本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 Q) \8 m9 M0 T9 ~" [$ `4 I) G# T M3 ` D7 L! B 转帖; W" W+ P/ O- X/ x: O6 Z' [$ Y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ d" \7 w! |0 w9 g2 P
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * J( K, |7 D# x: P' `, a& M U' |! g7 z+ V6 XThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; l9 F- E: K. `, N( ]1 E4 n& I) P& V; O: c% n# ?) `; @& B* _
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 t' Y& J8 ]: h E( @. a' J
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 J7 r" W2 K+ U/ a+ y ]( l6 K& f
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; r6 ]; E' T; g2 N) }6 O6 B + Q7 B7 E9 T5 l: Q+ fMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" v; n5 @+ e: G% n9 k2 w9 [; O4 l
9 P% G z/ b& _6 pWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 T& N" w4 \+ |; g- o T1 C8 f7 M2 a
9 @3 \- b$ _, w8 Y( _/ t J+ S+ bThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 d9 _( Z; h g+ C a9 h5 z
\6 K" V" ^" x ^We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 H4 k$ q2 L3 ?/ [- r2 n2 ~# M
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) p& J0 U. f) s/ l) v) [% @
% A7 \; @7 L p E+ I这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# S8 Z2 l( q0 S+ }* E" l
7 _6 m3 i& S. f- e4 J , M8 u7 r. \) M" f0 M1 @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* J+ l& C$ Z# t/ ^, F1 y# a
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例如:. ?2 o3 a: W. A/ H+ T6 p( N
. |7 d. z( T- ?8 S3 T9 ]5 EAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ C0 e$ t4 P7 ~& M5 }8 E4 z2 J6 d$ a! j1 i
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 |% u$ c; Q4 p9 }; G3 _3 x3 ^
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), c- _2 Q; }. i9 T( B T6 `; t
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 p+ U% h5 a+ m L7 L/ J# S# A6 q0 n& A4 T( O- }- V: z( u2 |
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 O+ P8 j) K% }/ o0 v & F# t1 _5 w6 vShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 p; W$ x, u e+ z6 L0 a1 r- w- [
+ |' d5 _' h- b$ ?I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) Z: x W+ U' ^ & }' ~- m6 O% x5 J, Y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 Q6 i$ c/ ? a5 U% s/ g& x0 v2 ?
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; E0 }, c0 e) P$ m3 ` / m' T9 r4 U! X+ KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 ^, {; K8 \- x' u! l: V8 ?0 W5 w, }
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* }( ~5 M; h, H" A E
+ k8 O% y4 W6 ]+ ^# V' S4 }$ a- Z, vHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , |8 u; [5 Y0 r# `2 L" \" a0 T8 Z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 h' L9 u& X8 L+ P6 D2 l- Y( j9 y$ Y* I: [0 L$ a' W0 _
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 K" w4 D$ m. k0 I) `" r B) d5 c9 g, t2 W' ?0 Q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- q: f. c& D. S" p- C0 {
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 W# C6 M) }6 C( J% g
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 i7 Q" M+ i/ D R+ Q; B. q4 B
# y+ ^* K' W3 X/ W1 A4 l( y" k/ E. WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% i* p; `1 ~1 f' M7 y6 o- O2 n; |1 {
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" l \+ ]. \2 ^4 c2 b! P# X
. Q1 r& Z5 n" Q4 k8 q6 cHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - }& W, {' w: Z3 y4 i: n, O1 E6 I# s 1 L: _! {+ A8 J. T/ d1 EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 `* T) o9 E. T3 C# s% F6 v- t ], W8 i% u
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) H! K6 c# J: D6 X, ^' O- v( q. z$ i
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - t. h+ G) k, q, p4 y( z! o T5 V, y2 k
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)5 B7 E( `& H) f% h7 P# H+ T+ K% G. [
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 U" D; j, ^1 m u7 u+ Q" \6 V- n! {
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - W0 x \, ^+ b0 X, J% L0 m5 Z 3 Q: U& X# a- T3 y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 _1 x- |1 L0 H1 Y( P8 f3 f 8 y3 `$ \7 T' w8 X9 t对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( N; m* e( q' C8 ~' p
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 }; B, ^) ^1 z- w2 `; @8 P W( l
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ C3 H: n: f( k
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 c9 b+ c- N1 C1 `7 B
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: a C% }; c/ c0 L' _
1 T @. f& S1 W; c% N有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 v3 W# {$ U$ b7 `; A, Z( `