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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& s5 x2 J7 a+ W. ^
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! v9 V0 J; B* \5 X$ H% E/ U! \; y+ c7 M& u. VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- }% d: i' h9 [* P
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" o8 A( V5 C+ y! u; G3 B u
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 G3 ^% n* O; N- ?8 _ ' s; L; i- L* o. h! tThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) S1 |" p8 f- b* {
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 U* h+ r. l) C4 h w5 h3 e0 r. f" e# @% _1 @. u) D6 P# O+ H
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 r5 d6 q# R# v- y3 I4 B4 t; P* Y
% u6 I( F3 S! W2 L* DWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), W( t5 @% O, L& _
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& {1 u6 L" N4 ^$ X, Q
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) s+ ]" v' k/ Y; n4 ^
* o2 q7 Y7 F" SPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 V5 Q, ~5 Z. ^% z! e+ F$ B0 k) z' Y) V' }7 \9 B. t, H/ ?
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 S% j# G7 Y0 d3 h4 z , d1 l+ O1 L; D0 Y8 j9 ~. v. A0 `3 F 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 K j( g$ U& ^1 |0 P
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ [+ l: n' s; X. h$ S& M, V/ V1 W
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 N+ |3 v; Y% A 0 n1 x- ]) ^: d# S; Z; jI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! |0 l7 v4 r1 U( z' j# {8 Z _8 D, i1 h8 x' V1 C M
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& v r& T0 v3 S9 s, `! [/ O
( E# N3 V0 M! \2 U" xIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * v7 g4 G% |' X# e4 b9 H) j8 _) y1 J- A* h) y0 M" c" p9 V
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! [: x5 @, S3 Q1 \ O; l, y- }5 G
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 f1 U8 I" U8 ]
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; C6 v2 W2 P9 x
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , v) e) @. i5 b2 d4 H5 r9 g& o0 A: {2 V# N, o: F! u% `3 R
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 y, V0 p- P* @0 a( v6 _5 C8 S: [: T3 P+ G3 ^' j/ Z% t% S; p
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 p4 T! ~8 p8 e4 S9 X' k* N5 o$ }) b6 l6 X C6 ]1 O( g* z$ }
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) |2 N# }- Q4 P3 Z6 M7 X E$ ^, A
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) V1 e/ @, e: p$ R
' E4 _ H6 f5 F6 w1 AEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 u, A/ M& ^, @2 p& [) ]
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ y: {7 n# d5 ~/ i+ ]/ T& @. T$ z, ?
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- N1 W7 Z: b, s; e. C
8 X) t2 l' R* J* m3 @$ X" P" r6 a2 f8 H' _5 X: z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ f# B2 ^+ n' G6 R; @: U
) v2 n/ U* T4 h例如: 8 N3 l0 ]2 E5 ~) L ' i9 z, R5 d- n, t7 VMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) t Q* U( W$ }0 R; v7 N: E6 [( C) L; l- o2 _
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & ?6 |: H$ f( ~) L& `5 V [: p3 J ~/ S' gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! v+ C9 B! U- @! H
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % @2 u+ Q6 `8 {. A3 r % s# S* J7 R: s5 X9 |$ oMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 r% J5 h% H3 g) c4 N- i! n( a/ f; M " U! M: U. h/ g5 Y0 U sPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ y( P, y! w. g1 o, @: E5 F
$ q4 D8 V% N; r0 I0 G5 {& {) pCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# u' `' n; {0 o- j) M
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) T+ m' |! L- w; I# S( M
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" r9 Q; s+ C0 ]) x4 c- x' x
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:$ g, ?* T6 t: z c
0 T \* e/ l/ @8 k8 n对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 W. G& U) I6 {9 N- G. ^9 R& s$ V
& f5 |: U: H3 U/ @8 r' J/ p/ \8 g对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 j9 C% \$ K9 J4 w* f3 x- [7 z' `) T* c' T5 y6 u
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 q. K; r, c |; N ( B! u+ `; I1 P R* O对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - d' e9 d2 M3 N3 k$ p' T 3 N$ j" c5 b5 M5 m) u至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: \) O4 `$ A9 [. \& o5 S, f" U3 l 6 m3 n( w& P, U9 j$ Y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 s- Y9 C% [: Z7 v4 ?4 u* J# y$ E- X4 T- ~. r* X0 Z
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & c' B& O3 P5 f( v% n