本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 ]* l( v) l1 _9 s , ?! c' W# b' o: L: c. N5 [转帖: G, R! r9 x: |: k; [# b) ?
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 F+ f3 m4 V- @5 y2 {' {* z; P/ ^$ }8 I: z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * T1 j+ F& ]; ]: l4 Z) p, M9 `* A! E. _: A x+ v: [5 k. H
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 f; X6 v3 Y( V( k' z
% y& r. f/ H5 H; QThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # K. I a# k9 ]8 U4 B% ~9 Q( U1 R3 F) s3 o- {
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 ]! Y: S% n* U. s0 z h, O' M6 K: M7 H
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 l) a+ Y; j0 [. H1 L! e( f1 x2 M' x( y. \. \1 ^$ r1 v( ^4 c- y, Q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : |4 L+ @1 [$ E6 n3 _/ q2 R2 i P% N' h
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 M4 @2 k2 y6 ~8 C$ n/ n * \% \3 C) g7 R( U/ v, fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" b6 \ `, Y, k5 D
/ E7 L& t1 f, _We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 a7 N, K3 Y5 j) [ h' W$ ]0 f6 e- s# \8 c* k
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 m& M3 B. c* u2 \1 Q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + _6 E4 A! D0 b7 @1 G- p2 H) h ( v0 [4 h' |6 J) G9 b7 w+ e d# L. k+ |( m) o [6 y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 X& y: M" ]- ?+ x) G' I
+ R5 ?, ^5 P& k- p s7 {) V例如:' w( _) L3 _, U' K$ J2 {
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ I- w, P3 m+ H9 }1 G* m7 B
3 W2 E% w$ h; Q Z+ E0 vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" u, A. ?0 n- ^4 c; Z! s. a
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), V5 i& ?/ |; o; J7 q$ s
" c, B* \+ C" a) UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / A* C* f4 K" Q F8 K5 ]4 F " o) s- r4 ?+ K2 S' M7 O) u7 ]# eIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- }6 n3 f/ z# p2 w9 e9 a" [8 f
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 C; Q4 n6 z& h' O3 m8 g, K2 c; v. h* \2 m' z
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 q# @ ]3 P1 t4 o) \
, V- r) l0 Q! U# V如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : u+ T/ K, h( p3 M& B9 ? a! ^9 Q: o7 k& ?: w o
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! y" x! [2 S5 y+ ]6 |
, r, J* f* B0 ~) z+ W0 g f, G# AThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). C' M& G( y) O/ L/ p4 q# P
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 x- c. n7 p" J8 k) f
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" f W2 P% F- u9 P
) `7 Q! k/ l- [# E- @7 a: `) sWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' {7 t3 i0 `4 a$ ]* o
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 S7 G7 x- Q8 ~: |% D1 s; k; Q! g 5 B2 l. e+ X# {! s( Z. z' I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 ?: `* S) s; n * V. ?% ^" D. _7 M1 m5 R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 {/ ~5 b) v8 i# H1 }: a# C. ?
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5 ~# b$ y6 F- A$ i8 H 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 H1 `8 T0 t5 r- [; u4 B$ ^7 ]
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例如:4 `; {! f3 h& v5 b5 d
. D: |9 ~' y' t: qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 }' s, M# J# C. C( c! j . S% f/ T, A0 j; L, I3 i. t/ zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , v) M0 y. B8 @) U, z! v3 N & Z" x. S/ }' O9 }% }) |9 N2 kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 i7 m" m% ^4 j" t. W- `: Y, t0 u4 }
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 i* ]& @( i% q- w" G) _6 f" n% ^
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ o2 K" F, N0 ~
: a. `; F6 R X% P& O; j8 CPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 k; s1 I/ U$ t: z5 B6 @6 c& }9 x! A
4 E, l/ J3 R, P9 Z/ mCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 P8 H @2 } @* k) z
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 b3 s1 {4 b: f4 P r; U2 h4 c1 ]9 u# _$ ^. \
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " L5 r2 I, h, V, ?% w6 D! d& C4 g8 H1 K' I3 t
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : c4 Y$ p' q" q' |4 D/ L& H( n1 E" Q# \8 |$ A
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: g& z' o1 F' o# d/ l" Y$ Y
q: |0 o) d1 [6 \* h还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * G( z# f, B4 J1 Z 7 S& y5 e7 @! S0 |有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& N- b. Y, t: I