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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 w, H8 s0 ^ [$ F# u" n # v1 k& Q1 k3 V" V' I) v例如: # C& D3 w/ H( H4 G7 j$ ^) r7 [5 V0 E
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 R: W! y; O2 A1 Z' L 6 p ^; N9 Q8 S& zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! }) ~1 U2 Y( L& E7 W) G' f # k* Y9 {/ O% CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 \7 @$ S. f. L4 n, I G
/ r1 R! V8 [- x, x& N# ^6 c7 uThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! R' A5 G9 @! c( `! @9 C1 u0 h9 Q7 ^0 Q# p& _* x& m4 q# C
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), G O! c9 I+ j* N4 N3 W2 P9 x" h
; J* b1 k8 E U4 D9 F4 {( y0 kMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; m* c; y) h, A% [1 ?4 v$ u( {! I+ }# X' h
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) [8 C' y; ] I2 X* ?1 j: J
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( o& P! ?( \" |) I. C% N* Q) E8 U$ Y# e2 \% Q8 g
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# o7 o+ Y( v; R( q
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- B4 a# r" Z% q) D% {9 t; {
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( p& p! K. v% z, F+ G
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3 q- p2 |' D/ q. B; Q1 K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" w @% U5 h' S" l; M
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例如: . _3 b9 i4 r: T / a+ M' M. P4 I0 T5 ~) |At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 k8 h2 V/ U, F) p" F+ H
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 Z& t( K; L5 L& ` F; ^* `- _% N# ], ]; Y+ \# ? L0 `
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* [) U# _1 j; P5 F) C% c& G& z
6 B' t9 d L+ H5 T( XHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 p" d* i0 A3 x% p9 e
* ?: D6 o+ ]3 d+ h' M# GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( q1 V7 F$ v+ T- ]1 d3 p: s
; B5 z+ {9 k1 T) f. QShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , O$ B5 L- N9 g + i7 T4 [# a, B) II will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* q! I/ d+ }2 @, l
l2 S' v- I6 |4 t# z+ c5 y; H如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ Z s2 d# W* n
6 K0 h5 x% U o. z; v* aThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' N' _( x2 ^# ` U. \1 D( ]- k1 H" Z; ^0 o3 D* G/ R$ o) r
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! i9 M0 W+ T! Y6 C6 j* y6 h+ o. c
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 `$ T/ @3 _6 E" R9 J: w: U
/ D: ?" ~9 x5 A4 _, u, J9 j' E% dHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * i$ J: {; Y( [7 R h 4 @; m, a+ L. z+ m: S j7 m; VWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' p' f y% u" H* w
! e) A% h8 b0 c2 V( vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 Z$ @2 I/ {$ L: y) X9 R8 Q ; K: b- C* G( @# Z1 P, L% N s1 I2 f) K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 O6 ~1 D' f# f! M, {7 X1 m. I : Y7 z, B! G' P U+ g. F9 l( `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : B& ~4 U8 O9 U0 I% _% [1 d+ g' R9 \0 b0 ~, F6 \* _; A, c
: o- H; z; S2 C) t |& c3 v3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! d0 r, W `% z+ N) P
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7 M3 t o! P! N5 ]3 w7 YMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 |9 f9 u- H# e - p+ }9 ?, B! s4 WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) @; r4 {1 o1 f6 r$ x Q7 |8 s% j6 y . F1 w' u" b+ ^3 uThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " m. m, Z* p L: j M) X( E2 \( A4 h: f3 ~
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), U, T" O6 w, j( Q
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* R5 z! m0 D" x$ T
+ X2 q$ r7 ^; H9 aCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 N9 Q" Q) L5 K' x4 j " @2 V+ \& t3 r; o- oStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 w( K7 p# s2 w8 g2 Q8 d
- b/ q5 J1 _4 `同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* M/ f& E( z0 g' u& C( r