本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / E5 P) [0 ?6 a- `% b8 \
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) M, C1 f: u7 T. Q& i( O
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例如: ! i/ G$ v+ \& ~7 Y; l4 v7 F ( c$ w* J- l7 k5 S) yMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) V5 m" D9 @+ Q6 D) z$ l& c3 C
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 J& T! T! d3 y! @/ W
& ^7 U6 s) h% ]4 _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 w; J1 D3 e" R0 d4 q
z! A: x5 F% M8 h" r9 tThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 B# A6 y$ \2 M: X) _" L% r3 s# O* p8 a8 a1 O
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 j4 t7 b# C( K
( X; Z* R9 l, v; v/ B$ X, _Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 t" G3 ~ v+ V( ?9 K8 |. D4 q/ w' v1 I3 L6 z3 u
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): U' _& z2 T d8 t4 v& ]* {9 y
6 d5 G! _6 l) X& I$ e6 E6 XThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 x- S1 E0 T) W' L . u% v; P m: tWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! i1 j* ]# l& @6 E. r+ H3 d+ J+ B0 r 1 v9 }3 T6 \# |0 Z$ ~0 r; E3 HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " ^1 V+ G0 q$ |/ s4 {: ], m, m 0 i! Z- ]5 m" t t$ R这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) C4 v5 A1 G3 P4 a5 G& J% Q q : [- r! l& ]7 Z' c6 r$ O, d* ]( y& k5 I, ]& ?3 R% v# n 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - s$ r' ~ n8 u 1 s" i3 g# Y3 w f例如: , ?; U P7 t* T: V" w3 |! j1 U" {1 T# f5 k- d: w4 s9 c1 J4 o' X
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 V/ x+ M; E0 x- r; h; n9 G! y1 W5 B& v; n V6 p& X! H7 A+ K7 M! Y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( {* X7 z8 R& G" p3 k
. g' y. D: Y7 l) n6 y f- l' C/ BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ X) O$ y' T% T
9 M' s3 v' s) v2 BHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 A4 r A, D; V! d& o
- s; Q5 n( W5 I- j" |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 `( Z D' k( e/ E c- Z; P. i$ x( C1 z! Y' N e, N5 }% S* [
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 w/ t$ f, x& O/ n & V8 ^" i% _0 ^2 H! A/ _I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 T, U* O% U, @+ ?) d r: { 0 [6 t% O9 N+ W! N4 w& \; J% \' {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 C+ G1 ?; X5 G. O4 N2 d- Z( v0 W/ Z1 T; f
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). p9 O* C3 t. y* [, X% p# e: l
1 S9 p- C8 i4 Q- Z5 f& t- O* O7 ^The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + H+ ~. h' L$ [& M2 H , Z7 N, G: _0 E" O, eHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , h% E; z c( F2 { 2 o% H8 ^7 m, L! MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" p; Z. q% p: _3 k% V1 c
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 q- T6 H7 W- O- H0 G1 F 5 c f! t8 n3 B1 O9 K& \# I( }' LEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! F) X1 |2 N& n" m: D
' Z2 J! Y0 ~1 s( ^' m7 v. c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + D3 I7 o. P' N u2 y |" K* b* R& d, O' v" ^5 v
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : P/ _6 f1 F2 T 8 ~7 o7 x) B: r% {0 M' O8 n# g1 q$ k( R. T& w8 Q- D 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' y; k+ P9 i+ Q1 ^& z5 h; B: [
: n" v. G9 o' [& A0 Q. ?例如: * X) @- _8 B2 G. H7 T, S# }6 i3 C0 z$ {9 K4 R6 x6 A
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : Y# e. B# l! z4 W " l# @+ R5 Q9 a d' ^) BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 e* h8 l6 ]) E7 p3 x7 f' \
|+ Q: S! T6 N2 v, g. U9 vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), Z/ x! }6 D: G2 t# l h: x
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! T$ h5 B/ k5 l! {( C7 D& M8 q# w3 T# J3 f' |: U
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 @8 S0 N: `7 R9 X. h5 p
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' T1 o1 d' c1 i1 h' {3 W1 C: y
: X C1 L2 I0 L5 |" j7 d/ LCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 p2 M4 O6 A/ V: s B- v# o* L4 Y! S# ? A
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) a/ m) s; N$ i
$ A: f8 |/ L& ` \1 M' Y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' l0 T7 d7 |5 j4 E3 x
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; w8 {4 p2 R' D9 f7 Q
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % T: v2 z$ h- ~ ( O( z( c0 f. }4 m, K A! K对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ L: O* o y5 f) s! }# J+ t J
+ [0 e' [% E0 y; g对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. {" a; b; G5 ?6 a