本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 ]2 L! k6 a, x( j+ o
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) b6 I0 m5 G% ]* h 8 J3 S, ?( K& t/ s例如:8 [( n1 Q$ i+ ^% O( Z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , U0 o7 g1 B5 }& w0 ] 7 f1 S# Q# S1 TThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' l. O+ S. e; V$ k
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 H1 I; m3 d V, X# T- l
, I, o3 p& Q6 c6 R3 Y& Q2 A' p3 v7 q7 fThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 p0 u t2 S0 F7 |4 e3 _8 ^& {
* a7 p! O9 R5 y" A" V6 AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , s5 p$ d: @8 L% v/ u y* z1 R& ]! b p2 g
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 R, q8 n, n1 d& {, |1 x
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% y ]0 U8 Y7 d! S, r) ^" F
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& t% n, h! C8 ~; A
) _+ y/ f5 f2 W7 T, I, _, w1 J% h" \We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 n% X% T& A6 I, L 6 A. C r, x, E( A5 ?: jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , q: \9 N% Y9 h2 X; M, |9 S; s0 f, v. L \, Z
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 ^! G D) O, g+ @( h: g/ v9 d# F+ p
5 `( q9 `: }7 O; c1 Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( A* x' A) J5 D3 R: z' d6 j5 d. t! d' s/ R* n
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! t B8 L+ x/ e- N9 k% p& eAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) \) E: P; \' A. U8 `* ~
) L: Y$ ~' H W% R: FDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ M! d! }: g+ g& ~7 L
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 U+ r$ b2 i3 c
" P; I0 t0 s8 Q6 U* N4 `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 T1 e0 V! b- L: r$ \) U
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 E* x4 l s8 C8 h 1 m4 `4 z' X# R/ @ }She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' ]0 U H, }% K) o; T) v# j/ b2 |; g5 N4 |
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! k+ d: R1 _0 E
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 C9 n- ^2 ~" H2 I& ~ & @5 ?( Q Z3 X! a+ m/ Y: k* WThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), W; w8 @, u% U7 C# O6 E7 }
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" m3 M. ]6 G# p4 B% W+ h6 g/ P
4 ~$ x) b8 l# p) t+ z7 P7 uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 Z# r: w" g8 o
" V% h3 [% ~+ D+ F4 z" R& i5 i, \He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 I2 x2 s2 ~7 E. q1 I% m1 f. _+ x# s( V( x
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" J- t( o! Y( |6 L' Y& @
) @' u, B& `' G7 w/ `Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % s8 c$ p( A8 ], Q# }2 \' O2 f & U* P- L* ^# ?5 q4 \" {6 E/ t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ y5 g7 ~1 B' W& i3 {# D
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 n4 q0 {/ ~! _: R5 k: F' x0 \0 E5 B; G: V9 T# \! t0 l) c
* b0 n9 w. O2 h 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 h$ Z, x1 T6 W, N3 Z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 p# q- _0 ?8 L+ g3 f* ^, P6 U* x1 y ! }0 S: }/ {4 ^Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 e2 e1 H/ f" b5 U! }: O$ b* D6 D3 Q3 a8 i0 n. J
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 |' q! s6 u6 D/ e7 ~+ W z: E 3 y G& l# M' D+ c6 wHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* M9 }5 b: }8 s; ]/ Q* x o. m
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! o' i6 e7 ]; ], K% M/ a
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 _* A0 [5 }# s4 R
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : _- H1 @/ x" t0 g0 x u/ W$ s; W8 f% C3 Y1 v
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" t4 E0 i4 D* J1 L9 F5 M$ z! P
& [" P4 F/ n1 z D9 A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) n8 a% w- P7 Z2 K $ `6 o+ ~$ `* S当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. a4 @- i8 q' |! l% M& ^" ^' ]% K) R
4 N' I& t! B9 i7 Y9 q; p1 i) E对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 F8 E4 {# [. [7 G# l4 |$ ?) Q0 N, y! K1 f% U5 A4 x
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% L; N, v# \) |: r( s3 E
5 d8 }; T C0 q+ b9 c3 B对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & [: k E4 U0 g3 u+ U/ q5 y D0 ] + y! m4 q% Z0 f对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* q$ T: w6 Q% _4 d( S6 a) r
, |1 f' N; w1 B' G! R8 D还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # i- b' |9 P6 {- G2 K% p( b) z8 ^8 ?5 v" H
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * W8 f- ^" Y7 l" F( C& s2 A' w: N* z