" m6 l* Z7 z z4 P' C转帖 8 ]2 o, R) j+ N9 g# _8 d1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 X( L% `/ f4 v- a$ Y8 P
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. a$ v. H( r3 I7 C9 @* [& `! KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 q$ {' c! o0 m! x6 |" t- H9 [' ^ C/ u1 l
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 [" f# K4 C+ j) `! u' r2 _( }1 z4 t# G" }; H( W
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . |1 F* |* y0 @( `/ q ' }' ?/ l9 ^0 }* M; yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ L; H+ r w. U. F
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * e: A; {6 x- q6 y7 ?% _& E) C R' ?7 [. M3 B& r' [7 G3 r. DMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! |. t7 ~3 ~+ d, c5 W# l , W% B! m4 I+ X- j% {We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 F( i) |" d9 h! f3 S4 p
: b( ^( S; H0 _The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 Q1 w9 q8 r" O9 @' J8 A) j7 `, [2 j# D
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # G. ]% L. ]7 ~9 l7 u7 n1 a2 @! B7 p. a3 X
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 S h6 A3 ^' N1 C h" k2 _' m* B) g1 j; c: B. u8 V& O6 G5 G
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 I4 T: }7 m( } A( y! ^; [ ) r) x- [6 g3 f( J7 H : r7 p- ]6 S( }2 J6 A2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 Q7 d; Q+ u/ N) E! z) w" V8 L2 {# C+ ^4 t
例如: 9 \) j) d- v* G8 K# Q ) Y3 g+ J* J( G% NAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - P: w' ? o1 m- @0 _: H7 a* I6 i7 W" R
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 D$ t S' ?+ R6 N5 l. g% P& F
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 H9 S8 ^& R8 L, r
$ C Z6 l; b l: WHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), q6 K* ?/ x' y7 W0 G& H
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' F+ H# O9 J! Y/ g6 {
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 [( W+ b: [2 p
1 F. G" x. X/ VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 t/ V f" o, D
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ s* E% T1 B2 l* p$ _
. Z0 A% i: H! A! p: wThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 W* r0 ?; E3 @9 Y# Q g H" c ' o/ i, j u2 ^% ZThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ `. `2 C( u/ ^. N M5 f
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 d# R. ~, c9 }/ R
% `6 T( g" W& U D7 |: iHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 v& P/ L3 M6 h6 H# u/ q
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# \4 x8 L7 B, Y, A! K9 B# y
) W! T* c% d/ I7 R2 f2 cEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 g2 J$ Q) L7 t: l. e& D; ]1 {5 i5 d
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % `" J# g$ {7 g; J! Z9 E) `* ]% X2 h1 Y
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" s& s0 @2 x' V- _7 p+ G6 h6 u
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9 v$ d% h8 j' x: }# N 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # X) k3 w4 a) y) H 8 o4 n& b! {( O; u例如: . o+ u1 j4 V$ C0 F( Z5 ?# W9 i! Y5 C. ^% [' \
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% m$ K2 W7 r$ M
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 c" t+ `' K: r% H1 n9 c* B
9 v8 G+ T0 i* p: e2 i8 u/ q1 XThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' s1 C4 l8 |3 N6 U+ B/ b/ O* @$ ]0 M8 L& l
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 ^+ x+ ^. K7 a
8 }6 H6 ^7 [! H6 S6 gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # m, s# y3 F# _0 R" e$ [" d * q; w% ?! d @* C' Q0 uPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / [5 g7 X/ q/ P+ _2 [* W5 v2 `' n$ ^# G
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- x" ^/ v: f$ ^1 U" H' a4 e' }
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ r9 P7 t# v& t9 b/ D5 \% y
! @# M4 k! ]7 \同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % p0 L. o9 z H D& H- M4 P- u p; y0 `" a
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ u# y: V9 l* {1 I3 ~ U( G1 q
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " e" _1 ~% V5 N7 e4 {5 H 1 P2 E) _% R2 {& ^对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % A) P# W( u4 r7 n/ ~2 S, A: G- `( h! T0 v. _+ I
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ J" L1 f5 C' V5 S: k+ I$ K- K$ N
8 a- q, A5 x; A& @3 U7 o7 x+ a _- ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # z' i4 [" @0 x ) {# D6 ]0 e, e- O6 `& n% E Q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , C9 w/ I$ Z. n* T- w5 V; {! z7 P; c; B. M
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( i ?; P6 A1 b
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 t x; `' I4 f9 M, F