本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % d" p1 B4 F% Z% J- u K9 j- @0 L, d* F, |$ k5 H R 转帖 0 T8 o3 F! c, @6 T2 C' c1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 f0 Q$ s" Q% |$ R# J$ ]# j8 b; w
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 s& d) |1 h2 i0 U6 W: G# E
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 F4 G6 s: f; u8 f0 K, A; w % W F% |0 v W% ~5 H0 Y, A* P' cThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 z0 ]3 c3 l3 G) v2 m6 ~
) [, h+ ?' g0 `) q6 q5 YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 g, b; g4 E2 h$ Z
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ E% l9 k! N+ s+ s: a
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 h% o! x: t4 u3 x 5 Z' N7 m% w& V( \We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' Z; u, G, w% f" l
& l u5 Y ^9 ]The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ }; |$ \/ m: g, a4 H+ G
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ H1 q k; }/ r3 ]; e/ U3 s# T# P, q6 R8 k5 N. F& {
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 J. ?& u) f, i9 E
! G: Z" C. l4 K& M; x# s这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 }4 r9 Q" s, H, [
; f2 y3 J9 N) L2 w$ B; ~# g. L7 } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" ` T9 y5 n: A8 L% H
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" G! y' S& H' L" u5 t$ l, y, E
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( S9 ?: w3 G7 D8 ^- K $ D u" H) n5 m5 J# s) M% HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 [' o9 E7 D4 e$ L' \% B 0 A" y* `* L% s% m" X7 GHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & z' r, Z7 h9 l& }3 X) {, G b; k - Z4 r7 X, f, FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) e- s0 F5 h# g& t
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % h- f# P7 J: P% o/ g6 }2 o5 Y9 W+ X0 Z
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' y I' k7 I6 ]8 R) o4 Z$ H$ Q: o0 Y% ?( j
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / u5 e) |) x# P' P3 Z $ n2 x3 c9 p1 P4 u9 `The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' S* A- c6 l. R& D* H2 `/ s7 M7 v3 z6 V
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . q c3 g) ` [7 A5 H6 E- d 9 m- D& A( I9 z! w8 z- N, pHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / z3 y5 s( X. ]0 z; u7 V4 Z! {: Z% R) }& u4 {2 Z1 I/ @
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" l0 ?8 Q2 x3 @- j
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' U, C( L7 D3 E! P- o 2 I0 g9 Z- y4 w) I# l2 e+ dEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 I+ _7 j! D0 q, h: [ ?& T+ q: M0 [. e. z' n. X. u
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 i; V5 e9 N" r# q 7 }# K* [' o$ a$ Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* S$ e" R. U; O9 r t
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$ b1 Y0 a8 m; u3 t6 `5 n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 e. T( j$ }" L; ~' M# G
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) K# e) `) Y) q9 I* m+ q* Z0 S% n# P ' @1 D9 Z4 M( Y dManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; ]8 Q6 R' V* Y9 w3 G 5 A* T2 {' y/ @7 c3 v3 H8 qThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( H1 M) [" u* H
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 p# S6 V' V, V) Z ' b) {6 _. Y& ~( G1 r: mMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! _' v6 ^* L/ K( R5 a5 M
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 t) [" r2 ]1 |- H) D1 X . M ?: h' W6 J* TCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 y% y3 q% C4 y + d, C6 j! Y: A3 }0 K: nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), a: y2 _, N; K/ m
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- b9 p2 T& K! Y% q
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 F- f. |; M* w5 Y, r
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : _8 @$ {2 w n$ ^! [1 ^ 9 q( s r6 S |5 n对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , i0 @7 T3 [! b; C: c: C; [3 a! g' e2 g& ]2 Q* d' p% o8 G
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 T( P& Q5 Z! Q5 k2 \ + `& L5 H$ X% T m对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. U: S, V% R( F _9 r
% ~. n& j, V( S2 N- e& t7 x至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:+ @8 t: s( F+ ~" Y1 u) u
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ M2 G( h% ~; _5 ]; {1 e4 f
2 r' z8 B5 Z ^2 {0 ~2 ]有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' E& S4 \6 O8 M/ O