本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 H2 c3 w5 }1 p , M( A/ P, O8 U) p' t- s转帖 2 L* e, l9 ?6 a. S) s6 `% u5 k( a0 a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 ^' s* V/ ^% C( }% q9 Q : f& {1 ~/ F4 N0 z. ?例如: ' `5 V% \- v5 T! s' J( b8 V8 {3 }; W7 c5 B. P
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , P, a: P2 ?+ q/ g( w0 c5 O$ O/ r* @: f / [) X) a+ A0 n6 zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( O8 A, Q! I0 |( `1 [: v' M o$ P' e, v! l4 |0 E5 _+ s
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 K# q( L6 Y4 g8 G
) X, } i. p% L3 W; jThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). r8 a. x' t$ f& `/ p1 e u' _2 E
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / r5 n# e7 H. g" S- _1 ?! M* X W- M
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' G! i t8 l0 n: b3 l6 J7 S
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + C1 O, y4 g3 k# s 0 ^3 N$ s6 f1 |5 iThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 |& D3 U+ \& j, [2 C; |& m
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 m8 S: z% M" Q% [1 S- S+ P0 U
" x! v8 r8 w. `! k& T$ ]& @+ _! K& LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) [9 z5 Z5 b) {+ Y9 h) z, ]5 Y" |8 D! c' h5 i
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 H+ W" A( ~/ z" q. ?0 i- ] / }( Z- [. e% S; I j, f + n8 h$ e; _+ Z$ F* T3 e6 C) h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) d# u# B K7 l' V 8 E. Q, s) y- c/ V例如:5 V6 @" e2 Z: B" u) F( v3 {# l
9 f& }: r8 a& _/ q' Q* `. k# hAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - ]. P. w) [4 ^3 U: X$ T3 _8 y5 P' {. Y; N6 ^% v' _8 v! g
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): \. S; ~8 O9 \) I5 D. t2 B- F7 G
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % V! [$ j8 A- ^& P# d1 ~ o: p. \' n2 o, Z- v
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 j3 V9 _2 J1 ]8 M
3 s* }3 S) N3 {) `$ uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). `- A7 S$ U0 [# J
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . M9 g& {% H: S" x. |8 ]3 z7 x0 i9 e) T% k
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * k: u& r0 g( L: Z8 G' T) v) |7 g1 r2 \- O
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " j O8 ]8 b- i2 } b' N4 r3 j1 d5 F) R+ rThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 D) I/ T& z$ c( I; w9 F( d 6 B) N, j' q3 m0 sThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 }" m7 i" `% q" Y
+ N& K/ Q% f2 Q9 n3 q' t fHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # c1 @( Y: x3 D8 s* ^ 1 \; g! A- u. Z0 b9 ?5 }He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' Y2 k; d: T7 ~6 C 4 M! X- v9 U, W9 `We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 ^, y4 U# `( q9 w7 B- ] ; t# S( i; j$ OEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 @ ~$ @- G @) G0 X4 E. V1 m8 m5 l) g& L0 `
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 k, a9 f5 ~6 K
0 ?% ]2 x% I- m6 h) P) M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ y% w5 N9 ]1 J5 L! G- x
9 i+ ^6 ]9 {- ~0 U/ a1 p& O1 q% C2 ]! A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # u3 T0 y5 t" A y( `" s3 N9 d! T( j
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2 l, W. R, B. c, k! X6 }6 wMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 B5 v; }6 t, A% N
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' X4 s+ Q( A3 Z/ W" K3 Y % n4 F2 M' k) h! }6 ~$ u- g- J) |0 QThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( v! k' l7 b& }+ M4 y7 J
$ G$ z/ h2 |: u. zHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 U' `" ^: O9 U: d5 j6 t4 J1 {3 ^/ Z& m5 M1 [2 v# x$ b- C
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 `( a: O n/ Z3 Y9 t9 F, M, {3 M* k* ?" V5 D+ y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 }# e: G/ l s& a4 p
0 }7 R+ L: w' l4 D3 ?' oCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * d7 H2 t s9 \$ k# E( K! @: |7 J, X: q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 |9 {) m& I) }: r5 Q7 a& t( Q9 n8 X0 x9 H) B3 f( v8 F, u9 l( n
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " s# L0 R$ H/ i; |) q6 v& V7 O) f+ y7 \, q! Z1 @( ?9 ]* I
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( a0 O" C- {! N; A9 H
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 T6 }: b! s+ O; m- Z1 K' W3 {# D6 I8 x" ~! U
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / y: h. j" y) i l 3 J$ s) T+ t4 K9 N8 P5 I% b对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + q- O8 [' {) ]# c/ {' v8 _' F4 E: T: ^) i
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - B) q0 j' [% s9 H5 v, B0 d- L7 J- M; e/ [1 k3 K
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : X$ a" W$ b/ z3 _# V+ N A 0 }% H/ _: B0 d3 ~* `/ M0 w还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" d3 M: @1 ^- {& P7 _$ s
. q6 g1 L% m, p+ H5 U0 K有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 Y% {! n& {- m/ R