本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( \3 A+ k2 b- j" ?! J( g) s
7 q( O' v! I, p0 e f 转帖 * C& `/ n2 J, c4 D9 ~1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . b Z, C# H# ?" b* `7 y) b' D ! L. e: a: t8 n5 s/ L" B例如:. d+ p* F: F3 u# K
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # Q6 X2 i; x! a& u! O+ b; u: W2 j* ^% b5 u6 l: M
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); \# I! Y: R X7 k3 {
) F( o1 o% _+ S- Y' l* E! x. z1 l* bThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . M, h8 U, {+ `) A, m4 P+ P7 u1 u6 L( J1 }8 _
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)& `) K0 N( i1 G3 g
% B- b: ~3 p( ?- G5 SI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; {' @: `) |7 @ # b# p3 }, P% eMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! o/ R' j8 E8 P0 h( Q
: S8 W" G2 v' M& }8 i( NWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( Z4 S7 K8 P) R4 z) j- Q+ Y1 K2 z
7 y- P) _% ]9 l& Z. DThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 Z' O9 S. ^$ c$ ^9 B7 E' ^" i- x4 @2 ?- L8 e2 I3 p4 p0 d
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 N0 T9 h: [( G" d/ E
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ f3 e- g" A6 B9 p8 X1 w
$ @0 k w0 `3 S" O( j这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 f& {( n$ u' G; {2 e& |) ?! ^4 k Z5 }1 j
5 ~. V( i9 N" F! _. f 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / c1 r& X: f1 u2 g! H$ z) r' m6 @: T& F+ N
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/ N6 Y1 }4 J/ |% `. @, H/ |At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * s: W1 x2 @( o4 P; m$ c ' u( s& q+ X) q WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! p. A4 c+ l/ B& U! e) m- C8 k* i3 j+ G* ^6 M+ w$ c# [6 K
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ p9 G3 u. D- _/ E6 i
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; q8 u: O n' q8 f1 Y) ~1 G/ S" W, t9 L5 c# k* [( R
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) p! G9 _, `/ h2 ~ @' K: Y7 J5 [
7 i8 o, a; `% |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # l( R. v8 d' M8 }0 \5 {0 `: s! K1 z, Q8 D/ T% C
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ n7 O* [& }3 o0 i( _" X$ D3 Q0 H9 o/ L. b) }
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + \' E, @# d7 d* w! v( G& V! M" w 6 P& G5 C# [( M3 h5 k$ m6 zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 R7 G2 s$ p' i7 e0 Z3 H/ q( a
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & B, w, A' C9 I0 Y/ R2 T+ t6 K8 }1 A* ^" h. I; a
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" D* U* u1 j% p5 W8 h( \
( J" {3 \; c4 \5 T( EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & j& {0 {1 ]5 q3 B 0 {) |+ N% t8 `% }/ Z/ jWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 q7 N" Q$ g% v' o
4 n$ m! ^* M4 P$ m! f& d0 V# h" r2 PEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 j3 y, W+ \) E
8 _! }$ h, X4 S% S% F a6 T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 c: `9 u, w( @" X" _/ Y6 o/ b - Q y. F W; Y: t1 {9 i. T. f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! h, i5 _( t' k
) }) u5 S/ s3 H1 m& k0 Q; y/ J* j# u8 \: V- [. g |! o r 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. d4 _4 |8 P2 g% e
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . z' Z0 {+ P: @6 J, ?/ o' `2 z: H& h J
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), M4 h" J0 E7 ]; \
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ u2 l, q9 m/ c& v l
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! P6 K0 Q& o% A4 E$ I4 m% U1 U( _* G* E# [ Y+ I9 w- E+ \
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 k& J9 q- z% ? H Z1 A1 {2 [7 Q% |) T
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 Q. R/ S& f7 V. n/ }
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * q: o2 l" H" b: G4 l* b& [4 |8 v$ x0 c! n+ @& C, D9 x
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! D, Y1 Q$ f* d7 h+ [% m + ^1 R* o* g: X# T& _& i( ]' N4 j' Q* b同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 Z7 o1 P4 n2 ~ ~$ { 4 ^1 g/ c! ]. u+ e, x& K当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & v" K6 I8 W. g" p5 d. T 0 f4 |4 ]1 \# U8 @2 D) l6 G对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 k" K- O4 ~& C; ^ ?( \8 ?0 V6 M9 i% @% D1 ?
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ E: J- e; E" }: z& _7 J( h
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" l- B4 `" Z! i3 { g
9 Q- [: N! f2 K& Y0 P0 q( W8 O对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; L# K; A6 ^. u- M/ ^9 G - n- c' m+ j- w' C- K至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' {$ Q( |1 U9 X # r1 \. {/ P# e0 m- d还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; u# z0 K9 }+ Y0 | \: r, S
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) t2 n+ {5 I# ?# N* J; e4 S& O: K