本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . Y* e$ o( n5 G: v5 V5 ] n2 J
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 ]0 N G" D6 Q" f* Y4 `% `1 c. K& o) U
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( Z/ A+ y" ^ [0 z: `! y- @ i3 xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' L. i' T3 t5 F* {0 y: y. B$ K
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* g% I' Z& M, F6 N9 P4 K6 O
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). ^: c+ j2 h! I8 O( t
0 N2 Y `$ q& V) uThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) H6 F! ~ a% e( i
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 K0 `( C8 ]* B4 i6 g
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ O. E5 `6 w1 g
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ Z' l: U2 W3 K9 \) w( B . C/ u+ u! V+ w: d5 ?' |, O8 [3 f/ ~+ IThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 G$ F' E3 P( i# J/ n9 t. s! y. H, g a/ ~8 `4 ^$ ^) I ]
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , @9 C$ C9 D5 p5 m" ~ F * l0 o, h$ Y% q9 R- S2 fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / I" [) K' W4 V* x8 [ 4 t* B& [- B* f" H, X- _这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 X3 ?$ d4 _2 [( B9 | * a3 L. b% a/ d7 K# i! l+ C2 v) Y # L0 I; e/ T! m( A& t9 i5 u6 v R2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & [, ], K$ u0 \& A0 d# z* R$ T, L6 S/ L" D
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 x( I; e9 i, E) _, b+ \% m
9 G# |' M& v0 b) xDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 I8 l3 ^ o" v
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " h. A; v4 v! X& m8 x0 x4 Q" k9 p 4 O! V1 A( C) _7 q, H2 m" @# GHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) `; u- c1 H2 \) x7 A; [ * P4 H3 S6 d# {) s' G! dIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 |* {0 V4 Q: V' M+ D9 _# b5 w# n% E* P1 x* v
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ `/ R2 A* T# }( a
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 B; E/ f3 i; v6 i/ ~- } O4 D
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : A+ R6 d9 X. A( ^ 6 q- Q o- c* u" f* KThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) W" v" i X9 S* j% j p
- i' u& U3 E/ g$ k# ~( \) pThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 k1 x1 t9 r2 Z" l/ a+ h1 q5 F& D" W! K( z% O
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " K+ |, M5 k! ]; q; t* F r7 F4 w. ]8 Y" B1 j7 `; f7 E
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , I1 W3 R" @& H9 z$ Z9 ~# ^- t4 _8 |8 U
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* M6 R ^7 o- }" R' `! J6 w- u' K
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; D" s' \7 J! B0 O3 h: s4 r5 W) ^$ |1 t; E
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ ?. b1 X% Q& }. K2 ?6 z- A' E- `0 j6 k) r) b- s
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 I5 R/ R) H1 |: X8 _' \. k
1 O1 Z& b4 d m- y* G- C; J6 UMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 e" e5 g2 ?& {% X' q1 w- i" ` 7 Q) |+ o3 x$ J' `) C: S! A& r) pManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 |! B- c$ E, g4 v' T 5 p7 b" n/ {& k- T: o1 q. sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# w, }0 @% U/ ?
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) D) f. d' G- u( L7 X8 Y$ s7 ]& |! c- i5 `' N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 u3 \) ^2 n( @: S% F" Y+ K: E: O# X
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' ?- Y, v* _; n9 U, `2 `- S7 |8 c7 d O' Z% Q! u- ?+ j# }
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): o i) ~8 q4 Q I- C0 K, G
$ r) S; V5 l5 j! S% _7 W* m+ c# }( aStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 B0 }0 |$ r: f- X
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 i: n$ \+ f$ E% [0 h6 t! ]% C5 P3 C% K5 e
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 t) r4 ~6 y$ a1 g/ X i+ C0 ~2 R' e; e) B p
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! _2 v$ T/ x' b+ ^5 f# m9 [' e0 d
: t) U8 v- T1 M6 F6 _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 d* k" N5 i# V0 ~: r " F* v8 N" l0 I4 ^ U' i$ j对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 Y4 R. h- c* g3 e0 E6 m& m 5 I; D6 t4 m# v0 X7 Q/ d对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " Z/ c0 K' C" Z1 e 8 U+ Q7 q$ Y( T4 U( X. \+ E至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % O D* @7 i7 `9 m# Z ' h, u! z& h( i2 ~还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! X8 S5 P% J0 X! l/ h2 }! q& T1 Y* d/ B
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 }4 m: J+ y& }* p1 Q2 h