本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' J3 g+ W8 Y7 C" i- {) y
+ j# \+ U4 a: L" d2 g7 e0 x3 t 转帖 / W; u: A4 g& M0 a( H6 [5 ~1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! ^ e- \( }, O6 W5 _ j g4 U
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例如: # c7 x* J4 W+ i7 d& _ 1 S: g n! W5 Z* v1 c JMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ Y0 ^$ j A& T6 [, \! ~ 3 V& u6 g8 e* P" BThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 m$ `7 B/ j( Q6 O( {4 d( V/ a, W3 ]4 S, v" J/ T% F
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( @/ F+ n4 b6 O6 o+ u$ h8 H# X: D! S9 I0 R# G/ n, h, F
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 [8 d, m7 g0 J( Y9 C ) a5 Z* h" J6 O- zI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): R$ Y" R Y6 |+ y U
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 e+ ^; |$ w, k: I( k, N) G$ k
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 t3 Y6 u0 C- I: L q8 t' c: F% J+ s 4 Q. T1 X6 I% R+ G5 }* ZThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( E1 J! B* D& p1 G4 D
: K/ H3 E6 ~3 a" w7 R! hWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! a: _7 b8 _6 O5 y8 `) ^$ p
0 i4 s! s, [/ WPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) E5 U" a1 c! d- D3 i8 G9 t: m0 J/ j3 t; e, h1 M) H
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& }4 w) x: |% a+ A6 n" }9 ^, u- k
( h! D$ f% e: D% H( F ) ?# F0 I# {- I( W& A) I2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, T" T/ r' m# |( e- R) G
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例如: 1 D; P7 Z* F! R [ " \: u* H3 r& s1 P4 i: d# j% d1 dAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 _; @6 p, b6 H
3 Q: |/ D* [. z: l7 MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 V3 {+ `% F6 ?/ C: L9 s6 S
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 I# \/ }' B7 U$ b& P' G
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ Q9 e1 B& }* r; s" z! q1 b
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" U0 M l! Q7 q; h6 W i
7 n% M7 w; u" s1 n4 LShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , p; N" l5 \; H) r. z : M1 H( E) C) r& WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : _, k( ^ K1 K+ C; o; G }! a0 c 5 W# U. x3 @; w如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - j. ^+ k" C, n ( ?, s |2 e1 e% n) r; T" c- _/ \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" ]9 G* Z7 ]! d0 g: }' w% q
2 U) d2 i! f2 @8 D' LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( s: T: D1 p9 y k/ d1 y
/ @ f9 d& I ]8 _& y! h$ gHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! H. Y, h: y, h* P) n
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- o/ l! ]9 a9 p1 `" \: G
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( t. U9 j, S: M1 F! ^2 H, z* v% ~5 J* h* g4 ]
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 L8 J2 V# v& ` % O9 }3 D. o! q4 Q" U+ e4 p' g, \+ o写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - c1 K2 s- X9 c* | T0 v2 u3 Z0 x+ B此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 h/ h5 v* G/ m' I, i" K6 E$ |7 A5 Y% ~; I; c% X
" l4 H4 E9 X+ ]$ f3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 v, S9 h# B- } z) V) y/ U* `) s* A
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例如:6 m g7 ]+ F8 _/ A0 I4 M# M; |
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 i& S( Z3 j! N # k+ q$ }) P q! ^% |Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; g. ]0 N2 e/ I+ X6 t( Z" C4 G) Q2 ]& C: ~! `& ?- Z0 W
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # Z5 X0 R$ G' _. _: q% K- `5 g B: P( m$ z+ d4 Q P' b
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 R/ ^. @: D: J/ ]- n7 L1 |# u9 L J' P6 f e& j6 C/ m' S% {
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 O# d; R2 V8 t, O
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) s/ N3 G* h$ f! U5 A% N6 \- u # |7 b2 m9 q% {# vCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), ?0 C `$ V* j, k2 w' x
! c% h( o" a+ i1 `8 y6 o* bStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ ?5 ^6 d% T; g) o' K ( I" V0 Y. i) b1 _! q# G6 ?8 e同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , [6 W& E; \3 T- n Q% l$ y7 M8 Z! D4 |2 |: v' I
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 W# m9 H e+ G4 Z, J
- I9 `* f/ d( g" y( Q" S对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: G9 M2 v! D2 P' z
- g s! a. d" U: E: x2 o至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: j- h2 V& W. o# o( A, ~
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ S" E e4 z# E' P
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* ~5 n o. _ a2 j1 t' A