* g+ `5 ?% f( k例如: ) a+ |+ F3 S. c( p& Z5 r N. t. P
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : \' S: w9 ?, L p1 Z4 g( `: l7 G# c1 y) `6 m i9 U$ }8 S
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , B# f- c: Z. H5 {' o& i; [6 y/ G' A4 Q* h9 Q
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # z% b6 _9 Z. c1 _ [3 \9 x e% m- A& Q- C( ~* d0 J, |* H- b1 K
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 Y: P+ c, X+ e8 S% [5 I) b
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( S! P9 \' F5 u( C0 H9 b: b0 g' o+ | o0 Y8 A
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 k; K0 D+ W& J m8 F# @$ n 4 E! x r U# b* rWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 g: }6 ~" [) [! `' x& |- G- g. R! R3 }* k6 ?" \
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % ~9 m# L8 a# y! ]3 R3 I1 F/ Y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / Y3 v& b* l. ]5 P2 L `. ~& s3 V9 o5 j# M2 ]5 O+ r7 P# G5 q
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 U* G3 k8 s7 g
M# d, k5 u6 e( J这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 w7 S& e6 q/ L6 q
) k$ {4 ]7 C. Q1 e' Y5 U+ x' D 0 d; O- L& w, s5 I2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( P6 S. p: i) h
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例如:& q$ F' b% a+ ]
; I9 f; G z% f9 n1 L( N6 RAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 S5 a$ o! P3 ]+ e5 x+ e0 b' d1 v# D; C5 \' P! I
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). o6 @9 M H. t+ v
, K; s% _) t* x2 T: XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 Z' u6 X- D, j+ F) f
* G# Y6 y" \! y0 ]He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & \5 k* h6 U( z: H1 {$ k: F+ o! E$ ^ 3 |9 i1 V/ o+ MIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " P. l1 z- a6 }2 \! ^- m; z1 w+ @8 A; v8 ?% j8 K# k5 ?
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): _* b/ H* @8 I, U/ L
- S% B- L' H8 tI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 t4 {4 q. q H, o8 Z/ k+ v" c 3 S9 m9 K" \" u如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* W1 w/ J6 i8 \: b) _+ P
2 `( ~$ w+ [5 y5 @; {; |) j* qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' o* P6 l$ y0 `0 y% T: } p$ c& D4 F& z* N' N$ N8 O
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' O7 F: H- t Z/ y% C0 `
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & e) ~. K* v/ u3 i5 M8 B2 x3 o& a2 R5 ^
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . u( ~% W9 I& ~4 P% k! q8 {' d1 Q/ C) N! o! W7 D
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ T; I2 b' D$ e8 w
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 v: [( `1 K: @! N/ [# n; S$ k/ O8 Z; \+ R- i& O4 Z" i7 x3 M: o& R0 N
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + q+ z2 `' E1 T, `8 m7 K0 f9 L t( A
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' c) h4 Z! A, V' H# f6 Z" S; o; p
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3 ]9 x) R7 g0 Z5 l+ y5 q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& ^: C7 ]8 }, L8 s% q8 Y- c2 x
* Y9 |/ m6 g& A- H' m5 a例如:2 A u2 b* S. W/ d
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( r5 f* q( c- _+ E: c+ l
* W3 _: Y2 d' {( r, D- OManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), E0 e3 F3 j, Z1 d0 [& Z9 f# v
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 X' D5 z/ r! n* ~
# `- R3 m6 E0 K; H5 r# g0 @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 y, ]( H0 @2 ^" Z8 ?1 Y
, I% p. L# `9 F) Q# ~7 {9 L7 M+ K7 WMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 x6 k4 h! z2 d0 {3 K
8 P/ N/ p2 `7 j* XPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! b/ t; F5 m. b( M0 }7 e" u g- p( a( {2 T5 M/ N% mCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 _ c. c9 h: ~" K" G j0 |% o9 i' s# eStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , r7 g. `4 {' N# Q" l, ? ( H& O9 R4 P- X+ \. ^* S9 M& \同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- e$ v- f8 X: _9 q$ `" a
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 `- h7 W0 g; ^5 c4 ~! h: G; k3 Q) J3 O# N2 S
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , U. {' Q9 I9 t( F X8 o4 k" B/ a0 _! j5 Z, m- U4 Z
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; N' Y9 C& ^& i5 A3 U3 V7 Q/ P$ `2 T- l( ^$ K, C
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; s. T# Z: d: Z. _
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: `* l7 `# y& W7 `! ]3 b0 U
, N) \8 d) L9 u) ]9 ^9 z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( c( ]/ b! C S5 e! l8 w3 P+ Z" h6 w9 u, m0 O6 q
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, C- x. T* X0 H2 B6 p
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 e3 a+ J* Y# A K0 ?- A( ^2 [( T