本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % K5 I9 A) P; S( N r7 `) j# ]
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 M3 ~. j6 A: S5 E1 r+ i+ `7 Y. ^: s$ D' h
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7 U5 p$ r& p% w+ G. T. ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 X) o, C4 P$ D1 [9 f( ` 1 @+ S/ u v+ V1 A+ n. G1 @2 O. y2 LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! `) B6 {( d# E1 E! r ' D0 n$ m! i1 o' tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 W B% C9 }/ i- s; l% M 0 m0 F4 K+ t6 I3 wThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 g' D% v/ Q. O6 e6 I* y) n1 T8 B7 V" O9 W7 c. Q
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ t+ ]6 x# l+ ?. z . q& `4 P" U" f: AMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 S: `* v9 w: i; x$ [6 u a # ]+ d* \% J& f. Y4 mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 b; Y" u9 C: D+ [" q, o
$ J2 B: t% V6 v3 dThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , E7 E- C2 W5 z: G( R( _ j+ e% M4 C8 o0 @
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; A4 a! ^$ ~( { Q3 \. v( K' M* O/ Y* B, E$ U* ^ {) O, U$ C% a
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 e- H- b# Y& ]' F
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( G5 Y; c( D* B4 q4 b/ a4 Y
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- D# }9 _8 d ]& k1 b$ T; _2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 w4 j. c/ S7 j u3 x5 A. b" [" ^ e, w' w C7 x
例如: * L: _2 v. X1 F: t- W. Z( N! x, t4 j4 I
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & m; C* g) U* Q4 g0 ~ + _; K. n( X8 r9 X- H0 PDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / h# ]7 v. N- b* ]1 S4 V' P/ [ 1 O. I* `$ w$ v9 G) WI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 [' M# I7 U* a; s% j# k0 t / H4 P6 O3 S! P$ u5 p5 l2 aHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' B9 v$ [$ v) _6 U1 I: ?8 v
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * T: l+ }- g7 }! S - ?- T. Q& V! bShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 N! K& B; U; f$ b4 `. [5 W7 Q
" `$ n" g5 T3 ^/ M2 i' [I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' h5 G& T) p7 |! P+ P- k
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 \7 T$ u' G& S" {
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & e$ ^8 s" k/ J% b. W8 b9 a. v7 J7 @% ^" t7 t
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * G, _3 m; _! H# S4 { 7 ?$ f# Y' h7 o$ N8 [, jHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 M8 c# F" m: J1 y" S, c3 g7 N
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / R/ B4 G0 K) J9 j6 i( H* F! x8 ?& @8 R0 _% D( R
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 q x# G- G+ l. G
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 i' M7 B2 C2 {4 H2 ?7 B" L% s; X: o0 `. F4 \% {
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 p- r+ x5 @# K1 ]6 n0 b% ^1 c( D0 o+ z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 i t3 f" ?6 ^6 {; T
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! r* a2 _: _! C, ]; a! i( y( H9 R6 R 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 Y5 Z1 r# [& X8 H& M8 C: C- X6 O! I2 w1 `* M5 l8 ?( t3 D
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, v4 j Z9 E6 f. yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . K5 N" d; z0 w' r7 _" }' Y7 h. {9 X
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 U; w6 d6 |9 M4 ]3 ~$ a/ p3 a & S5 A0 O7 ^. Z, o1 G7 S hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ m* E) J' Q3 @5 V% E% H2 I5 d) `; a+ _$ M4 U+ R$ T
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 B7 s5 S4 Z3 U$ d& s0 ]' g
f$ t' F) O/ V- K9 U2 yMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # a8 P) _4 d y2 m. H3 | " m8 e9 [: ^" tPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- W4 Q/ H0 E$ P! h
1 A" [8 O Z3 g) wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ W5 Q& {) e5 _+ F
- c* Y* d {4 W \; mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ s& a0 f* S" p! }- s
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 z: S% d% P6 w9 w/ T
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 X1 d; G# d8 ^2 u$ f1 D: Z( G; ?
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- {& h. f: h" C+ `/ c: A
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 r( k! B% v) o7 ^9 s* n' |
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % C$ A4 ~9 u- [" |) o ' b( v9 F0 r) g1 ]' U. ]对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , I; @) t) N& O: H 6 G3 x I* G" G% o3 l5 C至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " M$ ?$ F, `. U% G, Z 7 p. v; m, H# u! U$ F, h" P' M" V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 t0 |2 v; x5 S* B0 J 7 @ t- t" j: B" Y: G有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . E7 v3 H( s$ R