本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . {$ A5 Y" N( }: b
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; N# e0 V/ t, g) e0 c" T( l" q/ Z ^" g
例如: / X3 O& a+ e0 b ( q+ _& \$ z r2 PMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- N: t9 Q6 X0 \% F/ m. p' D. a6 G" H
+ [6 b, y' d: H5 @! ^+ L3 [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" |" L( |4 m% j2 D0 R( m
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 [) q/ U5 i) {" g8 G0 e / X1 B0 R- |3 [/ n7 d. P9 X) `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - [8 {2 j! P, U9 e! S5 l9 R* p8 \; g# U2 x. H4 U* W& r: \
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + q6 r0 g2 F% M$ T1 J% g1 d" `/ H9 t0 B; X4 f+ `
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 G3 j6 h3 w8 f Q3 C! T6 g S7 r a
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): Y; u3 |0 e g9 t4 r
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ m7 S/ ]4 u) J8 v& j4 J % u! R( J7 [7 z9 A" K$ c6 |9 mWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 g5 A; x9 {8 v+ l8 |+ w0 ^" m7 n ^. g& b- e7 P. p6 s; M) P
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); d# s8 b, I! B) f2 s; r
0 s9 s1 }# `' t) d, m4 R; \( o0 |6 b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " }! K! B, u& i6 x) _ 1 B- D5 a+ y1 E" n% y1 A6 Z" c7 B9 g" L) X7 Q% P+ k 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( l4 f. O( R4 \
+ H: X1 ~+ y- o' ^例如: 6 x; ^, M4 [7 {3 n. Z9 |" `9 | v* v6 Z* M7 o* u# o! L8 g! J
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) _. S u) I8 L/ C0 f) P7 a4 Z
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 z9 _% ~5 g* h8 X
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 Z9 T( ~9 n7 J7 s8 F! y; t
- M( y' t* w; i- V. ]- \( LHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( o8 ~+ w, u) l# L* _+ o" ^) \6 \/ E3 E- d9 l( X6 p y3 c2 {
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . ]7 z2 i8 L; N7 }+ @9 R4 y% u # |% s. W* Z2 ^* pShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- \- s: g _; P1 y0 H+ u" V
) M1 l2 {1 K! G- L1 uI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . [+ \4 p9 ^: w) j4 S6 M5 |! ]% b( k! X% {3 I0 X
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 u- _( H6 l' V! b. ]$ Y, ?( ?6 g8 a8 {" N; F. n) c! R9 E
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) C: l9 o7 _$ e% u/ P- |0 |* X ) Q9 J4 ]2 v ]" ?& a8 zThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% |) S) T M; j
% e' r4 Z' N3 Q8 n6 S. \( l% mHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % `2 |* E$ v. H+ D( s 1 o" ^4 o' E$ i. @, L ]He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 u: {) Y, W% [' G5 T D
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ z( _% Y3 a! U; [5 V
4 n( R/ r" O `- X9 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 s. d2 z2 e, @6 p C
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 {. N! `' \4 c; q- x4 g
) v; `( }2 ]9 }* e' O+ {) {此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 `; x u W% e9 Q# d
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0 e% N4 U9 w* o6 m# G3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 E/ @2 R7 p2 y9 L6 j 2 r( I# l% F1 S( U2 ]例如: 8 e- t* ^! Z* d+ z+ a* } / S- N0 T* U( n+ lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) i* ]% E. V2 F
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ G0 p, `1 L7 O+ [% G- ~
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & m% @& e: q, O" V' v7 E0 y # Z4 Q: Z# T( p, L. P! ?3 _He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' h4 R$ W6 R' ^$ P. `; F" ^) L
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; H$ |% l7 U, z' {9 I8 U1 V L7 b1 e( }6 C
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 _) I2 i/ G7 n6 e
0 [7 S4 M- h* q F2 xCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' v) j/ v8 p% M$ c) S) q) ?9 w# @$ O$ A% [9 N7 |
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& ]" u1 l# l5 O; j' T
6 a3 x; I) d6 _+ ^5 [同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 c; \9 M5 Z, g3 D5 B4 Z( q8 @6 }9 F' f/ @. ~9 ~5 I: B
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 M, i+ ^; d0 ? o
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % A) S# T2 c" X# C* m* u w7 T- G" _2 m2 ^8 }- v0 D8 s! c
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: Z& Q$ N( R y& N0 D1 e+ J
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. m4 ~" }+ n! j- @" a2 |
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + A3 m( d1 S9 F N* e 3 {4 ~1 s! C4 R至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 J% l: Y `4 ]) u3 K/ \# N
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 V+ ?" o+ i. n) i- i n 1 B8 R9 E" [1 p* H v) ~: a. H有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " P- A+ r: X7 O% b& v5 X! a' v