本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ O0 Z5 G5 P, s: p$ a; L
) {! k4 q& y( E! w, k转帖 % s, i2 M9 `" d" T& m0 Y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- c2 Z3 P/ v) X) f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) z' C l$ m; B) d! H+ m: G5 e
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 u/ v+ b1 _2 a4 I9 _
5 w# u0 s4 E* NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 Z+ f/ M) a7 ~+ u, W: d* i) a7 y3 k: Q) {9 |0 ~
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ |- i1 A& E o T/ j1 C7 l
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& g& p9 t/ s4 p; g! p3 O n
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ o, T. z0 v8 c : D& o/ F, ^) k2 dWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 ~' d8 C' B; `* i X H, u/ v/ {& ~3 Z
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # }4 T1 z! a3 f5 f* U' }+ c; R3 T6 N) ?" A% O7 Y1 F8 m$ J
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + n- R4 q7 h, [. g% o2 V" C0 S , y# [# p' t* b& |7 NPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 S/ T7 Z: T! B
; n* w, J; A5 r+ q8 }& M1 I这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 r2 H) L, R. T0 L6 ? 4 S. Z' w' V1 F/ a8 Q# L) O, i+ B n9 ^& q/ l" ^7 V$ G2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; c* u% p+ b0 G. q # _% S }- `% T2 M% v! G) M; T, j例如:+ y/ [1 y2 y: G- z. F
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) @( E2 i# a5 X6 _' i: ^4 j
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 v/ P4 G9 U0 U, l+ m3 ?8 J- Z. J) L
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 k: M$ g* | E3 k: Z( H4 P% ^5 D
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( t r5 F" W( C2 O3 a
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& ~0 ^8 _: n- W3 R9 O2 T6 [9 C
) U' F6 K& ?# \3 ]) p- RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 k$ x8 }% z) E4 S+ v3 ^& K4 C
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) B' T* q* ]' |- d' b. J j7 v# M8 t6 Y3 {
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 `! y. i2 p& }" R # _( Y/ S; p- {3 U0 C8 PThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); K& O& R4 w; f. ]$ `6 Z
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ l" m/ q* M2 E: V
( P- O; T3 C# K: n% S) kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 B% P U2 i) u
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : H& t2 ]1 a, @5 s7 I5 p8 G6 ?8 C1 [8 y. X$ S/ t0 Z$ J
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- @' \4 Z+ z) r5 S* P& n$ G7 X
( m3 u5 `- r. t+ {- cEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), `$ q9 J( j5 P$ G# z; A: m
* z( Q. d. H- E* v7 ^2 j, I! E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- j) X6 w9 d @$ N3 [- c, m/ I
# i) k- f" g6 k9 w( [6 W此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# |( l1 t( \2 ~" F6 m/ K& C/ X8 W9 X
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! O/ H9 j% I6 {5 J7 r# r) m! v 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : X4 Z- j- A1 p1 L% Y% N 7 j! K! L$ i4 v9 g% A* H例如: 8 e/ X1 v, Y* b% F6 ` 5 f& x' C& U6 ^, L1 e. A, YMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 a. h! t+ s8 t# y9 _( u, E. \9 d! B, ]4 `/ x9 y5 x0 e" q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* Y& O2 {$ M( T+ e% r8 t2 ^
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' t% a( y- e& E9 ~0 T" N5 b2 t
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( |% D" ]- j, y
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # Q- Q2 _: {& B6 G% p" p# a ) L H$ r1 E' XPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 R; a6 `8 {& f" H+ R5 l( I1 E o3 e( i9 w: K
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 d& g2 F" i, v9 u8 |2 k; F9 R
5 G$ C' o/ G6 }6 Q6 \. QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 {5 h4 W; z9 J! M# u0 `+ L
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " `( k: ]4 g% x! F* i. c$ z . z8 M0 v8 E' X8 N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 6 C& |% o) Z0 S8 W# Q ! J8 q8 ~9 h! G6 ?" q( J+ a( ^对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 V" R7 h) A5 ]9 a3 c% i% _
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 P8 ~- \1 |8 ^& x