本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 r, T1 e5 d, p9 n$ Q# b, t | 3 T5 L1 l/ S! Q, h; y转帖0 i" ^" X- {9 c9 N8 k
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 ?9 Y* [) M: p3 P7 Q- G
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): h# T, x1 f7 ~; ?; ^- N
% y5 w$ X: J5 Y) @1 x% M; ^. o ZThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + S( V/ E' y+ A6 v) y 0 c7 y6 C( c Y$ ^. UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) c: g i. ^' h$ t! T1 H8 }7 c1 v% V. n! p2 u1 ]0 R5 _& B* L- I
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 m# q* O! ?, L( l j9 \. Q
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . D+ H; D/ l! g" V8 a# }8 z7 B) o. a8 n1 \
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) u; r A. u( A& D% Z7 A9 s1 Q' o h( ]) R
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 G" u* @% ?4 w7 Y5 j ' B. \" c! B0 m* u* JThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 ~# V3 p _! q4 F7 L 8 e4 k3 f0 c9 F4 l+ qWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 c$ h( F7 D' q% } $ q$ z, n) I2 w9 _4 iPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). S5 F7 A. D9 t2 Z1 V; D. E" ^
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- d, q8 o* R( K9 i5 P
8 {5 m& f% M" U; [! ^ % u, T4 q: u# w5 U" ^2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 t: }5 H5 E0 x. d% a9 o& ~+ F
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例如: $ Q' [( e5 l' S. W9 y% P; m# ~
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & g1 ]4 x4 ~% K- b) T4 v, P% I7 V# |+ Z* B4 v
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- I* J3 l! o6 Z/ J/ |+ U
2 O* K, L" c8 Q" pI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & f) `1 [ B0 X: e* A$ [ 3 O$ J* a. c1 @$ P: s- [He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* H! B- M, u3 S' X; [1 H% i: W+ j
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 y7 ?9 \/ W4 `" Z9 p/ c ; _; J3 j, x: n; t; |% m4 kShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; G' Y) |1 y! Y+ K" H / M. s1 L# Q7 V1 Q+ |I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& o- ^1 v0 Z3 _
' O0 n, @9 D6 t, f如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : x+ K6 d* r y' ~# K6 Y0 q 0 ]) ?% U$ j j0 F( Z) V/ Y& zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 ?* e& W7 `! G+ `: r( q) Q
2 D; [; ~8 q! z& u# q; _The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" D) ^9 I. K5 c; N1 [
; R+ Q: E* V3 x I# H- DHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 s i' G1 w6 X0 N* w- _2 n7 n
0 @4 k8 X. V( O# E: c4 r8 rHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : s* e0 B5 `9 x$ D2 T+ R. X + f$ C$ _* t* T2 m% e6 j& ~5 w q5 {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) J% f7 \; m9 o
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) q! ~9 O2 I" r P7 B/ J' F2 ]0 l
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ S) G0 @' `4 a9 Q& O/ |* o, r& A- W# {) k ^1 K
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % E& b0 E T+ w1 X' `0 s0 w3 ?% l9 s/ t+ T
- [( z( M( |; M7 V" B7 i 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 }" X0 b# U! w2 k2 S: b+ T' P7 r! B" Z( @0 P
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 M; g9 m% z7 V
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ j0 [* T# u. r; O" ~# k) X
# {! o' W: w }8 E/ p1 q$ R4 f4 u; u0 bThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) w0 w- |+ I7 U' S5 E% i 2 C2 Y6 @* }( e# N- WHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' m$ {9 A6 @, [' m
4 B$ g+ P0 a5 p" M( x0 ZMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 u3 M1 s9 F9 r: y5 x' S4 A. b& P" I
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 q- } {& `# C) F
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 u* [2 i! ~6 v) e a # @9 c( B/ E9 H7 R2 H* gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): s- e5 h$ d* B/ u; S
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" o0 Y" u$ k- i4 w. Q" ?( ]
, A B% G5 D* s* H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; \# i' M5 t8 H8 c1 C Q3 W( [ 0 j( b V. u i0 v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * k1 z' L) @! o7 H# l; q+ _- F* a) V, }5 Z
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . g- K8 Z7 m" q 2 K! E' k5 `2 [: [* Q+ {( z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& C5 I* }' W7 j' w( k
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # U/ R, A$ q; t+ a& z' F" U0 q. n8 ]1 X" D3 u1 V( K! F
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 w% P Z& f; ?# N- y) z. W+ @- E, H3 B) u' U/ B( c7 q! D
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ @! Q* ]/ _( ? M3 |4 w! V
# Z1 t+ C0 D( l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 B0 }0 v" T/ ?6 N9 _. L- O T