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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , a9 X8 ?1 N0 V9 }% l( `+ K: X" K
例如: 9 j8 V, i/ M) B9 ], @. T - w3 c" v% F6 E2 V- |3 VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# Q( S. }& a4 _7 Z
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ Z8 n$ h- ^% I) ^. h $ ?+ ^& O7 Q- `* D7 w+ sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * ~7 @5 N8 n: Y( Z. l2 ]! u. e9 N# N+ q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 f* A' ?& N2 x1 b& a) c
F( ?2 ~! g7 l% _I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& `2 P5 l9 _% H4 y& L
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ _" ~8 Y! q: }. q- G9 z( ^
% }6 e- q7 r/ W1 y0 \0 EWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); Q3 C6 O. q3 B% v% D- u$ \, p
, U3 Y: O9 g. RThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' ?) l# y! M* Y; C- S* N9 W
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 V) d9 s# p& E$ |
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 j- }; G% _" v! [# i9 M0 W9 t; v/ a ~3 U( ^
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 Y+ w' |- X. u. p& u5 n
( m3 r I& I5 Q2 A- o1 @$ g , H- U" O; ]2 d7 _! L1 S1 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 i* |( }+ r9 r4 r+ d8 n: D }! o$ a2 v" Z7 Y* w- z4 F4 N
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 C( U/ K; Q J! o4 `2 ~7 q; `& A 8 p, X% p% h; Y7 [/ R5 ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) V# \7 x7 b6 d9 x. F
+ _$ y1 n, D6 f4 l g! ?& K$ _I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( x- U! o: {" J! U$ p
+ |: I8 ~3 g4 K; gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ K* T0 T' P) C' k 4 b1 _* P% _* j5 o H& u2 M) ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ W0 y A# s$ y9 W4 X0 E
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 n. B) u- y, @/ h1 ^# \8 i
# x1 \7 w" M0 B- u) j1 KI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 I3 _: C& C; S# d$ J. U. [! n T: j9 \1 q, `; P+ M
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& v' @1 \0 t0 ]% i2 K
' s8 j7 Z: k7 Z# iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& _. s( E; N1 n5 y3 V
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) q( l8 V7 O0 W% J% T) P% ~% n# i1 \
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) j) D$ ]/ b, J3 b4 ~
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . m. ?( K; O; R0 D& q: D- t: i0 S; K; Z& g. F% T
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% y1 }+ M5 Q" j9 I- R& s5 y* |' ]
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 d, d; K: q! I5 U6 n d1 K& J, U7 E% Q/ Y
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / B/ T% Z y- P* } 2 G7 `; c& K) v' S1 L$ r! G: a2 [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( E0 S1 n2 T* M7 k2 i7 G$ |7 |- U# k3 q# H) J& {
$ [7 r; r+ Z& {7 m/ y& ` 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + O4 U3 L3 D5 C5 D2 ^& D6 M8 I( }+ f& a: x# m( G% D! Z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 m& C6 |/ E* c' t1 R; V# @" g
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). W L; \- I3 S( M4 M3 [
! L' F. V4 u4 d3 zThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ H/ e2 a$ |$ f; {+ i# v3 ~8 z. g
t' t- m5 s+ K( A" F# wHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ O4 u) t6 U5 o' T( u; Q: K; ~8 _0 H/ Z" U, H# R3 J7 N/ x" {
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - G2 J7 [. s4 E( n! f) u0 t 8 U1 O( {, h/ c. A: |- z' H* oPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' t9 O# @/ j/ ^* Z& W T8 f
2 v3 I0 G- t+ R2 ^$ LCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) B; U7 n+ C! `% k
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % b+ H* J% i9 C8 b7 j0 p& c9 H" R2 g2 l
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 V) s2 J p- B, O. y" ?; W4 I4 ^: @# J# R) G8 c
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! _& u* E% x0 T6 x. L) s0 ~2 ]- ^( Z6 v % s% r$ L) w5 e/ H/ ]对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - z4 M+ ^ g) V+ N * K% @ [+ C6 K: g3 X8 x- K. \9 Q' s对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ X. S: Z* f; W, O+ W: C- r" Q+ L0 o
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 H+ g0 O. L+ d- m8 B' O
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" n7 \1 j/ E1 I9 m7 l# x- Y2 H
: t: ?/ K$ h u至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 u: q; Y7 {! {- I9 L: b
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % i3 u: \- ]+ C7 d% B 2 o3 h6 Q5 Y; p% z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 Y/ ?0 `# |1 ~/ v( j