本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 d& E; i+ s8 t8 S) H4 E, i) {% o& T 转帖 & d7 o u( D# ^ j1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ m; N/ P9 X; n1 { , A6 n2 f3 m* Q* \2 j例如: Y4 u) z# L2 o' y8 f
, _9 e9 @+ C; \2 [& pMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # }! Q. u% {) Y; \5 g ?6 {) s- w6 U2 Z$ E
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# E$ u: w4 z5 d5 g1 W6 C! p
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 y6 u& K2 s. B0 H# H C; x; z; d ! y3 Z( `: ?% a5 O. D% b7 XThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); s8 v1 ^6 b3 S% s' [6 x2 G
( X) n0 l2 _7 i! X$ qI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) N! P) {6 Y# w% n) Y0 e 2 F. }# F0 L5 k2 |# aMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); @8 M E; f3 t# Z" K
) Q7 [# z8 A: y' t3 VWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % U/ @. O# R; O3 F: @& r3 e ; Q3 d, P1 ]' m, N _& V; GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % W) u- l7 V& ]+ r & ]/ A7 K* k3 W/ N1 pWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 ^/ X" [4 }, \' u# ~( l/ c o9 y
5 k% U2 z, r) ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % o! V {4 k9 q8 D# [) \! t* r6 V5 }4 @
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! R2 z2 B, X) S5 e) P8 y5 b- @0 |: R+ O, c& S2 c4 w
' J6 R' T/ m* h& O. f F0 J! O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; f# `8 w! Q. M( l
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % e. O8 `2 D, Z$ F$ v# D* T 3 j: b. H/ y. VDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 J, G) G; q0 N2 o
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 x% |, d/ B4 H9 G$ O7 O# u& N & {) C/ L; U; Z3 {8 WHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & g( a' ~4 \! L. ] m( V: a- x$ u* d' ~1 B
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); V/ ^# Y% w7 k' b
) l1 {: D) W2 P$ l* V& _She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 a' f5 \; O7 v. P, e1 ~' c) x, e4 v, a, |5 h
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) g \9 L6 N- s' U! p
D" m: S+ U7 y# R如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 R U2 ]+ \ r6 `! k0 v9 i+ d# K3 D" H8 ~1 b* u, C
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 b7 _ {* r5 T( f1 B
- |8 c# V) O6 L( eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * m9 ?6 F# v4 x2 {6 a" A( O$ ~; L$ e2 o B q3 P' Z: B$ [1 H
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* d* I @0 d# U- F
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 p$ I5 x! T0 x3 t4 M% q( @4 r& U: W
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" `3 ]% I3 d& I
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 r. a% z$ V [; g# ~ 4 e# Y9 M8 o' f+ K& d! d' B( _, M4 F0 C b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) k+ x* r, t: `# C
& c5 h0 w, z0 u$ B6 i: G此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; z/ _, h1 U7 v
) @: m# T( y* A6 N / l4 d# ~' f2 }3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ M n8 K* L6 |- J% ]" T. E& b9 ~
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例如:5 m( q. a: ?7 s* r: @% G5 }5 t9 s
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - U: i* c; K* o" h: k6 {5 u: ~ + D1 _' m1 t& F9 K8 T6 Y/ \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); H' t8 x7 G5 p) Y
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* j8 q' ?8 a# ^( x+ V1 R; E
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / A5 b. r: S& N1 a# W- i X" p4 K- n H1 t6 H
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 F6 V# r+ C- x+ w/ m4 s$ }( I; d! w( r
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 ^% a8 ?! {/ r- f& ~- q# P % A8 n- p! b/ e0 XCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- {0 V! [3 P+ o0 ?2 ?# C, s
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 M4 Z; c7 r- |; m6 f- G0 w. z5 o0 S
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: D5 e6 Y$ C- ]% r
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 6 l' |% n" t) i0 s; n) k1 m6 h7 F/ a0 o7 o- [+ h
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 |; D2 c& q# M: F" m* {4 L$ h ( g1 f7 C( a$ O. x/ ^对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! x) h0 _" c) g# r X' [3 j) [+ F" x- f( y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( C, m: t: q/ D7 Z% q 2 s# N5 G' N# q+ D8 w3 |9 v对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / p, [# s1 {5 A8 E/ ~% r 7 f; {# k3 O( v ^2 ?1 I至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 m& a8 Z9 y* l9 Q* H# e" @ 5 Q- W; e8 c) w, E- `还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! k. }" y( h' k% k
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 q! n8 n9 ]$ A9 C1 T# k$ j