本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 S8 J$ q. B' ]5 Y) g% i9 Y/ o+ Q
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 b! T9 s U5 p0 i3 }$ m8 P' R
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 B: M a5 | j0 t
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( D& k1 o2 y: l; I* L8 W1 L$ ] 5 V7 ^, c; N( V5 EThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 z8 f }' {) B+ [2 R+ t
" I' w8 e# Q& I7 [/ F* s0 lThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & }6 Y" @8 d2 U( R3 `# t8 | 9 C" }. T6 c3 m! L \1 v8 VI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 \" E8 P$ n; ?5 Y / ~# {0 x0 x- ^' p. K- ~Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; Q; K& V2 X* E8 ~ 9 b- O2 E; _, P# r T8 ~5 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 l$ e" P) ~/ |/ T ( s2 ?1 H q4 T+ dThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & s0 p! Z) Q! p4 K, p5 K z, ^, a$ H& ^" g u/ U ]/ yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) s( i2 N5 @% h6 l' Y" j0 U5 w) y8 N
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , g8 V! p; `7 y- F3 p7 m) ^. z$ @$ g; a8 P6 e
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 f; u0 ~' q7 I3 h2 o# K' [% c( |3 Y* r$ K7 Z
6 X% Q9 p- P0 F# r7 V2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 E* n$ C0 ^; e: ~ S
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例如: S. o- C5 I" w6 I4 z9 i+ @2 U) k& ?3 W6 _4 T/ q* ~
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # ?6 f. X) W. | " @' ~, M0 {2 Z, T; |) b% DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( t, g: D1 J' Y4 Q
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) x2 ^+ {* q0 y s) X 0 Q( F' k' C% q7 xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) A$ n$ E* ^( `. {9 u2 h4 M; S 7 K" X* y2 p5 X$ b3 t$ rIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 A1 X, [" g$ I' q$ s
9 o' ~$ E9 z5 u* P% @' @" OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# _* z' B2 H# N( H
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 K% Q3 p7 g$ q7 Z- T
8 {7 V( W$ ?: d, ]如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ N! k0 E) a! j; s9 O8 z1 L, O' T7 F
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( F/ G; [% i+ c A" O
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! f) h. U* ]( ~& p+ l
7 w/ c2 T [+ N# S/ ?& y# B. GHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 x" k7 N5 K6 a% R$ \8 N
4 w! r& S5 s) K7 v! yHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ s* i4 I) _: b3 D# K ) A; \1 _( J( k+ _1 V) U; SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 y! x* |& N. u7 A5 E
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ l. I7 E$ J: i# h6 b, H
( I, W; m; S; U# ?! c2 U3 K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 }+ |( L: B( w+ d: ^4 C# K
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 S! f! x' S% R2 u! B# ^! r) V7 P$ G3 Q$ C. T: w0 @
7 z+ Q1 Y% \7 B& K* G3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 f& e, q2 ?! }5 d
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4 U8 {6 _' N. FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ J5 G9 B0 U+ G* i+ z7 n
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * p- f8 O0 Y& w, L6 p/ E- h \; W & _3 z- \6 ~1 }8 w; M" a, [( l# RThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) ~: b8 }" }8 P/ o8 y A+ M
. O z7 l! C F# n+ yHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . l8 D5 G, E+ T& h! O. C: S6 f9 E . ^% O. h. n6 Z8 Z1 M2 j9 EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 w2 u% Z8 R( w" R# ]! M
4 e& f+ y' F0 O& J: X4 e, CPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* V+ d, j" h+ n: e8 g# X
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); q$ P. T$ k/ p, | E2 d
& F1 R5 M O- k, S/ C. z1 d! lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # m* V# X" X$ q( u- s+ s V% q3 E ^$ \: P# E& `% o
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 c! m" [+ J' V4 M8 L
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; M4 x7 F5 \1 X) T1 R" b& w/ I* t, p. a
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; J# @7 d' w; y! X
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! R8 v5 V* o% E1 c1 N
/ I) d7 c& a, I+ z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ u. q4 ] b; m" L6 _0 s; S% o7 Y+ d, ~
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # C; s4 G3 e* c , S- @" a x3 M* {$ b; e# u2 t至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 X% y! @% y; c# w5 R& u
, I; c/ O7 u$ P( ?还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 f3 p9 x, Y& R4 z 6 I6 s3 ?7 [. j8 ~9 z8 [. T6 m有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 U, b% o$ C- v# J2 v& Q