本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! k: @+ @: H, b: M. d; c: q: J
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , m7 p! K/ C! |( N- ] 8 d. M0 K8 h; f例如: ! V* y3 O! I, `3 Y 2 P! ?; }8 o' V9 b6 @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), O8 r5 @) Q( v3 |1 L
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 p2 V0 e0 r3 H 9 n9 y/ E( Y8 E, m! [: b% OThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) h% J" K1 S5 A" a- g1 o/ c% k1 }, q$ \8 C7 T
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 ?2 p- A; L! w8 m8 w
5 r' N2 N/ Q/ DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % T% ?) }5 S4 V4 D( Q M. s, j0 x) Q * u! k! ]$ S, I! \Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 Z& w/ Z3 h) g3 H( H' y. S# D
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % x/ [5 x' P& o& X" S6 v, o5 b/ e- J& M2 N3 M; f
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 S: m' \5 H+ U* R8 M0 n + _+ X5 I6 L- `7 B MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( S# {" @1 Y( n6 Y+ [/ o/ r& t* J" M# l( W T' H
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 O' _0 k* R! H, s . b0 t: J( k" u8 [5 Y* x9 u这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 x5 O7 \( y% H, h) ~* l- y
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9 k' r- _$ j0 M& m: N2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / F. O8 H7 R# m0 F. H3 F, f; W3 ]9 C" F/ l2 n3 T! _- P# G
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): [" P/ [, p$ h) O
4 b7 [8 |/ L3 v9 P& `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! M% M$ l4 i) c% o( }
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 C, @# L* g2 |
& k$ q' G8 s1 `' z- k2 @' |He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( w6 j4 p i: i6 } ( |8 y- l# z rIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 }6 e2 f9 c, Z! ]. \
% G2 S2 ^5 r8 \0 R' C% r. }+ @She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% e3 b6 t, V1 Z) b5 p
& R0 R2 n3 N7 t i9 Y6 V" ]I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* j) l& O y" S
4 o" }- B( w4 J# q4 Y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % R' }* m$ F) X, ?: ^2 k4 R0 A0 g) }. N2 {5 d$ p
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) O6 \1 { N) z+ @ & w M- V; J6 c7 [- t: fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 W( K7 e, ]" m, N" ?
/ }4 ~4 S9 ]/ J `# JHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* `% A5 ~3 t+ l& \
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ `( Y6 Y. g0 b$ M8 p) a $ R- z8 w4 i6 k9 u( LWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! J8 n: D2 w- n: P/ w7 ^' k8 m) O / }- Q! n ~# I& D+ X+ B! n; h* WEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& U% O. e& Q5 L6 b1 h
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( E+ Y) T1 {- N1 {. z+ I" ^
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 Q1 }4 Y2 T' ?" j& o/ w$ x' [1 C" w% r% d) S( H! {
2 ]& u. B) B: @/ ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + @1 b- ^# u8 W! o2 [% |+ t: `& k9 k5 c5 q* i* a
例如: ' N, T$ |1 r0 p* W) j' ? " k7 t9 H0 w: ^' gMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; G& d9 l4 U6 d4 a4 A; e- J- Q ; z4 b$ t: R. O1 e* b9 r* r n' gManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ P Q" q) S6 u1 ~% A
2 C1 D- n* A% i+ uThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # ?- C1 d: \# m6 {5 {2 J! l' h5 u4 E1 B# z7 g) U; B/ f/ R$ L+ |. M
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" U' k# k: h" q/ k# N+ b
2 v+ i6 L; r( i! k- p$ ^3 u+ |7 S. _, {Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! X# d/ K3 h( {, l' \9 P7 y
6 s9 }) R; H: T `) ~0 p5 jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + v' c3 F3 r( O$ n' Q3 D / i3 k \9 S. G: r1 gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 P9 H, n2 S' D, ~% f) J
1 n" [- B9 W8 p: e- SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ H4 n& m+ b8 H0 w
8 X i- Y( A0 j* I3 P* w4 L同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 Z% l! C: W. G* H " @ x% D+ E# z. }! Q8 e当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# F- k- }* K0 A9 s# I/ m# J
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- h3 F. {% H4 O
1 B+ L e+ ^ p! h+ a f对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ?: g, r6 ^! W
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; Y/ I) w7 h6 N) y
: B) [+ H$ n* @/ ^9 {8 y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* O6 O7 I2 ?+ \
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ d4 Q! D4 Y% p& n' k; C
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 e' v4 e; l9 x( T, p* q4 g; V8 `9 o9 @