本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : T1 B2 |8 C. q+ e 9 `* g6 R4 {) l+ Z/ \转帖( m2 C ~* I+ I0 I+ S/ w9 D
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 k) L7 |( l' q7 ]1 q2 ?( x ! d3 a' o" v0 O5 L. m- \" u例如: 5 M6 t2 m8 j4 f @9 G. Y5 k- t' W/ q5 R7 I" f5 W3 }* a; C7 |
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " r# o- N9 X, I X. i& i2 v ( N2 N. U( n7 l6 O* z& vThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! L6 d( p7 T6 j 0 m+ C7 N0 D2 ?, L; }# _! H, O. U7 OThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) t# p1 M X/ W: J) Z) j1 m7 r+ [3 P
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 x* F& n7 f8 S
+ o& \; M- g0 B: r+ CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " m1 @# Q, B1 @ h5 H- S% Z9 o$ d ; g( v' f5 V3 W: r- kMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 b h% [4 Y* d
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) P1 m/ ?1 y- i0 d) N2 W" p3 r: l8 @; N% j
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 m. ^7 C1 g5 N$ U' }
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' t$ h% k, l) p8 S# q. e4 t- G) |2 x. ?
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 c& Z& a. ~2 z" w% o! \7 A* E% ^, q w6 E" z2 Q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 k; e+ U$ @9 a# z% E' ~( t% ^+ S) M, s9 Y' K
7 A8 ?3 q# [+ \1 ]' R2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 A" f. p4 `7 O2 e: m/ N7 X ) h: ~, z \) o- J2 ]9 d: `例如: 9 R5 q* V1 {2 K7 a8 h. D" i7 m) M5 a! q4 H
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 Q, O, S2 e0 t; \7 r4 p7 I: r5 j8 k" A. T
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 \! l5 ]+ j! C+ l ' a" T/ o5 E6 e" U2 w: HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) M5 E# n; v/ ^; @4 O) w. `$ o% d
# n0 j: x. h( ?; N4 P' [4 l4 bHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : f, W* e& k- _6 J- m2 e4 r W p- H: e8 ]; i/ R0 Z( [
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 z5 @; n/ P1 `* j* A1 V' a* _
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - X% ~1 P# A% `) `0 U/ @ 8 x! d7 m) M6 c; R0 X9 Y* S+ eI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 l6 w3 y# V/ \
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 e w2 ^2 g7 l5 n
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . T' E3 W. ~% t3 b8 n. }/ h) u. d e9 U9 {
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* e; x/ D4 I$ F# y/ ?3 l4 a
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): i* J$ p7 [$ Y- V6 I5 W3 L: p6 ^
5 k1 U: @: z m: nHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! i8 e* p% Q1 ^6 u9 o. I+ r) h- ^' t5 C/ L9 j) I' l7 \
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) G& E2 r! z% g9 M/ Q' M+ q/ q* T& z8 }% P0 G
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) b' A4 Z$ P4 A, B* r' R1 g7 r' A0 L" i0 B
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 V% d2 n; d- p3 S7 E1 V
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 {7 }5 {$ e" z5 I& ^; l. `" m
/ s. q1 j/ J2 a+ U2 t# f. R1 U; S7 q7 @+ ?" `4 ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 S& W; P v* R" `: P 5 F% f7 W3 ~% e6 i* w0 x' ]; n例如: , T9 V% v' F) J- N# R8 J 5 \, b1 T% I2 S) D# n' S ?3 WMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), _2 A$ q/ R; {/ _1 Y: F1 J$ r+ y) e
. f* h. f; Y8 A2 u! }- xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) M2 \- B* C( n2 u0 ^
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% i+ F* R9 F: J" C. J( Y" y% ?
5 g+ F) W8 p- H# @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ w: d. l* q, ]6 M
3 |4 O7 |3 V- B1 T% nMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); \+ v' X! f! c. x: G5 ]& H0 E
- L( B! r. [) ]* x$ ` d% t/ e6 {; xPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / ?* V3 P6 |7 L! @ R! A# U$ A$ x' b( ~; G" x
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 `5 h4 L% v0 M3 ] ' b% F3 Q$ r. {) K. eStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : k5 i; V# k! I# a* \7 Z0 t3 a/ U: R
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' f" d) G/ S- N5 e% w1 _9 p
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , c* s: i' g( D8 P6 W; F/ s& M1 i a0 K6 s
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 d! q, N/ y4 n3 a# f
$ Y9 A3 g7 o; l/ S" l对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; d4 R0 C1 A3 ?7 O
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; q! s: m5 J1 O2 j
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* f/ d- R. m& M; c! C' I
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( H& E8 i7 V+ J$ H7 J7 [# v Z" I1 \/ A
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' N9 V. [, A, s, b' L, @
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 _( A. q7 u7 Y" H