本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 ~0 k7 ?9 P- u- U7 \' `2 {# @$ A+ `( { 转帖 0 A3 w. V7 Y- Q! o) \2 W5 B1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + h5 o( `: x: d& K. L& {4 P, b2 w0 L! P2 |& F
例如:4 }& ~& Q' b, n- X* [
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - f( V N( ^$ h' p' ]: ^) D3 P" g5 c: Y" A* \! e
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 K$ A* D/ n- { ' j' K+ z" i- p; @This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 v, {. n7 f/ D2 {' y
& \& t; i3 @9 cThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 U/ E( h( g; T
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( c' {* y- ~0 T2 f' p, ?9 D+ s% F
2 x' y5 z& b' xMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 p% w4 C/ `1 d' C. i3 }# v- B& @
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' Q% n6 m) N8 B8 S 4 u5 c; J: T3 B. y. Y7 _The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 v8 {7 M/ o( A( Q ~/ ~) K$ g# c- J2 F g- G
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . ], a f- _+ G/ g/ ] 6 s2 p" a- t5 jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ G0 g: i% K& X! a. u
7 A6 T' x: \+ E8 x# l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: a9 C! W" `2 R _7 v! X) k
2 B) J) W6 O+ p" o8 `- u* _例如: ( Y/ X6 \/ U( s, O% x ( \( Q$ q s: k( _ d) R# uAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' W: ^' E. D B+ A! ^4 a
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 u/ p5 }! J! s. K* l% J' x$ B, M) T- L( D! C- S" Y7 E
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + O1 r/ Z# W. H" A( } : e7 Z! O3 W) m I5 q8 RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ n4 W2 |. I( F! C8 e
6 C' B; y k, b2 FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); b% {9 @* G& U. R h S( ^
" O4 Y& n& E6 SShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! N# t: A& W5 u9 j3 i
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 T& m& F" V- a; s0 x3 _
6 k" Z4 a8 _3 c" p* V4 [如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 M+ p2 |) l5 V9 B# A4 f V5 ]' c0 q& \ W1 [& U1 Y
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 ~3 B' s. l4 V + o% h4 i3 N9 O; _; ]- n1 k: k# wThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 H$ D* W& P, E( \8 O 6 ]. u& q0 S W, RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . _' e' d, f9 K( n, S' R3 D/ X9 W/ ]. b! m9 `& z
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' {% b: r, S2 l! z5 s, o) U
0 ?) g9 _) u+ X3 D G6 v/ o3 d0 PWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& F! e/ q; v/ T
, [9 P& F" Y& IEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ S" _1 Z2 B0 V( V/ |6 L" q" b2 U* y& C# f6 P |
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) G) p5 R( L9 z9 C% y" l4 Q7 b/ d- \ \9 C9 k5 Z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 ~+ I4 K i- d0 D* S/ _9 O# P/ I( s0 ^+ p! `5 h( ^
* n) l: H* w3 y- ]" W3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 H$ r& `. f. I- t1 z! z x: ~' ` " }4 t" J% B+ M, Z7 V$ l, ^例如: : l: n; G0 F3 R & F6 g) ?* Z/ J0 g O, X. K2 eMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) c' Y$ Y+ X( { `' O4 v$ i4 |$ T
- j* j1 y& j+ VManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; x: I$ t) t. y/ s% ?9 v N q2 w4 F, ~& Z! x# R0 p" w' {7 t* Y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 O- b$ I0 h3 H4 I. M
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / o. C+ _2 S n& C, b5 B. H* o! r. r2 h" `9 e! h
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) v0 C1 P1 c+ G0 f% {9 c8 h P8 z \0 V9 N O" O- u/ u
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" b8 U1 m: A/ H; _
* m* I' F/ k0 \8 T4 ]Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- E" Z( e. Q& `* l9 ?" X2 g6 i
7 h/ H* s t1 z B! B* V9 n+ gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 w- F+ ~# v# C) |* f6 b- Q7 y 2 F5 B+ d9 V% `同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 H ?& s$ m8 f$ i, L2 P
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) A4 W9 ?# \2 S+ p0 V, S5 L7 d- v" Z9 A/ v3 y5 F! n
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 ?( {+ A- P. s/ l6 R/ }: v# ?) z7 o" T* x. {2 o5 M. L( @3 `
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 `% m; ?6 y: k" A
9 J" ~# v* Q/ F. O& q3 @对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; p5 q2 M: ~& G- z, L7 a8 I 3 j f! v6 W8 r: K. F/ U对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 X- |% g; h1 h( P; r0 T8 t. ] 3 m* v& m- }3 z* Y( O至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; y7 R! V5 l3 ]5 n3 K
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ Q* V, ], k" Q. l6 i+ n
% P" a. I7 e) ]3 r) g" z) R! [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 C2 H$ Z( d6 C2 [$ k# k- ?