' Z. S3 [3 J4 }& \例如: ( `( c" p D% N. @0 ? 2 M- q8 N* l4 w4 v1 y% K% qMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : v! y9 Z+ O+ [8 t" r 1 n5 ~/ }3 F/ P% L- j, i. a6 ]% DThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) S j1 B' r+ O, w& `$ Z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" f3 C3 |; z- Z0 B. p' ]
/ U$ U' _5 d m& M$ H7 QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). `( s9 {) Z- P% O
9 y' ^8 l; X/ h1 V3 Q! BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " S, q9 x" D& Q: x, ?+ B - u4 C' [: m- M1 r. qMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 k# }9 o+ A* h& p) L 9 O/ r: p/ y- Y. u1 S5 wWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , s+ d/ K- N0 `3 g5 d1 v- o8 O + [" d U) P3 {; V3 I) TThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) e$ S' p4 n' ^& _9 Q" @
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 f ^4 H$ g8 X5 B8 v) e+ i- i; Z: V# K& V( ~/ O7 _7 u
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 M( V, P$ E% D( `
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # u2 z% @6 X- t. S# { , O& _: Z3 I* K3 o* n3 X 5 d- L9 |) Q% k5 S' e* e2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ Y, q: k9 ^# C* q8 W( M, u( j* N7 `! P H0 w, q" ^/ T6 L
例如:6 j- W6 ?' m" q u& C* M
0 _) h) p* u0 Q, M+ `, SAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( o) Q6 A5 k, {3 D; j
/ y/ [2 p5 c! k; \% WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - ^3 R3 ?9 q0 Q1 Z' _- e1 Y- {0 h0 Q: |. [$ i4 [+ |6 T5 a
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ F" R7 w4 X+ G1 o: i$ {) i
. W2 Q# e" P- f3 \# B7 u* }He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & Y2 Y/ Q# q5 c: Z+ K" {0 t+ I' C+ E
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 a$ X; i+ \# W8 e/ L) ]% u# Z% `" I3 [
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 v G/ \" l6 A6 p5 h& x $ ]' U' j# b# ^ B/ ?4 j2 ^I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # x$ S! X' D S- ?4 s) } + ^. E1 C$ S5 M9 Z) j2 B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" f7 |# \. k5 N& E( T) I( v
+ m$ |" a" W, l) e3 ZThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + t$ y* v! p4 o l6 r" T, W! M3 RThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ J$ @% ?2 m* M9 U4 T. c' P
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) |7 o+ N' V9 y" m3 |
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 b. \! V; l+ R+ |) h+ l# o' P! D : [" T+ L _0 u' iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : E8 c6 B4 |2 c+ P. i , o" f, k y1 {Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) M( Z; F1 s9 e6 T8 o6 l( Y, X2 [/ j: x! f) ~
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( n1 D3 [- Q& k2 q5 Z# ~5 e# M. |
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ M/ Q, G" w6 R! k! }5 r$ }
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* G: y" w/ d6 {$ i" |/ X9 A3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 h# y* F% [/ Z0 W3 A# _ ( P5 _5 G5 Y7 C* g# H' E例如: ' A7 A# F9 T$ X) o* Q9 s. t 5 g( n4 l) E$ T% EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " G/ l1 H& d5 w" i/ D$ b3 t; A- b* E s" Q7 l
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) B1 b$ u6 i+ M0 F
. J; m; r0 T" b e" x% a7 P bThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 w9 `% m2 C9 ^/ J+ J
, O, u+ _. ~/ s! t9 KHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + r3 U& g' f) M4 n6 B$ Q3 n) H* w: G z4 ~) s/ [2 o
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , H5 J5 i; m/ M9 P& n ; a( w$ a$ U, p8 P% l4 @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 t5 q( n7 B/ X( `* a9 X
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) E( S4 W- T/ H7 T2 e, O
1 \& ?) G6 \' R q9 AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 ~) g% K# T' b9 D- b$ [1 P0 \5 q 2 q1 l% p1 r- ^! t8 |- D同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 h. E" ~0 v$ V7 [" X
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . S* u2 t4 b, M7 C2 {& t1 c$ z* p$ @( A! l3 h) K
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* @+ |# R% y+ J8 m6 C
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. h! O% _# w" ` @4 ^/ I6 S9 i* o
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" P. c; {1 O8 J- Z/ m6 e
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; w( h* i1 @9 Y8 ]3 j# z* W1 a
h: c9 t. k& l7 K6 e( I$ C3 w有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 O( Y% ]9 g+ [1 ?* [$ N A r. q