本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - M* M+ P+ T; a0 o2 z; X 0 y' U) v: j4 R9 F2 b转帖 9 ~+ P G2 R2 p$ x$ c. a7 k1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 R3 A' ]; E! w2 x
+ [# A" G' E/ b% A! Y例如: _1 n- h' W8 l" j% ~& F- s" t " Q: m/ o' z6 _$ O" q% ?" uMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) S/ [, k0 i" `8 R
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 u; d) _0 q: C+ e
3 t% C* W' j7 O" C2 p! qThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 L ~) L7 }) T% o8 j) }! f8 D C" v/ m+ S4 s; {$ M4 T
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 M- Z0 @4 Y9 L, @ 8 p& Y3 M0 }5 Y; \" x" {I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 K Z: F; _8 |; M7 l+ j0 c; c Y" p: W6 h- C, e
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 t( ?! n1 x, z6 ^) m * R5 V4 ?7 ?4 d0 L( j. C( m2 D: sWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); ~8 `( K' n( m/ B& z
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) S* R6 e) Z1 ~1 o, |6 N8 i5 ~5 M
* W7 l2 M' ^9 {9 W: D8 W5 sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . M0 [; c* s! E* O2 H 7 L) J% r* S$ g3 RPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : u5 k& T& r, c! c$ ^" U$ ]& \; \( U) K$ a* V" x
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" L$ K- H$ k3 v- M& |& y
" q- W- |6 _) ^; m( ^1 A& OAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 v- U( A$ ^' a8 H4 `! A - h5 E+ E- }6 p# A. z& kDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 t: y: H$ W/ A6 i
w: Y" c+ m1 G. hI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( T9 V+ J6 X0 e) r! X1 f' Z# N$ i$ k: }* i3 p
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) X6 ~- p9 I H7 L) o* |$ ~- u
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# L7 x; a$ J( S$ u* B7 s* \
; A! B9 a) L2 R+ s( H6 Y- VShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ n# m: P3 ?$ P4 Z+ ]7 c
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; S4 T" ~5 ~, X1 f , _. H+ l! Z* x) v" k. r/ Z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. P/ Q- x/ Y; Y( U% D$ h; _5 Y' P
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# r6 z, ~* ~0 z; U
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 K9 }$ b: H9 C0 S. z1 P; g, E. [$ T e, x& |+ t) q
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! C( S K. H# J% ~( X* |
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; G& [! L3 V: w1 T! f! E 3 c* {. u; `! w! u5 h2 {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) F( @3 I1 G; J/ C4 ?6 Y* T" I* K7 y! E5 z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); T4 `* P7 r' u" E0 w: L
8 ?: p6 J+ A9 ?9 H写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 p1 k! V" G* }" D7 w! ]4 X$ \0 Z
% V3 G# S! W5 q: f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, H. U* W v- W. d6 r/ s/ O- L
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3 Y, W% a% u, A; z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * y( y6 }* V4 X* X8 ? 0 x9 p: d( h' K1 l( g* z例如: - [5 l& K. @# \( A, K# h* G & T, j4 w+ T' y1 nMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 c1 Q+ i! G3 r5 Z, w; ^4 a5 y( Q, e
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" X8 Z4 o6 P9 q- F% c8 Y6 l( O& }3 z
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 m6 i4 f8 _. t# g1 q5 H
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . x1 A! f; O- r0 U) y: n F( _ \; r, k
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : j& Z4 v% W4 u! ^; s5 L5 L/ v) S+ {& h! m _, L
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # g/ S+ Z5 D" P# U( \ 0 m6 b7 N4 f& D, c% W& `Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). r; g" @9 ^! R G- ^ s' J3 k3 A
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 T1 B0 c4 t0 @; a8 u3 a. F$ X& t" {4 J* m
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 Y: Z1 I Z0 G* w$ W, y H
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 P- t+ C" o4 ]; l( k8 O4 @8 Z1 J 2 A5 N! N+ h1 i1 D* X# E. X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" x/ h- p& G; b/ x& }0 z% E
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) {- K7 X) w8 L. Y& w F* n
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# Y( a0 F6 r. v" S: l9 F V
) n3 Z2 D0 i/ Z# H对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) u% H4 X4 ]4 p$ }7 I& D
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) u/ i# t8 _, @6 [+ N$ x
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + E( \& t. |) x3 O1 N' E 5 T- F) {: w' Z: l" a有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" @; x4 ] A. k1 G, H- X* B