本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( s8 I9 ]' Z7 n* z/ K! Z6 f - a# s+ P+ E1 I/ b( h5 o转帖 , Y! F5 K1 V/ f0 Z8 ~# @$ M1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) [# y8 s- a6 i8 {1 r+ D ~ & Q% t U) ~5 a" ^8 J* U例如:3 @5 z+ K; S3 N) D# Q7 V# w9 T
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * l4 W- a5 D. [# W! ^! N" k% K% ~3 I$ G9 v1 y! ?9 }# k0 O
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* H7 g2 C& E4 Z2 \" O7 b7 v8 \
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) b1 ^) _& X) X, U/ b6 F * a, L. f' P4 ]% k% M5 pThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 p) w8 M# l9 [- U/ l; f3 i# m9 g6 c2 d$ I- [& Z# F, Z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), e& m* q9 Y* K+ a6 h9 t
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 ` x! @ o. A8 Q8 `5 v; C# F- O1 A, [* \
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); |( F) Q4 B1 {+ d+ @
$ w5 J( L' x, bThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 e0 F/ ]8 M8 h, F
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' L/ e5 }7 u0 |, t0 M0 ]8 X7 d4 d: F
6 |2 e9 l/ a& [1 {4 ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# u0 w. ?( G, e* C9 r; V
2 o4 p9 ^6 I, |* k0 J这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & f3 D' O8 g7 [ F! I3 M; l6 ^( c2 h* q) {& C. s# ]. O
) l# I: y' }5 |0 K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, Z4 E+ l3 f$ P* [
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例如: % y5 R# s& C! M4 c) R+ s 9 r8 p) G) j. S0 bAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) t& i/ M5 ~6 [; q/ j G) w% N) E, [' e/ v
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). d9 c* ]* Q M# b
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 t" |% H- ^# |% \, u: p/ o: f" G3 w1 D# _! V/ t
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; f' |; b/ Q( ^5 R5 X! ?0 V. J. s
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) P- f1 d; v$ e% l4 ?/ [ 1 Z# o/ n5 ^ G" MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! j1 g" _- K/ ^: ^4 V+ p5 L 7 O2 _. l( J* U3 v; d5 Y# M4 }I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % q# J7 y! E8 P ; M7 B: m' m) U如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( U4 D4 g# b6 [7 f: j' s6 E5 a) I5 j2 _4 `2 K O& d
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* {5 v* r% _% o6 ^' X0 X( h
) E' g2 u8 E3 M0 w) u# I+ tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ \0 J% E0 i0 |! p$ E
- W6 {8 |* G$ s+ {& @& `; K# xHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ `: U( R- J, H4 B
2 X" H; u* O3 a3 zHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" B% G9 O8 V, U- w- X
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 O/ l& j9 P, ~( s( `( Q* X3 n
K- O2 c2 ~, I1 U" xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 t' q$ Y. c% Z7 ?9 d1 v! X7 {
\2 z! i2 S$ K& ?$ B写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" a" x8 w; ]# _6 l6 }
/ ?* J* _: x" ]$ d4 \" Z: E) u此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- b* O4 [2 `# w- n( j; x3 Z% D# b7 u2 z
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0 D3 s" U4 u+ X4 U' ? 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 w% G" k; g' {# F: Q6 A6 _; y O5 _# V3 N3 F6 x' j+ r
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ g& {5 F4 ^) Z7 o7 j. K
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 m0 y) F% P6 g3 n
5 d; {+ }9 H1 XThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . S. d- m' {; w& I* C* H: \- }$ s 3 C# v* S* F; g9 z' O$ a1 pHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . A$ n# X* I# D. k7 ~) @6 p% M( j9 s: E5 R5 V- F6 R
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , Q; v) ^8 B, `- k' a4 f/ x. o4 f1 M, Q" d
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- {6 c# b( @/ N7 k9 Y) V
0 G4 J" X$ Z/ xCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 L! g0 n5 x% W- G C1 P
! d# ?, u% ]9 O+ S# y4 v8 m( G3 ]Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), O0 U( v6 t. b+ U1 O
. H4 H1 ^, ?' s! L" W" M同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 m- A" f, f ?7 ]& y; ^! V* A) w9 n 4 m1 e& V6 s1 i; l' D9 W7 M" r x$ g当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' |# a: I3 X5 {$ m
+ t% s7 N& I8 U# d/ v' o对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & U, _2 x7 K% E, ? {9 L% z r 0 E$ {& w/ ~. k3 g. P4 I6 U$ a9 M对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; W5 g7 l; P5 V: V + Y0 l' r; J9 P! F对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- T/ q1 u/ r) H# W2 W