9 L/ h4 F7 W# E* U+ m9 s' F# ~" a例如: - G v7 c3 r' C. g0 h3 x6 V+ Q7 \# x5 T( q
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 k; l/ B: o. e1 f" W# y
5 i9 i( m9 D" y& T6 Y! E$ \' {Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ ^( m, E3 t" ]- s j' K4 D! S
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 f2 ]. D! h2 R$ h
8 P9 _) [& h1 qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; h$ Z- m+ |$ L4 j+ j" O4 N/ j9 |$ c 6 S/ ~; E# ?& I& x3 h/ f: gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ [; V2 b" l& p M& `6 }
% }1 {) g" t- R0 lMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& }* j: _; |0 N4 c i+ N
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) G$ b4 `( g& k$ T' _: p9 h
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; h4 a x! A) H# L* {" e% W7 o- l0 ^, e) ~, A. f* f2 e: F* y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : z# C# ]5 x" [, Q7 y# F1 m2 Q: c. n( @+ E
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' \% N# ~9 z( y! N
% b" x$ D0 p6 s0 E" y3 z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 V" ]8 e6 [* F" s
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: l8 r3 f; Q; `& Q# X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & L l$ K1 ^! @ 2 K7 i& L+ L% m6 u" j例如:$ G2 H$ C2 |0 N
: a0 @" M+ R; J" n5 X2 F& n, c8 q# |At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ m6 y' i( f& \% y J( U, E3 L
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ k6 S7 r9 @& ?& w2 E& N
% p1 g4 p: K8 i$ D0 ~$ \5 [# oI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 k6 [% i3 ^- \: q. r1 E - H& F' e- F4 q( Y4 |1 |He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 G0 C5 I1 F& y' ] 0 r1 }1 T: _8 \, H% u; U0 W8 S& FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , g# b9 Y$ v+ {% ] B7 E, W/ m8 R6 w& K IShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); M. Q. N/ K- t# H: ^% s1 S* X6 U
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * m( _9 h* V/ _. V' m3 B: f% N5 J+ }+ E# J* n
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 m F3 q6 h) d( l% q7 X: `# H& e2 e y
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ ]: J+ b1 a8 z1 q0 w/ _
: y8 `& Q2 v3 a( {& t, BThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( W# i0 p# g9 E! C) m6 Z0 _6 w
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - M& D. g- y2 `8 |9 V: F; [4 R# B& K7 y2 m# I6 [ K W% e2 {% T
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 n2 ~; @6 r5 t( o5 t$ p4 G; ?2 m& Q' y) `4 G B
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 H4 C; t+ J# Z& m' J* q9 P& q+ P; b
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 x& q# L; L7 Z* z6 @1 t V) x# H3 O$ R$ r
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 l, u- _2 f6 U6 j. ?( d
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ h- Z; j. x/ z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' [% m; \8 S8 t+ K5 ]7 j! K5 I
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" P+ ? H" p& F$ ^, V5 r3 b
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & v+ _$ P* |; O- }; F7 l* T+ |, Z. h
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 s2 a' V+ F% F3 Z/ H& `# r
$ ^/ u3 B! c. \7 pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , _$ X i6 E; [! j8 H ( Z( M/ ], v. S, n% P9 u* {Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- n* g$ O0 E- }% G0 ~2 I) ]% P
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); u, n p6 ^' ?, }
9 v) a4 E% c. m1 G) hStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 g) }' u1 A# b8 y! r+ g) V- {; u! q5 x r# m
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. I9 K, |: p1 @! j' Z
\& Y# Q3 e. u& s$ _$ C8 ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: F0 A3 j* m8 U% }3 R
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * H, \% ?7 k# M8 U( L3 g# I$ E7 E( t. u( _" F- k6 `# h/ o
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 V" [* G z& c m2 b6 H/ A D . A# U; y0 f# \' C6 S! ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; l$ G7 K) s% X8 H 7 T- Y! _' Z/ F# T- p' S对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. q3 W$ g$ l. S! |" D
6 v$ ~% ]( O& ` M至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 Z1 K3 r8 z: I% K# |. s V + R8 ?) s" e. x9 j' d! F还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 x; B* V( T# ~ L4 G
( n0 e" o; C) c/ h# f. d' o有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# C+ T( U A; {4 |: E! g