本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ l/ K8 W6 Z6 b( L0 |# ]1 |+ Q K' ~- E# A4 }& _ 转帖 ) c. P9 R- e8 `0 @/ ^8 C- C- _1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : P8 w/ J! p; Y" I' T4 N- B 2 J+ e- k% h; N例如:, a4 O* h# _) r4 A
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) o! n8 {% o: u) m
# e: c% r5 k' z* A6 h5 c6 Y3 K7 UThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 k( G: ]: y; }/ N# h4 Y, @ * T/ A5 D# m9 B* ^4 U( ~# \! hThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( @* [' F. v( o' d2 F. ]( g. {% G; E: ?: U+ i6 o! t# Z9 Z5 t/ t
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ G }6 c4 r. c" ^% v% V 3 \( a/ K* l* U5 i6 GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' D+ P" l* m3 S* b+ V, `) s: \ y5 A% f$ _, W
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + ]0 O: |; C- O) M8 ]9 y" x, x+ K8 V3 Y% g" g; m0 Q3 Q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ e& U; z5 U6 e) j ^6 j4 ?! n; w
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 P s: x1 B6 `. Z5 f' z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - Z/ n7 @$ j; P% r! B- f2 n * F) ] F7 L! J8 b* O# I0 A# rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " K$ d( H) y# A( G0 }3 b# E! [( s' Q0 P5 C; _' n
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 ^/ |" q2 w! O, A" ]. p7 V4 Z/ k4 }* @# C& e
* @! T: C: B' A8 u% Q* h4 e4 o, |2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . e( l. Y" U4 T 1 y8 h4 `5 o2 Z例如:" e6 ^( v/ i& Q5 V b3 ]
# e3 m3 s$ J) y9 n( x% zAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# F$ O2 u, [- v# |
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / x6 a) `; J9 m* O" K8 ~# B z; Z+ r6 k& C/ h+ s
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! K9 C/ M5 l5 p# U) P. p+ X% Y& R# x2 A H1 I
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) B$ f8 I6 j! u$ U, q2 H # Y7 p# k: f4 ^3 Z3 M0 |3 mIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 W5 G+ ^# i7 X$ c6 `, @$ V0 D( Z ! c- V* l& Q: J9 D9 YShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + H B6 I8 K- \/ u4 d: R+ C' Q3 a 1 ]4 c, ]# @% x6 K* @* e+ r" ~; gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , I1 }+ i/ E1 X6 c# D3 k # v) |" [9 ]! a* k: l9 m$ z/ A如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 N. r5 I# w: j% G: J8 H% ~- D) d# ^4 `$ N* ^' G
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& ^0 o2 k- A% F
e- ?0 |# A; lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - K) }# [( v$ y( b& J& {0 G; G3 c1 e' O+ e3 d
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * E# v% ^& j/ j4 |5 J* f7 J- c- f& K# \% M2 g
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- T4 N& y, V. j( b, t0 L7 U
- G( b* X! k" t P. lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; m3 T& G o! \+ P 4 U6 L- X' P1 n4 N- t* e3 a/ g' G( JEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 N& b8 ~ Y4 L* ]( Q" n& {
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 T: w9 p4 r |' k9 N. p
% Q6 k+ G% \0 F2 P8 J' d" F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 }/ ?) W) b# g0 X/ X& C
6 h* o, |, o9 L6 t) \' d* ?! g9 }) r, rMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- n" P L! O) c9 a) C2 R8 A2 d
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 v E0 j& r- a* |
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 E0 I+ a3 @. v3 }: ~) Z7 m
2 r# |" p9 i$ _He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), L) \ e7 K( F; o4 [! O+ m% U
$ z1 l5 C2 C* d: k2 x% GMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 X* b- N K" U( y7 e9 L6 d
4 ]- N0 f9 c2 }) r, iPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 Q9 Y, P' ^$ U0 X5 b: S
6 q: |: ~+ G; K: i% ?Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% U- k' R( j$ w2 s9 D. ?) ^6 w
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): q9 J3 i8 ?) h6 G) Y
& m7 n: A3 y5 d! @+ H/ f* v# Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & r+ d& g# G+ @9 z: U. Y5 y * W) ]/ F* Z. F当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( f6 V! ^; L! s; @3 Z2 ?$ X
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% _' f( Z$ x. @- F
$ m. v! o3 x- q. m5 _# }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 T) x! I: M" J# z
3 d# g: i7 g: @, h* n对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- d% Z# w9 H+ H1 y8 M
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: l+ h- P" l9 M( z) d R2 }
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 f$ Y/ {5 @5 c
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 W* e7 j0 u& L% ^) U+ V3 @( ]# X- {8 N7 f' Z$ F' B4 f0 A
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) H( ~, H& ? m- {4 _. c