本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( b' M% o6 N) Q& S! h/ | * r, x2 E+ b1 O转帖9 W8 m, A j0 m: E9 a& {- w& a" L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 q# K1 [" c/ b
6 C; v) ^9 x* @5 q$ s例如: ( i0 O' z- h5 Z8 \3 j4 y 0 b1 S9 b# B. X; m1 i& j9 PMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 ^6 u% p* Y% U + r, a# y/ t# I- PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) Z5 [+ U8 W8 o7 r. v% H* v
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) C. K, P0 v5 C5 {! T3 V: a; S1 \: V1 _$ y& d5 z( c, g9 [, x9 z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* y e; C- f. R5 w# q
6 _' M3 e0 @! m8 FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . M3 P9 |& g+ {: N; S/ T" g+ Y0 \4 g$ }+ M5 G3 Z* ?- Z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * E0 D2 p ?3 |( ?9 F. O9 w5 V+ t3 o! V2 N- h, s+ q+ n+ L3 C
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 G. o3 n8 v* r- Z$ v% p/ ]: Q' r( I v6 y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ ]" W3 s# V; s; x( U$ \9 U$ a
% I- D9 l) H; [% w. bWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% o9 o6 j6 `2 R! f* x( Z
6 R8 P7 t) P# h7 T |. NPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 h4 u% d/ U( h7 X
! a: ~, ^+ p' v) t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 h& N2 U& m- T% q2 N0 e( h$ j e, ?) j, o' K( I* E, a
6 E0 O# y Z* \2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; r X; f( X9 P- H6 Q! l, a% h9 U
9 k& U% r$ q4 y+ R6 f5 d& Y6 Z. X例如:+ c% u! k& W2 f/ w
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + |, ~6 K9 K9 |4 Z ( M6 l" l& `2 a) c, D' }Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 k1 ~" m* e9 r, K6 [. ^
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * G, H9 y0 m4 ]! Z w7 W& L. @( m
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 `) r/ T, {2 f+ V; i. M) q8 m8 P) Q+ x2 M4 Q1 B+ p" v9 o! `
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' z8 T/ [- y. R0 y0 x* B! u; O- i2 S! R- t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 D0 M( D1 | H# V/ _ T1 v3 w3 \- |
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & h$ B% R- ^' v/ p! _9 p; T8 O% J6 q( ~; x0 G4 X0 a
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 t) v0 X; s9 k( g" `! x8 y! B" o 7 `( W+ N/ f" A0 ~6 O+ @% UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' i2 [3 {. h2 P5 f% f$ J) p- G0 {+ e
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 B9 r `7 L9 W! A! b% G
" k# Y+ y& u9 I+ O' _9 }He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 }: m# C+ ^' K# s, H2 u: T
2 h. h/ d }' jHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' |/ E j6 S. a: S( [. H* v* d
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 d4 R) p+ l) Y$ g4 `, x3 q# E+ g
$ q( d0 N# A6 c, i4 s: D! IEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 r1 R \% t: z: z# A" `9 s! m! P8 O O
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! @+ e, ?5 I& q
7 Z% c+ D; x8 \- M! V9 G此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! W9 Q; l8 n5 r9 j3 y2 O 3 W" a" E+ o& | / h q$ [* Y4 x3 u. d* Q! v3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 b9 e" I+ Y: ~2 C' [6 C5 c$ r, [2 ^7 C. K
例如:6 {% M4 u$ U7 l" e' u5 \* i
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), n3 [' E8 M% j1 ~
( D- R5 R) J$ ?% K2 F1 u- ~* R fManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / g9 Z! h t8 a5 k 4 c' R7 }5 H1 p" s$ o) J+ LThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; y. m! @( w4 V% _6 o4 h9 b( e4 g( ]8 m1 I- Q* a
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 K6 S" d8 M0 v9 l% |+ v% ~9 w
H; V g) ?6 h/ VMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + B) F+ B- C# ]8 ]9 q4 `2 s- M 1 z9 [$ T+ u9 E APolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 k y+ ]1 V$ y" v) [& Y$ v/ w, O* {2 U+ M& z4 [% ^( ]
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 U, {( W) G* |# Y4 E
, r( M$ m% z0 C5 i% G( C$ cStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ m' [8 Y$ R1 j& Y+ G : v* ^/ p! L' `5 ?& |同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# K/ b6 c8 q7 p/ \+ o+ q
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 T* p5 {$ |9 V6 M( f9 }+ e* S, b3 [3 S& y% }' @
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. Z5 b2 @# }! \) g/ J
a4 j( n) B7 I3 Y) l还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 n$ i/ U, D8 `% E# N; ?7 f1 q' E6 G
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 e, N% t! T$ o) Z, Y