本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . R% H% I+ _' B3 W5 k2 O# }3 c
& [: l2 U9 W% R6 G3 Q3 n转帖 b- c/ P9 F& U \1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)' G" ?: X; K4 z7 K* T
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例如: 4 [+ \. ` d: o Y) m \; _ # s4 ~7 a1 f" G8 {6 f( w* @2 ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) Y* v: k5 d1 B; K6 l' @5 V) G- p4 i2 `# y. r: Y
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 N: Z4 H8 ~& c) N4 s - D9 V$ c; J4 I$ g& W1 FThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- g5 Q# o+ {" W; e
" H# Y) b; p% L; @, ^7 JThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 _4 B) T+ n/ y7 J, u- A- X
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 \) M" U+ ?. M, e
# B6 b x' m: n& S/ t, I; `+ EMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " D$ |8 f! x9 t1 o! M, S5 R3 h, P0 S: o+ u* y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" D1 [& U/ l, w' s- p# H
1 ]# l! _2 U$ T/ q0 `The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * }; u4 Y2 E3 A7 i! ^- y, \6 y1 g% x2 t5 |7 P9 r0 ]- ], [
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 H, `5 b- j' M" N) |1 a. v0 Z
$ z& j* N- q- DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + K/ f( \4 y: i' C) w% S" q) J! D: y; o, S+ ?( S: Q9 J# X
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / J1 d7 U$ l/ v5 O / N, s/ O4 T, F$ X$ j$ c 8 t5 ?/ S- g" X. F5 a @3 Z9 x" {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) R4 G& m; s/ w u/ p3 ? L: e* \! J1 {例如: " Z8 K$ [0 r: n8 _$ @' f6 c; Q9 |6 E* U2 d8 P" w' W
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 p# [: E3 ~: O) u$ \. A( c6 L5 |. {; b2 G* C6 X% c7 V
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), B% D$ W$ K8 |+ v/ q/ w0 u
9 u) D' ]1 K3 a! `2 p9 JI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , D5 g s. d4 I( b4 D$ o* P+ c# ]0 s1 K2 ~+ m9 A
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) [% e4 w0 s o" ~5 S6 M1 k: @6 x
8 t5 I% I5 n7 d* h/ {4 T# b# ]) ?In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , u3 r; n: R9 Q 4 t* g- N) I( C/ z' ~1 T4 hShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% {) p- k$ e0 y* d; k9 f; D' u& }
: P! p! j2 r, WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + e! Y, a) E# |+ j5 j9 g: G" @* c , T4 f' i% s* u7 H$ n& ^- f如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 ]: t! E/ i$ e! d$ y+ n. }5 {" v, j8 B( e8 F
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * [, W; S) r! t0 X+ y0 m7 }/ [7 y( V) A+ _, g7 T3 i, `
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) M1 w5 _: ^7 g3 I
: y1 j; ^9 {. q* D7 ?; zHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), m# _8 A0 u4 |9 c) }# y
( X" U1 {% S1 b! I( T* _5 lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 U- x. E& q4 I# F7 A8 M8 _; E! J+ l1 s1 P. G$ \; J/ f; c. d
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 l d. E4 e7 H" l0 T
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; @5 I3 }! y6 f) [! k2 D7 j7 Y$ u5 {6 z8 D* X
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" ]. l; p9 ]1 g! o
: `, x$ O$ t6 \/ a# s6 }8 n& i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , C& P6 z$ D4 T ^# D. F9 G& D% M" S# M3 N& C9 ? 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: A- u9 W/ u- h' b( n! A0 q% i
+ Q; l8 D0 F" O L" o5 U3 @/ b例如:) @; X d* ~# [0 k! s( M
+ O' U3 e5 O8 D6 ^9 ]2 N- iMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 v+ l6 A( t- @0 y/ E+ D; v9 x& {! f) ]
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 W! R, ]7 \9 _3 F1 O2 k! ] S) x) ]6 f4 ^0 n4 B2 Y/ Q9 K+ E5 O
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" B2 l: g) L3 f2 g5 m* Y/ W
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 Y. \* u" s9 w- G7 W8 B( V# A' a9 k9 Z7 S' s7 e
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % B/ a! A3 g1 Z% V; h " ` ^! a1 X( N. B7 K( e" u3 bPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 v; Y& K. a* a" ^* \ 8 [ I+ z8 z) j3 `. P; lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 N2 m9 j7 N% e" A* N D) y6 ]' s. E8 ~2 u9 u8 c
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 p) D# ]3 b! _( Z2 H3 p( ^+ q) B5 f H+ x0 |
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 N( M) X' _! R& p- J' X 1 H7 e- c: v& f5 n/ O( C7 h: b8 |当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; {1 }8 m3 b1 J' y( H9 [! {
7 J; u6 {+ Z* a$ m, \对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & N3 S0 V/ A3 E- P' P3 x2 T 4 O" Q0 j/ d% T* B8 Z( l/ L0 l& A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, d j) o/ ]. \) a" H; f' |
2 u7 c, b5 i. J/ W; _至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* d( ^6 |7 [* k- ^8 o3 E
% q2 H7 i3 g- m' B还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* e" A2 x; M# i8 z
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 u1 y* O" L4 h2 Y