本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + \2 Q& }6 T$ F( W3 l
0 h# N2 f% H2 @7 w 转帖; J+ d+ I0 T3 ^9 ?4 h$ z6 B# y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- S8 b7 ^# j! r3 \$ v- I' Z
) r4 v% `% `9 ?* \0 S% s' P例如: ; P9 O( { @3 i( M, a* y; R & U' x& {- W7 I& o" Y9 }1 DMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 t+ z* d; {. h0 Q4 r% Q
% X& T" k- ^5 E3 ~
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 S) r4 q9 k3 K0 q D9 K0 a7 M( i : m# ]1 d, Y" M9 S- `1 w6 }$ xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . E' w+ z6 O& Y# p* t7 S6 E5 k/ I5 V& d+ ]7 G& B8 N0 Y' l p+ v j1 y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 w( {7 n" H3 a
2 `* \. A6 O; |' b
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! H9 N# d0 v# H* M5 D# |% z- ]% h4 D. W. L; @
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* g! ^' L6 w4 Y H5 p2 o
% P) Q4 R- t; y( Q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 r* j8 E5 g, n3 t5 m5 U- |# S0 [- `$ I5 I% @% y, U' M
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % Q0 d, W6 h0 M" J4 J: }7 V8 z! u* |( p4 b
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- f9 N: w; v( B/ o* r" z6 {
/ m* u* p) J, B$ @
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 I/ n v. M$ ?* I$ x
# Z. Z. H& K9 Z4 K' e* G
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! C# D$ B; D* Z4 o
" P$ \6 w- J+ c* t5 { " S' t' L* q) z M6 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 L: e( U6 ` |* N0 L A0 _+ h& J. B) U8 w4 J1 a% n" W+ v
例如: - d* Z+ L5 H0 \ 7 g# e9 x a* Z4 N! k: vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # |) \. B6 s; n3 C, D+ [0 q( D% p& w5 @2 R+ u v l
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# d F& l9 s4 {0 v
1 @) Q# v2 l! n" CI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 z4 j/ V! E+ [" a
* G9 t* u3 Z! ]0 ?" d& Y0 [2 Z
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : K- C: e0 t/ [/ y j7 I1 E9 i4 E+ O0 V; N5 i) a6 N
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , d2 f5 y0 Q7 R5 m- V2 h5 d, s5 s8 B5 y" B4 o
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % M, l7 V, v) u( X! [+ k! {4 C5 X9 Y) Z- O
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% S( } b3 F% k) n& c$ z
0 z8 G/ N8 m, ]/ i& V: g- j1 }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 F& V+ H& O3 x8 X# X, S( e+ R8 h# D: z1 A4 M; I) [- r% M
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & {0 j# e& L1 c" \! o ( r) @* N' [( x. h( ^5 OThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 w& z$ M5 A+ `$ e0 M & H( C0 u6 ?3 _ p% m( A/ e* HHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ o% w2 d9 i& f0 F; ~0 d) e( P. J* {' H9 ^/ O3 O
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 L" a* D/ Y; x
" `% I* X1 B' e& B, K' q1 ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 |8 L4 M+ |" ^6 g, I
$ j0 w* ]/ V+ `7 F! F N
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 [! j7 V. d7 b8 P " C/ ^2 P5 k# @7 R+ f2 D, [写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / a; ]9 f) @0 e! e# a4 J. V6 i" e9 V- L. w3 @
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; F: T# h4 X" M& w' ~5 e" u [ $ |% u, p6 ~+ x3 e) Y' f3 i) ?* b% `3 f6 o5 D6 R 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 o. Z- X7 R' b) r+ a& p& g* |. N- W3 N( [0 y
例如:; n* m9 t5 n" d0 `2 }7 ~: p
% a3 X5 e8 N- U' D! {. {/ MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 V6 S6 `- j- Y
, Y" i( P8 o' S, x
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' J+ J# s& d' p 8 \3 k' @& {( E8 ?3 @) jThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + F5 t- W' D: c5 C4 l" g4 m" R& E' C
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! W0 d. N6 c; W. Y- q4 y1 ^/ p7 E6 V3 i# B2 ]- i# X
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- b; I2 t5 E' G: p# b
4 V B% G- H, M& S( o
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 ~* ^0 g8 a9 O8 x2 x2 O
, ~: A7 j) p. ~: u3 S* Q6 BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): s* C2 j8 e% m- J: `* _+ `
# K6 F% I6 z, W8 k/ }7 \% d! mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 p) q+ [) _/ C- B+ z$ U+ R3 t- j+ k: ^- [ e( X% @+ l; }$ n. g
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * g6 J) |5 ?! G3 e 4 O" k8 {5 z, k& v! ~7 E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 }+ R: N# Y, y5 d4 L& Q" `% m9 `% Y+ _8 {. M
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 ?- G( c- E+ |, t( _6 J7 A9 I5 o# V2 ?, y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 P, ^6 X) b: _; N
7 g9 H6 T% \8 Z
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# _5 [4 I1 e- k( p) S @, d
- y+ ~! y; R2 m' p! E) }) H
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 q6 a5 {' G8 y- ~3 }5 D + J) E; Y ?5 l- u, ^$ ~5 P至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 j8 U y) `- Q" W # V6 _ f6 N0 z. l5 s还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; G5 n& [2 I4 c Q% K' R. @* b; q+ o
; D; |5 l( \* n$ N" Y
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 l, z: m+ a7 N* n