本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , ^' h6 t6 m# ?1 \! f! A' C; G4 r 3 K" b9 l1 O2 E5 P0 s* ^转帖 6 u7 m5 X- g+ f1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 J1 B( M9 r5 N& X& x 6 a3 K+ w X3 A; d例如:5 s) O. u* ]1 }" o# x
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( O' b2 U8 D) i/ p' \" l& {; L* F+ Y( s7 @& R7 [9 i/ ?
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), i( f) L% {+ u3 T
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ Y& ]# L) q0 E" N% M% T
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 |3 E: R2 b: k, c* Z( h/ c! g4 I; e# J/ d! x
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); m) z7 C* j4 X+ u
7 f I1 ?2 y3 S( C8 I1 ?5 TMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): r. k( q# u: r {* L: [9 a
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 i2 ?5 e5 ]( t) Y" K& W: h) _7 [3 F. H
# Z/ w: J. B. {We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 S5 a- v& `' ?/ X0 f" A9 k, ] 9 b4 e8 ]8 E% w) ` jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % w0 m. V- A2 ^5 M3 b+ m5 L- F5 c& ~! s7 d4 Q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 C5 F+ U! x6 H3 S/ u/ P: `( P+ X
2 f/ A- ~6 n5 B# F Y 1 }' D& z) i D! r. f0 N2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ y, u- J+ q9 s8 o& G
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例如: # q ?' x; ~ o! H9 t: ]/ i: S! K" T) M: T5 V5 ` V1 y
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 z8 d6 u5 x8 Y% l4 {
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ ]2 J& R0 Y+ [& n; N/ r \# @* }" h8 t! |' M! w" A# ?1 {
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 U. I \0 B% R. B
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 C- ], j5 Z( z# v2 ~
6 O' H0 F4 t7 k Z7 u7 ^- EIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , e2 M& E! ^ u4 c; Z1 G 9 P1 ?0 E& W5 S, f! F) Q6 ?She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& D3 Y+ p# h, w. U
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) p0 G1 H7 N2 ~1 J
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' z8 p3 n* d! e9 t/ [0 Y% Z; p; v9 d" @5 x0 S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * y' r) P. A+ ^2 c 8 F- F: v9 O0 ]& ]8 CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * t4 x- z! E3 _% ]0 l# i; U " }. `8 W" Z! P4 I9 M" {8 v. n0 AHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) A K, ^; L L% p8 K1 n- R) s; S; Z; g) y. _$ F: Y) b4 V0 k$ G
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 L ~/ O# C- X* R' d( z' q* [
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 M! B7 x1 G( C ]2 G1 f
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % G: n* c2 W& [# q3 W- L2 P* N) |" J( ^4 W% k& N
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# B9 k5 l( a, i. U: U7 k
5 d- h6 J' d: [$ v' e; W1 z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . j9 b3 \1 m0 \+ H. A6 R ' ]4 K% }2 q0 T( y: W' y( e, b" V" Q1 A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: [# d0 D" z# K: F; s$ o/ W
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 l' { q' K/ B) K( a
- A4 ^0 ~' o* k$ k% w8 EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # G: o2 i) f! f 1 f- ^5 {: d% G: YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); M h8 C' I+ u* u& O( G) ]2 {
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 L4 {1 t2 S/ T' g6 y2 s # _& f3 T6 V! A2 Q- gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * L# R4 [# i$ ?+ \ 2 c( m0 T& u2 ^1 t2 t# r. p3 T, ^% OPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ B2 E! W- [& r+ b, q
8 r9 ~8 P! \ s4 c2 ACongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 U9 ^* B% H+ @' ?2 q ! ?6 U: \/ n3 C' G4 k) K# l$ ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( \6 l& X. o/ h+ E/ K
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 v, s7 |7 W8 J" ~! q/ j: j- [
' ~! T; L2 U& t+ D# l当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' X; ?! I& n8 T% r& X
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) s8 g- ^0 L. S' }& w$ S* ` 5 v2 e( S: W! w8 P, |对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 }; { m, Z/ K) P- b4 e
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 T7 A5 V* W9 U4 R- A
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 P8 T1 z2 y/ s% Y2 K& H% z
$ g0 J% D- r7 n% `; h) N) [至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % J( A1 ?- y. k+ M4 K$ N: u v1 P' v# M# C. N9 @% y3 \
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 H9 r3 i% G: s* P7 j. {) H( \3 H: `5 ]
% [' Q. K! l; X) u8 U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 l4 W5 Y3 N, u$ @1 L5 A3 e! n