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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . a3 U! S/ h8 ^% w' x; M9 T& C- @# a1 G2 ~# A6 ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 D2 {3 W/ `$ l( F$ V% f `& l# F8 }+ C' i. Y8 F% M
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* D+ P* e' I0 b2 t; q: O+ L
f( n: C J$ N4 o3 R; fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 V6 ?; F, g. X* \! m$ n& [5 [
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ w* Y3 C' v% o* P! T Q/ L2 _
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ I% A, {* T1 j1 D% C1 w
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 _+ n8 e/ r# y- ]9 o
" B% y) J9 A- @+ s7 U& pWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " m% g Z! i; U5 N " |* z' k4 P" @6 R* z, U/ j5 rThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) }1 R( x1 l7 q
( l6 z9 Q0 M# H: XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . a; z6 r2 E0 N' H' V: @2 w ( V% j4 h2 M/ s! N9 Y1 f/ cPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; K9 J1 B) N: t, p: p/ C% j0 f$ P$ F w/ `& l
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + R* ], O- K/ |% f, _! I1 l- a! G, B5 I7 E U
6 p; q" r6 n: l8 j- i) I2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' J( q: ^' u& h2 e ' h# a; ~: @! z6 ?% Y例如: 1 j" c( b: c, V: [1 Z$ n 3 g8 a9 X9 R* J* q$ [3 P/ jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 k) ?, C. _4 x# G" h J& ^9 k t( C8 L4 y: n* L f a# ]Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 i( b) E" u$ ~' B1 a9 R
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 ]% Y7 k0 t: K % m6 I% [# y+ ~7 Q6 UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! E6 l% z8 ^2 I$ L. e9 p
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 r- L3 I) k0 K) h . @5 p v; |$ X. R& B2 \7 yShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); Y* J2 s6 i8 n7 f& I
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 A) \8 ~/ G, ?) E+ N% S" ]7 V' L4 O, v# N; h$ }
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 d" V/ J8 X4 [- L; a1 y7 ]
. t' r. A+ J U2 B" QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' ^9 G* m5 b" J' q) T, G Z
. q6 P" a' H+ D3 Z7 i; H) [4 ]The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 R+ O3 Z! @2 H/ f- Z
! q; Z1 g3 X! f8 ~ |# AHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 N% p# |/ P+ N- ^6 y) v5 P/ _
6 |2 B w+ f. J7 h2 VHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * m5 M L8 `% p+ V3 [/ C5 T6 b, s, e9 G8 e+ ^" y
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 C7 u& c8 g4 k! ^8 b9 P2 u( |6 O, v7 u F" l4 b3 G
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! U$ w) y+ L# { Z a- f# P( K
- |8 h ]' [8 | t$ [" t. k写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% Q" V5 q+ B! i% ]& a8 X- D& z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' ~7 E3 I6 r6 A4 L6 h' {6 s6 ^& Y
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$ q1 f5 h) ] B7 I+ C4 @3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 N. h* H+ e# K+ [) P3 i. z: D8 r! G7 u9 t
例如: ( H- k7 S% c8 z$ O - R. M: O& v, q4 K$ N$ rMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! b- }3 q1 |& H% G2 M/ V/ x5 ^6 e- v9 B, T
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + B, N* p; _) e& R, n7 Q& W) i$ ~) N `7 H8 J5 v1 B
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 B( [" M& M; h
3 V, U2 H3 r6 w) G1 UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % E$ Y, ~* j1 C3 V+ j) |4 K; {7 u' L$ |8 c$ s& y4 N1 Y/ c
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" r/ e, Z# Q& j M* ~ K7 m
" l4 R$ B3 ?* t' _' oPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& {, n1 [1 y. O+ N4 N8 @
' E6 R4 A% P7 q8 x8 [- G1 iCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), G! N" V$ R, Y
" Y* H* s0 _* d( S) P3 n7 e; LStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 u0 [. v" Q; H% Y# H: h- N
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ |" W& m9 ]/ ~, b$ a5 @, {# z0 K; S( U1 g+ E0 ]
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * n+ K; t9 A8 y; ]( b/ A6 b8 z/ r3 R$ A8 t% D, \
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ ~7 q, i- j& Z; r4 Q5 E
+ e7 N! n5 c% m2 t7 a至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* G! H6 Y. i- y! w; g8 G4 p: C
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ F: J+ V; z* s. a: S: m: d
, N2 P \9 F* K+ s' F有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; N/ P; a' G: p5 c