本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 Q3 b2 r" D# C7 x- H+ P4 F ' H9 i. g2 w; {/ L3 B: e3 w转帖 ( T- H7 T% S. s" s- a, H+ y7 K8 O1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) U" l0 I/ z- I6 ~' f2 f+ \) Y! v6 B& H ( G# P. B& c& k; N. J例如: , I! n, O/ d9 C# A9 N: l % u/ J. u6 A9 y+ b) LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! F, _6 z4 _; f1 d( ^, x! Q3 A- M* Y3 C; m2 u& Q
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; X( a1 ]5 v" P8 o4 D9 y% P) j6 o7 |/ a, A% e
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! R/ W6 J( a2 v, E" X9 W- D% Y ! m( f7 g. z3 w- Y7 i! BThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 F* u) W) J. V9 C ' M2 z; Z4 h6 }' l$ Z7 xI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : D3 d" r2 ^0 e2 q* ^! O 7 C% m, L4 G6 P4 C) ~) p0 tMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 Q0 U- k4 D" v9 U6 w' X
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! s( k, ?1 t N N& C. I 5 _. @" R$ O* T }% JThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 `: M2 Q5 j# a# \7 J I8 b
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 g& ^+ v; A5 L7 w8 `* T1 \- _2 h6 h1 B
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ h+ w4 o- h( q% C' _0 _
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 n: r7 P5 u# ]* O" [' J
5 H. f) D7 x' u7 a1 T" } 5 s( i( f) {8 m: l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . C+ ^" m; B) ~) Z1 c6 B9 C6 [3 Z6 O: V0 S: @' B5 }: U
例如:. l7 ?5 i& ?0 [. z+ E! u
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ D2 X0 A0 Q/ p7 R; `2 j
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * ]) x. V' |9 d& K4 j; q$ x( W/ Y$ v
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# O2 c# h) A0 b; M j
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* o+ _1 k5 R8 |7 x" V* v
; k' x: E. p2 n; O! L1 z1 TIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& G) C9 _2 i0 U% b: y6 G
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ ?7 B5 S! S) a& M3 X. y* {
0 t: ^$ a8 h: S- v" y0 p/ WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& s0 Q9 B6 J, c4 d
' T% a, H6 o Q1 a$ S4 l如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( g% M( t6 o: b, _- Q% A9 }4 e* D; B5 g# v# r0 a
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( P+ ~- x1 [& H 8 t: y+ O# q3 u% @7 g2 _7 wThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# t6 p' `! }) G/ }# o6 h
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): U3 |' I* Z1 W2 e% Q/ w& v5 R
& J1 G. G5 C3 VHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ w% c% r" H2 t$ L1 B
, p+ ~% l' X- D. N6 y; e, J( I+ fWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) _: A6 F: O ]( c' f 6 ], `2 ~: J. `' b0 R' l1 ~Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 k+ k, X7 U3 y$ ^
" @' Q: p5 }8 `, F" t8 b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , v* ` P/ S, C3 F7 k* F0 F7 b! [/ Y3 E: D/ M& ~
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! P2 g) ^" p3 k% e' h+ B- ~7 U& C: o* [, g& O7 d
, j3 ^% S) {) h8 o G3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 j, R- ^# u- s3 b$ @2 ]+ R5 i0 t
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)6 U8 N# p6 [; T8 B( [
+ H" J. c) y! ^4 g. k9 eManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) ~; W# i" Y8 ]; f! [
; Y# z! G+ p) OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ b& C' y: i* Z8 h2 P$ P" ^) u5 U) y/ M& N0 A
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 t& s) `8 \/ V( }1 ~+ Y) n7 c* s% K( p2 G
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 e9 [% @! J4 D0 I# O& C J0 a) N- h( L( j% P& u- @
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * N7 E" ?/ v& q" X( I1 ]% t0 ~
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! N+ ^4 { r% P |# r w7 d9 t0 _! D7 A ' M+ G/ |! T0 SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 `2 b3 s7 X+ t; q # {2 @% i4 i, s& D# Q9 P$ [& R同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ G" s; [% [: Y! w8 l9 u3 f! Q( I( H5 e" w* n4 o4 k8 Y
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + a: B T' r% E4 d0 I1 [2 i # ?! |8 ]% E& r9 F, ^: n对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ Q7 `9 }5 D: ]) g" p) ~, A
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' Z- Z) b- O1 c% g* ^6 e7 \7 c' Y! c2 z" ^. s$ E
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 F, A' z' N# A0 d3 U$ `, A8 w
! @: ?2 U5 o* N1 |8 M# V( G {' h对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + Y& d7 S7 U9 W9 V' G/ _6 r# C, t8 z$ V' u# o
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & {/ n- y' h* X8 E ?7 Y9 z, L* a% o$ j8 N6 s
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / |, Q$ j: Q- d2 [* T* f3 w9 m% |9 i! Y7 c- ^* r
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 f9 K( }! _. A/ e+ c' C0 h