1 }$ M4 e4 G9 x0 E. K例如: + ]+ x5 Q" Y/ V k6 m5 m9 s) {5 |: m# \' K. y Q: f! h
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), F( \7 r; i; J8 K
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / [: N2 F" Z9 r5 b1 H * I3 Q1 Z% I e Y; m9 mThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread), A5 ^7 }% z) I. q& z
& ^- X# T( |' ^5 {& M- y4 [# u; @9 gThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + k* Z9 A( l! {* ` 8 A: p# K. c0 H3 m' SI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' A, Z" G2 F* B! P `
( b, \. H5 }$ f8 p, ]' x7 h9 @Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 f2 ]- Z3 m* ~6 E ) \, y. a, o" u8 v! k s2 WWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 G4 F+ K! i+ n, X" x& e! b
8 h" v/ M4 V+ X3 vThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; Q" g, e6 P! z- s/ @ 1 _2 p. H% A, N) _% I$ k) pWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 n" M c a, o6 ^0 Y$ I, }8 Q
# j0 h; n6 f+ n- Q( X5 F7 f1 gPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( M( A9 S8 P; D+ r) C, x
8 x7 i9 X( Z( }- y/ H- S这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. q) W! K$ N" I- V7 t ]' ^- }. ^
2 l" B3 k5 g, R5 ~) S9 R7 ~2 {; u/ D) _, h" i3 p1 ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# k' d2 r4 W9 L- i* O4 |) q
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例如:. b8 A) h3 O* Q3 q* c
' C3 N. [2 ?+ u5 T4 dAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ f+ P) r+ n3 i
1 ]: x8 i/ P$ Q1 x, b3 [9 Y3 F0 n. m JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& f$ ^' j% Y; j+ l+ q
7 S! L" j( b1 m4 b- nI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 k& C' e0 x; { . @2 @$ M* [: @. q' `% n& \1 L9 nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! x1 {5 v( C, e) \; B' c8 q
8 C" c, Y% {5 ~. s- uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- C+ j5 P1 ]% o2 K) \! |& r
* g% X# E. C* b; x* c8 l! PShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 B8 m4 J7 d, j- |9 X3 Y' K
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # V- K. h J' U) B % q7 g0 x$ t2 x$ _& J1 B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; @5 F6 O) `) D0 ^% v ) B+ Z# b* g8 [6 LThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ @, v7 Q& Z4 M& A" P9 m * S2 q1 X7 H6 N; LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 A0 z, k* [5 W- @9 e& ~3 ?% D$ ]
( N+ j/ M" t& g) d) l( IHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 ]8 o+ N# n- ]/ Y5 H5 N6 U4 W9 u
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) J6 ]! F6 a8 d1 P3 n ; z8 I5 k- T* ^ i( xWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # d7 u( ?3 C! N. { $ {5 l5 ^2 X2 p5 @Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) n; p( t/ _' Z# N( L6 ^9 d
6 g* E$ Z4 j4 @! D+ a6 r! K& B* `写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' O+ H: J* F4 _1 L: Y" t- I0 j % g. o# F9 @$ q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ D6 o2 G& u' | ) B b: @- f2 c4 H! A8 a% ` 4 Y, x* x6 B5 H3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 B3 O1 Z) N' y- w" H, Y! |" N( E' W$ M+ v0 }$ _, G. h. F
例如: - J9 A0 Y; g8 J# y* J% n- e5 t/ `2 K0 X2 `+ l r' t9 j+ K, ?
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 S. k2 U# u+ }: m4 ~4 T
. Q# `. v7 f; K/ |/ X. x: {& H+ ^4 HManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 _! c3 R k5 q' g* E( [& k7 i ! C' q9 i Q7 \/ L0 x5 C. `This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + ^4 s0 }; V9 U @9 i% U; ~/ n
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 \7 c& v- t0 \5 n 8 O& O7 ?( k: O3 c, EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 F1 e4 `& I" R5 O% }# O" D
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ D) X9 J4 j. C+ s7 Z4 K) Y0 d5 V2 Y$ D" `1 p& h
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 u8 }0 H- }. s* X! p N* b, c: B+ I7 h* }5 T+ H" o
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 B- e$ A" {) u- e+ }8 d2 b4 r0 X& ?0 H" V3 }1 k; L
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 A- f) t, Y# x: Z' n
" O; D9 N2 H5 @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ N7 i& x0 g3 b3 D* ^% R- O * X. ^6 d# e# |0 h6 e, n4 M对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , Q8 Z' W8 A2 N' G2 G1 H% C8 b, \& M3 | J# h. b! V! W* `
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; d& E9 I( N8 Z* m( z8 m1 \ q* l( S. T& I4 e' j
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! j$ O E1 h* r5 O5 k8 \
8 b) @, |' @3 t& v对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & d3 R `* J3 _+ ]0 @" X1 g d: P 7 n" w& o3 o3 m9 K9 o至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! I: @# k. F1 v* F6 B) z; D( i3 [' v
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' Q2 C+ d/ c# ~# A# \ 0 j! o; g$ K; }( ?: x' O有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / Q6 j$ t4 w# C* i9 Z