本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 o D/ g# W/ Q" ]# U: ?$ ]; s' x8 N4 i0 i 转帖2 ^0 L, [% u/ U1 j2 O* ?& u
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * s2 N9 b2 { N3 F5 E# A- i/ S7 {; Z1 Q. p/ S% M) C
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/ j! z' \. a; P* M# \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " o0 P- @/ C! F4 k( j, ~ 5 n& R+ v& C& N0 TThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 i4 Y2 F, _" {6 y: F9 `+ ~
- j! W: H" j ?; LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread), o f2 h$ Q1 w9 n8 i) P
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 E" J1 b7 P2 n4 Z+ C5 m# p9 h7 T
9 O) }' x1 P, C2 s9 P9 L: g/ ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% T6 ^2 Z' F* e& n- N7 N
4 [( y' m0 M+ b. a' J( ^$ JMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : L* [# c4 {9 H, A, M% t5 V; k i5 ]# r8 x3 I
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / _: f% m& w3 L8 V# }' W7 T9 @$ z4 U& Y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 W$ c" o, p, J; W. Q. f* Z1 r
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# b; p2 E4 R$ W2 f! D. d. K
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 p6 `3 G# Z6 f# \' l7 V; J1 g
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 _' w( c% w" J# W& x* }5 W/ m) B+ ]0 d& b& r
% R6 F1 s0 |# V9 K& g, U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 j# w3 [5 m; V7 ?( r: S0 ]4 j. C2 y
% y4 L6 j4 U9 w例如: + ]/ D) g9 e1 z6 s- { i( E; a6 g1 m& c2 J! @
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 l1 S: P1 D3 F2 k( S4 A% B
, m3 j$ I" u8 a) A" w) E LDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , P# E# K9 }7 l& ]9 q 3 r; c! j0 }" C: e- {) R5 rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): s7 \8 _( O9 {7 z J k
* j; m( Y8 r$ j* S5 NHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 a. }$ u( C( o9 l, d- [/ Q- O
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" n7 R+ A) o: r+ ~
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 A- g4 L. H) U! Z' h. u1 f' X/ P! t* o2 e/ z$ {4 w" ^) f
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 O! p+ |: D$ \- k- S) G1 m3 z
, U6 k; [$ N/ o6 {' p/ v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" g9 B2 J2 @8 w4 J* o; C" \
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 ^) X" V& ^5 g0 r1 o4 ^: |" @
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). L) g: X) C0 h- d- E
2 E7 R% r; ^( ~. I* F: x3 SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) s1 q1 E% z4 E0 X5 l# M0 ]
# f. Z* U& a: c' K, V0 n y; zHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), }& z5 i# [6 w' x$ v
2 ?. k) z& _( }4 X8 f! ` T# lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& Z# J% K+ B! }) ~. U0 y
2 c% k" m6 g: M9 U% s4 X, ]5 QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' H6 V' N. d) U& [
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' V1 {- _6 j; l. \2 ^ 3 N8 V8 n$ j+ Z1 }& I7 D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " }7 | D+ G2 E! R% ]4 A. b7 {9 y$ E/ J
5 ^( S: f4 e7 {+ ]+ n7 ~" P6 c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 W% Z9 W( e; o
1 O8 Q. D/ Z6 R- V; {, L例如: ! n6 F6 B7 T0 i5 w7 l. ^* }( y4 ?7 ~6 H3 w6 g7 Q
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 ^( } d( u8 n5 F H
( O: e$ ]1 m7 u4 k, p& rManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' G; b5 S! s% N8 w p ; p% Z% ?/ W7 `% Q) u2 i" vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 G3 E( K+ I; }( q l. o3 g% w! T. x8 A* E& B8 C! h9 T
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- \: { ]2 o9 t1 p+ s
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). x2 _% g) h) s. ~; |, u
! V* D- L2 s( S& B4 XPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* l3 A1 T& z4 c9 y% t
: Z* B& C* s8 y1 QCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 g, [9 W6 K% @/ k- \1 t# Y
0 u& U: `4 c; Q3 _Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : c j% Y G! Y( U# l' o8 m2 W# g B/ {" J, C$ X
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 R4 R; `- g' i; s. g6 c, w . z Z( w! L6 n; _" H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 E# {. P( y+ x7 l; W; r
& ?2 }, R f9 d3 P/ ]% Q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 i7 T4 B% d5 P! L 2 H1 R/ \4 s: ^; e4 ?& ]! l9 f有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : W6 |6 \% B8 `9 Y. c