本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 W" `7 u& T7 b) \
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) X, S& h7 o$ f: l. v4 t) S8 W2 D5 |# k$ n* K# u
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! `; h% F# f1 T m3 l7 N ( d8 H7 n, }; q& F3 q7 wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ z; n) ?# g" P. \8 f+ Y! q6 I% s6 V% U7 H
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 }5 h& K' x( X9 ?7 y7 f; B% l5 O* C# C K6 ?0 T
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 O1 U* o7 A4 C) O& K0 t8 J: C
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 `7 d. L$ v( G" U9 M- G8 K/ g% Y! Q2 J: U5 d- q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! @. f( r0 e3 z! [# C- w' Q - c0 `8 D" V5 L4 J$ O# XWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 Q+ g$ Y/ d# d' f 8 f. Q# W8 N f7 U& @The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* w1 Q1 T3 T- C' Y% Z5 [: {4 R) l0 w
7 K. y1 S7 } Z6 K4 q7 ^We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); D8 L3 _% T: |% O! v8 G: b' a
' L& {; k, }* _- I$ u; g% |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / F7 Q+ a/ J/ S1 ]- j8 W3 n# M3 w& e: }& {- z( t! O- Q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 i) U" |6 Q5 `& m0 C% e. I7 X. V& J, B8 [
1 S4 Q( v7 Q% Y$ b2 n6 R/ h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; ~3 T7 b4 W/ R1 V, z- m" r - |0 ?* ?3 p) v例如: 5 T2 N* I+ }) x2 j: @7 I/ u % t- R! m# @/ `1 uAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( [) F* D' _1 {( J : t5 Z m+ U# W& DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; Q- b- G" \( n4 a/ F" }2 V5 J% m$ E8 d8 p+ X
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 \# w2 w4 k5 E! } e ) y# y9 @; _* ]6 z- XHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 y" a- T4 m, V8 p( W8 L+ M; B! y2 c; ?' y2 |2 ^
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 w- |' l5 F0 b) O+ ^
$ a$ S0 q! N- O+ m( u, _She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). y1 w U6 C! t0 d1 D5 `5 o
0 }% X$ `) e, J! j3 \" hI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ @ ^6 u# |7 q. [, H
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 y' n* A. p3 C8 g; t7 C; @$ ]+ b
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) y; U/ x, T% M$ N% s6 \" j ) W# W- Y4 E5 W: Z/ Q' q+ M9 wThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) ?4 m8 Y. @ l3 s) D& ~7 c# W3 M
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 b: r P, c2 ^4 r) s" C: h# T ( _3 T+ o7 \/ g# ^+ `1 gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" n" B. I/ ?2 }/ E# {( X/ i
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); }1 |$ f! Z) g' J0 C; n5 {; E b
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 N3 C/ y, Q0 U; H6 M7 J5 @' k
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & \# [4 ?, B. H5 i ( j1 l. D/ h/ {$ _此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% X2 a; c5 y7 d( n0 v, r
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' Q# e1 M5 o/ L- J8 o. E! @6 J 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; [# d/ L7 c( l" a; T
" l+ U8 [" \% ]" a' @9 ] ]6 R3 Z% ?Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 \: W8 W1 v) J1 P& Q- J
6 Q! k- g8 \' k; q6 xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ r% t6 g j$ N% x0 s* Y7 H; _
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , q, C& @, D5 H( t+ C% c& X/ _" a3 D7 m/ s3 M F6 g: t$ o
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 k' l6 [4 D: A+ c& H, {' O* P$ s / j d' E# w' J B8 QMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # v3 y! Q: M9 m2 S! w/ _; X4 N) l$ A' j
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 ], B; v! P" G* I) m # K. e; h+ }; s9 zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): H" E4 c+ i- I, t
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; L' [: }% L6 F1 {( E 0 D' D% ]5 K/ A! }4 W! |同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; R$ T0 O J( m9 b' F: L1 R
3 i$ [0 Y h% Q3 J; T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ {+ E0 P- Q. {/ _1 E( t
! T7 i+ C* h. a1 d: |- ]4 S对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * o+ y! [) j; n( ^4 V; R( a) V: E4 s" N0 S7 ~% J8 ^
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 B. `5 O( a1 n) ?' Q$ U7 {+ _2 |) ^2 H3 ?1 x7 u8 |( }( |
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & W0 G) c ^( z' \8 T3 t$ |2 Z+ w+ d- j0 f& }) _8 i
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;5 N' f' L2 i" \; E; s
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + t5 O( V0 x) u 5 j/ D: r& i% V* j& S# T3 G, `还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。& E) l) z0 P) I m Z
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ?% B) v/ H9 U$ M