本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / o& e& B+ i. ]7 @, Y) i6 h2 r
/ @1 ^! P: l' Q 转帖 ; J; ^6 t0 u8 z# N1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 ?, d) {5 a/ [! [
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ s0 S5 F3 @$ z7 n3 `1 R 2 {: {7 I8 p, e# xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 W/ ]; I# r& ?& D7 d. f0 g/ E: v" x* n* D, g0 F$ o e/ `, X
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 F. r. p3 D8 O+ s3 X & r+ G: ^1 N$ g+ z9 eThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' |/ B) g0 j5 [& b, O
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) t+ y* O; u4 ~1 k2 r' }, s' U) d' W, b# n+ B, o% x$ z! [+ C; k
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; ~8 w/ k8 w; }" ~3 x$ p; y3 @ / }3 A* X8 Y5 G4 |) C! eWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * M6 O. {2 K: p" _+ f/ Q* n, X$ R2 @$ g1 ` f
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" k$ z P' L! b5 X$ }8 M2 d. F9 `9 Q
`5 ~1 t. e. a {2 l3 W- lWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- q/ f0 z* _9 \4 w1 A6 C3 ]. s/ x2 e
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 z# L/ b, \1 v5 y6 H* G
. O, E0 Z, X w4 C# m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , p8 ?8 ?2 j- J$ i/ l 1 S j$ _$ W! c- ~; `) o1 H3 U1 Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 w" Z8 ]) z, O0 g& _ ' G2 ^2 j" ^, u$ P- H) Z* O% ]例如: 5 {, z' s$ L) g$ n* Z8 J 9 B# ^2 H0 D1 W% T( K3 vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ B D& F# _/ X: a- W
7 y. J- O# `0 k0 JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& D" K% L1 u$ Y: ]9 E$ f+ b; V
! p- W' Q& i% E- RI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 l: ]% x- X2 F Z( e) m6 L
! C1 r; J& ^( b( q' PHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" l$ _' i0 ^: l% b' Y# o
% p! k3 Z# D* J3 m" V1 D. kIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- c4 x, f0 y+ L9 W) Q/ k
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % E/ P7 [% P5 S 0 ^ R% c/ S% I2 R* k8 i" TI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); T' }! b/ v: j& x0 P' i G
( N2 L, } I1 H- P+ w0 k如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( n; n. }# y' R6 ~, `* ^" t4 |1 h6 @3 {- \; z" {
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * O. r9 u' w! p' f: r! q 9 ?( t8 w, W1 U# ]5 S, }0 ]The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( m3 i/ N; [: P8 d; p
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 X+ D; ^! N; M: L, l
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# L) P+ s: k! e1 _
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + M0 F% ? T+ }" W4 v5 V . w# I( s" K, r9 R! N* VEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ x! D1 G: o7 v4 _) }4 ^- [$ @
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( H/ D( H" j: g6 W9 f' n9 r& V* E% U' v2 o' P5 ]0 [
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! B& y+ s7 G5 } 6 y6 F4 o5 b! n( X; K6 M$ \. I5 @ X! r0 q$ l0 i* b0 O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ p: g# x) l* W( x* d8 H
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l! W |, O* vMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)6 z; a. k- `7 J+ f6 O
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* w q# O% Q& R! M& U: B j5 r
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' v# b9 u" x* D$ P% r1 M! H- b7 S
' D" M' D1 } ]" T, h- l% qHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 t5 y2 s2 Y/ Z9 L2 k' G% M- H3 R* \
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 m' {6 k9 Q0 R& ^5 `
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # a- A% v; W$ t b& c: J4 k4 a! ?0 M- S( i
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + r a: j4 W$ h6 Q( y. d w: {$ H1 ?$ h6 l; g
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). c8 z }4 i+ l2 o9 s
9 l1 i, w8 R K, k4 S! v, r, }3 I9 V同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! Q1 v# L6 \) d$ ?) L% X: V, r6 n! e2 r8 S- M/ A$ u1 y
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 S3 M' Z4 k% T1 q: j# }9 y# k ; ~& |0 q& |: @" I6 I对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 y8 ~: ]% X! q' ~3 T$ [+ R; x8 U$ ~7 z8 G
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& m: F, X' U( L. I+ |% s' l
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 W8 l, e* e: B$ w+ M ; E; n. U k! n8 k7 S# q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , `7 J' V, I3 c- H4 g. k ; w; R" B2 }1 t- N" b% H8 f4 z; @! u& V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. b; i$ ]$ ^( y6 J5 [! G
5 W) D' i4 t) F还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 r: }0 `* _- s- X) S; ?+ S
0 I. U; x% S' I! p5 u7 d( C, L有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! O/ _2 q" r3 f