; a+ e) \& _9 p7 e" m' S* S转帖 2 [2 m& a, X7 n$ I3 q5 M1 ?1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; E2 R! E4 E2 i! {0 `" w' Q( J7 Y5 y g) o3 ~9 s' Y% F
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) F/ U3 D7 p( }2 T, B ' e ?- v' Q4 V& CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* V7 q* `9 b: @- a# ?
# G; W0 D! ~+ g; J hThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 ^$ Y, d1 g0 {7 t( m* W: s/ z5 A! v - O. Z# k: I% h1 A, B# Z5 _The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). @! Z6 S I% q2 P# N' ]/ Z1 a
; J. a% a3 L' I' Y* gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 j6 }8 a- r6 V
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " R$ S7 \6 h( q+ i, f8 V. z ! t% s. v; k2 F5 O7 fWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ j" P) A5 r/ P5 A; r ( g+ s- X# L& @% @1 {% j( [$ m2 u% FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * s: V! H! i( Z: X7 H1 L J! d) I
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): R/ {5 X& `+ I+ Y
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 t! _# n$ K; z. V" o! r) E7 J5 |" M3 u
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / O1 W @# j( _% m1 r8 o! @ ' F- W! ?. F. d9 f+ [$ y* q; C1 \4 D" Z- | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" ^+ C* ?7 N8 J* g; M$ f3 Y; l2 N& g; B
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例如: / F: L, A9 x7 b4 x% ]7 k- D. |& F% m) ^. k. Z9 H I* _; P
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 C1 d! m4 x- z9 L7 l ! E* G7 f, t) J- p0 wDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / M8 k7 }5 S% S$ L# W9 e6 N$ s8 U; }5 w/ p; R# D; t$ C
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ^* v8 r6 c! ?# D5 A+ E1 o# W N
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 [9 H S: ` o: @% G : u3 D( | p8 G# N- v& g, vIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 p% @. L# r- |
2 i( \) l' n5 e$ `She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 A5 a2 m4 K k( B
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). w$ _# k% v9 G* A l" J
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( u) a* O9 }, k. \0 Y d & Z6 h, n+ W6 h4 W$ ^The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 v+ q$ W( Z- K* _- l) F! H 3 t: D- m9 L$ }6 }$ o# bThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! `1 E. @2 _. W ]8 N% F k
) m& l3 ?% X" E4 T% |( X8 WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 }$ y8 {; A! O0 |( P
q4 A6 \! O& GHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # Z* x6 b; y: e% e8 `' g6 V; R / }7 z N! u+ |$ j: Z9 wWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) T7 m s, a: z4 j
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - ^) N; a/ T% V6 r1 B' v2 W ' f. A/ H Q2 P9 Y2 @7 G9 X7 D- O& Y0 N1 R写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.). S: \& F" t# F' u1 t
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 D& M- s/ N8 a) X) p) f& A+ `7 y$ x* ` 7 z4 B. t, x6 ]1 `$ s. b , N& Q: i% O5 y* i% u# ^3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & \. l& {: r( v% Q( V5 I; x . M, a: ?" a& Q! `例如: 4 e4 B/ j: S4 R" p2 G9 W/ i) P7 h" o) ~) H" Z3 M
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . T/ t+ S" V- c! f+ f8 A; k1 w+ A+ R
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) |3 L4 C, O& s5 B5 O# P* N6 l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 g9 F6 }" c$ \* t7 g
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / d; M! a5 F: I8 M% f. l2 P" b/ Y; o5 Q" t9 w
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , i4 |1 u) m- D ( L% d1 b; q) [# iPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " g! s# K+ s, j8 ?' o9 k; M8 I# y# |2 m: q5 a
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . d3 X7 ]9 w! ~% k" F f L2 j0 q- b2 P. w* EStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 t; M2 j$ e. f6 {3 N, {
6 b$ T1 _. p$ _# n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 ]$ M6 v2 {/ \, H: A8 }9 g( _% {' W0 z" |/ o2 N( P% B: f0 @
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * S+ z; c. U8 A( X 3 U% ]: q. h# ]: P- T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / q/ d/ T2 S7 @- `' h% H4 W; A |: ~1 a4 E
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 f1 P! u+ G' R7 j
5 T2 e0 x/ J6 Z! c* B对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( J3 S# P: M' D, N" J2 E
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # k9 `8 Q% K' K Q" K7 N$ P, |* y8 f: F4 A
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 z3 L" E. y4 }
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* k, e0 i( T# I$ C# S
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ U7 m* p' Q+ ?