2 `) D. g! ` p2 G: F9 OMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( R0 n, ]' p, s. X/ q& H/ u' b4 _
0 N- l2 c5 V9 Z7 wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " z( D i6 o- k1 f1 G/ K0 e$ N, c u 9 Z; R& a0 E8 G2 j0 j2 P s0 r/ ?! cThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 i9 x; [# @8 u( B" a5 N8 A, w! d( B
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / k& l3 _. X( l3 h% T1 S A) a' I8 L/ S3 N" B: QI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + L' f) U) J {( t3 n) B ' _, V4 E2 t: ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ T0 e" \% p, L
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! _- }- g9 ?7 o/ P# \- l
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 x5 X; g3 Z9 t: z) Q* h9 t9 j
$ q3 E, O' S: a" C- ?We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ g# P, D3 S" I8 M* X% m- @& S8 k% F& y" M1 l) h* R4 j* T! M
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& l2 r" Y4 H9 S( ^$ u |" i
' C5 u0 n+ T* M- N$ c这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% z6 Z+ V: I4 F5 Z3 R/ D _" c, i% j' s
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0 \& p' | ~8 O& r7 p+ @0 ? 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 a% Y% F, u* V+ F
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" o; `! b' h, B% iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ O8 ~/ n5 P: |% m, @3 G, k
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . O+ ]3 e/ m" J$ D5 Y$ \8 Y& V/ i4 X7 e
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): D1 m: {6 l- u4 D& L
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & H J0 v, l/ z' E3 ^) m4 O& E7 P" x, T* B% N9 B) B4 C3 Q) H4 Q& L3 E
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 \' n, O& D I+ t" s- i
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ z# `5 d# `" e; Y" H
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # X! X* I: Z- C* D9 A- }$ j) m. S 1 J8 J" e, h8 Z2 q4 b& `8 j如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % S* b W! S! ]+ Z & i! ?9 w! k, d/ I4 YThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 |$ x9 y5 \3 h4 o' f' ?. J9 r2 c) X% G0 B+ e* I! H$ l
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 p+ ]. L8 y% p8 y7 J+ Q3 w
; ]% h" Z1 ]/ P8 Y. U4 S5 n) C; U/ jHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 N" x( H+ Z S) q: n. m3 {
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): ?$ e( x1 g/ d. O$ t$ F
?$ v0 W/ d+ [7 q RWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + R; b V& A4 }% a ! t) D# I( Z+ o" ~2 M% C' A4 }, IEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# L2 F! h' \! a% t! ?2 `
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : }4 ~# T" Q3 W# N " v2 q* h4 @, Q* F- U4 q% u此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; y- V8 U! o! _5 L5 T, y% \( s3 j: {5 o% b
# W5 Z5 r0 E5 J' C+ L& t; DMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* _) e. F/ ^( l' u k0 g
: d/ J$ z$ E: W4 m" E& C5 @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): `' I1 g- P' \: e- \# F
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 Q, F7 l8 q6 q3 R( V
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): @2 @# D; @% n1 l
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 m8 b+ D, Y! H/ J . b3 a" D- [! l, lPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) t& |9 | u* z2 w7 L0 o' a+ n5 C& e. [. O7 m4 [9 W
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ k; H& p2 k1 w0 g! d
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * F# p' [/ }/ P/ \4 M, y; w, |. J " [( S* e! g i; Z5 P同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! V! T: a3 ~: J/ ~. @
+ o2 q% Y! M5 G8 V) M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: w6 _6 \4 p8 t- ^
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 j0 z1 C! }6 z: r: w+ X
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 u- I1 d1 M6 b8 @( @4 m2 P1 H5 ~; y: t
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- ]* M( B" Y( g4 @1 i3 H. V
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: C% h, a! i3 v. e; q) T- K$ v
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- r; @; L/ y/ }# F" _
3 `4 W% i+ X& o还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。& ^2 ]. `+ l: l( z. A8 m! ]
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 I% K5 T9 D9 Y+ M. y+ d# v