本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & s) E2 |9 U: P4 _ X - @& J4 B# K" |转帖 7 y+ F9 q; h' K) M7 T) J, h3 P1 `$ K1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ Y0 O: Y6 V5 o
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 i* ^' h7 N. H J; W8 D$ ~ $ K8 T ]$ v% f% D8 T* P$ G: f6 LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' H X; |5 R2 ~/ U& m: H# W: @7 k( ?2 W& z: T
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 @( j5 X& y6 }$ G( A' O* `. l i* D- A3 e; J& Q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% H, R- ?( N8 D D% o
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& q1 i4 J5 ~1 |6 o! _' |. x, A
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " u2 L. A- n: L3 C* e- m' O# w: U 5 j5 P, ?% q7 w& E7 j4 QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * r' h6 u4 ?2 r w' S0 J ) q8 l8 k" } j; aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 M6 n4 f9 X: }8 N
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 J8 s8 V% F4 M 7 @: T* Q* L/ z( `; N0 LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ G3 K* J5 e* O9 t- L( o3 r& c
) D% r- j& R! J: G( Q7 i这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 X$ m) L/ F) O" V/ t2 ^# |7 X9 p! o; ]7 V
5 |$ W' u6 D* G! h8 H" w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , S0 d' f4 u, { * y; h, r r$ o1 Q2 b+ L例如:' N, r0 d$ W# b1 B) f
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! x r! S0 P+ G6 q: w: v5 N+ o0 M8 m
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 F, o% X) N7 O. q) S* [8 W
# Q- I$ D9 x7 ^5 kI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 }2 n2 g, N3 J& Z' c& z
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 O! J2 H9 F/ H ! e7 B8 _7 e7 D% U( dIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): s3 s4 V1 Q1 p: C! H0 W
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' n c' q% n* p- K6 A1 o ! [6 ^# h7 O& J, W! E) J6 W/ C! X; ]: RI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 f& V n9 O' ~ ?# @$ C8 a
x9 |. y. I' y( O8 U如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - i+ u1 Q( g; _+ e ( I: @/ [1 L+ ^ ~2 QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 r' x1 L( ?+ h6 ] K
6 }1 K& j) W v( nThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ K2 p6 e+ g1 p+ ~+ e o9 F& T- d
6 T, ?, Y+ U: VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 Q( H! C) u- m# p& f; x$ D
& s" B& [+ U: t8 } B- H* `4 i/ E% [He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 D3 V# I0 ~) A$ y1 E + H+ u8 i* G6 u! y5 ~3 w9 GWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) n$ s8 n# [. M9 r' r3 t% s* o/ A : l. ]$ |0 c4 | }# `$ m; A, nEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% ]: r( G# ]$ E7 I1 C e0 Z* K
' G, \5 V& E f8 g: z. N写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 B4 d: f$ L+ z n+ z 8 d E3 A' S( b9 X) Q3 e" b. s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + D0 ~& L" T& e( B: M }4 {4 B# @; U5 c6 g4 V8 z/ F8 y! f
7 d, K6 p$ x" S9 N: P 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 s' a4 ^! |+ h P" h1 ]3 K7 ?. E5 R
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6 [ x% d- w% {) R- e# NMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) t6 k: i) H" L% i , p( k3 ^/ n2 Q+ xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( e' w; W8 ?) _/ f: h" s- P 9 @: J* _8 m- }7 bThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% q* h4 G' h, c# _' Z
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& O& t2 K/ w/ E# a, Q. g
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " D T, D0 V2 l6 x7 ^# b+ {* i ]; `2 Z* f, X
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' j/ P7 h0 B y+ z8 {( m! D( p2 V) V* O/ j% b; M' c- V4 k
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 A: e6 `' B+ ~/ v) {0 s# _6 J' g) H" F
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * Q/ X" E+ [9 l- b! E& S5 B' c. K. z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) M9 |" \/ O% l0 V ) _7 K; s3 C4 u) a0 [当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & \' q. Z' j" D. j3 _ # ?) W1 M4 ~' {4 k% ?: C3 v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( n0 _% H' |# d$ L4 B( ~6 Q* e# `$ V b2 ~. S: S! B
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 S* g1 A9 q* j! X$ L, j* V* c
6 Y0 C7 o0 C0 F- E+ A对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; K) I' z6 N; T0 l1 h/ W" }1 H& k! K j& k1 I3 K$ u: n" u
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 A$ e9 h9 J, P, P z& @# J5 L0 l% ~+ {( V
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " A2 |2 i$ D4 W# U' ~" H 8 ]( z2 y3 d8 s) H1 l9 j O8 _8 }还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - \& H$ Y& c7 S2 k' m& A" e5 n$ L, |$ N
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : Q \: c' b/ ?( Z2 q2 e