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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 O( T& q: _7 ]; Y8 T/ x! x4 U0 \ 7 S$ i1 G' r! i6 E/ e0 b6 N2 V例如: ; q% G, R) K! k/ Z- i1 r5 g3 y1 \, e& k! s% F
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): N/ A: p" ]5 A3 ~5 G% Z
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ v6 h* H3 Z0 e& I, F0 Q
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* Z0 ]+ Q& ]+ B7 {: B7 \
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# D/ c" m, L" g0 T
. y2 N8 i4 e/ ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& H* w9 z: h& d, ~) Z" T
3 Q7 u* }4 S! oMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ G8 _+ M% |- \8 J! g # y5 b( P) O4 G& H9 @3 t$ gWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , c% o2 P& m' G1 @# d% f 3 s! f$ H# G' Z# i cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 s& `* j# s: k! U: d) `; d" `! h2 x' e/ F8 R& U
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; T, N! ^2 _4 D# ^ : s" t3 `% t) V$ D# A7 m! ^! |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 o, b; I2 V U6 D7 Q: C) @3 x" Z+ u
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / p' O/ k7 \0 W) N " | k: L' K" C \/ d1 U; c q& n* c9 x) i/ @- w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- N4 a) d. z, f
2 N2 G0 M- [9 Q# Q' `4 I1 z例如: . ?2 u5 R$ c$ L' {7 ?. z; W8 O5 m8 W9 W1 ]9 M
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 @9 r" a1 F. q; l& P% ]
% E8 m# C2 V2 R7 FDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* `5 ]( X- D8 w3 ]5 f
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 U( y. `7 w+ k9 x' k9 n% v$ w ! x% q5 [: v7 F% b5 z% R5 \! \6 G1 I1 mHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 b* @% T: }. O: Y, B z# p% i& x8 A3 k
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! _) q7 r$ l" A8 k i# c$ i5 R 6 c0 r) Z( h+ G, w: }( [She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ^3 ?! r/ K, i2 x# T) \; f9 N
, v' e8 z q/ U1 a3 X) m' D, MI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- B! I5 h9 q2 e+ B2 g6 {1 Q4 n
2 G1 {/ q) b/ W+ K( i7 N0 c如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + d* e% N9 ~) E2 J% a8 n$ H- B6 R$ |# `7 |& U/ J3 |
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 _ r5 C# z: n, Q
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 ~4 \* [/ T. B
- Y) k+ c* k; D# n* _5 l$ KHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! [0 d8 s/ v( I c0 _
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , q5 H. I1 W; R- o, H9 w2 N( @- b+ ~$ b2 K& v: |, z! h |/ O
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 g% C5 z! p# L# [! X
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 @# W o4 c2 A& ]7 h
( H- ^, S+ w7 N8 p" S& H6 }+ j7 m写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* T/ H9 K* u P$ c6 D
# k' L! a4 g! ?; `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ^/ D( Z: A! |8 R1 }
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j x1 E* n! }( o0 F7 y3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 x3 A& l) U1 x/ |) _* @/ o: \* U/ D& Y! j
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # T; ?0 p% V) k' u! A% ?' J" {1 y- L1 E5 q6 g8 ~/ T0 N
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( {, J/ O/ L7 D$ V g6 D- n 5 s) g$ B( q2 j: f% cThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' p& [" O1 {4 r- C4 {& w4 U
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) c. P$ S) y) \" o- c8 b/ J( a 5 N, J3 N F( Q) T; S. FMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 N# ?; Q9 n+ f- i! R ) D. X* N! r$ J8 C) UPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* x) C9 x0 n: ^2 m$ g$ n' b# N; C6 |
9 h2 F: l" E h0 b' A9 S! fCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 L( g/ x/ Y2 A4 Q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 h( J6 \5 Q1 R0 l1 A9 e. p6 y- @0 v' F* M3 b
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" L% ?6 D. J4 b; d& w8 K" k9 V
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ X- r) ?) l- y9 u
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 g% | A) i: p$ t, g1 C1 C$ X6 H/ ^ O
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 W' p3 Y* c) g2 d6 D1 n- V
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 ~; F8 x* ]! h2 u- S
' R" \3 K3 ^ c& d& r& Z' f. X对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 n" ]5 j( O3 _2 u0 z
w/ K* H3 c0 N9 R' }- ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' ]. X6 Q6 F1 _+ ]
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / O( Q/ e& k6 F; w2 l# [, ]9 |# |7 Z }1 |
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + [' o3 M' {1 ?) S