本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' [2 E- C- y# P + w# U* w! _+ [$ W! r转帖8 q* ]; b/ y- L; X
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 Q$ J. j- e# @: Z$ w+ W
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例如: , K5 ]' j( L- G! ` 6 X1 G- i) d5 A. ]5 a5 Y+ Y$ sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 ]/ {" X7 u: [: \. Y 8 s0 R+ S& N' U+ R' d% Q4 rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 H4 w# T0 ^# b$ D, A- Y" q- K q2 k, j, ~: c, g: u3 ~
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : e: J, v# \' D3 |& ^7 F8 Z. m) J2 L$ B k4 [ g7 Z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 a0 O7 v" T5 K& O* Q0 l* f5 p& H 8 Y: j( L6 c6 u$ m+ U1 qI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . f0 ~0 v# x4 Q+ [4 l2 j- L6 u # x1 Y( R. r5 A3 bMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). e: P) I w' _8 b5 {
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 P5 D' g$ d e8 a: S: \% D$ A0 R$ B( R u0 J+ A: w4 a
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 @" C0 r8 A: p; u$ R. C; U6 `# i, \. E8 ?. ?" i9 p
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , g8 t# M3 W, z- Q # }4 T1 d- \4 j2 [6 K( yPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); f. }; Q; F" ^- p) X
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ ~) z' o7 f; L5 I8 E
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; _2 u' T1 M: R; E* h, f2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; C) e( ?7 _ g
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例如: . ~9 o4 {* I/ P, _/ P0 W7 q $ k; C) z, Z" L; F1 y, jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 E% M) P8 R! |7 D m
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) `* H2 \3 }3 a! P# u7 [ & R4 @# {; X L1 Q0 S, f0 ZI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 }6 ^/ \5 v% _' w* ~: ` 5 R) c/ U7 y( N1 IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 U6 @! G4 k! m% n5 F$ x3 y
- ?3 y( Z) V# H1 _4 @6 ]0 BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): K6 _3 V; a6 ~* B) _6 a1 o- N1 y
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) k5 \+ w/ T* u. j
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / E" [0 f- X# L' ]$ N! b" U; u0 F: K8 |# \6 @; E
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * t0 g* ]4 g7 E- [7 F) b( ` # \" |" ]: ^1 f( `( {The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), ^2 x0 \6 [3 Q" ~) K" L8 E e; \3 G
Q% }8 r) a% k- S# KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 k% K: X9 C: k. M5 X" d: k
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; ^4 Y& L& y" G2 N& N" }% r* I1 p$ {. W! Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 v! r9 a2 n0 q: C0 G+ H/ }
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 l4 M4 v# d* y# F) v 2 A3 Z: o1 Y9 M. j* ~Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! N$ g% h# _9 y2 @/ T) P
0 Y0 x# }1 I2 [& D l写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' d$ ~: h3 K, Z9 M1 x# D0 J2 d
+ h2 L# D M9 [, R7 S2 i1 g$ s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ `8 z( x" f, n% c5 W6 _
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. H# Y% r1 J8 T3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ G6 z6 `0 I) \- T# u+ w 6 p! |1 E+ ~4 K; O- c9 u i" f例如: & y, [4 ^% s$ V+ k( w1 k# e' E8 C K/ |% q$ t' _, W& K
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ [% u0 G$ Y& d- J7 L
0 ~" I# u+ D+ AManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). \3 i% B- ~0 ? }$ X$ }. N$ v, l& y6 Y0 P
. v8 T4 e/ \5 {1 [) [* W. ZThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 u2 h& [/ A) b; U( Z1 L, ~
4 F4 s C r1 [, Y5 iHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 x w$ v( w0 Q I) q$ b 3 _, ?* T( F) }, M( N8 K1 SMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % L. s/ E* M4 M0 Z. L+ F" d$ g |* o5 P8 v( W
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) b+ F% |% f# F- O 7 h( h; `7 j1 r+ R1 w& [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): c6 @. M( v1 Y9 R1 {0 D
6 \7 {. l3 c0 m5 @4 tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 P, W5 F" x+ y4 n0 x0 Q" o ; Q( r( a! r- w1 Z8 f: \; f) ?% E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 ]/ |& E0 ?* i7 {0 @
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% R, f9 T) @! ~7 e \
7 u' W0 D; U+ n: T7 b对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! p. \9 q( |7 H$ X; G, L/ r& l/ k. _) J+ P& T( F# v
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 n2 }& }. J8 s1 T3 u! ?1 n
! V2 m- \( x; T, N! b对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * i- B) O m6 r6 Y" y, s+ y $ M) c$ L3 P3 s& k9 G对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ K- T8 q G" k
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ I* b3 c4 V" ~4 s6 Z( z' ^ $ u, K+ R+ g" k$ d C' s; o' O还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) Y3 {+ p2 }: b' G
. t* _7 ~! n/ z* G O有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 n5 F7 H( Q0 \