本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 x6 U3 \/ K1 F }/ T* n2 E/ S/ D) @6 A, x. G 转帖 3 J% m! K# K, b3 u8 K' O# B! ^1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% u" c, q1 \1 P. y" K7 N- w7 c" M
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^. m2 V6 w, n: LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 b/ e& M8 L9 Y. Z7 z9 b. N8 E5 e5 M- k7 x; m
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + b$ [* n# L# h! L; j1 }- s; R4 n5 y0 Z/ x9 z0 I' t0 d& ]
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , T3 @- p. G _( I# e& b7 c0 j, Y+ h) _8 `1 Q; I5 ~
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 y3 D2 }3 ^1 V. h, ] D1 j ! l/ u0 j; @ iI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ \: O* F5 j2 }0 i4 ^, s% I7 r& k3 P3 \9 D
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 Y, Y8 r3 W0 Z+ T+ x Y
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 |3 M+ }/ a1 W/ Z. U4 z
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 l' h) u2 i, N# I; ]4 z9 {
6 [) R/ q. K4 }2 q. r6 H7 A% R! eWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 e+ ?% E A. d# U1 W+ @6 N# g
1 g7 k$ n% X$ s. r/ jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# F2 Z) \) S, y& {: a$ K
6 v% p8 g4 {& }: T! c# ^这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 ~& L- O7 N Z
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6 E( g+ ?$ v8 T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 ?# Q# H! z) U( U. Q, Q3 N 3 }3 i# y7 ?: k) b例如: 4 P3 w, {% a9 E, y+ c9 U 2 S; z' f0 h+ X4 f f: UAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % I, F: j( V+ v% p& i* L0 h' l ' A- ?+ Z5 Z- dDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % W( M& n2 z* I 7 ` a* H- T3 ?# L" bI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! g/ c2 z1 t1 y6 J1 ~3 S; D8 R$ m1 [7 C* B' E1 C/ f
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- }. X' }# H2 L9 V" P8 I
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) k8 L& r' X) V
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 M1 s* A. z% ^9 R
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 }( B9 e3 X3 e, ]$ Z/ l: _& {( [- r; {
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& C ]7 H1 B2 c# w! E1 A& ]% V! V* N
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* h( p& P: n3 z+ V$ e+ U! ~
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) h7 U, _6 k' |: X2 [' e c . v2 T6 \ F/ HHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% B3 ^+ ^& W' S, c/ B2 ?! A$ ^% d
/ Z" A* t5 Z7 {6 o$ c" x( [He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 {3 X% X6 c' Z( q7 G7 @ & V0 |" P6 Z" n& @1 U' h3 zWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 `6 U+ i& z! q T! ]5 g, [
: }. S- i4 c: y3 Z- m- G$ b) {1 mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 O/ w' m3 M% P6 h3 ~( y7 ]
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " I2 q3 B2 [% N$ z0 }9 P0 O5 u! a4 [# d' K% f; n
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 d9 h5 V4 V8 M9 k. H7 C. v& C
, ^5 S; n+ X$ |8 D+ K- b$ o' C1 h) L6 u) i4 Z% k! b" J9 A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: Z4 c/ J) k3 n- w% v
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- g# c( r1 m; p6 r- o, A- l8 K) N' _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 n7 s: _6 ^7 o, h+ T
& a/ v( j9 ^) eManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ v' s6 A, m1 x8 P4 @
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 K' d8 [9 d; l# c/ j( @2 L2 w7 u
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * G2 l0 e; _' O# Q. [8 ~0 h) [1 C8 {1 C% {$ F) q4 S
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 T M( A/ R! I5 H7 M, i9 G* [7 \2 m8 N) Y& t3 r3 i. F2 ]2 y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 u' z& E7 M3 {3 c
: Y" c" w2 o% t! K4 u" i- uCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) m# |& p! ~* O9 ^" _: K4 P' j' S5 S7 O' U2 q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , X3 v$ j, c3 v$ n; q2 o7 r2 R [7 K) A) I9 r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! K* ^4 t3 {/ v& x) O9 I
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ `" ]' C6 P1 y/ [0 U: z; q6 y' {. g4 }( C% U# D5 F
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& t: m* u* l; W
. G @1 }/ }+ U" P6 Z! h( v2 ~对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 s: V. Q% L7 k' Y4 A: k 3 f& W$ D( W5 T对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & n0 M2 j: j' [2 z% M: w' M( N. ]3 d5 h, @5 I
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' U/ [9 _6 ~8 K4 `( {( j7 D9 n' |1 }' R' C
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 h/ l- L6 e- Q0 F- Z/ f! |" q
: k; e4 Q: d% j还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; B4 Z: P6 @+ q; A' R8 h
1 Y. J' [. X. ]6 C0 [. x Y5 U; s有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 |% n' {# }& \! D4 B