本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 i2 W2 q, t5 r7 d& m + Z2 f1 T8 u% E; H Z转帖) h% X @* c. x/ Z2 \0 h1 e n m
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 C; q& c" c; `* R+ B* W # w$ o3 T: s9 D, |. Q例如: ; ~4 O4 X, U ~/ ]4 p ] 0 q2 t0 O" b. Q mMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); f s- `7 u4 u4 j( \2 s+ ^# c
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% |% k2 P4 T' q7 z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 X1 A' ?; W8 j/ Y. c3 i o ) C- r+ t6 L7 p# IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 J) ~+ l# Q: T% @ 3 w' f& [& B9 P2 E9 A& O$ H) W1 Q9 V9 _I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; r7 `- k4 ^# Q+ w4 g 4 ^1 b, u( |7 w7 N+ c' Z7 W9 f+ gMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , w$ z7 ]! e9 O, N3 i$ e! |, S& S. d
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 }. T) _$ A' k: Y4 X5 @ r) i' ^' _( k, d. M3 l0 Q8 K P$ T
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; E' {" s5 s) q9 ^ 3 w% O1 L9 L. f4 w3 h9 s0 p* pWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 ?3 B" \. d( ], w3 L4 |7 m6 V8 O9 i5 t+ E: G {
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 `' D8 r$ {; V! y7 d, c" T2 T1 c8 c9 t; \2 r( ?, f# r
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 Q$ w5 u1 L' z2 s7 r- B 4 y* ? Q8 O' y8 p; y/ x 7 u2 ?2 [0 R0 Z2 U+ @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( C0 T5 H! a2 `: B4 \. s' D$ ^
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例如: ; b4 [( j! t% s! B# x: }! T; l7 z: d. U# z+ Q
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 [ A& W' C A h, q+ t1 u- @% Q) {2 i8 D7 Z1 L% Z
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 i& e* W2 A0 x5 Z. ?7 f) W7 p
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! V' o; g" |% I; \& r) w, [$ S6 t# a# v7 A. U2 @
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 H( `- t/ `2 k0 Q / l5 V; `7 y. C J/ i: mIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 s$ u3 P( {+ |% r( J& M, ^6 V! y r f1 O, _
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). \- _0 h0 S, P; [7 q7 W
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) I) I# L5 F6 A+ Z# Z4 Z- e8 B, T8 D% V
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 d i: r0 q6 F5 W. H7 u% S7 y3 ^' j0 O) @" ?2 c* Q
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / f$ C" d( D+ s6 L- ~: I5 p4 F& _) {4 S4 }( r7 C, T3 n
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 [4 i: ^( c$ n5 A! E4 t5 K, L) C0 L
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ f; G2 s8 @; l @
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), v+ D* r7 e! X5 o
1 P% ]9 c2 d- `/ lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) Z; L F$ ?% y* h+ r) {$ x
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 ~2 C7 S3 p5 x, W2 b( q+ r1 R * e5 \/ v5 Q2 R$ j: `! n* E2 h写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); d+ T" V5 R/ I! Y! Z6 ?$ F
# u! Z& @- M: @) R, @6 ^! T( c' W此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! R% x" l6 b. V' \
& f" Z( n9 I, L $ p$ \0 J; ^8 ^0 A/ p& q: m7 Z* `3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, k x* n5 I- {' h& V
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例如: 6 M/ X/ Q$ @, w" l3 d$ V2 N0 ]4 _+ K& d
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 X `% \6 ]1 q5 c 4 p2 a; l. R# b' FManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' m+ {( \! ~7 |/ b
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' ] F: x) {- _4 D# [
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 j+ \4 V% M0 F) f3 G" t1 l5 T0 z3 a& _
* t8 u7 ^9 G% O) ^! c& b( w( q3 W6 gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), {3 g u' \" @' G9 e( J
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . P9 o( R- B9 { N% r0 |* \6 g" x
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ z1 _$ a- @- O" A# i& w3 w: k$ Z1 P$ i8 X
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 D0 B* i" O& v( H3 d
4 @$ ?, R6 v# y8 K同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . | f* d0 O0 X4 Y0 e& Z& f* N$ {3 z0 j& @9 N) i# D! }
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: @( D2 R1 `" Q2 `* g+ t7 f+ Q, v8 D" i+ t( X) F
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 i: V) L' n- g6 Y1 d
# x) Q7 [ T3 [( ]) X3 a. P) s4 G5 D% O对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 v W7 B3 f0 L' `- O
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" S6 a2 d. f/ B2 s3 Q6 K+ z
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * Y @6 z A+ o( v+ b3 `' k# @ 2 J: n2 H! Q( ~. y9 L5 L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: P6 H4 G, n+ [& M0 \* ~
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" K4 j M V' a: K+ v& a/ k
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # k' e1 H! ?; @8 y