本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 S* G0 J( ]6 k; M, |
' ]- r! R) J# r) ?0 _; Z 转帖 2 l% V! n4 ~1 Z# B/ ]* ]1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- W( C) R7 s/ L1 B3 i ]
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , O$ k' Z L5 f; n$ @! c6 N $ @7 j1 Y, C L9 u. d, TThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 L5 H! a+ J3 u) n4 J5 T$ t. O* L% M. R5 d; e7 n
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 |8 N8 e$ _: _3 y
: o: ^9 l: R: Z* }$ e7 K2 HThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) |4 |* e$ b% p0 X; b: L
' ]3 M+ ^$ Q( b8 PI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " V# `6 m+ s, E( Q4 d5 A# ?% w$ S % n* o, z$ {3 z: QMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / G7 ^2 D, y9 I* L- u3 [2 q 9 c4 L, W1 N- ?2 l6 u8 l6 r1 k% pWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : J; Y" G; a+ s3 O9 F7 l5 D6 b7 @% I$ L4 L* W7 c i
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 b/ k1 i9 G: q' x7 g% V$ Z7 Y \
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); B3 t9 `- \2 w; b/ T$ |6 D
# Y7 |! t4 l" S' p9 V. v/ I7 [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 S! ]9 B* } y/ L8 _4 q 4 j. x A9 |/ p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % A/ ~) Y7 Q( a) @# d5 r; v9 y$ \5 m6 v0 Q% F5 D6 v+ M0 L
7 g7 n9 h: o. ]- d0 u* e2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, n* d, _! ]" g: m
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' N/ P, E. r0 a& M! x. f/ W/ L. f - X/ G+ E! I% |Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , u" ?/ g4 n# x* z* ~& o) G) E 1 i3 v0 c2 Y9 Z8 HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% I' D5 q2 Z8 A& @, |, T
4 @" ?/ f3 Z$ i! KHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " C$ q3 O/ }! {$ s2 E2 b% H/ U8 `0 O* z; |$ \* }. K; o; S( C/ z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" r$ z% |+ Y4 O0 }5 b
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 h. C) n8 ^* G; g% s H ?8 A0 T* f- b) d; t$ v- l) h
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , l: B; x( p5 d : R4 t# _2 U+ q6 b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , c* r( {( ^$ ^& Q" Y4 }1 P# b & Q4 g6 \2 x6 J# OThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 l& N7 b% J! G* X+ D, v# ~) H ; q/ D5 `& r3 kThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# \) C* n. D2 j- U& u4 J
% v; o) J# F+ u) j* EHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % _( ^& F8 o9 u* n- L/ ]1 ^: ] 3 g* Q& g6 P5 r5 f* EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , n: P+ x& w8 ?# }; x( g S" H7 l' o$ W- V$ Y
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) T& c2 f; h" D) M" F6 J p! N6 @6 ]
. X! e' A( @: ]. s0 R! y" h! XEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( x, |- Y; U5 r: P O# t4 C9 m
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' A5 T9 f- s/ J; P& t' i0 E$ `; J8 w7 d. q) v+ f
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 s: r$ {" }: P6 ?5 q
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% b+ K7 I4 z" G% } 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- b& z& i; [6 ^9 h: y8 w1 `( _# ~5 o
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 r& R+ Q; |, g( S/ F
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # I. h8 Y- a; S1 Y* U ' T4 Q+ ?( h0 r5 e% X AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; R/ r' {( N1 |% k% H: M0 r1 t( o [8 j. c, e3 H
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / Q; k( i% e6 ` c$ S9 m2 ^( h* g0 O1 A6 V9 U! u& N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 `. o# t R8 S s4 p, S# f9 T- n' W9 O
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 \/ g+ z6 D( V$ r
( L4 W# d" f3 C5 m5 E3 nCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" H2 W# X8 G4 ]7 E/ ] |) B
4 H2 m/ [+ n, Q0 H& i+ {; K7 FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)5 Q% G2 z* l$ ~+ U
% G. ?1 @* ]. I同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 H- s8 E" B. {% l1 X* l8 D
# a& e* Y/ K, b4 V1 l% z; `/ n当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; a- k1 w7 f8 C+ h
3 p! l6 M8 y$ t: j对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % T4 F- v# D7 Q# l$ k3 F 3 H5 f% L! A" k6 R对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; I% J- d8 [+ Y( }! E' S/ d& t/ R 6 g7 d' o5 m! N5 b对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 o# ]1 x6 E6 B- g; R. y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . ?" W' H" v# r+ Q. v5 V$ {1 T* d" @5 C( }
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + D( c) y4 a' g' [" Z) f3 b/ d, {6 I5 q# x% K$ z: y A
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . ?- w1 Y: t# D K6 p4 i3 X8 n/ t' \& M# c$ b6 f
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 H) b3 F( n# ?* U) i