: |% s( f& K) G1 ^: {8 u3 Q4 hMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 ?/ B& B: a4 ?, q' h; I9 f
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 N# o5 m( x$ Q1 \% F3 f6 Q. q9 c( O1 C2 I0 y3 z5 h2 K$ b8 l. ?1 b5 i
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : c; h8 z- Z4 {% B, p) }- Z2 M' n 6 A, h) {6 C+ a6 g( y$ aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . l( X; S7 W! [) C4 w. J. p, l( |; `( W( a; Z A, m
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + ~& y! p; j) D6 l! M o. y/ ]+ e9 U, I: f5 g0 D: a
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % z6 D# p) o7 W `- G7 a 8 k4 p% t* _, D" N4 n9 ]6 mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - `" B S) ?9 e. E, n% A" _2 V. j5 O+ e/ X M6 g; w% B
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): Z% Z% C7 }: D1 D5 H
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% [7 }6 v/ g( A" k$ s
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% W6 n N5 A. J- _
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : g7 G, m# N, }: ]5 p8 c) h0 f5 l) p& f H: Z- o
) V# y0 l: m3 R+ L2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 V9 A3 K- [3 u, b& U8 x ! y4 D/ ^: P, F3 H0 P/ Q例如: : ^5 @& M- M7 |4 v$ S* l $ G- p* e; N) OAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # J+ H% S! K( D" [" K, p e9 V6 h4 |+ |9 @* I7 V4 l/ k
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * a3 B! i# b% M. B/ ` 0 Y$ V- H/ C {5 Y6 Y* u& aI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ J8 h! N; s/ s6 c) e3 c( ~$ @
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " `% e( H% o( n& {/ | M0 |5 b5 j E6 H. G6 o! l7 Z! T3 Y$ } Q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ Q9 M4 W' q: G* |3 F: W. U& S# L9 ~" S* Y" U
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), l' P: ?% c) A( B- B
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 ?) L) v1 g: i; B( X0 C1 r7 `) y 8 t" B8 m: a. g. m3 B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / Y" V7 R* W& S; B5 ~4 f# t 2 C, M2 q' d; u! X, p4 wThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): l- f( ?( m% V9 B
3 i8 n8 g6 C3 K, ?& p0 a0 o5 w7 pThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; u X- ]# B5 r' n( g. i! u; W0 _/ v/ d6 G
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! M. M: e0 C p
' L$ W+ C5 N! s3 @He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- f4 a, Y( a0 }$ d. B! M
6 }3 _8 T# J' w4 H; KWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : |" N$ K; C8 x: P 3 w" k% y0 w3 Y( ` PEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ u: v6 d! o! S: U- u- _" N- `( K5 U5 c$ q$ e, @& w
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 c D) W5 u J9 T
& O4 Y& [: l1 z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 ^) W. S% k4 W$ B" I8 O# q- \2 n. T
2 U, b# A0 e7 ]) C, {- L5 \; @1 [ ' y7 u7 X. N3 z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 Q+ r, T3 P8 ~# `7 l) I: L- X+ o6 {5 m6 U* s+ c
例如:$ c# C) R' e7 e- l$ b$ l
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 C( s: ^' m3 z: I2 b! K Z; S) P, }6 D2 y& O- t, D/ \- z# t) L* Y* P! m; Z
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 [4 c+ g& h) J+ R& e . W! E6 V% @0 g: I! OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! I& [! d6 j# x8 m, X: N) F/ W0 I$ g( C# |9 O: P" ^
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ u* t& E3 O+ K& V
& \ T8 G; ]4 S# z8 pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- X2 s1 }6 N7 u! N1 Y% ^2 o2 Y+ R
/ Z n& m* y( N; UPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 k( }0 T4 y: ~) T' n+ x " P+ P+ T" K# m3 MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + U" m1 I9 u" W; u* g( B 8 |5 n# \ B5 ]1 nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 p7 c8 `: [* A6 L