 `4 D $ E" v8 l \" Q( @* W5 QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) @6 W: v+ r, F; z/ [
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& m! N2 c" ^+ I o' B+ q
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - k" G) m4 ~9 w# A; M1 p/ }, C2 ^ x 0 q- A- t% w: W3 w7 zThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). P" a) ?) [3 |" \7 a' G
: D9 {0 N1 v- ?* ` _$ d, I& H6 }He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' T5 P P$ A; A0 h3 J 2 W* w7 b! v8 v8 x- fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( x" D; P" N2 O. D1 @8 x' ?; i+ h ; z" G) X3 M7 r0 P" l: oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 N2 A/ v* }& x9 j9 G& g
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) l3 B/ q" a b! X9 O) y: ]# [1 s" h3 u7 z& J4 B( e" q; r
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - p$ n/ f. [" K$ R / Y" Q9 A8 \7 j- X& u& ~( @此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 Y0 R; W+ n' G2 F9 M/ H7 ~7 i! d7 g+ x. u$ u2 |! Z$ c
; r6 x7 O! ?& o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 I' _1 n' I9 G6 |# N- ?. M+ ] 6 C7 x* {6 E- B7 ]: r% V例如:* W* j8 `+ D8 d5 b" R
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 z' K2 j. x: W, w$ N' g ' H3 e) v+ ^7 c2 b6 }& `Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & g; B) P: L4 A! g" |* f+ C# k ; _; _0 E$ I- M3 k+ o" b# rThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ z3 W6 n/ ]9 A! i) b ( q* J9 q$ [, i3 D+ z" OHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ t! I( y( k7 ]8 a% k" b3 S
4 e' P" o6 e3 K- R7 LMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # u& h& i# j! z" w; ]- u( F3 l 3 T2 D! ?3 S0 q: I! t4 z) |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 e' r( Y6 h) H/ h& B; d - K9 t0 y1 l7 Y; E! QCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( b0 S4 |: q9 d % b7 W) O% ^0 G, }2 U: X3 EStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% y k6 R3 X& R* G8 V; a
7 f- v( a8 j; |同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / g' O5 |6 W, F' b$ c3 R0 G4 p6 k4 N; T$ @2 M: Y. u
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 g6 z# C, D8 U ! t' K) o; m. l对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! ]$ c( U7 n& [) o) B1 ? # m- K3 b# ~* @对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 b I; \) u* X: Y$ T# E2 ^; I' Z/ W( [) I$ m
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 K9 q& O: [" B" U$ N2 g0 |6 t1 T5 n ; M; Q0 [ ?, m, w9 ]' S- h; I6 k对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % |" V+ |- |% k$ Y5 H3 A1 ?' b* \ c$ w- O
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 M( `- b0 W7 U9 w- a2 X- Q
, l0 r5 d( A+ I# }还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 x$ _2 r, k5 W4 U1 i8 U5 z P. {
: A, y9 J$ l3 ^有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! }- i( I4 z- B