本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . U) I5 _* A) u* r
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# u" A: @7 @' u* `7 r
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( S! |/ ^0 Q: _# ^Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- H7 r+ X, q! Z& F* |# T1 G; A
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & j2 m4 [3 P$ J H; Z; ^5 n( Q+ {% [9 j9 ~/ o! V* _4 L, D
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# P5 u. q! J( X; {& W/ [1 z
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). [8 O- S* |1 q6 J
" K0 {4 O# R4 ^7 W6 gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " l4 [' M! K/ u, b7 V. y6 |4 l 6 ]4 }# J; z. b9 RMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ W& X* r; B% M0 L& s) R1 y, d$ N4 \* Y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& L3 ~; Q8 W2 I. C
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 Y' h# s0 { @" I2 S) |
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& I8 [3 X- ~3 R) q+ d) _
# }8 O& ]+ K0 e {/ QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); z2 p# ]& m9 ]$ V) h8 A) m. U
0 F: _. R8 ~" L4 G9 F; E; b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 d0 ~9 _/ M, |
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8 _+ E5 I* w( i 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 s/ V' _* x; I7 r5 G F5 y
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" h5 c. o5 Q- s! y0 r
8 t4 i" T; I2 s5 N# I6 a9 w! `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 t% s+ ^/ m' F$ ` - q+ O# f. ]: M$ z0 xI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 P% ?5 a( i' C/ t E- r$ ?
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 Y' ]9 M3 r. p & G2 N! {+ v5 MIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) `0 g, A, P( J- B/ f) c
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 ?& \9 T1 L, x) l% n
: S- g8 G( R. U5 ?I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( t( j# F9 a# F8 k6 z$ Q0 O$ s
: P" p8 C: Y; a2 L" T$ E7 X如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 F* o1 c2 P$ ~4 e( X, s/ s
: s4 F) [4 H7 o4 S6 c8 _The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! ^" o: L) p2 P& V0 N& e1 z- u4 @7 K. O. w Z9 V f/ ]) `) o
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! ^2 b+ ~9 u5 S' K8 w& M ( B6 w2 ~; E0 N7 V/ T5 \He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 s g2 i# p, D0 K2 N* _
" Z8 t* k6 J% s$ T0 gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 x# t1 K; Q" I7 i E# U / W3 B/ k5 f8 w# aWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). d; @ z$ b- j5 V9 \* e0 J% N, K e
7 v" r1 B* ?8 `Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 B4 e8 h7 m% ?
( v& w2 s6 [2 q3 A1 D- v( ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # M# B4 `8 F5 V5 \' ?& X! q" t" R& H. p; ~$ _* i" X
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * o" J8 V. k5 y* Q" m! \9 j% T2 ?6 C0 \+ M7 c
0 u$ [" P3 ` p2 ]. b3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' I% q1 U2 K. L e0 b( } {' }6 r [: X) R @2 S# v
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ J# _5 }; T. U% r
! T( P0 k G+ t/ N' fManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ a: K, [: m/ W
# S; T8 C5 L8 \) k) I8 v' eThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : b+ Y0 G# Z/ B# S 8 Z1 y, ?# J5 FHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' X' k9 E2 _7 F% T* ? v: Q, T6 o: Q- }6 y$ [
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * F* U& o8 c5 Q% e0 H$ c9 }/ B( H l/ Y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): b4 b; T6 h$ _, o
0 `" a3 e, r8 A5 O+ jCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); x* i) w- j' @
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - y+ h" ]0 o9 E. n3 h( q " }+ X. S4 l7 _" K同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . @0 u9 J7 j) `5 z h ' M0 }! m0 ]. s8 ~+ O; ~, a8 b当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 {) M& S7 H2 P$ p& k2 M6 o
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 W, `! C7 A/ y3 A2 o
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # B- J- V8 Z* G3 j& M , t% n8 y7 j: s+ n$ A4 E# T对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & q/ I2 L' |! Y0 t" N8 I0 b* O: y* r X6 z3 J! g. T" s
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 `0 I& N) O5 ^7 |2 L, o) U. @# v 3 d d4 H4 C3 B9 @至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; X6 r( |# O9 o3 ~) o8 q7 [( x
% V0 E# z) r8 q% e/ O+ z" k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % n3 {- m5 q$ o' Q X \# }9 S/ K: }5 }0 M* I I7 ^) m
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 M" x3 d3 y E c ~- l; m