本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + u9 ^4 y0 i: }7 x2 K
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " z: @0 [) I6 D3 _# d$ m " \* q! T& s, U例如: . V; N. [: j3 ^- S9 T( U5 v, d! D- U+ X( m
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 J$ c' y9 ^; q* h: p/ P! J
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - [8 V' V1 C$ y# e" ~8 F2 |6 G3 u& ?+ v# d5 ], i5 Q/ F
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( d( u- B. G; A$ f4 Q; y$ P2 Z" }* c& V: s
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! G2 Y& L/ J& H; j) V% I
- {6 {: U$ F9 k' U6 lI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- e$ ?2 K. W. R
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( R* v% T! F; O7 l2 e
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' E+ m( T4 Q; o, K
+ |/ v8 O y( l& G' Q! qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 L. Q& p! c. V' h3 e/ Y
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 Q; v3 r: ?' L) s% G% k8 X7 I. ~+ e ?
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 m0 e) |7 |) {+ ]
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & O2 v4 ]$ ~1 Y5 X% E1 w1 N: M! c
0 c+ W- f7 _) W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 b7 {( l) i6 A; I }1 U0 @/ k, ]3 U4 ?0 Z& w
例如: % F7 J; {6 B$ m; L2 m4 E 7 T9 q0 J. m- f* x5 v+ ^) X' VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' m6 s0 a9 w: U$ z C6 _; @0 p2 i5 ?2 [; r9 m- j0 S
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / r- O" h# d/ D. ^ " n8 N3 q4 K4 u: Y: _0 ?. z. i, w7 dI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! ~) Q6 {! Y8 ^6 S) n
5 [) S6 _- e3 v3 N+ tHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- f) D0 P2 Q# o( w0 r# x
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 p3 D* t+ ~; L m$ u0 ?, }
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ J% @9 Q/ \4 c+ Z7 t8 r: J/ }( i9 r- N# B5 w4 B
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . [: E- G0 F. u9 B M2 O( n7 ]+ f7 ]! M" Q$ @
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # J! U; S. O) e4 p) @8 J2 \. B0 S1 A9 u
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); O$ D' q2 h9 |# V( R; m' V, K
: Z; B8 b: r6 b DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! f+ r/ H. D: ] ) \: \) T9 a2 L8 o3 V- S0 P5 K ^He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) N) Z; ^ N9 N& s9 \" _
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 \4 [# ?3 d/ Y3 q1 z3 \$ t1 ^
: [) o" K% {8 OWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# m4 }8 w& D0 P) V& R
! b* Q0 c$ K u* ?6 P bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( F o& R+ k& ]- i- Z
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( S0 D( h! u8 R5 r0 L
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / r) L( q( H; Z2 ~/ `% d, k7 W 9 V5 x$ a! c* U5 K* T- H! x8 U 5 W0 {, [, P* U3 h3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # r4 I" ^& Q0 i% `! Q$ |% G) G) B" Z) ?, T' G0 A
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 [& e3 u0 }9 u. C# x+ z
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 j# d* M. I6 d1 V" n6 m L l$ {* h1 r5 O
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % s' l1 n2 N& c& b [4 v0 Q# y0 Z7 S9 \( @5 p* T6 Q7 _) G3 h
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ N/ }" H8 L! O
4 A* P H: Y ]7 s% g3 |. \- rMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& a4 g8 s, u* y
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! ^ `9 P2 c" U% G
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 S) h" I0 v3 F) t. w4 A+ j) K o 8 K! a) @& r5 X% D9 \Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- e/ S6 V9 g6 Z; |* E
5 p9 G- u+ I' A# U# c0 r6 L同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 C& D- R2 q4 w# y: H% [1 |4 n% k" k9 {* L ] V
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! _/ k9 M( r, ^) F* h6 ]* n
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / E2 W/ [: k. K P* q; _5 a% _- _0 @! R$ s6 i+ M& H
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( D) W0 t; ^1 u! K. A5 V! d7 f5 S, E8 G2 U
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 {' D9 A; @7 K% ]; G5 ~0 q5 u+ o/ b; a' J8 I9 ]+ {( _
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; : \& E2 ?7 |( [# C7 _: ?" R7 l7 m/ N8 k
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * F. {- i2 R! ?2 M0 r( L- B7 j8 e, k" h5 W; ?) X/ D4 U/ Z9 E7 P) l6 ^
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - i5 W; e) T) h$ o `1 t 7 M8 z( e2 k1 f有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % p0 A* z2 z. m$ h5 S" |8 W