本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) p: k8 F8 A) v, |
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ c) J! C# g& _5 X. g: B4 e
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 E# V* f, B) {. [) ~ 5 d, q" K, g5 Q$ J' h2 SThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 R6 X! `' }' d7 S$ z3 a
0 }+ I, D) w# iThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 I& }! @/ n- n* b' B p, _; s8 f z: A( n# h
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ Q" l. y6 u0 @% t
! D! _9 ^1 t6 S+ h& }/ P1 zI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) I4 S8 B" }# i: c
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! @3 y( l* M2 v! ?2 {" z% R; j+ j+ x 0 q6 L/ L6 w2 k! m1 v8 bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ J% P8 E1 d. P. V! n3 z" L
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ Q* [( G5 M, g9 e5 {: r* t. L8 M2 l1 E
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" K) G; L2 Q# I4 a6 B
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + C# W- x) |4 s5 _- g* s ; [( a/ R' R9 z e+ V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 m |0 X- j% E6 |/ D! E; o' o# _2 N
, P+ D6 Z' g& B% K1 |1 _) W8 ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 d" S* \) u$ A8 E1 y9 D5 p
1 |* L$ Y& l' e6 n7 |" I例如: 5 b' [5 D5 M/ m+ j# N4 E1 { - w" d! V6 k" |5 h7 _' a& R+ G- WAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 E1 V5 S1 K1 x! Z + x' K" \ ^, pDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 Q! o+ n& l" k4 O. A7 \# j
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) _7 e+ _5 ~6 I* V
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + _3 {! a+ y' h5 v9 w" O% X4 N/ W( E( ?0 p e
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 u; r7 m! }# _; o5 M' _ 1 l& B7 Z0 X( x. T$ K9 OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 v0 T a9 j8 s7 S3 t : R- Z$ A- o: v& }* @! hI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) {8 ~ P% q$ l. _# G5 [
/ u" L+ Q m% U8 y! M: K3 O如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 O3 u; x1 |0 m5 C H' M- Y- Y: d" c6 G8 y# S+ G
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 P4 g& ?4 }8 `0 ~1 B+ @ v
- N9 t6 `2 w- t% y7 _( q0 tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) M+ j, O+ P* e1 m6 y4 @+ C4 B
z' V3 p' e" {% FHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) f% ]5 n7 ?% Z" D. r: [
* Y' z; ]/ i7 P$ B9 v+ iHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + U" Q# }1 ^, u$ t$ [ + J+ I& I4 G6 }We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) z4 ~, p, ]. D |! C" I% P( d+ r3 l , e Q: n& b8 i/ } a7 G6 m; J4 xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) i8 \$ L1 b0 _- t0 |% s1 u* h0 h' s, @% m' j* h$ P$ Z* P" X
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ J( G9 ?1 c( d3 N- G9 c1 T
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 L% T2 H& ?4 a7 b6 a2 \% { * z. y# s! c$ s/ h) b. m1 U' G" P5 ~; ^, H 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ z) T% Y3 X$ c% d0 Y) A5 N) Z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! \# z$ v/ j# s( J! m
8 V4 _9 v1 _ \. M4 J' t5 @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 v3 W$ S3 X0 l3 _( \9 A% g
; ?# R+ ?6 [" t) SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # {3 I* H1 _6 H& I1 B W0 z . |" A& ?0 U& b8 W7 t! j8 }% oHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 \- {! a! A" ^: m0 S* k9 r. c
" t4 ~; s& l/ I7 d, T# G# |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 f* e* Z% C# N: {
7 R5 j" H! e# f' p- vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , v& M5 g, j( Q - n! ]4 g$ ^& q; D3 q+ ?* S4 gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 e6 m/ q! y0 W9 K 0 E, _1 W: q* QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* M+ J' m# x* b/ G# j# K
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. c+ s- o R4 `9 l& B
7 a. J3 K; o8 K当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ @' q C( ?# S/ G1 ^% e0 Z $ Y1 u6 ? j# M# A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ j0 u# w D/ s* z
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% Z# F! ^4 _2 i3 ?$ ^
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : M |$ _ K, S% v; n# v& v1 b! _! |0 [+ V
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% ?6 {! G- P3 T: \# t( V5 I7 F' I
" n$ I% N! c$ ?+ A# u至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 j6 P' v' |4 q; F8 {2 P* P: u m, N2 W) A" j
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) E6 T$ X/ O0 W. S# X' Y" m4 Z
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, m, a% j2 w7 i6 u8 D