本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % O+ Q' {' z6 a3 I0 T: i q( N
4 h: y! x _6 u7 F' s" a 转帖 0 { y S7 ^% H$ M8 J, V1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- Q0 f( A6 `3 I, |
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " f% F" z5 @0 H: J, A' O% Z, P1 A& O8 k1 U q5 C+ ?* Y
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 x( ]' ^1 T* x1 L" |% E & O4 Y W W0 H$ CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & S+ q6 A s- P$ g! F" c, L6 w8 u3 S" U/ o: X) {& x* o' a1 R
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " ^! O* F8 n8 }, N% c- {* U4 _ 3 w: A7 B1 P* ?4 C. ~6 E8 H1 YI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 W: o3 [+ l: J- [ E* H1 D
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* [& K% x, K" z
: f! `, T5 G i& q; ZWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), m* K' `6 R2 R1 x( I( q0 J. ~
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . K1 m; ~- q G) C# r5 g, w: p& Q2 R" Z) c" E; n
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& ?5 `5 ~0 T8 S7 w
& n' ` H: r$ I" _# F) D. BPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! ~! a+ Q; |+ Z+ p 2 F) E% {4 v# n0 o这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 @ o- {: K8 h6 d9 @5 N9 I
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: p0 F# ] X" }; y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ O: a/ U9 b0 x5 F1 M' A
! N0 U% L, _' }- P1 M例如: ) Z. _+ I+ _+ Z1 [; j5 o0 N 0 F9 Y% H" }& Y7 j: uAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* K; a$ R1 ?+ R; F* }# ~
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 q* x( `7 w: K" c, {0 ?) I( }" u2 x) j( Z/ G
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! Q9 h- j% F: ]: h2 |. W " ~9 J+ y, P$ b; x; y8 s" I0 t; H5 rHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" j2 Q% c2 B& B, R P; f. W
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# M* d p: y |1 B" s
7 @/ D' l5 \9 Z& `2 D% k' uShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ [# r% ?2 M8 \/ U
. T& e% F% x1 y" [. eI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % G5 \4 M& U+ m. q6 j# t: t$ J# i1 Z- H& c
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; G# p3 B2 @' `: Z
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % ^4 y2 `5 Z; A$ s [ 1 Z6 O. r* ]& @7 D$ \6 R5 XThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 N/ W2 }* L2 c
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " i! Z* \6 K8 Q- X* e+ D0 A4 V& r+ k" M& v' y
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), q/ t$ X( R. p5 n1 _
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 m8 ~8 L& B' Q5 F2 N5 m9 N) ~, b) E3 s; X |1 I. P% V
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& i1 t3 N$ p" o- @/ g: [/ H5 o
$ P; L0 s F$ @6 D. w \' B写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / P. }% B: y2 }1 z! u 8 H# e) r" J$ }$ k& N此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 e$ P8 S) l9 ~% O" E' W) f6 N. t$ C1 P8 U: y9 e8 I# t( [
5 N- P: [0 C r( P8 l3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 |5 s, [. Z( y0 _5 M1 f7 d* l% @8 r5 ~
例如:7 `- i. `5 r9 @* S0 v% D4 j. Q! _
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & y ?+ e7 ~$ d4 Z1 h8 C" k+ V( `# z" r
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 O& e5 S( V$ r$ W
0 K R, `) m& `- \This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 q! L: R, g2 J5 {$ b) _& b$ R7 I; q+ S( P& ~
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 J2 ?; f+ Y$ L' ~/ B- o6 U7 O" Z' b8 c0 o5 }
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% a/ s( m4 W' w0 q% @1 x3 L
) C! v* o. ?5 k$ T6 hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 W! w; S5 | u
! W5 n+ q; {9 V" q+ u' O, tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 V9 k1 j0 C2 n8 I: t; o% h% Q 7 B" _, A; e* l. N( D' Z: tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / _& [4 {7 @. u9 a* f6 n5 h4 r& b& M- K2 W; b+ ?
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 \) u s7 Y b2 y' E" F
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' h& }6 Y d% S! s8 d$ M5 C s4 g& | B9 z- ]4 `. |: T7 J
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) x3 V$ ~5 a, e$ B- x . x, d; E- }. ]9 i% g0 F对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* U* O% `& \8 T* _5 b4 M4 e% N+ c
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; r& [% o; t/ n8 P7 @
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - ~& @& O5 B4 s5 t7 Q 2 [$ C' h8 e* D6 k+ B6 `4 w至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 R9 r, [ V& O9 D5 W1 W
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , R- ^& y1 w$ A0 T7 a8 U Z9 ]) }8 q3 a7 M* k
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 e4 r% D0 c9 b9 N) f