: S2 E: ~' x' f. f例如:, ?8 C1 }" s. g/ \" @" j7 A( U! J/ e. d
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ z. w( {) a; v9 V% l4 ^4 z
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) o0 k. @4 p; [. d" z: f* n. d# S9 D$ |& W0 c& B9 w% G8 U, Y' c2 E
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 @; M6 a- \4 E" I( Z; f# E # g2 W" r2 p! ^0 ~9 ~The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 S7 g1 n; O% y1 G5 c% ~% m; d( J! n2 k# v, N. b
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) D8 d& j* O0 D8 B1 z0 q" f& [! h( x" w5 D1 Z, `: \6 u: i. E
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ U& d9 o+ a& J1 a
5 P8 G% ^" d9 e5 Z+ a) G0 [We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! U6 k: P8 c, d! J: B, O9 z4 b9 L( p3 E" V
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " I. E2 G; A: X n& s) D6 k7 G
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 p( J2 z4 {( e% R; @6 W0 G' A: d% }; I# E8 u. e0 n D
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( @3 j$ r4 E) c- I8 F+ s U, }6 F; P7 X) N7 C
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* S- R! n% I$ n
9 {" Y& ]9 O3 q7 d. b+ S4 U, [9 G+ H6 d0 u, |- }6 ?3 c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" V7 [$ J" [- h: v- f
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例如: ( n$ x" T! C, ^( }$ Q" P 0 g8 l+ y' B7 Y: R" M+ g3 CAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 `3 X( I' C; T% R2 _
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 ]$ h7 p/ X3 y . q; m/ B7 f% \1 Q: w7 cI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 T3 w2 B! Q0 B% [4 I1 F
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' s M8 u1 x1 T* y( B. u6 T5 F/ O& W8 B: s# H, y: V) G
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( Q5 D3 Q2 Z5 y. w ( f" K( g0 n" g. s0 AShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% V8 {6 m# ` |2 G
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # N5 I! S; d- N) k8 x$ c4 r! e7 G; O# @: y/ g/ Q: M: A, l9 t
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" ~7 a7 s q2 J5 n
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; v8 F% Z- ?- V2 M - [ l% a: a0 eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : \9 J( ~; r, u# W) |8 x. D & p! G/ P) b W( s c3 qHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / u$ k+ \7 o3 { {4 s; f m& Y$ L* k6 H$ ^0 z* u0 |% kHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ C0 E& l. T' H' h7 Z! V) G
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 w( Z0 z1 O! K; E3 G 9 K9 }1 C, i: s5 [% j, i1 A3 S8 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' z! Y5 c7 O3 f- N b9 Y0 T
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& }( L6 ?) U. U- a, V+ Q& h
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; g9 H7 X2 A' @, x1 M9 A6 x5 f9 W6 N9 h
4 }! y: ?; M1 [+ k5 `* s! P 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" N: J0 X) Z* O: T% K4 e
6 `# b+ i9 S2 X8 O9 G, ~: B: M( C例如:( R0 {# X7 ?, @
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , k; N+ t! r$ T# v/ L* p( ?! R1 }0 r# P/ g7 j. K2 h, C8 {
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# Y1 E4 N2 X `( U1 @
+ u `% Y5 W7 MThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ e6 J% r4 M0 j' b& P8 P' O . r# G d# F1 a6 a; {3 o1 {: ^He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( |* w# A0 d: l. @1 d: z. S0 ?
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* V" W' x8 @% g( M6 M/ x
$ |% i b- A1 CPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ R4 N1 I1 s; l, z r* c: G1 u
: M3 i4 d3 m: u1 W& a, Q- ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) R4 [" h# _- F& `; H5 l4 ]: a* e 6 _) @; }& }6 j! KStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % X% I3 g& Y' ~# E/ v2 ~: M$ d* j8 E8 E i) s
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; s6 c0 l$ c$ F5 }0 Y4 `' ^6 \0 J& Q8 ?
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ G2 g$ ]+ O, k+ n: @( [
: o! ]( A. l" s8 {对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & L) |4 K! N* }; v K$ n9 o3 c0 M1 @3 V+ L! R: v: n
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 r( A( I2 X: F& X5 @ X4 Y4 k+ k; p* V9 d- u1 y5 i
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 |$ ?1 t3 U7 l1 w6 T, b7 L
G" J: B- a. S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 J2 \# [7 H [5 ^* g4 n