/ z) L9 n3 \% T+ bMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 r7 | I6 f. K7 L + @! C( q; G: E3 M xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( |, n0 L* ~9 u0 K8 a
. w3 U0 ]5 `$ _3 i3 |" aThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & \+ n3 t4 c; I! |* E / f% R [$ o2 p) Y( D% lThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : O% e, B0 W# S3 u3 ]* a9 m$ r( @0 T. \4 }
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' L; U- S5 v3 A. y$ w
# E* I0 @# o- c4 K6 rMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! a; F+ o8 ^, B9 l + h% F# Z6 D |We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! a, q/ k0 L! R" e * E5 X+ [4 j5 W: W# j' bThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* ]1 O0 q$ z- w: l4 j5 e, m/ ]
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 x* F; d# z, ?& O; S
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- ?. G1 t4 p3 V
# C/ m7 h5 d2 W) _+ r5 |* K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, p5 ]4 ^0 W, D( ~' a: u( o; G" t. R4 Y
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3 Y+ c! \. f; E7 |5 a- d3 ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ C7 [6 C: F9 [$ x1 L& p4 D
7 N: |3 P$ K3 Q, `例如: 7 X* t2 M3 P! _2 ]) g. r " y5 \8 U( u u; ^" p1 ^. a; {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 N5 P9 a, t% d8 U( Z1 d: |$ }- C. V; h$ }# K8 g0 C
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * W( _2 [/ Z1 o) N/ s7 ^; ~% g0 }" Z0 B
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ Y: l) j1 w# c; d: v7 b( T- @0 s* s; ?. ^) q- I$ J4 {
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' j. a G% l# r2 |) ^/ P
& @, F7 }: M/ lIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " o, F v# x+ d3 ]5 E ! l4 z$ ?/ K0 mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ j9 t4 w7 ~0 G% M) C/ [0 x
3 { u/ }+ K* p- x1 m. AI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); z. \6 W& p/ Z
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & C4 H( P# W4 w+ v( e% M* J' B6 g7 y& T% H$ J' n
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ i. B- s% e" M! E+ ?* z. L
4 H, P1 t8 N0 E+ K1 AThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* ^7 M# ]; R3 B# x+ k6 z
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 O1 B" v, t. i
( Q7 x$ C4 Z' r* L* {/ pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), e+ E( A7 S; i" n% V
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # m; z" E& b6 \+ u$ p % u0 K, Y' y5 x% \& YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 |) d2 T+ f2 N' U & Q: N& ]5 H# R* ]; t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 A# f4 a" Y. _4 F9 F- c1 P1 S) G, T% \, m& E ~
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. J- @# p7 j( }
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$ ~% x, A& D4 ?2 A2 M, Q1 k# i& A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, S5 i! ?7 U) Y! s! Y! P; o
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例如: 3 b$ p6 ?2 k1 \0 e; r " V3 f$ u1 r- w5 {2 `9 E" UMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; q2 q+ W% q ~3 t) P6 k: T ; n8 b4 T9 r0 N4 I# c% A0 HManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' a, B; V# N, }% }
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); Y: ]4 M; j* f Z2 I9 H
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 @* B0 ?5 m* L5 |( S% F% n/ O( V7 V
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 v: N2 a3 i Y' f1 `; y z2 p& E% _" \6 e
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * f# P7 h" Q# \" T/ A& w, Q8 p " M( S- r2 \5 a6 f% g5 \/ B, d, FCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& Z+ m O: l( m% B. w
8 U$ p2 Q2 Q5 C0 U! Q2 G/ T7 ]Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). E: b$ {' \3 M' F7 X" G/ |- \
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 z9 |; ^0 T# x% f3 a m" A8 y- |# v8 e8 [7 L
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / x3 X! X- Q( x3 L4 B* K" y 6 h# Q$ E" [( C4 g! I9 a. k$ b对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; W9 f; l$ D$ v! C! e + d Y g0 v M+ K8 }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# L" i4 G! U5 r
' h' k% {' J" \* W对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 2 N+ ~: F1 g4 e n. b. Z ; K8 @- S. K2 c. v* o$ Z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: t- J# j* c& |: ^5 L2 B& a% E2 W8 ?
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: n1 n$ V& t& D6 f2 f# G; [
4 u' A- @ v3 r6 p0 q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 C) s' K2 j' x2 h$ S