@- j. A6 @9 T8 I" @/ e V转帖 7 K% N& i( s3 W2 g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) m8 x" Y8 G. E& ]
) }0 c; f3 m5 N6 b4 i. u/ Z例如: - r5 A! D4 ~# d9 H6 H( y: q6 W" o% E( L: A* f. I
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 H. q W( l: T S
! ~' n8 l9 e7 O; HThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 l; h6 Y, q% W7 {$ ~% {, e6 _5 h' {2 }
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 j E2 ]/ k7 | # q- |% t- S$ b" VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + N e0 S6 y5 S6 r0 T2 R + _+ N* S- B3 J: F9 j) o1 q- U9 ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) @9 Z* X$ ~; z* a8 o0 w# T: Q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 D* ?" p2 t( R) C2 H' O& W" T+ P* d# X1 _5 S6 ?5 ~9 d
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , \2 ~; D1 @2 U+ T. r# t" X + ?4 K( m G4 iThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 l3 J7 q( h$ n8 j* X$ g
) A" ~8 E: I! e! DWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) H0 a+ R$ j; }
: y/ V/ f! D2 i" k/ EPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 }4 K2 z$ H. M( q3 {, x2 @" X1 V 7 m: m h: F/ H: F: Z7 N6 a" i这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 H4 f5 |# v9 u V7 R
4 c* o+ J; r: U; m7 e2 H& i# }5 R' M( B, U6 t* X: a 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 z) Y$ I' w3 Y6 w* j% ~6 R' D% a5 ^7 q, ^
例如: % T% a" ~$ @- l% H$ j. ? 2 R0 H- I2 \8 S/ u1 H1 b' O7 [At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 E+ C% u) ?4 M8 i7 f; I, N" c$ S3 \5 D: h
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 r( c3 k; l/ l4 k; }0 U
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 w4 D$ ^: N+ Q$ o( R1 o0 K e7 j9 J/ W) b
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' n& A3 y/ c8 s 8 r; q% J9 }+ dIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ q* D O. ^4 |. r0 F1 b
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) ^8 ^/ k3 h. [1 W. _& o
/ a; @. K* U- }, BI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 Z* v9 u2 E( @
" A g% M4 H! Y3 Z2 I* ^如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( b6 X: R8 a+ T$ V6 S7 t _+ I6 C$ m% O' V& ?. h% B6 S; }# S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 d u8 d3 V# W$ M- `
: ? M# L; S& q/ R N$ lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 _8 R. U6 {0 G- x. w6 U/ a2 J) p. f2 p1 x
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % _8 N# z, _ W E A8 }/ v) c1 ?; e1 O) [8 A o0 j" |9 M! s s
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % M C) N+ J! b# Z- l , Q) a8 n D1 @9 kWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 O1 O: A, L; N, W ) |. l, k/ R5 _7 h0 X" G5 ^Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % H& w1 @. G. m* J+ B! a& ?, G$ Y0 @2 T6 O
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 |9 z, B3 M' T0 D8 a0 z: G / `8 Z5 b0 V1 w( G+ b* B此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 `" J) o% F$ n
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( ]% i; q* d6 l% \+ f6 u) o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 ]8 T# z, E* F; ^. V1 q2 V4 x7 F# i. C, o" w
例如: 6 N3 Z$ n" P5 f/ `# O $ y* _/ ]; V n" u5 |, e9 o) a/ c. LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( v" e; n& ~4 X) R, e- G. A0 G) c( ?
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , n1 E2 b3 V! I y! j3 ~ - }9 q# F; L3 q4 ^5 B, kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 P/ X1 n$ m& Y9 U9 u! C0 N6 W% n
& ?- |+ {# ~8 YHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & H7 u% ^0 ^" v+ M$ S " U: y, J# L/ v R: ]# }4 R+ BMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 l0 n) L- C2 D. C# R7 r2 o' p# m# U1 Q! c) i8 H5 b0 O
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); ^8 B+ K6 _/ R! p& Q
) e; I6 m* v2 TCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . u; L0 l) G, M" F9 S7 P! y 5 A3 d, g) i, G) Q+ w0 W4 o% LStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 u: `! _" |7 A2 w 2 Z! R p6 W9 X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- m+ C+ C: @3 N0 `% ?
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 v# F* O+ s; w0 G- q2 Y/ r) D
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # S- j2 \6 U4 w% B! q& c6 R7 L! ^ 6 x6 Y- ]) v9 @2 H- i, j& d对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 q3 }' X8 H( y1 ^; e# ` ]# n0 e1 F
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 U N" c" ?# ?5 n* ^7 h6 g 3 O1 \3 b9 S+ p3 O0 Q- ~* c4 i9 k对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% b. {5 b j" t9 h8 R
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: n: p- C# l1 _8 K
; b) a! n# ]6 H% U S) s" ~还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 E6 ~2 U* M. q" ?7 u# ]* Y2 c3 O# u/ l' S/ f, i
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; J- N2 a6 g1 t, Z- x w