本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 q1 _3 T( N" c' j- J% ~5 D+ z$ D9 L( z. L' ?& b/ a$ Z c 转帖 ! m% c& X, s: D& Q/ m- ^0 d+ A) S1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 q/ A' J* h0 K / o' X; S5 q. y! C例如:7 E: R" r3 W- q5 f
8 N+ d, ]6 q/ x+ F% XMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : S- D4 v+ V, F) P# [1 [' A3 [0 d$ r+ V& a- y! F* f$ V) Y
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 V* `* l0 f7 P/ {$ m: x
! x3 @5 B" J% @# Y. ~7 gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 m) Y& x3 x1 X
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( b9 y5 B6 G! `9 b; o% F" b$ @5 Q
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); Z9 F4 B$ C! B6 ]- a: O
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 O- p7 Z' A. p0 Q
* v( n9 i1 G; N6 e# A7 J7 kWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , }7 ?8 a( y. a# X" N) E8 V4 `3 |4 a; I2 _/ e
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ ?& {) e% D- i' m% o0 ~* j & ]( r) `7 H; iWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / W8 J4 Z! U5 H5 P 1 X% K$ p$ r/ s# MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& z) o/ W( I; \0 Q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& ?/ j- Z1 z( V$ w0 C. v d
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/ l" y/ U+ X: W& A/ _. L* i& g4 |* | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( W& t" y- v5 o" Y+ d! r$ c! K$ V$ J g! |. N
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, a( F: l2 u% K$ j, A; d# nAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ x1 T( S4 ]& P Y
! y9 S, i6 q8 e2 p' J `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 k4 \$ D" h4 m& C+ Q. W # E7 R* g. C. i% s/ zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( j2 N) T0 b+ E3 y! ~4 q* E( D, I& l! b$ T' q' c
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); H8 b3 e; t* `4 ^* Z, { M5 w
8 e1 e, u! Y" J) C3 G% kIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % F5 v2 d* n4 ?' f# R/ Z, ` 3 S( Y7 o5 D' \3 AShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), ^) ?/ N8 u h* {! Y* d' J0 l
( O5 ~8 s$ @. p. i2 p) EI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : p, P; w7 ^# ]0 w, C( X+ S" F 0 }+ p9 X: c6 ^4 f- ~& |, |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) \0 t0 D; _2 L& {/ |/ d0 ` ) h% P: R1 |2 R0 yThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), w3 i6 R9 i1 Y2 p" I$ N
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ d: w0 r: X# Z5 f+ E# r v
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . z# y) x9 m! I+ N * ~1 b- k2 y% A( q5 ^: y8 WHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 x2 V* q2 m) J, y1 i g z" v0 T* f' K
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 ~* L6 M8 E# F& D* g- B* o6 ^3 K4 N$ }5 l# m( p( K- o- p1 L
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 l1 b0 h' W' M
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 k4 E* W: T$ u' l- v
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 r! P! E# p9 d6 h q2 ~' k% V3 Q6 C/ ]
+ Z- _9 k- {0 k3 T& D* LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ j" g& _! g% ~- ]: r# P
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 n5 B8 H: L" H L, u5 } + n( ?( ?! T6 t( z# ^# BThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* ?' e Q1 @* }/ [" `6 b
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) j" T. [& I& ]' m @' p% y* r) I 1 e9 `0 Q: Q! `, pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + Q+ x' w) q [3 t! L 0 }- @: H8 J! V! d' w! R* M; H/ UPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* a+ R! H# Y$ t; F& C9 A
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), f0 k3 {) H1 i- C, x1 d2 g
2 Z+ |3 ^! N' d/ aStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' a: T2 z$ A9 ?+ x8 C3 h* h4 r+ Y" K7 K4 K1 Q) d
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ]) {* u# y' V , \; J7 |9 O) ~# F6 S; A当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - ]" U" F# c4 Y % ?. {+ e6 E1 w; F8 w对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; I9 o1 o9 N1 i# f0 z# f- c7 Q
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 u( A. w; _: ?% ]# ]8 ~
+ ]; e; V# F$ ~6 K对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# h5 _- O5 h, m) u/ V7 r5 W C9 I
r- k/ w/ a, M# M; r* U A至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # _1 ]* | v& D1 T3 E( n , \ E. \2 j1 e" g7 d1 k3 T* u( g还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, a6 k. w: Y3 a* D/ M$ Y) |3 K; Y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; y( ]" l8 z5 N9 I. L