本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; q( i2 r, H8 h. a h# a; O9 Y ^1 X) W 转帖; |3 C4 p2 ?" t
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 ~* g1 F0 n, l1 L O o5 C/ M" C7 h
例如: ; b- o% t0 @- A6 C# B , P" q& l9 ?4 E$ J; EMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# k2 }( s# b2 w" y9 _" ^9 h% k0 C
, V' }: `* X8 @. [+ L
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 h/ H' Z( M4 u+ o# I
; k: I% K# D N0 v
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 N* A U7 n s' S) f; M( c+ J; C: Y8 v9 ` j3 L& s
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 J/ b& ]; V7 e2 J8 e; b: k' |& c5 O
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 u4 m8 U2 t. u/ o; O) E
+ o) F3 [9 G' P
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 u9 K0 m( K# b, l! ^+ v1 n3 S
* ~- \* Z" `* n% [) m' @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 p% s C3 Q% M+ }" N& D+ ?8 i6 N1 ~; c8 d, D+ H) y# G& e
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 h6 b; x/ E& I
$ L# x# ^$ l% {% {We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 w7 j. P, r/ p/ ?
2 E7 k2 I8 r8 D3 i/ v$ J8 E( S
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! w6 `% p; b$ Y+ r- X- V
% q# K$ C: q) T2 T; p; \- P这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - t+ G: v; Q6 t) h1 |% L+ U; o. [; i6 {$ x) s* O4 U
8 m9 l, H1 z5 O# B2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / K# q7 U6 L1 A; L$ {* y& h/ H8 O u( F
例如:- h% ?( d8 Y, Z5 k; I a N/ r# }
( p6 E3 p# |8 C+ ~( B$ @3 @At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ x, T& `7 P/ U: E
; h4 k0 M, `8 N$ I9 N" T2 y. G
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 E3 w7 K8 A! p8 G, ] F: d: Y8 W" U( a. K1 g% c
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); T* m. v9 q( q6 l# P2 O
, G% Q& Y+ _: c% H6 mHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , j" T; V! Z, c$ x6 H Y4 a0 J# z3 P1 f4 z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " F( F7 ^! p5 o" ^0 n8 Y; e1 I+ ?5 v# @
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% {: \6 X% E9 ?
! i2 s- P9 e: o1 [/ I$ T7 w; `: uI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . y1 V- Y( J2 g4 H, @1 f0 M5 B3 ~2 Z% r4 M; ]# E
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! [( |* L; f- O$ o, ~1 a- Q/ w' P- P$ V, B, n$ _7 V: T/ O. ^
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 }1 z( Z/ _+ ^( ]( }: S$ i: ~! i) ~* W s3 u) F1 j
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) b3 r7 s7 j4 u* t- ^
; B6 E8 o9 D8 h2 eHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). I1 H# `7 {8 b3 I
- K6 p/ b5 O$ ^2 r( L# E) [
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# ?( T; D. `' k* K
# ]; K3 N- w9 [$ Q/ dWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) L5 E1 t$ b8 }, ?5 b; W6 t3 _9 G& |9 C) Z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . X- ^, l0 H* y" \. G/ W6 X0 r, v8 e, E
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 x+ d( ]) G& W2 S' G
5 D; A2 H y d8 K$ C
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * E1 r2 j1 r1 C1 v* j2 d7 ? 2 d. s- k9 X$ ~+ Y3 }5 ?+ ^- z3 w1 M5 i7 X1 G: q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 d5 _$ Z/ w6 O" A1 d
# _% `; v% ^5 a. L8 c) y5 Z5 C
例如:" Z+ J, W7 `1 f, E
8 D; w2 M# E. Q8 Q/ C( n
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 V/ D& X& h! Q1 q9 l; \
8 [ a; g ?& M; |; [' e1 E9 oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + L& r# Z4 g6 Y; ?" C % C. i" v+ @7 N! F+ L8 T5 C8 h. mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ u: f. L6 B7 A& A f( v j
# E# H# P. R5 b: {7 sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 W/ k; W: Z; ]0 t
* o6 x/ M1 `0 L/ ?Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). n7 b& R6 g( n' x) {# |
$ `4 }, R9 Y. i# _# C6 R" C4 OPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' _: V% P- P* i. U; a& e
- u$ v* h( B, N
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : X& k; v1 Y* P9 B' `2 O! F! e+ b5 ~- f) E% E" n3 v: h
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' g2 Q1 a( {- C6 t" b
# o* k- X: W( `9 J- J, T4 v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 `/ A* F8 U9 P1 D F. W& ~& v4 s- U4 n7 p
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: I8 o4 K/ o4 p( j/ h# L) a% T3 Y+ A m7 G6 S
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 M' u- g) }8 P
8 S! N: f2 c0 Q7 N# A" e% C F8 [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% N9 x9 r/ l5 B& U