8 A3 Y7 E# r1 y8 }: rMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( ^0 D' _1 F- A! ^
6 O, y/ }( a6 n$ ^; ?5 _
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ A# v: {2 z' ^) x6 m
# k7 Z( [) k+ X2 g0 O
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) P& P" ` L" p' i$ p
2 Z( [9 P; d# d- \0 h8 \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' I" f. O) k: _6 `* i
% }5 }3 J* d, ~2 E* L; tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" c6 h+ a9 A( r. O* ~' I9 e
7 f- c: O6 O: g
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 q/ r! Z& ?: C6 H1 n& _
3 q; {& q/ ~( w5 oWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* W6 S0 c* j8 Y! }
; a# P- _6 G/ F: f2 s7 OWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 c% D c; }: V; c9 a" c4 P1 |9 N X- }
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , E2 H% H* X [$ j! w: h" f' D- _4 W3 b, g$ L
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : G8 w; \3 [5 _1 @4 Z5 d& p* T P5 L; M. V: E( P9 a4 m : }) T" j' n4 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 \" w5 C6 j" k! _% T' V4 o$ n1 [# X) a3 @% c& W
例如:5 d4 n" x. P' P
% a4 u1 d( z* n+ E' g5 S7 iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ d8 V; d0 K& a/ e; s
3 r3 m9 D+ @. v+ y9 i
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 _* K, g! ~. _2 L $ V6 P2 P1 u2 W5 h- K' XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , w6 E" [' j) {; f" t " c. O: r( q R* ? Z0 v, b: bHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); F( q0 C6 Y3 V- f Y
[: w2 V# C" i+ k2 I4 Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 @$ E. ]; X O* Q4 r7 ]( f5 L$ ~3 P) G
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 T: f2 e2 }& U; a. F' M7 z: _' Z5 I O$ o
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 U: Y5 _) k" ]# a: D3 E7 h& c
* B3 D0 ?0 b+ M4 M- _& D1 R如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 p3 ]+ F/ R8 |) q, x0 K: ^9 I
: r( d1 Y0 A7 ?) R9 n% U5 o3 |
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 z/ ~+ @2 E' ^( [8 M. |2 S0 b9 T
: i6 ~; i: e6 W( A8 `* C$ iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 h2 T4 E8 M, S! a j
: B3 s( d3 D# E5 \ @ t; A- ]6 o
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " Z8 T9 J, H$ b 3 }; Y4 S# h+ U& EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& g9 _) q5 C* o# |
, {" y z7 D9 l, U: g* G5 B
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); j8 `3 G$ J* l ~, A3 _" D
+ o9 b7 {) C0 s' y& _& _4 }2 WEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 F! W& x- S q4 { U0 G- o' e. I% b+ U5 ? I
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; k0 W% d5 r" g5 w# t' {+ ~) O# R6 k6 V8 N* D/ ~
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 f5 w! C9 ^. u8 x9 M6 n , g. C7 R% K& v+ [- Y / {/ Q' I/ T0 s1 ]( }3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! c- h7 v+ F2 G3 k6 k- g3 d9 ~ 3 J7 [4 P0 L& N6 p) e9 y: S例如: ! T( m+ I7 E" h5 F2 U ' M# v# r, W0 y1 E& O4 UMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 E! I1 l8 q! P, v
G, O2 \5 t! w7 c* X$ A% bManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 n2 ~6 i* H- Q7 {( Z/ e2 y2 x- `" ~' [; v% Z
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & u5 s4 ^( }( N* u' i4 l- u2 B! H. s; P( I+ I# b# {
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' } z4 l# r3 |) o( V
6 _$ _9 h0 |/ @) I# bMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" Y' ~7 f+ c& d2 d! h/ ~; k& W
5 A1 x& E8 D0 q3 V6 ?+ `
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) W) m' \9 ]8 m' W7 a% n( ^' w/ f8 k- k; q, g. _- `9 G F6 d' V
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), u$ T5 \5 M) l( U2 y; h( n( ?2 x/ ?
' m5 }4 J2 K1 O) Z% E/ J& hStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - l, t* Q+ B7 P3 g2 G # P" ~4 n% G. [9 _. k同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 ?) M9 B' [7 X: @$ H
: ]8 w7 S9 l: H
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & x: R: l. c( ]6 @ ( y! c- S1 J9 q( j0 W对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : ]% _0 N& [8 J% `% O- y5 K8 K: S/ `$ m8 W6 T! i' x
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. s( k; b, A' |# ?# t4 B8 a
! H7 ^& |% V2 Z2 g& M对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 z9 A; L8 I4 f! L8 Q1 x: ^5 {+ l % `. y* r8 z7 o1 H3 Y1 M对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;$ }6 M* p2 h# E9 c$ R! I
' h/ _1 l5 t. W6 y% T
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 T( Y( g" z0 B- L- p ! V4 B% O2 Y) \( P9 i3 M还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" O6 u, ?) Q' L' W2 T
) Y9 N A: D- y8 A* v, u
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( r2 d. Z7 b& t; }