本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * ^- w: C' Y& C) s6 ~3 Z7 m
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 q( u* R6 p; @+ ~6 \- ~! V t# l, m0 L7 H) |0 ^
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " r. _! I& h' ^7 a $ N5 ^8 Q8 c) |. }6 y' wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- h2 Z9 J! i' J, x0 q" c
5 S+ `+ R+ y7 B ]6 X9 TThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - H. Q0 Z4 h A& Q / c$ ~6 O9 b7 s0 }/ t/ U! T jThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( M! p+ L; }# g$ ~' `7 T& o! o9 I4 D s! C
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* Y% X* z/ t$ ^0 q) z' v
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* {+ t( x) I/ L$ I- G' _- l$ ~
# V; {3 X# P. `- T2 a% a9 j" PWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! p! s" j4 y5 g G$ {- K" A- C' e2 M, T/ x
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) U) X5 H. W' E( K+ s, S; [5 J5 x7 u9 l- } w) g$ i7 Q
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* Z" |0 n1 q) G; S. ?/ w2 [+ _( j
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " _ {0 w) g* F6 i' l" N' g: v. G. c3 y0 Q6 T" b
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 s5 [ ~( L, |: g, X% c" k! s7 e1 o9 O+ r
7 l. H3 z$ ~' d' p* p * v/ C3 h, T- U9 q! m2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ j; {% X# T" H5 T5 g
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): _1 l% P( v) a5 b5 q
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' n& b5 t5 h2 p0 W Z
$ u% U. E8 a& X9 Q9 V' |I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 h" f( G2 S, q" D# S# b% J
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 x; k% ^5 A% j" R6 n7 H c
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ q9 W6 t5 d: W; O 8 ~9 A0 W: Z9 m9 D" `2 E/ N( fShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), M2 g/ ` n- x2 h) I$ u
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 j7 R; k+ w$ b$ J$ m: ` # B" C! ~4 M: U( l$ x; ?$ m如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 [! J3 s. H% ~7 F/ O5 l
+ s. F* s% }8 q4 NThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % p' Q+ M, l8 W4 U: X% b( t7 S( `1 ? 5 k, x* T6 j; tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ b! Y5 _' ^/ P0 o# L
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 a$ @% f( U4 S. y/ s: B7 V! h
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* T9 F' }% B s
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( A! V6 @9 @& H X) f. f
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 H8 D" t z% ^3 j+ |2 D* ^: w2 I7 m
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), ?" E" O7 Y' U" G" h
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + P+ J2 P: M+ p/ K5 J" u; e4 D) `$ J1 {2 I0 @% L
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( X- v# u" s3 M9 p! t; S, @8 A* }
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( e5 s+ G: v' U 5 m, _3 e/ ]9 SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 c2 W: l3 i% G1 C* h
' B- ~7 w$ x- P1 ~$ j* CHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- S' s3 Z m3 T! | o, Q
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ Z9 ]% t; P2 h7 W
, @( H8 v$ p1 Y* c6 Y# g: D" R/ {Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" j! M' c7 c, I/ i8 S f
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 r& L* x" h6 X$ f$ P$ ?! x6 k1 ^! R, U. w
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & }: P% a& D' `: m4 n6 h # P: E" Y1 Q H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 o3 P! I+ C6 v0 p
( i5 Z1 c2 M+ ]0 _* S% l当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 I: l# S, R0 V5 v' _; V. \- ]8 D
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 a e0 U5 H5 Y/ P
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* f! n4 R' y) R3 I9 S$ H- Q
( _7 f! H+ K- D8 h- a. W x还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ C8 Z8 E+ P* e5 {
( f' h8 M$ S U1 `2 x8 Q0 w有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# T% L5 N" a" p9 V. u7 {0 t% V6 ?