本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 y! g: B) ^" l% B) Z
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 _/ i. F. c/ i( l+ j# ?/ G1 A4 Q: f: g$ {. {% S+ f
例如: " r2 z% ^( |$ ^' { @- P2 E. u % f& e W1 w' t, L( M% A" M* P' {7 FMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * x. @3 e: ^' U9 k8 G3 X. M+ a3 {6 k! ]0 ~' A3 j* T# \
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); B4 ?8 C$ }7 \6 U& s
1 }6 Q% ?$ V) aThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( I( C& g# L7 r) E! f% k
- g, J7 n, h! z/ ? Y. KThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) Q9 W. J. v7 f& X6 s+ j: W0 r% |$ `+ R1 g
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# F& U% K5 p Q7 ^( C, Z6 z. ]: X) A
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' q0 T, W& @5 b X$ M" r; s6 G8 ` J) J+ S* R# X
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) y) k: \; u7 q
( s" O) x+ j3 z$ i4 ^9 X9 KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) t' `; o$ ?, w% }3 ?5 H n$ D5 `1 L# M% {, M6 D8 O5 Z; h
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) p' L" @$ P! {6 G2 y
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 W7 Q9 }3 w. I0 R2 J& ?* w9 C6 `% s6 A8 a/ C
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) ?4 p, l, c0 b1 s" q1 x2 m
: d4 J7 X9 I- q" ~At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ V) G3 Z& _) E
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , v: x. A9 G8 u 7 m0 I! ^3 `0 G, @2 n& p% D: vI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 R4 H# y' ]6 m1 g q' a) e : k+ D! W2 B" x6 H( i, rHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); K9 z# Z. R5 E# v8 X$ L- M
' x( ^3 S) k9 e: xIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 T& J+ i5 W: ~1 z
0 H; p, L6 _# GShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! Z0 w% ^& w6 c( q% |# T8 n% t: Y: ~; m" ~7 c
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' t: Q R; t; M% ?% s% w' P' [) k 2 ^; o/ A+ N! B9 L5 A. n. U( x如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) h) w: t+ A8 H' ~1 H9 t' [4 D4 y8 D. m# X3 v# }
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' u+ j& x: q/ n
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" e @. e" p9 f
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ X9 V5 i9 L. D
! S9 Y5 i* Z" OHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& o% X- z: k* t) G
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# b' l( @: x0 @' o2 V: j
3 @" O1 {9 s: _; |( g/ x }0 w) _) cEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* m9 e3 _1 H( I) z' j* {# C
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& `5 e1 U: \6 M. n2 i
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( w" _" w: ]9 N. s: f
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, c d% B. W8 E# c3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 k# y' v. F: [) X$ n8 J: F7 o9 D# p4 q. `) e; v9 w! l
例如: . A9 T0 f$ Y2 X8 H9 t( g; l( E4 Q* M
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 A5 L( T+ P Q( i- @) T1 {, A: k+ N4 R1 A
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) R# k& X8 j3 m, W6 @6 c# M2 N$ W
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# d1 g: h, J# [: l4 X5 m6 j
+ R3 E" K- K) F+ E; {* `He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . n, T0 p# B0 F3 d / Z2 i! H# r9 ^& D$ O6 lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 e2 S b! E) v/ S" J" o( z
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 R9 D5 a( q$ i7 n# {
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; K8 w ?# r% W1 w 6 W6 \/ t/ C- _; ]& ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 t2 N: w# n- d) w/ @6 Z3 O' F / x/ J. k, [( l6 M1 h: v0 F. M2 G同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- _$ D; e% _5 x \+ b, T. a# [8 w1 J
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 y w$ B1 ]( y$ ^ ) T5 H' ?5 o% }) i* |, {. n, k# d对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # |# V; s5 A- b" R8 l. s" E- J# X9 L; ]
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & `( E4 J& A: y: W , M4 Y+ t2 ^! F* j; ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; q$ v: d( Q$ a' [+ ^: K! h
" H6 {/ j+ }9 N对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 E' D4 Y7 D) {$ O- K
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 G0 Z- e3 T* X$ N8 f8 b1 R, I
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , }: j6 P1 p3 n( H' o' R) ? 4 V+ @5 j$ o% A7 }, x7 I& s; x有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! F5 j6 s1 N& Y5 ^1 ~5 I