本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 R' \+ P: Z B0 H: ^
9 ]1 d: w0 r4 \: r 转帖 : l9 i$ h& u1 k, C& `( o1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) g! V3 d( j- u o& ^0 i( @
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+ D7 ^: f/ i; l E6 rMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& j* [- {6 \" C! j: ^+ n8 W
* K5 R! M0 Y& }9 x. NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 x! S# x' b: K5 S- w . g; A, v9 F+ X( t5 CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread), w5 q& y! W9 n. L |: {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) B$ E8 F& D9 b: e) a( V6 r$ S$ P* A# d. {* A9 d, ?4 S% M
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ ^& @% Q3 _- ~" t
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 S/ I9 F% _" B% A% F' n7 a( `
$ o5 Y$ O) k/ v; M$ DWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 \. m) }9 K( \
' F9 k" C& [; M) f: NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' d) V3 x" o l8 r9 R D- U6 v/ ~/ X8 i2 f$ f" ?
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ g+ {* @# p8 W& Q
' S9 B) P; ]9 ]/ NPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # w% {. m/ J% l$ J0 [3 K8 h" ^$ B3 J2 C% I4 T$ {. R% w0 s; T2 J/ ?
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' @. t, c; k I3 N. s8 g! m! u - X+ b" P" q, T# v; I3 B# L/ { 7 m& L- Q: Y; ?, ~) e. B( J2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 E& O, E7 O' [8 Q7 l$ H 2 f% `" ?& H* R0 r0 L" u$ E& z例如:. f& Y3 @% i2 b
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 W9 p. S5 [5 P+ H4 P7 Y, l. A+ |" |6 K) U% Y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) p J" X) c' k) i/ ^0 L, O/ X, ?
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 D0 E2 Z7 ]& E# R4 q
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # H0 Z$ ~. K2 a L' H: Q$ Y1 G! a$ A 9 t3 F; g. Z& r) F# E/ G) CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ Y, `$ O0 k Q0 L7 e {4 ~
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 W' S& F. Z$ H1 _. D: i) V: P2 F; C% C, Y8 w4 q( D0 {
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * {' b( v. }! I4 K0 n! ~6 u 4 O. C4 ^' p# Z. e# {, c如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : z8 [- K9 o, O3 l9 H+ m- X- i" S0 H
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ h3 G/ ^7 S3 N: }
9 Y6 o; C# T& N7 NThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# U0 h& b% B: P. \1 L
8 D( h( H1 O* y' rHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - O1 R2 @4 M; {( J8 j5 W1 a! ^0 g" F2 W* F" |! B6 i0 z
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) l2 }6 a# g8 {- m. H2 S; P& F. H - c' N Y* U' B& ^- @! x; J8 h. |We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # c8 J+ C" P4 y' v% g6 }2 | U $ R& `" C2 L- YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 ~7 R4 l+ d" \7 U5 T4 _
, t$ ^5 j' f: a. b$ s3 p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 |. m( F4 S' q! b1 J) \7 {4 A0 m& w
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 @* ?! [ F9 V {1 M$ c! C
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( Z+ |* x- I% y- w0 Z0 S2 Y: v 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 H: l' I; x! z" h' `0 L7 `
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例如: . m' u+ |+ L$ v+ | + n6 K0 v. E, ?: k( oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! M8 L- l- F: C9 s : U: |* x7 y2 \: {! n3 R. V# F3 ^Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - x: s# G4 f* _0 \3 M. ~% l * T# z, v" B/ YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* ~" u8 B$ p8 `( g, P" d
6 W; _% t# C; c+ tHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( k$ S1 V* Z$ `# Y0 [5 J: o |: f8 v6 B6 d1 I: w
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# z1 B, ~5 E& ]0 S8 p% j# B
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 g3 R! e6 z& t4 b5 k
+ X. Q* {* R4 m0 ]( a% LCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & ]& `6 W; S6 |; m1 b + Y$ H$ V$ g% H& C6 m/ Z6 `; z4 PStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * b' Z2 u2 z8 F* U, m # D7 s$ S7 A4 Q: `" l! S; v6 ?1 A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / S* ]0 z% m9 Q- S3 q: S 1 f" o4 l* v. ~9 G& C3 ?当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; j' |/ T) L1 I. Y& s# ~ 6 x, Z' @/ ~4 x对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) z% b7 P5 t7 ~% ?0 T0 B- b4 P* G3 F& W2 p3 f
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; l# ]3 [+ i, z8 i, X. O. V ( y( x6 l& U) R对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * r+ z( [$ k( n% u* b/ ~ # h, P% m5 W9 e6 a" s& W: {0 f4 H对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + f; R# Y5 |& \" F7 F! v- D Y8 q& X& E0 d: D
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" }7 Y/ }" i" e8 i2 E) u) q- p; o
3 |6 L, C& s6 o5 ~还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 d. C# ~5 c/ w) ^: D ( O5 ? B g6 D1 a1 ?有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% K7 |. v2 [1 m' K5 C/ h