本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; i8 Q: Y; D' B3 V/ [. ^, y
. z, @5 C% t8 r. k$ d1 I 转帖 / L* Y) D! x' i5 z6 g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 Y2 Z7 f3 ^8 \7 ?* f
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例如: " N2 {3 H' d5 k) i; Q4 k / O5 E; r* v1 S1 Q d; r" f3 N8 rMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 r4 Q: w; a9 [+ ] 6 v V: c F& A3 r& ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( c4 q" ?) a& C# f; c5 C& w! f. _* J/ j4 }7 G* x
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# e( s( ^% b$ O
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ n8 {$ `# q+ F. w: N' [
1 s. c9 v7 b( _7 S7 V( r; F. p0 HI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& V- J; V; Z {6 `7 Q! ^* w) B
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 s) s- j% k2 ?: m; ]8 ]
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): {/ ]9 P+ [1 d* M2 {: r
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 G2 p, H: Z' i& o
, X6 @2 V5 c- E2 G* N- d0 ^6 TWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) g) t$ _7 ?; A$ e% F. |' K ( g, T, `5 Z; O! F w& ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) s+ x+ d* G$ h: ~& ~7 [: j + I: V7 P* @ K8 j) \2 E0 t# x& Y9 l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 R- W: i; D& Z" A0 x/ G7 [+ W( i8 R1 n
- I( ~4 _% ?: v: h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% A/ t2 s: ?3 Q8 b3 X) g4 o0 o
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' _: q1 U1 W- Y0 H9 z6 T+ I
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; l' N" e4 `3 `& }- ?, `. O9 f* o) p8 R# s, I7 I
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' j1 [ @) Y7 C$ j R; K0 k + g$ P% [- O% r3 ?He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 \6 r1 s" m3 e5 Y- g1 [
9 R0 ^, g( J0 v0 i( i4 yIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 e5 }6 i) Z3 o( c, A$ R8 A, b1 N' n+ C2 @
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ |, M; N9 q7 X* R! I3 F G
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' P! Q3 `2 f0 N8 c+ H7 Y! ^ ! J+ O* Y) y$ ^4 n C( k' h2 r/ A如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 ~- {% n4 J$ i! n
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) C, K& T, }) D1 n 4 y; W1 S8 ^: G; iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( ~& H: ]6 z" n* o 3 b/ f7 T; E. k2 UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * u! Q: X5 W5 U/ d' J* v # S, F1 C& Q# Z" x oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! i3 p2 p3 ~( a2 p$ j* |
5 M, e- j! m. K- {# B* G0 m) qWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 C @! Y3 w/ F: H6 ~9 T 4 ]3 h5 s7 L r U2 X9 ?Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ U0 D6 e' N' ~; i% R4 |3 C5 J
) A0 Y9 z& E+ ~2 e' D写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 z0 F B, ~7 G) b" ? + z+ j! Z# ?% ` n6 g此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ o. p- k7 O, V: P9 U6 V ; x+ x$ x9 D+ r5 \! l$ O. m$ V, _8 C [, a/ E; _7 n 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) v0 h- U) I8 }" T" t, z( {9 ~) M( P% y8 ]* ~
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & J6 I) n# W( s0 U( O; U& g/ B5 D3 o. T% e8 H7 D. e* ^2 A
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 K) F4 ?6 i" ?: }) D4 C % @7 l' {& O7 zThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( M) p- ?2 U1 m% F2 D) {
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 o/ c- n0 B, i* a; d. X, P* u: h% D( }- z. S) f
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 g: B( i- u7 s : a* G. I5 D) u% L4 M1 fPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别). A4 a S/ h3 I, O
! {9 d' G6 A; e" S GCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # Z& I# Q1 a" N. r5 B$ ~& F2 j+ S+ n$ S" [( J* D! m5 @
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 z" Y9 y4 l5 R4 Y
O2 [& c$ m6 O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 [1 E9 ? c1 v6 D
1 D$ {" o- N* e2 J) w7 x当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - t- y# ]6 e! ~! g1 s + R) T" G2 @" w# G+ x" ]) j% @对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; C. r7 n, d% D. J$ S: }7 d. S8 p- c0 ?
2 h1 M. g% |0 [对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * N1 d4 b Z0 o. Y# _; {( Y6 H1 p( Y- b/ [# P: n
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 z& v2 h/ L% j( C' y s7 O8 q; }; g' X, l4 _7 p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 M6 G! w+ D* l. m; k
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 Q7 m' F: N9 h4 z+ y
" b. u+ \: \" A" |有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 f; M0 U1 b+ |