本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " ]# V. H5 y9 a! i( L, t8 y. c8 o: Q- q 转帖& i2 j3 P& \3 O& _- r3 z; ^5 {: K5 d
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) & C& F4 _* n: M* _2 W7 n8 l# W! B* z' d
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # O+ R! ^# e5 G! V$ O! M9 f# v8 S
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( W% D* p) {" O5 a9 `* F$ }
, b: q P) S3 \4 R% L$ cThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : @4 ~& @- y' Y7 z* ~, M; V/ w + G5 f) H: |6 N; VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) P' v n! j% C% g) _% q A) J+ W
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , V0 D, {$ O9 {) f' W4 t2 P+ ], F# E( y
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! M# N6 @5 ]3 m6 X/ ^ R: r& a
% }' q1 W$ P: OWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 [' `$ u; B5 Q
7 T3 {) {0 e3 A" wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 e( ]7 G7 S6 i' D1 {/ f p `: L7 O
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ e0 g. @, d- Y3 e; K4 Q2 {
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) x1 p1 B5 w/ s2 C2 f2 [. D8 _
: Y# C2 |& {+ Z% Y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 I/ Q8 J+ H7 \) v: X; P! { ( b6 K0 Y5 W: D+ f- I# F. T4 ?& r3 e3 O 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, `; ^+ ~2 Y, h' k( x) ]
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ?: c- i1 d' q5 k3 j, t5 B0 @( b0 O& g+ V4 k% O1 a5 @2 \/ R
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 g9 x0 c5 X" C3 ?# W: [( P3 O/ Q g) x! p; g! V# o
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 N9 y& z d6 c8 W8 \, P j2 ?( h/ ] * X: t) [' {. }: ~+ eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' l/ j8 M: y9 }% H* T; p* ]5 N7 l; i5 m+ |4 ~
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * D; Y2 P8 j7 q( n , S3 {: t$ C1 ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 @5 n5 s- V8 l0 b
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) {% Y! O, b) L; m: i 1 O r3 x5 i" V' F; \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # ]5 D4 T/ J. r% {, M/ }: l , h" G u3 j2 ] F4 p: i7 K. dThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# x. l" i: {6 {; @+ p
. F2 B4 y2 b9 t S2 SThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 _* `" e" M4 _# i& K& D' t: c. X% ]7 `+ |9 X& M
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) o2 d6 ]9 [9 \" D3 T! y6 j y
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" t" l/ }1 O6 Q) s/ @" u8 X
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % J |# Z2 k- c0 D* ]: L2 C. P8 y$ D' I$ k) U+ @0 L2 k
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 n- ]# f% F5 i; Q- q' x2 j3 H
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% ]/ M2 U4 B6 S8 a4 @5 O
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 H" R; o8 W; q7 X: a
8 t9 Q7 w; P- y4 H( U7 ]8 Q: r; }8 G5 Q, \1 s" U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% |! b6 N6 O8 z1 ?: Z
2 H9 k3 u5 q9 K& M. u3 `. @3 L例如: $ L4 O5 T+ E7 v/ ` # t4 D$ k2 t+ S# e6 CMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 C* l, h9 B6 G. _* b2 Z
3 A' @, ?) p! U" C+ E" u, iManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 U$ j* G( j5 U( w$ m+ |
0 A9 n" x* h: U- n5 XThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 G; b! o. k( u. l/ b) z 4 D" T {* R% |+ IHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) m7 W1 A1 J! @8 g * a, W' B4 D) h4 oMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( a! q( c4 ^) i. g
2 Q# y3 F" {- }7 m5 W0 L" d, NPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ P) n+ i! D# Z1 Q& b5 m: L 8 _( S4 t6 s; D. r# wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 o, Q0 I. S, |/ v
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) S/ p& C) g( z, ^0 z. Z2 q& G/ B% R
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) G8 y9 X0 {2 M9 P5 w , H: w- o9 _) n当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 i. k: H$ q/ c( N6 y8 C 3 Z) j- q, ?7 Y) D5 O- p- H, Q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % M8 S; i& x5 X3 }) D% y7 L6 |5 d1 M1 c* U" Q3 G/ ^+ j
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 b" C5 _7 v, @: A/ @
. `: b# H* U1 L' a- F' i) [: y' o对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. A/ G. i# O: d2 m
7 B8 K8 s3 H% c# p7 i% J对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. p; z% x. r5 X4 B7 v% Q
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; I! g9 M+ n$ R2 X2 S4 W8 t & n. B& U3 R8 z7 X" E" w还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - @1 {; F0 {, W. N9 w 2 E7 ?3 k) ^: j! Y0 U7 d2 c- J% Z% l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. Y0 a! L4 j- b: x1 ^; T