本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % m+ `& u0 l' u- ?
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 ^4 {# p5 t8 c# W4 w* T
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8 u* x) l# F, Q. AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). o, \7 b h0 G& i5 U
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 m; l2 i% G2 X 3 n# V! O5 b2 c: b/ QThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , H d5 A+ G/ }2 ^+ v) l7 C5 ^ ( {! m/ l: \. C. [# ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). b1 o9 f, _4 f+ h# t7 l, J Q" E! x
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 h: H9 p, s: G+ r1 Z9 g/ z3 Q! V" u* M3 `, M9 U
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " s: c) I9 o7 X% {$ ]; _& _: |' L/ f- P* B# j0 V ]/ t
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : v5 x: ]+ A; }. N, [ x % H" ]6 c3 \; f _- Q0 \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / j3 m& i2 h- |; N# y2 [, k. A - V' ?, o' E% C4 }/ Z5 |6 [We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ P$ z) H$ A0 _7 h0 F. o 2 N o" `5 X3 }. XPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ P, b" I0 u3 N$ x! k0 P3 N3 u/ Q* v/ K; Y2 z, J
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! }7 K. e* j6 F: g3 e$ c
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% \2 A+ J7 _3 D: @+ M 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 H/ a0 V8 F! `8 W - s7 e4 j0 ]* {2 R* ?8 L例如: & F8 Z& m, R; ]1 F) }+ R( p; } s/ t! l* N& A
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ c4 f# Y t. c }9 C
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 h1 q {7 i+ o% }6 \
, T, |/ k# t. \2 [$ O) cI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 p! f* p6 H" U6 o* D7 c( R: l7 r, i
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 i" [# [ @3 f6 k6 N8 r+ @* o: k* r. _" B' w3 [+ C' P
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 @9 e: p" Z1 k: g7 @; g# N1 Z* s
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , k5 M0 Y9 X% j4 L8 }' G& P n8 K - [$ d$ L! R4 K# T g; ~I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) X p5 W. T9 Q/ _# K4 k) Y& q' z9 |1 Y ^0 k; r$ e7 u- W8 w4 U
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 h4 e$ O" Y# @2 B- x$ L
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); @; M7 N" D& [" m1 A1 _
( q2 @- I: e( F+ e: i, {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 V& Z0 L* Y$ \/ W! M# D- h8 e
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % K1 J- J5 D; l* y+ G. |* f. G& y% e5 y# d
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 f" j1 }) k: _" K& `' j
& R7 Q' [# j: _+ R2 H% |% UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) [ `. S m {' ]: e: ^; L2 e: P
( ]& c" {5 H# ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! T: A: U4 u. i+ Q7 W+ p) r+ Y6 W6 ?
# f1 t0 [; n( Y4 X9 A0 h写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- z# s. C, q! G+ J0 i
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 s1 I1 p( M" ~2 Q! j6 K1 q" }0 U) G
2 ]- {( ]/ a% m% K4 b2 _9 a* N3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! C; @/ p* R6 W- |4 g U8 ^' R+ R8 Q( h, i9 {7 |
例如: % e& v$ A' o! q# X2 v+ g | . i9 u, [% I/ L0 V) oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 L Z5 z6 U6 q [2 P$ J; V9 O) ]
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 e% c4 U+ X+ z$ Z e! }) [5 j! }# N! C0 [$ S" A: y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 r3 v5 z# T1 H4 \1 P3 r
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * k. P) ^7 B" f3 l8 a. ^, J4 U 4 M3 f! u4 H% h* vMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ T, v: @. J5 g- h& c
; Z, c) F# n% t7 Y- U' i% F5 k! D) hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % D7 M, i3 ?5 [( h/ G- ^: o4 ]: y$ L! Q/ I+ l9 ~
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - U# d! v0 {% v! Z& ]% J % R5 [- @# d+ n J t4 b7 Z5 sStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# z) [+ n8 H* h1 O! H% b4 K2 ^4 [
7 |- h) C; f; d* k8 |# \0 {同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, K9 _! A( B u7 ^4 {+ N
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 t/ h8 E1 F r2 }( j
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 V1 x8 ~ U* ]. z " h3 j! j$ t$ j对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- o( X" p! n4 z/ y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: U/ @# E& Y( _% i& o% [0 W
% u4 n3 C! p. W对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 E: W" E; {& Q* l/ Q9 V6 L. [, ~
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& k1 [3 c$ a2 Y4 Z
4 e0 q. T+ B9 w6 J7 B3 V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) r( l i4 l' R1 b