本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . {0 e9 b% ?# Z4 b
7 D. S5 ~8 A! a' @6 p" h' O1 _转帖 : L9 h0 u0 ~/ P4 u% T1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . b" w/ o3 H8 y' Q& P, h1 k, ^! j& ~7 z
例如: , i5 d8 \4 F0 W; B$ o0 E0 R # S7 `& N/ ]! S: ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! f8 ^+ J. m" P2 x' G' t 2 m# F& r9 Q5 Y0 y! u1 X( L$ g! ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); k8 I6 ]/ _- ~" {8 P1 C% I' G
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 b2 F0 l1 G& k5 j0 p" L# ^
" }6 q" Z# Y9 v4 cThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 C- g: \/ P9 R) G
2 q6 s1 ]% G, U+ M$ {I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 [- n8 d4 D! s, l# @ Z8 L t* C
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& {! i$ D; W& F7 w7 u
' R K2 |( x: aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 O6 [( x! {, F3 Q. c" U# Y, s! m! X2 ?
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( u3 {7 b+ A/ r; {0 Y2 v3 T' ?% S- [. j+ U1 F
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : M2 `; o5 [! { , u y( `& C# e0 D# b1 HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' K/ j( a4 I6 a* P 4 a2 w3 u2 G! M: ~, w这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' `. W& ?* t$ A, V* b8 S2 h& @ c; l" L( r, j! M
/ {3 ?. ]8 f% M# E( p2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - f9 h3 K. z C " m Y, j6 p& ^) {例如:+ o& \% R2 ^) E1 b* a4 j/ j) E
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 p, V: d: G% R& D
* F" m) N" O" UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' K0 g3 e7 Y. W/ N! X3 \4 X$ ^
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), N' u5 S$ N" H
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( B% z# @2 G3 y8 y& }1 ~% Q9 }
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). r" a& V5 E, G' M* E
u4 j2 x) u5 \& FShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 s5 ^, i. [# E6 i8 D
! e; F7 C8 H. K8 u$ X4 E9 G; AI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& y: Y8 s* d* q- ~; A a
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 ~& k+ l. u. |6 N- D" @2 ^1 h% s4 j0 F9 d `, c" q7 }
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 A: @: b4 f/ X# P0 z ! i- b- b( K& P" w$ m, fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 F2 b2 K- i* j9 U" d+ m
( P) @! _4 w4 E1 ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - ]1 e2 z8 c6 r- \8 T+ @5 v" J: n" R1 W! X) ^1 t0 x; D7 A" F( l! r
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 ~" R* z( b! z" M4 U! W5 F
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 l3 N2 N& h {" e6 t
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 ~* y4 S+ O- T7 E, v& I: [6 P# ?0 ^) F) m' c1 ]7 ?' F/ v6 c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) b0 R5 e3 k8 @+ c* W
8 m2 R( z6 V& B9 o' t6 G此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ W. L+ X/ {8 r+ n* \
/ J& M! J- @( u, p , h2 f0 R. O6 {: w; S* h( O3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' {8 ^' u* k; J
1 n3 D4 l9 }8 L1 |例如: " v6 C8 u/ |' g5 ` S& }% i, U! w7 M; A7 O+ B! q1 [8 v9 r1 t. i1 z. E6 L
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * y6 b! _9 i5 |4 `% p: ^6 N; J& B8 y) q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) Q) l8 f, m4 x2 \; C) \" ~$ H7 ^5 y1 F& E
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( F! I2 ?2 V4 Q( j+ Q
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' k) m) z; m& q) N: d+ ~
) e$ k: I* V. k& d0 QMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) t8 O5 N( q* |+ j' T0 O3 B" r& a' u
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) Y. C6 m# c5 P6 A5 ?' E. i8 i; V o. [( g- o
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 z0 V; _& E; m0 R% O
! X% V2 I5 S/ {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - \ t7 F" _# p* o7 B8 F3 a7 G 3 [# ^5 ^2 r7 W, B. z% i1 u( y# r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : A/ o8 y) Y3 z% L: _+ w ) k9 t& a6 O5 j当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % S, \0 S" s0 \ l/ }; O) I5 g" f) c# F0 E5 N7 M( K5 K- f
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: o+ y, ~" \) y6 Z$ G2 y
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 p6 f& D P& m8 ^& p4 o
7 i0 S8 f5 D+ k, f对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' a4 n# x. M6 x9 x9 b
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & t' N; g4 b% e) v# F y 9 { L2 u% D& ]5 I至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 r# T7 u# h6 r4 M% R5 U/ J, w* W. W% K
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) F- ~* d* ^+ h" i: c& f. g: T9 q) t
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + t3 O. R" F. z& o- ^