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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); Q8 }2 z8 \: g/ m6 C' y; l
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- P. n3 a& w1 m) H& N
c4 Q8 O4 X& n* y/ g F4 ?5 hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 I) f" ^* U. A, H
( _. u5 @( \$ |+ C, w7 ~( Z: {6 @3 fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) `2 a) Y; g( `" O4 m 1 `- U* Z: Z) L2 y$ ~! i; k- B+ [The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 m y) X- v2 E6 y2 G' w3 |2 t: @' O 6 _- Q0 r9 x, Z5 p7 a- sI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 V- x @" |$ f: Z- M
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 {2 O5 }, S+ \( X5 I$ L5 o
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; m! s0 r! I( U- P( o. U- m# [1 K7 ~0 K$ B
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & N+ d- R3 ?1 X: V3 W3 U) H) t! P; l, ~ * T: n& E7 ]# T# \: ~0 PWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& E0 P5 I4 ~" I8 c3 z! E& r
# S# i) X5 H9 F6 Q) T9 dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 J3 `8 X& R+ I1 O# `" j) U, O( z, W3 n' @, S4 I1 s
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: P: L) T/ z9 V( l; ^4 g
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( o& e, E7 z( v& S6 E# v/ b6 o% E- N 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 p! B2 |4 H& i I, ^9 |% I( |* Q
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例如: 1 z7 b; }/ g0 Z; J! L2 w! j' _% ?0 R( p8 \& x! j
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). q" @, p6 @7 }
8 T# ^+ F4 ?" a- k7 s: b# e" B2 CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 W. a, y$ M3 b9 D3 v' ^. ^$ a: C _1 _; y; u# j
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) A. A, S( |7 V; I6 z
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ s5 |" _9 y6 f2 J+ s
. l- v$ e, K+ A- {+ P% EIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 }+ I8 \% L) u; z- A
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% j! K# T1 D! P2 W' p$ _
0 Z( n0 u6 D2 W8 C3 u E0 z1 H. C% `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % a" @$ G4 a1 c( J1 B9 |& n t8 [; {$ S5 R7 K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' m$ L: p$ w3 ~7 a; J - e( z" f8 l$ H% u4 AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 f# o3 {6 ^2 Z( s 4 q1 j; B" v& U; uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & w6 d" ~6 y1 K+ D; C+ X% i# \8 g+ d$ H! ^$ D4 ~
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% Z m* c4 S8 P( u( G+ z
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 U ~2 K+ }. s- D5 ~( A0 {4 p
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 N9 B* C) v8 u: U" _2 |6 Q' C" z3 p# ]/ L$ }, S
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 E# V8 K5 F, N9 [: I) \ @' e9 A, M/ V4 G- P+ C
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # K8 {) X! [2 \8 X" r2 w/ l7 u6 _7 |9 C& d/ C: ~6 b7 y: h
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 ~5 A$ B! t. ?6 B; E- w9 ]- H/ v
( v5 U! p: D G" w/ L# u2 w# a ]; b- o2 e: W 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" |" z, T) x+ `* E6 w9 \! I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) T' N6 t) s2 S8 e1 {, ^) b I4 E3 E0 s% d
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% F+ J R. ], Z# ~) l! q$ Q' ?9 F+ R
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 X9 j8 F% ^, {, U4 d' r7 H9 s 4 Y! m- K. c! L* b- m) q/ K* C2 {He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 f2 n* N2 ~, j4 D8 [' c$ m4 `* ` l
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 k: h/ z% i' g6 q; D
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* S. m( j" X9 b4 Z/ K) _. V- m0 a
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ ^. {& `: O7 U0 I
5 ^# ?% i$ R8 D, ]Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). }' S& l2 p; {2 J
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% E; z! Q2 {8 M1 T U% G* Q
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( O; X6 F* T& x4 [& h
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; g6 ]9 R+ j3 Z- |# h6 j+ F0 c