本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + S( X1 R6 }" J. f; l" @5 x) E3 t2 x2 I2 r9 X 转帖9 V. @1 F/ x8 f7 l
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( x3 o0 D/ ^# w. C' f, i2 N! |; Z- ~; Q9 E
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ [9 J3 c' }3 e
5 d0 [/ R& t$ s3 E8 l+ PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % l2 X3 q9 W8 r * s- H; M% v9 q# x2 |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( }* F+ m' W2 W" s
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); y0 W1 `! @# e8 D: h! y$ x
" r; q- J, z, t3 H/ |4 rI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); s" Z5 z% a G
9 G# ], S9 D/ N# \Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ b7 c, u" C$ _: o: }
+ S+ S" h& }& R3 |0 W' e( eWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( Z) r& ^2 s9 h- e+ @8 b2 `
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % k+ {% r- p+ s: a- W3 m , Q( {8 K& n% @+ Q+ t# N. j8 D q) gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) ~! w3 M- n0 @* t# r9 |7 P ! W# _( ?8 x' K. ], ~% r8 A: ZPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* V8 T9 C; H1 }: n' [) o1 i
, h7 Y) O- \: N- _2 ~2 w! {; h这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . m, I' Y! K9 j A; n7 C+ ^7 Z- x6 y1 j% a$ J. a$ a- x
2 H) ^- H/ J; M 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& f* C; l1 f3 d* R ~5 _, q
9 w' l- W$ D T U9 F例如: # t. T; g/ U2 f" m+ O' [9 s) D# F! q8 T$ Q/ }" Y6 B
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( Q, ?0 J4 \* z- w& Y! I7 l 7 P1 B9 |' o$ h3 ~+ IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) D2 f( }* e C! k + I9 r/ L4 f" Q! p) j+ ?/ SI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) Z0 g3 ~9 |! h3 l' N) G( V; o
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 G! y: \. T' W - x0 m; f9 B3 D2 _. C: SIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 Y2 N2 q' x! v% ^8 d5 @) |" R/ o2 A+ Z3 S
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) N; P) N; a3 L6 b% J j' j) N! ^7 C
& B, @' f9 |1 O2 q- L; U! yI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 r% }/ V/ {8 |$ I) I3 ?
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ k! b& u6 B3 m
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 z. B! Z3 S- L6 R6 {4 S' l8 u. f
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 Q3 e* i Q/ W5 ]- t( r5 b - t& k: G, l' VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" g2 e3 t9 X6 V' a: y* w
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # h4 Q" J9 T8 [* b8 {; f 2 ?! V4 E, E7 c, Y" V z. SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 Y5 q1 Y+ s0 ~5 b% `
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' D( f1 f+ M0 a" m7 O! g) Z) J' V2 t, O1 C1 I3 e
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & V- W5 R6 S0 s ' U' R5 S# N& Q. ~; I& h此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 j6 L( n* U% b+ L0 W/ k/ U9 a- A, q3 b3 o6 h$ f( t1 _
) ]# u: T& r* r8 [ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 |) P4 r0 s/ x' n1 h7 E$ U+ Q8 r" n- t3 i5 J. K0 V& |) v
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 ^$ J. o" ]% g' `2 z, M, z( w* d
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) h5 a& C" y; t - L. v0 B' G9 U8 f' s) C y1 b4 oThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): o" F* d- r7 }7 D+ n
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) Q; |% _, B: P1 X$ \: @ ( U. ]. e" `2 K& {Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): V8 R4 k7 n, T1 X: x, ~
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( N; o: V0 j) g. i
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - r5 S2 F, }: H" [/ I& ~( C3 K, @* q% j: D, X
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 r) q5 {* W* o3 f2 A. e- o
6 }5 V$ m# S" Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' ]% q% q! W, ^) X; d, X$ R 4 b P. }2 d' z, k. g当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: g! X% _/ p4 \
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( W% ?6 m1 F& ^) L8 G" r, `
5 M0 x1 E/ w5 N- t对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# Q z C2 J/ w' k/ Z% f
% X& n ^) E* ?对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: c x9 b% c" A: m4 c/ Y: g
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " R: ^; _. Y7 J; n) u) Y8 o( @3 C+ }
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 M4 ^7 @7 S. o. n) ~9 U% V4 |/ c3 l, s! F: ^
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 w! K8 _0 e) ~0 y* z5 o+ f
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 ]5 f4 h: w$ m) ~. K/ ~% J