本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + F5 X3 B i5 D8 w, d! i/ s
5 f8 k+ L! V) |% ]1 E 转帖 & R7 O- E. Y, |# w2 u% M' i$ i1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( Q) @. x+ t4 k9 i% b9 |( U o+ q; u s( Z, |: P
例如: 8 r6 g- f% O- r' k! t- a# L( Q # O9 E9 s( \: B, s+ h3 iMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 M8 D& p" @( Q4 j" {8 B
+ f( l( F. Z0 O) lThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; Y5 O( `- Y0 V3 O5 I5 }5 I% Z, l8 }( j% V& O) R/ i1 p7 z6 ?
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 V+ @4 ]8 S Z+ d: |' m2 X$ L2 c: i" f/ f1 P; X) Q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # ?, f2 e/ A8 I4 O* z, L R* O4 L! }% Y
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 W+ L* D: K! o' \1 V5 k
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * [0 a, L% B/ `6 J% Y/ N" E: Q' d# J2 ]' V: Z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 S& a- w7 s1 G7 u: I L$ N ; u. m7 P5 z+ U* ?6 \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 `9 Y7 [/ ^3 S" K3 D- ]( k 4 m" J. t0 n6 }4 ^5 vWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), l, K4 S0 ^1 i6 e
3 y( J9 e2 N6 e! M6 {' e8 v4 cPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): ^1 ^" D6 v4 `0 E+ v
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) }* j! h W2 R8 {/ Z
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) c; y2 f5 q/ N+ Y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * A; z% l7 U6 ?/ l' Q8 T/ x! ~9 C+ ^
例如: 0 q' a9 ?( t- a/ Z# q' }5 f- z) y- e7 d. q" N2 B2 B
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * i4 O" n, L- V2 L; i& o5 G . J5 p0 g' c( K. xDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' i* L/ X& p8 D( F( R {. `' B 8 W0 T: `' [. i+ _: w8 \I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 X( {0 ]* S v8 F" D9 Q! O4 W& z8 h2 E, F0 `2 s8 A. M
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . B4 \% \. A4 s$ \. b I. g3 L9 a$ P0 RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 J3 q+ R/ S# I( Z! M & ]4 H8 h, z( h4 m- IShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) _( K! O: p3 }/ ?* c7 O! i: X
# M Q% B0 ?- }, o/ K) nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- K; J4 @7 @6 E! m1 |- @
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ Q0 B8 t+ |2 [' I" Z
/ z& E6 A0 C1 \7 ^ _, n1 c+ {+ d$ fThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 U9 b, w" c% f0 y. p
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# v/ K1 @: [2 f- ^
! D$ A) H9 y2 q0 ?+ c" [3 Y) K/ U# {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' h' Q% t' i' e9 c! ~
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : I! q; O, D! e2 B V7 z& @- D1 B$ N2 @" {; }
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* h! u# O: Q2 y2 [# Y0 q5 h1 t; K
0 z C+ [" ]8 i) G% SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& P8 q0 G& s7 E0 P
& Q% {$ X3 J& `' z0 Z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 l {, J% O! ^& ^6 O7 {
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: A9 W/ K* }7 _6 `
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" n& r p' @5 ]" U2 g 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 S& n, A, I$ U( B2 [
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例如: 4 Q8 b" b+ Q9 V% k g+ k. ], i- Z. s- \ E. l& o' U3 o, H! u( v% V; c& Z
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 P3 o$ _) ~- Q* ^) I$ j
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ l# p5 R N K: [9 {0 h7 |: n3 f
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 H$ \* S( ~$ m0 M$ X f) l3 R' A) W4 ?* ~
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# K# M+ T' ~' ~: Q$ u$ m8 ~
, |4 R' c6 f2 uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & X8 v. G1 R# r3 P0 { h1 z# |+ Q1 r/ R2 y2 V& W3 Q% r
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 Q' X# J7 G" V7 J2 M7 g
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) \- v+ Q ~4 L( k7 \4 R1 q% c : K- z0 c$ e; b4 ]) v4 S0 `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- _# }4 o" X& @+ e! E+ b' w4 ^
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & j4 a. m! B. u8 C, ^: O% x* i# J" R. J" N7 E; P1 P" N
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! M j; |1 X7 ?5 r( K i& |, k4 q4 o( I
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! K; p! M! c" L0 m; I9 _- f, V9 H+ T5 x/ \7 i, i& P9 _
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * y0 l/ q4 M) b0 J+ I0 M9 v6 ^0 Q6 } t8 V+ F
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * a T3 j0 U6 S3 ^! V" }# g % M# r9 Z" e1 E对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 V0 Q- e5 |8 r! H3 L; h: u1 c* ]2 o
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 Z, O3 b% p% W+ ?; g( J$ B8 i. f$ r
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' Y6 c0 h/ K; _- N# b* N; O
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, K0 n' |5 A, a