本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " v6 b E/ h5 T. R' n# w6 ~8 _) X. A* m( r+ ~3 l 转帖 ' t) g9 _5 i6 N, m/ }) R' w# F1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 O6 d0 d9 G' A* ~; ]0 P7 z: U7 I+ O" C1 W
例如: 0 _' [9 T, v7 h4 l' Y' m F/ f 1 T$ T* i5 ?. i8 J! Q" `$ `% O) rMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : K$ s D; F3 B4 E3 b( {" A6 R3 W( s8 |! k
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 c9 w; v' R( \5 B
( y" ?; \( L: f5 T' IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- t" d) @/ i; G) E7 h7 y
2 N* k) N5 `* j7 A0 a0 j3 y4 CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* Q4 b$ D2 g" m2 I
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) w7 ?. J' Q# ~* q& \
: M* K$ o) w: l6 ~7 L; oMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 i6 f- Q3 h- B z! S0 B) p1 h" _0 f/ o& Q2 @
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # q& Y. i0 ?+ T' P+ W& z* U; [1 x( j9 U% U
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- |7 S0 W7 j- u
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + e" D" v- D* C1 @. U) `, T# z. e8 G! w0 x
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ r9 v$ L7 p$ N8 R$ K
0 s" y2 m, | _这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; E( X" p1 p5 e+ T% [4 Y$ H 2 I- i$ q$ M6 \) ^; J& ?0 z4 q# K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : ]" L% c. t. e0 v; S 0 k4 F2 q6 ?( s- J3 H) x8 ?. U例如: W' Z+ x8 O0 N5 K$ h; }+ n# w
& t2 o2 g" t" f; tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): }/ e& t; m) [( y1 b
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* M9 K) t) B* F5 x- n( a9 U
; S! F& a& @/ c* @* i+ xI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 @; X/ h& T. W9 D9 K% T0 f ; E2 H. Y( S2 q$ ]4 DHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + ?$ m) v. I7 \4 R- S " B! E% D7 b$ q/ H. M2 {# v, jIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 m+ c/ X: B" f9 w! g & @) a+ W+ h, j. LShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 }# s! e0 {* _! B1 b6 {, F' {7 l' U8 P8 O# ?) r" P0 a
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& j4 L8 @& p9 i& _+ ~7 \# S# R& v
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 |' F/ ~2 E6 K* ~5 M" H
+ w l; _" J2 q6 F6 QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # j4 D0 z# Q2 V' k: K : U& `; x+ ]0 h2 w1 h1 Y( s# {% YThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : |3 U) ~) y: W% @) K . q8 b/ C! z7 r/ O, i8 Y) wHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 ^# K9 k4 N4 |6 i. n1 ]% \! P7 T
$ M- C9 }7 y7 {' r; dHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 T {+ m( D4 V3 n. R- [1 t: x
7 h+ `! I9 r6 y9 q ZWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). x8 [6 v L1 d9 p3 `0 e/ f$ t k
# ]3 z$ J! N( J% e$ U# uEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 o P2 C0 K& ]3 z" x2 H+ \5 z. K9 Q0 `
# I; t- `! Z6 k" [% n4 k写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 o$ O" j% H( T . O8 [1 N5 L$ l6 j此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + K8 [& f4 W9 E i0 |3 ]1 K; l" x! v+ b9 }
7 k9 n+ B9 ~/ R7 T3 ]" o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 Y% @% n9 C0 O* f. i& v h ( B5 v: E9 y. k$ s3 }' s- n; I例如: 6 y I% A# o) d* G - j" x1 A, z" K t: P% PMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 R2 h/ i% i, q4 E, g+ Q ( O4 w+ r R6 j5 G5 B! p" iManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % w4 ^( i. x# ^0 f; x% B0 L. R( K) V, `$ Q" _
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : j! D3 A+ e5 ?# }5 p: \$ x - `# P+ m' G; A* rHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " H$ E6 ?, R( x+ J2 F1 a, y. g: s7 ^: l: t; J! s
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- u$ a" M* f& u
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 Z) r. {) z3 k; q. u. L5 _5 I( T+ h% G I% N
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 d( ?2 ^( k6 Y' t$ H. k
- l; r% ?2 H g! O3 ]3 pStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # x6 K4 _( n) T; B0 F$ I. g: f3 j
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 A! o1 g3 f3 ?7 B! @
$ R3 O5 @4 l" }9 P6 \对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 N* [2 j6 ]* g4 Z
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 @2 [% U8 Y# M% h' S( G1 c * d% r0 Y# M; E, g+ J对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) r. U$ y( g, i, S* B9 ]2 x0 q8 W& m% L1 H1 g1 F8 t, b7 n: s
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 V( A( E: `( R1 N8 p # U: ~1 t, J7 ?$ \至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 U1 o7 Z& [1 w3 q( E5 T1 E$ o4 i9 n% m( ]! i# f
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。& M7 [$ x3 i3 c1 Y' m, a$ {
' C: H6 E2 o- q1 y% f3 L& W' k1 j8 [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% L% c' D& b+ q" ]) Z' x