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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) A( K7 Q& @% B: \7 J' ^' r3 T7 } A' A& S2 R
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( r; n0 D; w6 O7 E+ h
* I+ ~1 U5 T& y \; n2 lThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 B$ u7 R. N( Z+ o% |$ j5 h) d2 J; j& @: s" Y! o
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 k1 D9 W$ w3 ]- v* }( {* X# l8 H! `" X3 i
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 e& k9 X" s/ D! U& ?0 z: O' X- q# Q2 q+ e
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , G" t* k0 |+ \. S ?! ^: M 4 A% c9 c# ?9 w4 J( c( EMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) d* x/ n1 x$ w$ y+ G6 j
, H8 H- ?' a" j4 I9 h2 b* l- OWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 c0 G6 E5 K( A
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! G! D& I; A( i- a: F6 L1 B0 d. `; z( a1 `" @
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 i2 P# ^% t% V4 `
+ P( I( g/ ^- v' R/ @9 j% Y9 kPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* c1 v; Z- R" m
, _( m- x1 N) w! H' _" |这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & P2 S0 Y: i: T& ~8 n6 D c* a6 A" T& I3 C4 ?2 X
7 v% g4 S9 D6 X, ~9 c3 l1 h, V2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ |/ _, u- e0 z' j. Q( Y2 o9 `6 u
$ z% ~) l, T0 y6 N0 V! nAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& p, ?' Y6 r$ s9 E4 g
$ F2 ]# j$ a3 P8 j4 a4 r" p# `9 dDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 f$ V, V) {) m0 A4 P! a3 i : ^3 g8 ^+ T6 vI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! I7 P2 _3 J$ E9 X) s
- h9 C; P7 @- d' g, x9 x) ZHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- h% ^, h$ ? G( o0 v$ }$ g
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + w6 t8 f! p8 r0 O7 O5 `+ p, G" \! i$ s
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - Y& @0 K7 b1 y( X' U 0 ^. G G8 x. `6 gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 z" q9 E& l7 B( V9 t
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & y1 q# {7 n& d0 w6 { % c- @- b8 O" U- `1 vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" ~1 B( i8 t) I: ]
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) i# J7 Z4 r4 k; ~8 v7 n l. u4 W7 U) P- `9 c: e# b
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), A6 ?3 ], `8 z0 M9 _$ ]; `
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % w( W& p4 w4 g! x* ~& U+ m A# o+ m
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! y4 a& d5 g( K6 o+ w3 a / U+ c6 C" G Z- L) z4 jEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + M8 x) _9 \! D! j1 N 8 V& d6 \8 }* N; ] p& |9 d& ^写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( Y* U! {' F' u: g1 R
& a+ a/ L0 L! x0 a6 x- |5 @此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# Y0 u) L* m* L' ?
% X: h% j: a+ i4 A! MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 ?+ F1 P* v9 y0 }/ c7 u" ] 9 Y* C/ a" S- f! m% cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 e7 Z& z |3 W d) Q
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; L, t; W0 ^/ z + J: \6 ~, q) \He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). q# h/ @; X8 O) ^- {/ _
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 J" a# v6 e* ?* v
3 S# T" f& h+ n' J$ [: J$ ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! k3 M* z" x# i9 I U
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . `9 V/ A$ b* Z h8 f% u5 l! u8 A ! X1 A% L& k5 ]Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + z g, i. {% m/ y. j2 y 2 \8 V; \* v! y. t! m) V- V同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 Y5 }7 K8 p( n, f$ Z& y" P: o, j4 F' }! B6 U
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 `3 _& {, G9 X% ^" C `) |) e! C4 b对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : |/ A3 A7 R0 k5 [9 ], j9 K6 G0 a, ~6 e6 s |8 A; w0 U' k% S
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 D, v% l( x" R6 e$ I ; T: L D7 m% \- T+ f4 `% v对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ P/ O& I2 j: A$ W( l
# Y) z; P" j7 @5 G* j5 w对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - a7 `! R' k! y; q( x1 n4 i * H0 u1 e7 k0 t2 q4 c至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, a4 Y: d& x' a1 D- J. A, U
y, j6 V5 T; ^. I还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & g' X& l0 P, y8 M E/ v- D$ w( r$ {$ e% X/ A- U- u
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' P6 ~6 [7 Q0 z$ o: u' V$ W