本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! {- t' W8 v0 ]( `8 o: a1 M
- F/ r+ j. A1 z- N$ b+ D: q/ b转帖 : |/ a" Q* |: }$ d5 Q4 v3 i3 W1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 I; m: d; v$ j1 l- M( w1 P' i$ }
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例如: 9 e6 k' |0 N1 c, y" N 4 e8 v7 g% d3 S: RMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' p' D: Z* n. ?: C$ y: d' k
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + Z$ X* d8 p/ z# w2 k ' t+ R3 `4 \: TThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 \/ _3 |: U4 z; _/ _( `7 t, C
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 K @6 U: i8 M8 p1 w! }
8 f' _! u+ z+ e7 w+ tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& i1 h+ K2 g. m/ n
Y" m. _% m; ]4 VMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 V4 r4 D% Y4 J q Q4 s5 M" h
& a& W" N* ^/ z a+ k TWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 N" M% U. v: |8 S+ k# j- u' K# h7 h6 i! J
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ c" e4 p/ x! A1 i/ F: H( Z; N0 h7 b4 q& e9 Y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( g2 ^) z; `7 t# l $ u/ A/ S- g9 qPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' u; Y5 k( S3 Y0 [& n; w: K7 Z( D% b. Z
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ a( l1 @ z0 e# b5 T" A* t4 `4 D! @1 A6 q" X/ |+ q
, X; c& `2 i0 ?4 I X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 Q) E; Z# z% U8 E. I7 }, j& I) M$ c
例如: 3 M% }! m/ ?5 Y+ |1 w& `( Z* J; e4 S
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 i, P! {0 p- T8 M: H: R. I9 a& B& L: O& T# _7 J
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 O7 m0 f% c9 `6 k3 j: O! o) h" ?6 V; G/ T& y' ~
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 w* K/ b. d9 u% u- o9 L8 E6 O2 X! Q+ q) W! Y
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # q1 ^" M# _4 Y$ K3 [1 R7 v7 T& a ' x9 y' R! W: o2 t. _In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% m* z1 h9 A* t, h
X$ T& f' B+ c2 a' I+ t( @She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * s* I' D8 n7 g! b8 `+ Z2 `1 c; d$ F4 D# C' M3 i B
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " R! X1 Q3 J9 \% H9 y0 }, s2 k" {" r' g6 E- m
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ b: Y) g7 E: o5 ^4 y# ?2 q2 D$ L- o
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & c! q6 x0 z9 M8 R f- X+ }3 ^* k( @' i
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- S# D& E/ R1 S5 u! v
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 c5 p N! B7 J! N ' ?" k* e; h$ g3 R" [! d9 HHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; i+ W# p6 x$ Y1 l( `4 ]9 }9 O) W" F " E- e' N" e# U/ ~: M# q" v# \: oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 }; w0 B0 L( S7 R9 P' t! q
" L0 h* Y/ w& q+ w1 Q' m3 S" TEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 V. L$ H7 H$ L- l, ~ # Z9 \( S0 E% ?6 l% d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 ]1 o; d) B c" ?- S1 n8 N
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 g- [3 V Y* k/ B* w3 K ; W" V: U+ x* Z5 T8 t# I* |) ~1 O! [ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 L& h8 @3 n! I7 r+ y! R% j9 m$ X$ a9 D1 K0 }+ D
例如: . p# f8 C! X5 X, X9 ~6 [/ q; a8 C# P6 a/ d- S0 S0 D4 o; r: G
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' P" t$ ], s' [$ k. @4 W9 g) L) @4 ^- F' M9 q* V/ E
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 x8 ?! a1 h8 s" V. L: G' f 2 [' t3 d" m) N3 q! k aThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 ^& @/ h% I% ?
0 v9 m. k0 F) t( q& Q: i9 d6 |& VHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) C1 a$ o- ?& f4 r+ j# | # S5 O: E2 ]! [: [% i) NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 R6 T* w1 h N % }1 p/ o k- z1 B# j2 y. TPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 A+ s( f8 N3 o: x4 z5 {$ k# s/ Z+ I( Z
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- f" p. ?: Y) X1 n* n# {
! {5 t) y) P8 q8 x/ q$ W4 ]2 `# r9 T5 \Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ X5 ?0 F/ i& I% q) o' J 7 k* ^7 l& F8 K# ?3 [; D同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 G5 S& j. n( S+ M$ p* q
5 a8 S. y( f$ u% L' P: \当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 X/ ^9 j6 G: A4 ]) `/ K7 Y# } ; `8 `( z6 r6 C" G1 Y; p对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) { ~& ~7 t9 ~1 |3 F) F$ t, s4 n C* K- D+ S; b5 F+ Y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ o3 w3 s" B! ^* u- V9 g
, U+ n: U! e) P8 f至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; |& r/ W2 s3 h
" G1 U0 n7 u. T$ E3 f" e" Z3 [还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ {4 V8 U) y0 h7 r$ D5 A ) C# M* {# ^# _1 i/ l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; _" y1 H& m; L8 A1 V6 e! ~ h