本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 l' r, y. S6 ~: D9 M: e3 q' u
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) |1 W7 C+ O; H & a8 U6 S# I; t' f- H \' r例如: : E0 C, ^0 D* N0 d6 p: n V3 f5 g" M1 @8 T& ~" ^/ W' D, \
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 f7 x. }8 j& c6 h5 S$ o5 n- X1 ?; u8 z" k( Z9 t
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 ~5 c# o2 a `2 H! L4 M& g : X3 t8 Q5 J' f" B) g9 pThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 T( ]: U; c% ~+ Z% w ' U2 e! n6 \7 q% W: J) y mThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' g7 q% F$ V" D/ A, H4 E5 e 9 q+ c/ U7 V5 a/ J, x2 N# tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . R3 |1 G9 R( N+ y: U9 D! C6 \# p( T/ A1 P1 O& x, n; E$ i5 L
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " Z& ^2 ~9 H5 Z& Y3 V4 j0 X2 ~0 t8 {2 J
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 n5 D) M9 g+ l2 @" t P
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) g, m8 M1 h! }" l6 }0 W ( V' F+ Y# L* C* p* h0 y7 LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' s6 U; K+ J' ^0 b6 o" [( u- v: q5 X# @, C( ]" f: V F& |# N6 F: s
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). n/ o& L8 U9 O N
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ o0 p e: @2 Y, G& W
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& [ | ^- Q+ u5 [2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: X- T r6 }$ S
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + M Y+ [3 L/ q! G) l" M/ V $ N6 a2 \2 U l: {# g- Z& ^. F* |& qDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " L% I9 P' Z f! }: | " f& x8 c) C" c- v+ f& NI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 }% F) V$ @9 p. ~/ O& ^- F2 q# _
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; f8 z& q4 n1 u) t- a ( S2 ~: m* O, }2 y+ jIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 n) `* J$ x# ]# a* L. K ( f; [. E7 k* U# G" P( W8 ?) P2 T1 cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! C; _( @0 u) u8 s4 q' c0 h& g: T) W. p
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ G1 a3 m# o( S7 u+ n1 ^
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 v1 s/ J* U9 u) |9 g 9 [6 O: x* K. ]' AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 s6 x9 |! M, W" ^; O$ x/ v- |
* ?; v/ O/ }: \2 ~2 ZThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : `- R/ ]4 _9 `" R! o1 n( Z3 f2 S5 _( u5 w$ O0 K* K/ R
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - i1 g, E6 O, c8 e/ O Q; P 9 G& N; l$ O% K( C2 t2 V _3 THe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ B3 H8 v3 i2 x" n9 h9 j2 \" p
) H9 a5 a- l o! q# a" lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 c. w$ E* b9 E- S9 s2 V2 P ) M& k3 e- W4 \: R1 `Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 I; K, [; w# l! g V
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) [$ t4 t5 V* U J4 c3 q$ b' D: z & x' S+ u) |# I8 R5 T5 E' i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- f3 }- h: x; v H; M
$ G# r: _9 O9 m' H( s. F) U3 p0 u6 i # ^; w$ x2 f- m: x8 v1 K, z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; Q* z6 Q6 Y( ~- s- t) u0 }! e# V. \* G% E g8 C8 ~( b
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' P* y+ d! x+ v. n& F* W9 [ |6 G
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * c6 q/ V: l5 D5 U9 Q* Q+ K. d : w- d: D2 M: M- x$ D: r# Y5 c. CThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 P }$ [( F3 ~" z7 E# Q0 [. J, X
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" M+ U* W1 {: x# L( i
+ P: }, m& f$ h* C jMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 v o* l9 U) u* g( z
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - L" Y" F U" m; Q . t' j0 |) Q5 P( N$ x) iCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) K |: v8 g1 }; N2 r
: r7 R R. W' K- o9 z* qStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ F6 S' D, N* |& _; r/ l7 h
! Y7 K) h/ i. N4 d7 C同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! [9 s+ u$ i8 u3 S" |1 `+ b: K1 |" s; E* i# P4 V5 e+ ^
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 ~- _7 G4 V( \7 q# l ^3 [' F9 h. r& Q' H7 ~对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; }" ~ T# A* P3 O; Z; \/ T 0 G( V, I3 H) g0 ]. n对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 f0 e7 r! J* a3 l7 `* K3 c) F
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 `) Q! z; X3 P7 F' q5 H, t' j! h! V, ]) R, T z
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" r5 g+ |( a7 b! `9 P0 Z
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 c0 D& I/ q" F" L. e* U6 D T: o6 ^0 W) e0 x还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 \$ T. p q: y% q( J& r( ]/ y0 e3 L) h9 n# Z) V- Q
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 O8 ^+ ^- _: b& p+ o