本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ]% W- g/ c* n+ ~6 r% A% ~ 5 k! d. x% o2 a1 X* m7 g! T转帖 + c% Y& x0 }# Q/ S, W1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . \) K3 k0 L2 r2 `; F , K! g* V9 @) ]! ^0 A K例如: " c+ p; P1 o( o1 ]4 g, i $ s, Q- n0 d$ K; \( R8 f8 R. ~Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% k* k# U& _* W4 z/ X0 ^+ }
2 Z1 ]& } Q3 F: S6 x# lThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( K& a1 U b2 b( T* R
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 e; Z) l, Y& D0 P+ X3 {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- W8 d% ?7 d% {/ v& v
: @" J6 @) f$ p: a) ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). h6 e+ a0 |; ?' w
. E, `4 T+ e+ I: o! DMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : C) ^/ B5 B5 q2 z7 ?) k1 P Z . O2 \! o: W! ?: b' |2 bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ y. Z# U5 M7 N0 S
; Q, j, f% V0 v( d! T# GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 J: T1 a$ w4 |1 {4 W) `
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " ^1 t+ K+ k& u8 w2 f2 I) @1 P9 `) C; C+ G+ o$ ^
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 i1 ~+ z# u4 I% z , a0 N, e- ?* S+ @这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) S7 u( O' Q2 M' s; o. }- U, ]( G* Y8 G5 ?$ }
. q' R! k, H2 q) @$ x0 ^# L2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 C8 U% `, k! Q' k0 W
' @7 Q4 d. c$ W例如:/ O: g/ s- d% A$ e* ~/ s& B
1 k: a+ j* _6 f6 B4 c* UAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % ]9 B3 q% e S% i5 S: u7 P3 z+ e+ X3 E/ K' @8 a8 A
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # f. b* C6 }8 T. ~/ c7 P* C! v7 w9 M. N; X9 Y, }
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 U! y! S; S; ]8 | U+ F7 c. R6 [" B" O" C+ H% x' O k1 M) q6 ]+ Z. E$ b
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 I7 { O: A1 Z! |9 i6 U! u6 z0 H s# o- I. V/ r
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 @( Z8 F9 m0 M/ z- T4 t3 @
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). l0 I5 R: ?$ D0 r% d
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ ^, e1 u; v/ A7 ~. X J/ \ ( S4 O% c' d4 i+ r& e: f如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 V( q% O6 X! S0 a- o: k( O& @
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , I1 k& o! H! g1 Q# E 6 k" N3 a; b; j* {( {1 m: T; WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! X! X' @# o3 Q8 l* R$ k& J; Q) [' r* m2 u' p
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ o h8 ~7 [- ]8 c6 {
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + j- b; i R& P8 C, A, J 5 K, e4 a" J9 B; |$ hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 A7 ^: I9 G; s% Z8 H
4 @2 K; e8 L4 m! t- cEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 W3 r7 I6 r) e( R
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# G0 Q# Q) ]- D# w
3 V* k* b! l; g. g* A. w j此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' f3 U$ y) t0 u1 ]( y
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) V7 t* Q5 q7 T6 l/ |3 J" S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 u& \3 t$ I: b$ |8 g1 G" B& Y5 E& S' U
例如: 9 v, S# g6 q7 J: X) b3 ^ $ ^& D6 g# G& E, MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + ]' p) w: V9 z$ o; \ % m1 z% ^$ e. @; a4 LManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 D+ V3 }5 {6 l% w! j; s/ \2 `4 o" e0 v/ ]) Y2 M& E
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- f: a6 x R7 X9 @
0 d* J) h c- y- @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); u; a" g+ u+ r! P5 x) M) Z
# s- O; w; l3 d g1 A3 M% }Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & Y) |0 m( K* C5 |$ N, Z* O* k8 v( Q+ }8 e7 }( ~ f
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; @4 x* [/ M/ _1 y; Q: u8 p0 R
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 U8 {+ O5 L, l- h0 Z: R2 C. @+ C) W: v
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( b# D+ b) B7 f) G& ]6 a, \3 E/ w
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ Y( {: \/ [( c/ o' `
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 G) p5 c4 }+ U; j0 @8 Z
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 Q& p" v p& m. p( o - {8 ?, Z" ], E1 A9 H7 ?' }3 |对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ j. A6 g" f0 J% N6 c 0 L5 c9 R5 f1 j4 G6 ]# {$ R% y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ a6 L+ X Q, F X
5 w; U4 S% d+ X0 ~对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" q" h3 f+ @9 H+ a( G1 g4 f
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , m5 d. [: M0 b- ^5 d2 g& m& e' a" K5 k0 S m/ f% L2 u
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! A5 M* |% c$ a# g) |, q* y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" _. K$ H' M3 V u+ N0 J$ C! q