本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / ^7 y: B8 V* O) w8 Y0 I) I
8 v o6 w) p7 L7 P转帖 8 ^, Q. @) ]& a. y6 ]1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 X5 l: q2 T" @4 W. B' T # [% p. t1 _0 {. x. `8 ^, c: r例如:" h! N$ s3 ]/ H U) L
0 [& e0 Z i; HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 `6 N( C4 [6 m' Q# M' ] ) D1 p: q# M3 r% u- u7 ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# n+ [; G' Z, r" x t9 q( J5 g
# I& `3 g' {! V0 ~+ V% HThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* |: z- B5 r1 x8 b
8 g8 w& Z5 J) n3 ^! s' |The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 m7 X# O& }8 c$ a& @
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 K: ?3 U6 _" l4 f* a# E2 }9 q; O5 p% |( ]7 v. T
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 d; Y# b0 B( e& l0 _0 [
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 |; o* l( E* ^& Z $ w8 p4 M+ L7 M' ]/ B5 KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ `) X! x* g" p. M& D
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 o0 u, A- m1 F2 Y- l9 t" \ 3 X" F1 j! \8 MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 ~# Y1 {; `8 d* N. v+ A* t1 u! Z$ B- [, o
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& q( F- N/ S0 C" E
, X. i; c1 x E. r5 K7 j: c, q% \8 A% ^' T- |+ n 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 ^$ h$ D9 O1 J m* W2 d! N+ Y/ i
8 ^; n( _4 D- _& q$ U3 r/ }$ D7 K例如: ' q( l; r8 C5 R! N r2 s7 I 5 _0 e8 i* u8 U3 \6 b0 yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ t1 U% q9 g9 S3 D" k: g 8 e8 K B0 R$ }Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 Q; l4 `% X8 Z& y 3 m5 L) i6 X0 J$ BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( }/ q5 j# T e % V3 q8 z* k9 p! N- |0 [- S' \- L* HHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 w" |9 V" Y9 Z2 k# ] ^3 y
2 Q) K0 v8 I" }' O! `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); B; ?$ u7 z2 U& X- r) T
- j: T( E2 J5 w: O8 ~% wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 ?; a( R. r; z9 _* q* t$ G
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ Q* y' C) o# O5 f4 O1 W
/ Q4 S, S/ c$ Z6 t) m+ {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! R5 o x1 {, w T0 `) n
; x7 {/ x4 j8 m5 I& ^3 L0 z: [, tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( S7 S& j- C# @# X9 h9 a5 U9 K3 m- a, ^7 F, z7 T/ B5 |1 p! z
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 f& x- X; f" R/ q6 R
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * U) `* ]+ O9 P7 b! I 5 H" |: S5 ] M; v+ s5 fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : S& S/ Q' C: R" U! h9 U- D ' ?. v; W3 j& _+ W7 _3 WWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 q( k5 G6 R: x2 N3 U* ]3 q) G7 \2 }, T; C+ D
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 e5 b; H. u# B1 i! {
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( ?8 q) m' a9 y( X $ B/ P6 E/ K( i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" E, K9 x" O$ S* v8 t& Y0 f) B
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# J$ P* Y; \0 I" q& S: X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & e" T; w) \& t ) i+ ^( I2 d) f* ?' g: N' D例如: , q) n: K O, n' Y2 j _0 ] $ \" u4 W6 y( I8 o0 p/ RMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% m. C" I& L$ s% w5 H
0 E) E( f2 j% P) DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * ]6 s& ~- z+ Q/ X2 ?' y5 x8 y3 l/ q" d4 j; S7 Z8 W; B
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 M6 v+ I' e0 s3 }# F" H9 p4 x7 I* T9 k5 [ ^& i2 {$ d8 P( \9 l
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* g0 v( P! }* \
! _% w8 c* x' f O/ p0 b. @' cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & C: `, C% f, V, ^1 ~ 7 Q8 h3 m+ Z4 x' }0 uPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . |* S8 P; }6 s! {2 ~ * c8 o; r: D6 K' w, {% w6 y; }% D7 FCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): W2 t$ P ]" M C
, }# G' Y6 [, d; h8 D+ A8 `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) ?. Q" b; \6 W; K. y7 b
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 Y$ A0 A% z1 p7 N" q: l6 v) o. Z- Z; P* u' O, }
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: S$ J7 B1 H! ~% k8 j* g$ M
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 X8 ~6 ^7 q1 O7 C, V5 p- N! J, q4 B
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # t5 r- u( j" l2 o" T! U T$ A1 C9 s5 o( T/ o
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' p0 e6 Z+ s+ [1 S2 Q! C0 ?+ c+ s ' ^2 |* \3 p: {4 `对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 ~) _% F# |, N, v4 x2 c( S0 s. ~
" P3 ~. f' Y# d# `还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 P' `8 m5 X1 ?* k* c" q4 t! n/ G$ {4 t# f
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ M: w1 X, t+ A: A% b) J5 b