本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - h% w: B+ d: _+ ]) g1 ~4 B/ b6 \; c 转帖 " w6 ]# [0 _3 J+ o/ z1 }: ~# l0 C1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) [' n: `8 a% u* D5 G. D4 D' G! z) n4 P* b, `! S' p
例如:' J' O% O7 V" L Y
, A( H6 j. n! e6 H( @* hMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 g( J y- c( M E0 U/ \, ?/ L- I
, `* R- j; K- A$ r; e
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 B% P% j7 ~, B. W' s" @! s/ X
9 X" n1 B$ G8 P% h( b# j8 B6 T
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 o( F( m7 t1 n% j ( @1 w' m: d; e, k1 X% LThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 I2 K) B9 C0 A: e- k 4 p& r& x& a. T6 AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ K s- e) \$ Q) o4 t" F0 v
) k: K O9 d# k5 o' E% _2 [, ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 B" V6 g, ]2 U" e& A. X% M( B$ g
5 P7 o' g2 d. G* v: nWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 @0 K0 X% I5 E! P" v) o. r
* O: C1 z1 _9 L T" Z
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), ?" c) A0 B- f) |& n% s" K: x# @5 F1 ~
6 @. u8 D0 n) W& G$ c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / y8 v v- N/ B; {; j, W5 S9 `$ i/ {$ j5 v9 h' n- T6 `, U
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* }6 H# b/ S, @3 d/ C2 p( t
) C: z' h( Q/ H1 F! Y6 w' W6 C9 _) V) m
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : D) V5 e" R- I& a/ n ! W) `0 R4 @2 h8 ^3 u* ~ P' I - s8 x9 M0 ]& O0 \1 ?3 n, M& ^2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 O* A* Q% T! R6 P2 Y, ? / r, [3 ?1 k' \ B5 v例如:$ x! T! T7 f2 v& r2 x: L3 _$ `
F3 t i& q8 S# l! C( D9 r
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): u6 t% [7 B" x( s, f4 U
# N! b) P, Y$ D- Z0 Z' kDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): m: v/ c6 r- W1 Q w: p4 V
9 b( D: N0 J! s6 nI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). l% u" C/ y- ^
) ?. a2 `; S& \9 |, u: X
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# t7 G! c& a6 n j
( C# y; G, l. UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- P6 Q6 E+ L/ N/ G& `, ~
3 ]& F* J' [) A8 _# qShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , O' w) I& {) o$ d% u6 h# a, ?' N+ {! o3 l$ R
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' A9 B( s( x$ y% f7 a6 x, G; t+ J! J3 x8 B5 V
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 q7 T/ L/ E/ ]- F/ f/ K0 \: O2 q H [3 [ \% d1 W) ]& x" V
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( L4 k; R3 z' a" f; A: R* O) }! N% C! |* C# q- g
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " Y3 t& R; v, G. Y' x" J 3 J: }% V# g5 m( x6 O$ GHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 S8 u7 V$ L5 g; E$ F' P( v! g( _; B8 }
# ?- j$ f, K, a" S5 O5 R4 G
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 D# I z- |: M6 |& m3 ^- N 2 N/ w! E0 N; q1 rWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * d8 Q3 {+ c! M& u: w$ [6 {1 g. `7 E$ G+ Q, k
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + f1 g! T, }7 ?/ w9 p' f0 I ! G& R6 s6 D" P7 a. e写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 S0 x g: S1 N7 @- w. l6 O% v 5 W) ^. @1 b( ?! ?此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 [& T7 B2 r, G7 z% z 8 b3 ]8 K x, c1 f# f) ]; p! j7 H2 n; A6 j6 d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。1 w% N5 Q( f- G+ G" Y1 D% k+ P& s4 K
2 B2 O% H. ~ P6 Q
例如:1 b5 ~, W- h) s4 g" C4 ]/ T/ F; I
6 f2 w8 p! ]9 T4 F# g8 w
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 b8 ~1 M" q$ x' B$ {' a/ ?/ f2 U2 ] Z U
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # D! `% E" w# J' l* r& v& K$ I7 M ! G2 F4 J4 @% T( [# A. AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 Q# G: F3 Y6 r
5 f5 R6 x' v8 ]
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % U; F; O& Z! n1 c5 n3 ?) A7 F/ }2 ?; ?' B; B# M# \& z
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & k- i2 G% [6 Q+ ^( j, F / Q: d! [* c: [; y; vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* c" ?$ a: s7 m% _& N4 C
! `$ a8 A( B1 r. q, g2 w, {! wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 R1 f2 `2 u6 w q5 ^4 ^! s1 k) L/ R. E( z
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( R! C: `8 ]7 l; r3 O" `+ o) T) j4 f" L( g7 a3 o+ q( U
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , l9 P$ c! ?3 _5 W. \( } - E$ E9 v2 o9 X) I" `7 ~4 t4 T4 g5 a. V当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) t7 f4 j! }' {3 F. \8 w( G7 {
/ b0 E! [: s5 _: u
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 L- D, r) `' m* {9 | ) U; I% Z& y" R( w! J对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 }- Q6 A, p& [) j
, H% x5 c( F3 q1 g, M+ d4 J
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- [2 A6 g) Z# Q/ _
# j X0 m) @) W, Q% ~) i3 I- h( ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! ~6 v$ t* y8 z- p$ L8 B- |- L4 @
: f/ d3 \! \4 m: p& k+ q' `3 s8 K
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % r5 ^- \7 c1 g& S- T ]' @- H4 E! R' z/ { \9 |4 a
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , {) V: Q# r& N8 s4 Q( w! C* T1 R$ @* \7 l0 Z9 `4 ~
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 C% u8 p4 G: S. C