本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 l; X# M% T) L " `+ Y; A9 c8 L; _8 {! P转帖/ W$ p- j, ]/ q. I) p3 f
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 f, [. R4 e7 K# f& r( L3 V( P , s$ H! J7 J2 ~& t- K: D例如: ' m* B- @) p% E8 _$ M7 z0 c. _! ?$ X5 ?2 A1 {, Q
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& d, J v& i; B9 T. t6 d
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 v: x! v8 v/ P" p. D* V+ c1 c1 y( Y! T& R3 Z, _4 {' ]3 j# ?
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . b" F1 }3 x/ ?2 C; U 7 b# r3 N) g9 a! k6 m" pThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 w" B" r: k3 o, ?( o" L0 D* F% d g4 S) `5 w' t
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # x. r' E5 f* [- y. \* A . W! W$ b1 R, g8 V- k; W) {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 ~; k* v7 p( d2 X- d
S) J! W* B2 x4 @) YWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& y J- L+ [5 J# B9 |! C
7 k7 @( `# `4 {4 V: ^The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 r! _/ P ^% H, }8 j" O- ]5 r7 D$ u; ~; \* E: U* w
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 r8 U! U& e. \2 I- ]0 X [% i2 c8 T5 V
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) t" d0 m& F) s. a$ k4 Q- L7 s( J3 v
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- {( a0 q# g5 ~4 \
8 s& A2 \& N: ^ + d6 p: A" j% ?" i2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & b1 V3 e6 ]5 }' W; u- f0 P: q1 x2 y0 P
例如:) [) R$ f0 y e
8 ]% `9 n9 I$ `: f1 j- QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 A" m5 W$ Y# o2 l
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% T) T6 E o0 a# J2 L8 R* X
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( ?7 _" O3 z9 o5 u* Z
6 [! l+ M; `& w- J) X) k- K$ PHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) j+ P3 t( d: O) A' W' b) `
) O, M' L, ?) s6 U# o5 m O; b) S( kIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ ]. Y& l# U+ N: _
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : |; m% z) F% o! o) h( \% l* y; t4 ^9 x: x
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( p$ U( c6 |: c& o; u |4 ~( C) J8 @ ! L# y( G' g" n5 e5 y& W' w+ b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, v5 @! ^. P7 W; e5 `
/ s) T/ j2 S/ `; [( u) a# sThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 G( c; C3 j; K. z& @; V2 m2 Z. u/ T( c% N4 r2 r
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ C, v7 J/ I/ v
% k, A2 V4 d7 A; {9 I. t JHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " G0 q* f, U8 r7 _ Z# C5 P, l+ z) u6 ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ H! y& i& A$ S
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- U, o0 ]( Z; f' i2 }
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收): g0 Y) x" T" W1 X
9 N8 |0 b p2 L) N) A/ A写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : C% ^7 H8 e* e9 H4 ]1 c) V* d! i; r" q
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! K0 x# Y2 P" {* S% i* }
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/ d5 p$ b, F; T4 e7 u- NMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 q$ ~- H- N; A6 h0 x$ H5 D* V2 ]: S 7 g$ g2 e8 V9 \: y5 qManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 x) S- i, \6 Q5 o$ l7 f! D; V$ Z& k0 K; W* Y( y+ L1 O
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) y2 n% Q5 G1 d& U( w: R4 G8 q
2 T% t0 R( r; M$ P. d) r9 d- k5 lHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ i( q) H- i2 l7 f ) x4 ^' t% n+ e- f T4 {! ]" vMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 _8 S& X; ^! X) e' R2 N; y , Z* c/ w& p& HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别). B2 N3 {/ m5 D6 t
/ `! T& l: s; e, M0 HCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! V3 O& E& G9 ?0 }3 U: L, X 6 f! ?; N7 Z( e2 FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . j' F9 G; p. w- l/ e0 g $ j. D. |5 E- R! k5 T% @# W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) L& t5 j2 M5 P8 y. U . M1 F" O/ f' H& v& h$ T) w+ D3 A当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: b# V( y4 J4 L6 ^) ]$ b0 p5 V
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 a3 b j" n& ]% a: i - x/ L; {; Q6 k& o& H对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;1 s' ]" ^. ~9 e1 \, _+ Z
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / o4 x o* S" n, J3 T& x3 r 8 c4 t% S* e$ A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' P( x, G R5 k8 Y, p1 t# M% g" _" R& v: N3 `
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 f% D) ^# }+ A1 M/ R
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 C* P7 y, ~/ U4 i
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 J+ T4 G4 |0 Y, J/ `6 I" _7 o1 }