本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; Q$ v9 a9 M8 E- \, P% `: w
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word): F; O i6 d; X" c( r
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例如: ! b! h/ c0 G0 o& f 0 O0 [5 ^9 C! C- i, b, DMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 V& I& I: {6 b: f x
4 y1 u V% B- T0 R" s- ?- @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 S, G& ~# T! X' g
- P. S e; M. [This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; D9 M% I0 w" i4 C' c T' A( M" }; C' {/ g% X4 W. s
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ J2 Z6 q {/ b ; _1 ^. t- w2 P& FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 I1 H9 k& ]- @" U6 Z+ M! i& X3 e1 w+ K
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & Y4 }" G4 E0 s5 H3 y- C, Q' ?4 s3 T
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& g+ B: L( ~6 X3 x [
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). R; i+ F3 @) z% q6 c: B1 z. }
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! ?% @0 x) p) W1 C) v9 D: J ' I9 R' |$ t5 Q' C- c6 B& K5 ]! TPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 p8 W, o7 I: t1 y4 i2 S
) A& U; N: o! j- a0 q7 H这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " Q7 m- p4 Y. D: G : U( o. O" h! H5 u. r9 }8 `: v4 V+ i; \/ C4 P" q2 H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, n- E5 a5 E6 V& V4 O) t
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例如:1 b k+ o0 R: w$ {8 T% L) D
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 V# M4 p* L4 {9 Z% o+ \% p
# R1 v/ n D0 l# fDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 `# R& w" f7 y + V5 H5 Q% G* N* k* @( y0 T/ l/ J( XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' b% W( }" G7 o7 q: B$ w- L2 b
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 L2 `$ _: _$ e# c + P+ n5 _' {; g% i" H( u) T z% CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) p# k, [* d0 N( W x- P 4 m! @% G5 ^& c$ k% h: ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! i& A- O6 s3 E& V+ V7 \ ! l, f8 K% r- M `6 E% YI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 F. u5 y {% i9 t! c8 N, ]! r5 H% Q2 k L1 s
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; |' x/ G/ M8 _! {( C; J
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 `7 f9 ^1 _* ?) C2 A1 T5 [
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& |, E9 R( y% {$ E# L2 _8 e
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 u" F& ~+ k1 R2 h S( B
" I4 _ g- x( D8 \- {* y1 F3 K* ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 F( p8 Y# L# w9 x5 ~
3 J% @# t8 K+ L7 IWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " L' }! k/ R- z/ i. Z! r6 e - ]7 R& b5 Z5 o2 G6 G3 Z8 H" rEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! ?, o( t& R3 \% ~, i( r3 A
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) G- ]/ S8 I) B5 s; ?, b. z$ ?; M9 @( N( f! K: V
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / e* A0 E# i! ` E # A& z' e: ?9 S" q" R , {* j, E3 x5 X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; K/ [5 y/ @0 X D' D$ T% C$ F0 j0 C5 o3 n" r3 Y* s; }, T6 j5 Z
例如: 3 O& V2 M: a4 Y5 G + f1 n3 H. b) i% hMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & w; X* Z# C1 f; u3 C " z* F- [: {" c% X: \* nManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) J0 h; E2 B: ~9 s. ^ O4 y - H$ B( `7 P {6 j. H' A* ?This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , B r, l' ^& `5 R1 ]3 P$ [" y N/ i" ?
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), }- S. K! {3 l0 L
1 i( l$ N+ N% yMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* G0 ?1 Z! E3 w* T% X0 h! o
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) m* I% n* Y+ {7 I- O $ `$ Z% M8 U. W2 G: R7 ACongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & ]2 _! P0 G; K, D/ G/ p* E' m; T5 {% R# C! i& k
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 @6 C7 x$ c+ Y1 I& ?* ~( ]* C! Y$ u/ w! a# ^
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , Y& |; ? {6 T, p' T2 O1 E N* ]4 `
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - B B0 Q1 ` V7 c( t* ~ / f( U% z1 D: ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 h: x6 L6 K* k' c Y& y2 q) M8 Y) v3 A
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- @; r0 }+ a7 R
4 `. t2 b. t1 ` e9 r8 c0 y2 @& i对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; M; I% y8 k5 u. A8 ~1 Y( X1 A2 }: e& b
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 g+ | D6 D: i9 m) Z8 @) R
* h' L) t( l3 R( F+ o* |- i" a至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* u8 X+ v+ \# @6 q
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 P4 b: P Y3 i0 ? k8 V K3 j/ _0 g
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 q% H& @- g' H* R7 j2 K5 c) @0 k