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[其他] 英语写作三大注意事项

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发表于 2014-1-8 22:50:21 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑
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转帖
9 @6 n4 O) ?) S  C1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)

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例如:
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$ x- U+ B6 L( j$ IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)
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5 B" O) w, j) NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% c) G8 s- ^) l; h

& S! E' _+ `$ y% I' _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ b# k9 i# O. S2 R( b
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 }( g+ W8 E, [9 ?9 |
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 G/ U! ~  f  s  X" L

7 P# e( L; c: v5 R& X" IMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 j2 E5 B1 ^/ p
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! W: E: `) p5 Y3 A4 q

( M0 s. B& I: dThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)
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5 L% T9 B  Y3 [6 zWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)
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* q4 m2 I: ^! Z* l$ [  h3 F6 Q2 U/ d) }Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ c* x+ g& m$ a& ~8 j2 J3 c( Y

5 r& F6 ]9 w; c8 }( O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 ^6 J- ~1 E  h/ J( Q: h

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. t* D6 g3 G7 j1 g" q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。
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例如:. |; X$ S( y+ }: E: p8 {% w
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 z* h; ]( ?* V& N. o( B- w" ]

5 k7 ]& V) R3 P- M2 D, R4 m9 |9 n  zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), \/ {% ?0 g" R7 d# [
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)
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5 P9 ?6 d2 N! m( |5 k6 @9 wIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% v4 Q, S- K5 u6 y: t
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! J) {/ L0 g1 n" y; [, T

8 N% d# k* T. U: lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), q) L6 x" N( g) m4 J
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)
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1 Q9 J( A9 S3 A" q4 z9 \He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ l7 j/ x+ S4 j

7 J5 |2 r8 e( u2 ^" iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)
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6 C, C, ?$ b3 i+ {5 h, v' r% {Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 {) e$ l6 \! J9 }! Z

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+ a8 I; f- T# J, `( p, G- O9 F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」- X) S( `7 p2 z7 S! r, F

7 r9 R5 x* t) Q% w% C6 `. M, D例如:& F; b+ V8 e1 K$ ~) @2 f

0 s6 ]( c/ _, W, t6 N1 {Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 I! z6 K8 N3 N6 r1 r( l! t2 _

! y8 Q" i: j2 N- J1 @5 b1 ~- P: |Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). O" e, \6 X" r+ q6 U9 O# L

" L* I, _$ O" \; xThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)
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0 y& V# k0 k5 ^3 N$ dHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- t, U0 i, U" I0 z% M9 t! [8 d
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): b+ o1 J- M: A: e
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)
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/ w" a* S  m8 Q/ N% r5 \, \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)
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# G; a2 Z" g2 N" y  n" WStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 V  X7 ~/ n" p; l$ i7 ~
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& k/ T2 m! h8 y5 @! n+ S1 @; `

; t0 B- ]  z0 I当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# k( k2 c* ]$ c1 M8 Q8 h
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# r( D# }3 g, m# L1 b

$ f6 [5 L+ ?* k0 Z# O: Y  Q( C' \对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' K9 }5 v( _- m3 j# z
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; P1 w9 @' I" O+ B* v' f  k) S6 x6 b

6 b8 M( Z! ]+ s: x6 r& D对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* z* A$ a5 }0 N4 j3 Q

3 W) i& j1 J: S! ~6 Y) j5 @. l. `  R至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:
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- `0 m! J* }/ Z% U! D7 g还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。
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# w2 j! `, @0 O  }" ]有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# S  x9 C) o. n! t. `! r6 M$ M1 w

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