本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , t& L0 E r$ r# L$ Y a6 O7 ~& P" K1 ], t* H7 l' `5 h7 x 转帖7 z% _; c( ^4 X* j- g
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , j/ P5 Y. {8 m( \- k4 X$ B- b) V3 [, S4 V2 a% U
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): a, S+ p; ^( E+ Z
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ r6 w% f4 C+ Y' D5 X
: K: g' |/ w6 H; i8 V3 EThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) y! T9 m' a; U i7 G1 M
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 V1 V/ B) X: @/ |" C
( x$ r% F% U* m, \* }3 a6 \I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& W* \& E" U: r/ A4 M+ P$ x) z
+ G3 H& f5 d1 w/ F2 `, wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 s6 e1 D7 `& C! i i9 H
/ o! i* M6 j1 U: ?( g+ p; _We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) I3 \0 \0 B0 N0 A* x5 e
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 s' m1 E5 g* o& h. M% t: w
7 c- O' ]+ b; L. KWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). t/ J- r0 Z8 F) L9 y" x! I
- X+ P" J2 R1 b9 J6 O8 `# \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ N9 H3 S: W) E! T: E8 Y5 q8 P2 G 8 a9 q: {$ i+ t8 ? S; \& k' H7 n这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 D$ l/ M. R4 U/ R" ^- z' v: G2 ~" y
: ^# ?* f& P, D* q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 ]0 Y! Z0 z4 J; j& j8 w) n o
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / ~# q3 a- o9 I1 X1 @" @/ [; @) c4 D8 U
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % b) o& w& C P w g& {" ~! N. j9 F& k p" |9 p, R% _5 o
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( `: ]8 I, T0 n' ~
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , d8 I0 b- S3 n2 t8 {3 n2 J- k2 u/ S& P; x1 ]
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ d. O0 s; A. J9 z9 ?& s3 M. O
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 {3 V( W- C) d+ i3 G
! }; ~7 M- A7 n. zI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 X a ?6 Q5 H2 `1 P ' `# W- o4 r5 Y! I, l7 r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 ~% f3 o5 a* f+ E% {
/ G5 I a4 m2 Y0 S* v1 j3 N! zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) V6 I- s7 Q% g3 [# ] ' {# }) H6 X* x: z& x& @% qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 O# o1 Z, o9 `0 _9 @ [2 r) e - A2 F) W, L% N2 k& yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! o( f% h& ^9 `+ P: t( D1 A, n& i/ n/ y/ d
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! J3 c! z; g1 N1 E # J6 F5 E% @. ?% v; m' RWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% m# y4 z$ e5 H; L+ r
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 N- V& o) _( e* @1 n6 b 1 w2 h8 |1 w4 b3 `写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), c" d$ D3 ]" R& u* B
* t' Q1 e* Z; [4 m此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . o* g/ M' w0 w( s' J) p" ^ 7 \9 k O! K4 I7 K6 ?* J8 o1 s2 |, f; [! y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% q3 q1 I' j4 h8 [4 |! G
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( u% f7 @! g$ m* s
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ n- Y% v( d" w0 o/ `
7 k+ ]- @( o0 P5 W" hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) t0 Z5 k- K! p' U* S7 L, F( P, ^! d5 z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ E1 \+ ~- r7 r/ M! I' c- f
; B/ d1 Y9 c6 `: [& I T% {Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! x. P7 Q. q) l9 G6 ]& }* `. p& E1 G8 f4 U* |, q+ \
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 m/ _$ }& l2 m. f 8 Y1 O/ a$ w( A- U( `Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ [" O' g% x. {9 J* b: ], F ' Z, e% b1 h& r2 q4 Y7 _Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): ?+ I! {6 i a
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 {/ ^* u& q, k& n Z5 k/ x# b, S1 E + h+ z! A' n" v1 W当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( B7 r& N7 m% y4 n' }6 T$ K- W) S ; i6 U" I" @ L& o6 n对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; E' H5 M* }( `5 x y0 ~* U0 e( R. ]; g f" P1 S% O5 i
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' i- i* h. P, @2 \& X/ _' w; v
( z9 f0 c5 ~% n% P `对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / O2 }6 t5 h) v2 ~" p" d* r, b5 V' K. `. Q4 G
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 B$ o4 ~) o. b' F: w7 I/ t! }+ t
# W, w/ L5 J3 q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 A" t5 B$ d& A % A- q: N% y( a2 Y( _还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 S( w. l; x9 L, P % B# u& O5 B: b8 J5 I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 R' n4 P8 k2 T6 M