- X; c0 I: ^( I' QMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # c+ x3 m: ^3 }9 Q " h8 s( D1 w: ], d$ qThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- c# q- L$ t, g5 W+ v
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) v: ~1 D- A, O; s: y5 E7 h
5 }6 M2 i" R+ d9 f2 B3 k4 U9 U2 G) WThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 P0 R) J7 @" z$ W6 [6 u; M+ E4 O
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " v' ]7 }. p, x& S, B( K) L" ^$ u" M" s3 V
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : z# \! N1 X \& i ]; \9 z8 M' P. F, Z0 L2 t% z: SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - |( `% I: v* Z) \6 i: {: ^1 F6 j; Y* B- a% v. _2 C2 v
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : q! `: n1 Z' }: G: P# F5 J : j& y- C/ b2 e5 d9 IWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 R* C3 N# T% j9 D( ], g# \/ \% h" M7 F5 _" B5 \
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 d7 y( K# d' l* V
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' }$ |) d- l; c5 f( l0 j' U0 a2 N# W# p% d5 J+ ~) H- @# v
1 X1 D* [" H" S( ^6 F; u+ O4 W 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - v8 q) x, |& m* L: g2 j) N 8 t& h' D3 v0 c {% H例如: D; t! t& D" B) J+ M- _ + T: C5 j& A2 }$ u; \1 e- _9 `9 I8 qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # [1 y! f4 X0 `' P7 K6 S* V: s: @& k- W
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 {3 d$ Q2 @. z1 ]
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! H! @/ i2 O7 ^1 T
2 |5 w1 I" w+ W$ AHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 l( ]8 V/ a5 i- \* e. H
+ c( E0 E6 ?7 y, GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / l( @9 q8 b+ F ) a2 r7 U* J1 M! G4 |6 nShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! o# n* l: ]; W' \/ |3 T) w v8 {5 |% w& d' X
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); O. y, K% [# N7 W* |& y0 Q9 O
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( I" w2 v7 h" Q7 ~% p' q, D# W2 `* g- t. T% l4 O( X8 R
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; w! x5 h' u2 J0 w 6 X- U$ b, Q9 }The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " E) p4 ^! U$ g" u U$ F9 b: J ! {: w1 e$ a, Z- N; Z7 qHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 d: m, t0 N3 s% x
$ f+ O8 A8 V z1 }1 f2 EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% Z3 O$ j- O' D" f9 p
3 f' f: p+ h8 I+ z6 o# v( L0 gWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& p/ I$ N/ E2 Q5 R
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ x7 l7 v: C: ^) c
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 S' Z: F0 s6 m' j% K
# @/ K/ ?: \+ @" x( [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 ?9 u- q7 d/ A- ~+ J9 ?) C
" u) S$ N- b) e X: ZMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ k/ `7 {/ l( D2 W
. l" y5 l) t* X/ I* GManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- k4 \9 J w% ~* N
$ M3 `8 i7 b& H+ P4 ~This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 z7 M8 S9 W- p: @- R / o Z- J" t; t# A4 @) W" uHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 ~. e- u* }6 n) z, w3 `" M [- [9 y4 [1 x
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), f s$ y. B; D ~. C* {' y
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 s0 L! Y) \ h: A: D2 U
( V8 z" w5 j4 R, P% }3 GCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), A c8 K7 z/ J0 @; _! h
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + p5 r1 E5 t+ L, Q1 c# \/ }8 S9 z0 h 1 b: i& b# M3 j/ H I3 `: d9 w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 T; L/ V4 g' x, K7 U: b% W
! e4 I) R* x; h当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 ~* [. V3 V+ n0 H& N- K$ r- `4 m) f. e" k4 H
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # p* T: ` f B2 Z5 i. m! u/ p7 h% y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * V0 I& ~) t8 @( G0 f3 {) G* [6 K6 N0 j8 O. l9 W% m& s
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 U$ d1 t; I4 I2 I6 k
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! k) P9 S' V% b6 l9 |! C
) G6 E3 Q, ]. M% S4 ?. r至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * y( |+ J+ K% R3 l) E r0 s. |; N$ S6 [' V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 W# w: e! L! u& D
5 {( b3 J7 D7 H5 i6 d5 s有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 L* r- d) n s- j5 l8 g