本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; x0 J# [# L5 t) [. e
. J' n2 n7 [4 p( ?9 I6 n. W8 U 转帖 ' U0 o W1 w' }+ F* `: `6 ~1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); W1 M; u& |/ C
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) j z; n/ j- ?+ x0 _ p6 i; B! J4 J" w- d
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& d0 `2 z2 Y. m9 E5 ?
/ L% C: }, E4 p! H D6 @8 [2 qThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread), x8 [6 I, x/ R, |$ F( m4 r
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( T0 s- r+ U- x
# k" D$ ?- K# J0 U' u" bI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - z2 `1 s9 v; n6 K* Q* {9 ^ , G L6 }0 Q' k- ?% s( y8 b& eMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" q) e- O" |, @; ]1 @, d, ^ S' L
2 L+ ]( @! A) cWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 I+ a! S9 |0 D @ & Y4 u h3 W/ Q1 {" ^The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + @1 n- Q( x `) r" q( c* A( _ ( h9 ]! n K) h; J9 NWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 u/ T3 ?0 B' L; ^ \
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 t4 t) |1 U" y+ U: F5 {6 t0 @# G; v9 X3 c
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( r# x3 `& J% ^6 |& ]8 Q$ y& ]/ K
' _/ j# _+ u. P$ h8 E8 V 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 k2 d# R* D0 u( n( u8 d
: G2 J! H8 _. i1 U8 B, {6 Z) fAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 [1 H) v$ `& V; L, w+ J # d, u" d" e6 K. X4 DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% P! A0 B) q+ W' i m9 s
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! z4 t! z1 d4 l0 |. L; G X. S# e
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ?* f" I0 o: `. a# j7 S4 d' @6 M8 V
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , l' x' W' s; z/ C. E5 Z) k! c# u) J% A; D, c/ G/ @
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 o5 h$ \# Z8 N. q4 O+ T
. A B5 B* ~. Y( t6 u* P" g9 nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 Q5 l+ X$ i* \% q) ]) Z
4 s, \% y8 J( @$ v3 z7 k如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: G, p1 y @1 W, S e 1 r) a: H1 l: W$ `, k* {The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). V6 ^" Z `0 U! Y/ B1 c
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 T- y$ Z" Y% Z7 W7 d) z+ E1 y9 X5 m. P* L* R9 B4 d
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! d# I2 C' K5 U- S6 |( I& t) W
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 ~& y% v, b2 r5 a$ Y% k' S7 @0 E2 k1 e, i
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 l# L; J+ D+ n { m . a. u7 p2 X' {5 z, YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! |4 b: O6 k! f- ^" A" b! }4 Y
) T4 |1 ]. {6 q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 L% J# c6 s- Q2 g$ K& Z 6 q9 y) \0 n: |: g3 v# S( i* p此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! @2 ~5 D: Y1 l- T3 ^, t. b2 j1 U4 n' s5 q0 ]- F7 L
+ I3 Q$ \6 I$ ~( X) ^3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. U* e% W% Y8 U3 V- S- ]2 m
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 B; }/ g- A+ @ / |5 O! \6 D3 \3 v. }( rManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 l1 J c- |* s 8 r. ~* [9 h: U1 E' X5 ~& b9 k7 ]+ sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 I, o. f$ k5 y5 x6 G; [& t8 }8 K: j7 T" n! i
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 _* _% h$ S, _ g0 H' v& Z+ X1 g! v' u) E% q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - t2 ?( _% v4 c; G j+ E 7 i- o# {8 W/ R# Z2 |# _* T2 lPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ u9 \9 O/ I/ U# l o% B" M & k7 m* K# ~& UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 I% }' E @ u% p8 G
, E d# {) o- w* f5 ^* } c1 qStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 B" b; M8 X) T; B1 L/ s) U5 S! c# u: Z
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 _, L- k; m/ q& g- R& y