本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' y* o1 p5 I7 f6 n6 o7 R' K4 _+ C; w% b3 f& o. H 转帖; k$ T: V6 Z T
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 N8 a6 n( |0 k" c$ R: c1 |; S: i, m! W" _
例如:( l) l: C# f1 r) \4 k
+ I9 I7 b: Z$ p4 J9 ]+ ?3 m$ _( @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( f" c5 {6 l! Z 0 \0 p5 p, g! H2 H- LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 r6 {0 Q% |. H% D2 S8 }* \
: E5 ~2 V6 l3 w5 W/ C ~% }. Z
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) `7 b. x; m+ b& R& V) `" V7 S! G0 q
2 p3 l7 `7 _; T9 M
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 K/ ] G% v4 u5 p! P9 q3 i* o
0 }- ^. [' _* M. v3 T, K
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : s9 ?2 m u2 S & q: e* D' Q/ y, D8 bMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), q' p+ h/ r; x/ w6 R4 R" ~
" B8 q) W, h4 W+ K A2 s4 }5 Y3 T% Q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + i3 q5 e, A+ @- S- I0 Y# ^" c2 m: N% F2 v
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & |& d9 N7 `" z8 E& s. F, k' q' U 8 A, c9 U0 n4 g+ _) }9 iWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ k6 X; n! F* S! `
9 k3 ^# e/ E b0 o( @4 ZPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + v2 {3 n2 ?" H( Z* x3 { 4 L* M" x2 B6 M, Y1 r这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ p! q7 N' S" l* J& p# T: _
7 Z+ j5 R1 I: }
/ y7 N: Z8 \/ u. [% G8 U9 |! [* s' R 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 J- C2 j6 I; a+ x( b; q/ ^; k3 Y$ g( x* K( U t. w
例如: 9 L" m) S/ G3 m; T$ O, _" I/ a7 |8 i- S0 A, p
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 o* O' j( B- n! p
- g0 D$ z' j+ L
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 u& t: L2 B; l+ g D% ` 3 C1 [& P( N W# c" L {/ Y8 q- rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 g" C4 a9 O. w: s& _3 \; n2 x/ S4 ]' D, c- Q, ?& l+ d4 Q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) s p$ d: j/ y3 |1 r* P
& l+ d# s9 H* A: `, h- d
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 |7 W+ W' v0 [# | Q+ x4 ~, ^1 H6 S# P) Q- G6 u
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" \. N: y& l3 ], \" W+ F3 J
+ ?0 r7 e7 D9 s- ?3 P
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 `& H3 ?4 \1 c7 i! z4 ^7 ~1 B2 M( v3 `7 j: e. |3 [( o
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 g5 Y7 L) ]* z& r0 v 8 ^3 k/ ?# M$ t8 fThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ W4 u1 q) \6 M) s! }7 C" `5 a! ^
6 T* Y% e6 t( M. D
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 t6 J7 `/ N, Q" O4 K& }* K& j0 c, f3 v4 R( Q
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : P8 U9 X' E) t* |$ H ! H) F4 j( m4 U; a8 u6 a3 kHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( G5 d) _5 \- e2 b( Z. G. ^) h: U. s, @" S: V; P2 U4 {
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 D5 ?1 Y1 V# a) _
; ~( b8 o' N* R: ?7 n* n0 ^
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 B p" h- k$ v
0 R% j U9 [2 u) Y2 |
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ N, R6 d( _; i2 L, C8 @3 I8 a0 G! e
( C( I- s7 m3 J/ h7 {6 z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 \# Z1 e, @- _' j! R " K# Y! L$ f* p9 e& [! T$ k $ z- m" Q! j* |% @2 {" i3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 R6 e) [& K6 V+ u . L! |2 C2 R" v$ D8 F, ]例如: Z% F8 R/ m2 U+ |& L! O* D 9 K" o/ b/ L+ VMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & U3 e8 O' C3 n* O h: ~2 w$ }! w 8 ]& c( z9 m5 MManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), Z/ U* Y6 P5 W) z4 `/ O: z) ?
; w# k" W- P5 s
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 W5 z* S6 G$ }8 P. v0 ?
7 n: n$ I& b; v
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 H# q6 x8 b4 S4 ^4 _$ G; C 2 ]& v0 K( l# }( vMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' P* p7 u" m; c
& Y/ W @! v. w- T0 J: K Q
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , Z: T( I2 d; s& F4 y/ `/ b 8 C& B2 s# N, D/ D& w& P3 Q4 v4 OCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 L1 R4 H) q; [% @" T7 L( Z& l 0 ?( N7 x% A: M; H6 dStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 O; X3 S5 T! n2 C- `- \( K# d; V- W& B, z& E
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 s' S9 w" U) z4 Q; g' ~
. q' e1 f) F/ d3 _' R当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: B5 o Z4 O5 H j
+ o" g6 Q) V1 \/ F对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 a7 d: b7 A, d/ @3 Z% |, | 7 ?4 l0 Y5 r& b' i- h对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: y( k8 T3 D9 h% r3 s
3 ]0 }# q: Y% x+ l
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( x" e% H. y7 d I3 n ' g! ~# B6 R7 A) [对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - z9 O: y( a9 ~& y! H; ~- \# j0 E- G- ?- s3 G) H
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + c3 B# I) H# p 4 f5 q8 A V; k6 h- v还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' C% k: } r! h% ?: q4 }1 |
# d+ I8 a) P( l1 V
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; j4 J/ T. ]( B: I