本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 r" }/ G: j# d" { 9 n5 _6 P/ W& d- h) M3 R转帖 ( t; J7 s- S, K8 U4 m- i) f% J. v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 L5 t- h: B# V8 J- l5 N. L% |: b3 T6 A
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 M+ l1 q1 J" O9 H
+ ^# s8 j3 I& r @+ JThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# H8 V8 c! e6 O8 T: N. y: Y f$ h
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ a; V% U' s1 C1 s$ S( x0 ^' c 1 g/ _% j: b; y6 S4 {3 K* bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 v& w o2 X0 a7 a, K5 r
$ y: P/ ^; U1 Y7 A/ a, ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / E8 Z7 M1 [9 I6 Z& S) \% d! a+ n) d1 j# D z: F; y
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( Y/ H$ ~+ j; C( f" C, b O* t9 j 2 O$ [' Q5 G8 s" hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) M" H- m# U( @* P" ~
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 s( R; n! g: H+ `
, w9 A4 ^# c( @7 l$ Y. }2 `: k/ {We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 B; U' F+ t2 `" O% r: W
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : J4 }: i; Y, [ % ~0 h2 ?/ f% T( ^1 W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 D$ |7 h# u8 X) W
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8 H! t }3 e5 ]. b! t+ z) x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 x) n0 |8 ?1 M* V; w1 s
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ i4 s" f% X$ \' V9 z% @
( u3 K3 Q2 B1 _! m5 K& }7 W3 QDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 Q2 @5 b+ m; C, E/ }% H/ Y+ }' Y
# C& L0 O& [5 n* T8 CI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - S& ^; J2 {; Z( V1 U& }8 [, q' i; @3 E7 j G) s
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) \ |# [: K C4 o- b) m- ~3 ?* r4 K2 J$ g* A
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 [- [& n/ M# g) V& N! A& o# d/ y/ }
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 s; E$ D! |- g. i/ F: g 1 S* f. s O, ~3 O" ]I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , j }5 |6 w/ x+ o* x$ }* A7 e6 y) r8 u
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: e8 U s. E$ m/ S6 O5 L
1 J m8 u b8 I9 QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' E$ ?! n3 T+ J3 t( O5 @
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' G3 U( s- g6 k1 a$ `7 N+ F
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " I+ Y }, s% [ / |1 |6 B! T, d6 PHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( D: Y5 [9 x2 e! O4 h0 J# ?' S" J& p# h+ r# O3 C
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & b. q) d, C, m8 b7 \* p$ O8 `. N9 E$ v8 \, E) J- @
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 n. P( a9 r1 b' j2 Y' u
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# K- Y; c: q# z3 _9 O' e
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ L/ M4 _3 u8 e7 Q
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4 O$ }3 I" P$ Q: m; s1 D3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 C: Z1 F$ P& `3 _) N, H3 ^/ f
0 ?4 W* F: C6 S3 `) s" r" K: F例如: # F) X2 c+ i+ V% i p+ f8 u! b# K! z " s* O; z" B* C9 HMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( y" i! ~* I! y# L8 s( b, J 4 [" U) ? c& H1 n/ FManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & V" p* c5 z# k& S1 U% Q " S& ?0 C- z' S+ kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% f* e* S7 r; T9 U& m4 y
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) q. k; x# ^- z0 B1 R5 N
9 z$ l# X( k" n9 s, T+ MMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- O2 B( U/ D! h% ~4 F
" v! p6 l2 d* m; U7 N5 KPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) H$ E% |2 y3 W+ m; Q9 ^8 a
8 R0 i1 u1 O" f1 L! }4 z! }Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 m3 i# l# R% T5 b9 f, n! c# e7 z* S( ^6 v7 \0 T$ }
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' Z5 x: I9 A8 `# R
. o2 I% b; U7 Y" h2 `! M# T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / H1 x, |& U( A E+ d7 Y ; r0 |5 i) i5 a+ \" D1 T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% y2 h9 F/ ~7 v2 c
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; L8 Q) v3 d m% D1 D8 d
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; R3 Y3 S5 x: t5 U. ~7 c) Z " e3 a9 D! Y, |7 ~1 a对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) s; S1 s- j1 |$ b6 _2 s
/ C% K9 b& {9 f1 b n对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! {( [% a$ C$ p2 e: A
# c. H. G' k& M. `+ q4 m4 [' |至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # Y. j! P/ S* u2 [7 K/ a: Q8 g$ s- ~* X$ c' ]' z
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 c2 ] s5 C' p
- A6 O N: E/ g4 Q6 }! W有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . Y$ E5 y' ^5 X/ k+ N