0 \5 n) t1 U& U. g例如: 1 r, X: |" ~/ V/ d; B/ l 7 y* O$ p$ n2 M4 z0 [0 [0 r( ^' v# `Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 r; X' S2 Y+ ^9 b9 i- ~( U$ y7 |
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! F E5 k# d0 N2 T 0 }! x: M0 C$ \This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ r3 n. G z+ ]6 V& N3 s # o$ {8 H/ m1 n2 BThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* j! x, I# g8 Y
! n" m" x. j+ u+ a: ~; eI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- o7 O8 p5 j" B2 H) l: U; W
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % J1 z9 ^7 {& U9 M* _; o& |3 i4 r1 l/ Q" h# z2 L
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ H0 I1 V o6 D( B. } . L/ U. X, e" v) z- x. `The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ t) A, L7 a: ?, s; S$ a8 V6 ]! V3 D6 {1 D: q" o
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) s' @8 |3 H% u5 {8 c
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' s: G8 u3 j' m9 F
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ ]# R7 D3 t7 L2 _
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. X' s1 `1 T, R1 a: l 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 v1 d6 k/ [% t6 J) N6 m
/ z3 k* d* I" o( U/ i% D例如:* N4 \" o( ^4 _, }9 U6 d3 ?
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 ~; K' B u' G& R# W8 U3 ~( p
p; `) A7 y2 I6 }. DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# P/ L5 X" W3 ~1 ]
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 s3 b! o, P# t, L ) y' j, p3 ^! HHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ C: h+ j {7 K1 D7 e ) S% s3 D" q% N. uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( W W3 C4 `" }% d8 }. K" Q
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# R$ v5 O* v; t. U) x- m- c6 d) U5 H
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( k# X v2 S9 I9 R0 R3 Q
" \. [4 F% [" d7 [5 Y/ s6 j4 _如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( y& v) F6 V- w: \& d/ ^7 Z
5 g& B3 O7 n0 `The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), x& d6 x+ @7 p7 N
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ u: Y* D1 ]' O4 f' P/ D 5 \5 B* k8 L) L9 s7 |. N4 C) VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& Q1 d. ^2 T) U6 G' r2 C$ O+ }
+ \5 x: J2 n7 e" c* t' L5 [8 |% tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 [+ i* b+ x" R' e4 a: _: P
, o D9 f( e8 ?0 V! G$ xWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 d; X# ?8 i2 n: Y) r( ]
- }8 u# l% V0 {Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 x* n& ~8 i4 r
: q0 Q O& O% y" @写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! Y7 l, P- f5 ^4 p2 H
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ v$ ^% D1 F0 F5 K0 s% L
% D- f$ L! L( u- i 4 H3 h* L @! d8 N1 K3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : p4 x8 g0 I V+ V5 ?' x% T ! G5 U0 D7 K+ [& f& V& M" ]% F例如: s4 \1 {- W: O& p
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 _0 ^. i; D" H# A2 g3 J! l* `2 U7 s, c
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# w; U& W* F8 U, M: J
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 u! ^ L- `0 N, J$ z& L7 P 6 ~! I. f2 W" q9 L' i' v% vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; }3 J( y4 H; P: m! D" Z1 ` Z! B* R. a' ?& E6 f$ JMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 `5 {! D6 E4 j+ R2 f
3 |4 C. D5 l$ q& [Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % m9 K/ ]2 G2 q* [6 [5 p0 c# A6 [& M& X- x; Z; ]# u3 B/ F& A
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) m7 t/ O! Q* Z" j9 p
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 }9 W4 }7 K8 w0 V* e) i. y
/ M7 Y8 T+ Z0 K. V同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " g# X1 v2 x9 R! b7 u* L& n# t! X% }
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 _6 _9 ~/ V. v' E4 |/ l 9 L& w. c. B L; g# M5 \3 B7 o对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( V8 R5 K* U+ ~( c. F# P& `+ x9 g6 E- k1 r6 E
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& G+ R4 `" L/ I. h: h$ b! Z
5 p+ _: Z" r) C还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . z: \7 I8 a; m c/ P- d; U" Q+ [2 j* K/ K# z* n- h
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。$ s3 h" K- c& Y