8 ~2 H, p( s% j$ j: F X例如: & t' h, q6 A5 i+ K: ^: W- p: l" }3 Z4 [* R$ q$ F2 _' i5 L
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( J! B/ p( Z. B9 x& p0 }
4 H, U7 w/ h) _! [8 `* Z* [9 nThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 f8 J, r1 F8 J* ~8 ^+ x. k
2 l2 I+ J4 p* O7 L7 g) _$ {This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 U. D6 ^' z# r6 [( n4 g3 G% E! | 9 [/ E" b% j a* I& T! ?' AThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( ~9 r7 e/ D, g) f 8 O% P* ^& Y8 K. _ aI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & J- h2 w! R. g% t r! N% O7 D; _. n- B3 z7 h8 p" C8 R1 a" A5 a
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 X. W/ C5 R! T; J+ T! _6 `! ^8 W+ \ w3 P- \
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' `# Y) e1 K. v( T( U% P / j& m6 ]5 l& M: P" H- n. gThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 M R4 W" i0 a% ?0 Z! A
/ T X3 Q9 `* b7 |
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- g4 S% J0 D4 n1 l# p8 A
q. R: N0 S1 i$ A
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 C/ P% z; c: N8 q8 V! e
9 A3 }8 l/ H+ z2 ^9 g8 w$ J# q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 ?. K* P* a0 V! D
+ G& Y6 s) K2 `% F7 }
3 x4 ~+ D2 |5 o5 O. L0 e 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! Q* G' Z W9 N
& T- T7 d& e' l, X% c/ T例如:/ M6 w9 |* v; x9 n
6 ^, U$ o: p# A* n! d( H9 \/ d8 r6 i
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 f7 d e3 x3 e0 K- E7 ~# ]9 S) w3 P+ _
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); P# `5 t1 s. E8 s$ v g
4 y& P; y" B4 I$ z7 ]9 q4 lI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), ]) _5 i- e$ x1 N4 a% w7 f$ r K$ v
& K/ L( @1 }8 R8 p
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . M: i/ h0 Y; q+ b ; ]7 B @9 G1 T+ @3 C; ?In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- @) x0 F% [, j; d, x) K
9 g8 R, Q& N8 YShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 s* |; A1 f3 I; ~) |% o% Z 7 V( L) N, I0 \* q8 `+ Y( UI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' q }! B2 j' x, |; k
r! W+ A0 {! |& o2 G; O7 z2 ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 T5 d' }" H3 c+ S3 I
+ Z7 a% o) h9 eThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ p; A8 @4 @& I. T- S/ Y
7 o3 [3 \3 b1 Z1 n' _
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): o: V# x/ Z' U
. v0 ~3 s* B4 w s( s# J
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ y0 \: y2 G4 m% I$ {5 P( v
. ]# a0 F! h' F: THe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): v: @ L) t) g# J" u g8 Y
. X' D n3 T1 M
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) a) P" H: l3 o W* f+ K% y& A
) x3 T9 [2 r" x: UEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ [5 I3 a: a* I7 e
" c0 C9 N% M- f9 ~ p# c2 j6 y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) [" \; b+ b$ R % i/ x' P3 o# j4 `* o此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# _6 i" B* B9 t9 ^, l; Z; E, [
" M$ i: f9 a: [9 \! I4 Z + D1 f) A+ ]) Y# Z* h3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ I# c# V8 }5 \
1 X. |; Q+ L2 |/ }) `% D6 ]/ W
例如: 3 E. n4 C" ?" K4 ?3 G' B9 ?+ u+ d+ @0 C) r+ Y% E6 f8 c
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" X4 z2 A9 b5 `8 n) t( F' [
$ E( s& [4 [2 k1 ?. h: _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - ^1 U+ w5 {0 `0 a/ f9 ^+ H( O [1 e% Y& Z8 W6 E7 b
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 j2 G) t" R1 N [& [# L
1 k1 V2 N3 [: F+ `% D
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * g7 O% t* P+ \8 ?, @' [* X 6 W# V8 y# R# E' N" ?. gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 a8 e; I' T4 Y$ \* _7 q* d! r: [
4 X+ F- n( A1 q7 W* D4 O3 Z6 o
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 ~, n. C& R. m
1 n- p0 }& F8 `. n ?- S, b7 K0 K" nCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! q; i1 O7 s0 l/ E/ d) L
+ Y# W4 {$ y3 L- m; {. v, w: eStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' F% U7 W: {1 \( U. N% \3 v" x) j- |
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) l9 ^* W3 M8 X
& ]7 m$ y; h; n8 [7 {7 R8 h2 Z/ w
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! `3 }- X. N+ w$ E # g) Y2 n- R7 X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; T+ O' Y3 F. v$ a) b # M* Q8 A# |% q3 L7 ~/ Z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - x" R+ x2 J1 g1 D1 P0 _; W7 b8 U& {; G* |1 K4 U8 f( O" ?
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 C& e z& w0 }9 ?0 C
2 A0 A! M9 y0 t X% m9 [( X r
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% F* W6 [7 K/ V2 j* m) v
9 ~+ \9 z! z8 a
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ e g0 j, D; `$ s
; r% d9 m" g5 ]3 H! {, \还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * y6 D5 I0 [! p$ t3 k$ E! B# r8 n$ V7 q
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 x& J+ f2 a6 t: m8 `3 U