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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 T4 T" T, S9 w3 ?( i" e8 O: l3 z' n1 ]! L% K. g
例如: 4 h! i& B% M2 ]+ E( h" m & Z; \$ A- |; F& n( XMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& j$ T# U) T% C: q% g
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& O% K0 x* c) p' B+ N* U2 ~4 [
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) |# C6 G( Q* F8 F! N4 G( v1 i& K& a3 ]% C
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" j) K+ a; m1 @0 j0 q! l; u
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; w: @4 X9 Z6 J) r9 {5 B$ w ^$ w" m
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% v2 W5 F' p1 O4 I# }$ b' |
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 g1 T4 m* F6 a& r; S5 ]/ U2 E% t1 w3 W) W) \! [& u" `
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 q2 f. J$ p3 C$ \6 `6 g ) I% [: E- o9 H1 i( e$ i3 Z2 BWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 N" R+ l$ B# m* R1 M- a : O/ V: V1 G, [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & x. z4 k4 o' p& m+ u6 O3 x, y: V5 T
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 [) f+ U1 b+ j0 y9 L U6 [+ w; |
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2 `7 M( J) y: Z6 Q: f 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 R/ t0 J1 j2 p" V4 d& i q! J' X4 r8 c
例如: , a( g X3 Y% k& C& K: E4 g8 _; v . X0 D4 |- u+ B2 n. rAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 P7 U9 T8 Q, v% ]. ] _
# L4 h( D- w7 b" [# JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 ^4 p, B' L6 j$ X0 M2 ?& c0 K* q* ]; v
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + L0 E# O' B5 ?( I1 s [) o3 b( f7 b. K, E4 l
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( k* @: d' x* X9 w+ E$ J# t' y" R; Q) @% F
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! ? p$ _$ F4 @; M. U* C
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 M0 j) E4 q8 o3 ^/ `* i w - K0 x: c+ ?( M- f, HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ v- s5 D3 W4 p! {0 Z+ r
9 Y; c" t4 j0 M+ p$ M如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 Q8 q) y& q+ o ( c( l. ?/ }# `; s* b# DThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - h* r. N, ~0 s' W. G. e) L6 C( o 4 B. K2 [% ~( m, `1 z: z! [' qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! g1 l, y% ?% O/ L( \ j6 _1 N
+ Y) d3 B) B7 x2 Z3 G3 GHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 D5 G" k8 N5 K2 S3 [4 v
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 U+ |8 F- N! n. W
* B; B' p& h0 P; P$ LWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) s8 v2 M5 W/ e6 g' f V0 i/ Y
/ F! o7 y( L0 |* m+ bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + O% I' k9 j3 x6 ^; ] 6 w( n9 }/ g7 O1 k7 a/ i" O p& F写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 r$ B! P& ?6 k' n4 o" }
, d1 H ~) F! V此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + f: ~! }- a* `3 B3 ?5 N 3 R2 G. g! l* L z9 n3 c5 R 9 }7 s- W) m% I, G3 s3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # Z# R6 ~5 p4 Z- g x% o 3 ], E% N# T8 ], `3 Z. n4 [例如:8 `9 |3 Q: K6 C7 J# B& v) |) @6 I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , e/ x7 p' a3 \1 w& e , |$ f7 o& A: h4 M/ LManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 e" K4 s. M* r `" K8 w$ _0 Q1 M1 g9 d$ t' G/ x2 c
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 `! o. t! j! W% i& n/ P/ C$ X. U3 c/ ^
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & w1 H$ O; L( }. q7 Q 0 u4 n4 ]- V h; Q" c. BMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; _6 y& v3 Q: s' ^ - K$ \$ b( Y0 PPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 A3 t- S9 X% @3 A/ c/ G" |" D. \) A
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ X2 h& ]# W6 w2 j8 p4 _* e* |4 @
9 H# I$ U* B. `' bStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 z; V/ j% T0 g" p6 K# i+ W7 P
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- k/ D$ q* F5 g$ k3 h2 I! B
+ @; t6 a+ Q& M4 E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 W3 W9 m4 ]) N. q0 J2 i# P6 D0 K0 V3 i! y
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) l J1 ]. B, S. c2 Z+ `5 E: r; Q" J: l
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ w: }3 c7 B/ B' |4 F % O% \* Q6 h% a% x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; [5 g" F5 A& H8 D0 d% F4 z) j! W! l; s
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ n! `9 z: l# j% j9 ^ i5 Z! Z ]( b; p1 A& B
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& Q) D# x7 x) ^; s% e; I
& c: p5 a: J N还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ U% c" n! s. V5 ~8 k* \6 F5 u" B# P$ X! }
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 _8 d; ]/ F8 A# b) u% b- N2 W