4 b& B1 D# B7 ^; j# h3 Z" ?, [例如:: k- z; } v; o
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 ^9 W& @% J' I$ K6 x; O, k. ~9 F& f6 o5 ]/ o J
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! d+ ?9 B. E3 K( E6 h # g# h6 r$ D) C/ AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 F1 R' X/ ~6 J1 c
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! p' e A/ {5 n# A6 I/ Y 7 Q" D- a! c9 j% f7 wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). A6 c2 e+ Z7 |( \& T3 p
. M t$ t% E( L5 N7 gMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! i; \- U4 e/ {5 ]8 z8 G
2 F: W, ?: v+ l) ~We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & U4 J& ]( h9 @+ m2 x- g, Z# ^" p# e$ _& T' ^
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) i- m0 b1 g& A; g M8 s: Z' v z* f- a
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; d4 r, W, D9 {) v/ O + w; B/ R2 H1 L1 P. B8 CPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 @. _# g# ^; }5 u
: e( w" S$ K8 O2 H) }( V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 }4 a) h5 v8 k 7 `3 h- y( P; ~" W ) ?9 d" B9 A: Y" Q" X; j4 v2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% A. A, p4 h/ d6 E% o
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例如: 0 t9 k; f$ ^) n# O, z0 B9 d0 h5 C ) l. S1 }# d0 G# w; B+ [; W* ]( cAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- S r" a# N. ]2 r
# E0 j1 F* N' n( b: q) NDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 [ E; r# C1 a& z3 B 4 {/ E) E$ m6 \1 T# RI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). ^0 y3 L: |% w) o8 d* l
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % L0 a/ \4 T1 M1 G- ?7 G; x' b : W# x/ r( D9 v) R# \8 c3 Q5 tIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 t6 D/ {7 V% ?1 [* i
% \7 l: d. L+ ?* f$ mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); F W: C% ?4 Z/ d1 i0 T
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 C7 r6 a2 j2 x2 Y# {' H ! P3 H/ X/ s1 G" N% y8 o# K' L如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ [ }, d) ]' s7 h1 T5 \' d2 q+ m7 u/ y! ^! E& ~- |: f! q' S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " \$ f$ o7 T/ D* H ' k7 U' p3 X w# e( w0 A! i$ X/ WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# a! o2 Z* N5 b: d2 a
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 w |) \" N; z) S* p2 I/ R" A9 U. d" e0 h+ d
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - n7 g" s. w/ h, }2 D! r* c* D! y2 c' a" ~$ P2 Z$ x1 k
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 \, x( J% G- G1 R h 2 I2 I/ [$ j( f3 hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 V& \' J1 H' x5 z6 N
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; R. y' \% j8 ~3 ~0 X' v0 p1 |5 [$ v
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! d4 ^/ I3 ?2 F) s) H1 n + I% H# ?% @5 W' p4 w3 d) {) u" j) n/ @2 ]' a( {) O4 C 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 k+ c0 D- ]0 L
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1 I8 i3 E5 d/ n* D; V4 y) K. |Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) x9 ?) ?' D2 X$ _, I
. o8 O: ?+ N$ l4 U. _) sManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / O+ z0 g, L& A$ A- P0 o& E- A; q1 _% `2 x- ^: d
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 Z. K$ ]7 M5 Y+ ]
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 \0 ]: }( x% I' w2 j# v) k5 }8 k6 y
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ T! N* Y7 b3 }" ^
! [6 j* a4 o# `7 x6 ePolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 u3 j9 a8 N% E0 k) O% R
/ L# J2 n7 l# J2 ?Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ L# R2 u& P! P
* A: [$ g( S$ D% c Y9 {8 nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 E8 q3 h* [6 A; X4 q% C1 `2 v) v
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " ]+ _; k8 H0 s9 W" n7 A. ^) V - F0 ~# s T1 K9 ?5 B( s9 W当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ C) ]4 i9 ]" u- q* w7 b " X& q; C F( A! h- l; F7 a' p对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 \3 C1 s8 _% S l5 n! \% E# v% Z, A/ G9 H7 g# T% G* ^
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - m s- u& B4 ^9 D9 q% E- b0 p* d+ D: }
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ j1 g$ T# d/ `" X* F
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% I6 f( M5 T1 R) m3 F
8 D. I) }/ J" ~8 K4 ?3 S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' ^8 {, u: T; Z' x' i