本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / L3 Y- g6 }2 E
* _" y) I4 W% @$ K9 E+ O转帖 $ d$ G9 P% s, |) e1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 e" Y' ]0 \: n; C9 j$ r & |5 e, p/ d- T4 i例如: 7 Y& { p' z2 O1 P5 s% e6 e7 t& H8 M# L7 ^
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 f. v& ^& ]2 w9 m 0 ], x/ ~9 d' |# K, e. eThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 t. D1 q! ]3 L% m6 Q' `3 K
8 F) ?' O" ~% ~3 z& B$ k" OThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) ]8 {( z( K* l) ?7 A/ Z7 W
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) q; y: X8 m4 v) {4 H1 V3 S' s p! Q) v/ f6 t4 S0 z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( E: s# ]+ [2 M! z6 q1 i3 }5 I
% N' _4 k2 @) I3 N; I6 _, jMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " |' U/ V" y" h8 t1 x, `7 T( P/ F4 c5 j' h
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * M1 N: x3 N2 y, S* T L# T: L+ J T
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 l6 B4 |, b7 g! ], ]% N8 x, ?, n. s- [! ?3 c8 q- J( Z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , _6 G. z' _, g7 H' v) ]( C+ I' J; O; u
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( W# a, }: ?. b5 c8 K5 Y3 j, G% A6 o, t Q& e+ z
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' ~* y! s4 `% k% h- E
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2 z' c2 R k0 m& \, u) B) b2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) S" ?1 A; }( a7 X3 j- S, y( }. c' r/ A5 A5 Q+ ]
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) [( p+ D6 h' ~ - T/ m& _) T6 ^9 j6 BDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- g7 u% s, r5 L) ` S9 a3 d" C
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 ~1 @5 W; I. E , Q/ Y& y9 l, J L" e( ^2 Q7 sHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 }$ a2 A7 F0 L. D# @9 o8 h1 [+ v2 `! k3 W" c
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' J; G* n$ O& v4 Q- k/ s6 W9 V" i8 M* D; n
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 [) m% q" c' o) ?$ T. U+ \% X $ N, t3 B: _, r A6 w0 D& L4 k, CI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ W" m0 j m; e6 ^, _4 J; R. z0 k L" z1 z$ p* v/ }2 Q" \
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* p# `* [# q5 L' T9 S
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- E) @, X. N0 }. ?# B
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + U0 D+ U) q' r# M& } : _* f, ~/ G6 r+ D* a; mHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 |9 n6 o1 a# |0 W . z, b9 m- L1 dHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 K8 R. \- t7 x- P; @4 L
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ r1 d3 o: {/ Z% N, ? t+ Y- V+ w8 r9 C8 \) D, m- d
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + V; K# ~- g, c9 Z) ~7 f, s/ g- s* b6 l7 a
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- z% q) Z" ]6 w! x5 {+ E& S
9 m2 l9 `6 t4 Y% n( N此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % u- j$ L7 [3 u4 Y% }+ }$ m$ u" Z 5 ^- }2 x) g h1 j# x9 |9 N! q% b1 ?* n' i! v5 Q) x/ ?* e+ M X5 m/ N 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; p3 y9 Y! B) h" }6 }# n- ~) n* ]+ A
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; t: f1 p0 l. D3 MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 N6 b3 d4 Q" t
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) F$ \: b! a3 v" A ( R0 X3 h7 J2 Z7 Z2 m( N; UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" x0 G; o9 |4 V* R% s- k; x
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& P. K" J5 @& r$ l. l, _' z6 M8 n' @
8 K9 d0 o; K+ P1 n: T) `: ^! rMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 G, F/ E5 \. `: {" J 9 R( I0 R; m- j. ?Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 F* s" A+ M- o0 L2 x
. o6 [, \; Q6 M3 b7 N' P0 QCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , `+ V6 p# r- _! v% |: Q& C- D1 D
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" R4 f3 D/ ?& N$ u7 m, E# a
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: l9 p% U( p! D
$ W8 Q) M% W* h当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " Z$ Y) e, c! X9 _: M 7 r; v& f4 v& l0 Y9 u对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 V& O3 m, |2 V) k6 @2 ~& [. T! s" @& x6 V5 l8 L
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ X* e+ ~" t6 Q- O$ P+ |5 X% P) B
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) B0 m/ f. ?: {5 A6 b2 K* [3 r
4 r1 U- ?+ C% t! f2 O$ o对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! A# ^2 Q( ~; U7 z! ?7 J- m) E4 @+ Y% T8 B6 C# z' s$ u- R# R( g
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) [* |+ z8 L \2 o7 h
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- s$ g6 g9 x1 d4 ~4 a4 u) d
' F& S& L8 A/ c( A# M: ?有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 C8 ?5 K* |' }% {# n3 z+ \ N: P