本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 C4 X* y) k/ m9 t: R
+ k" y/ y4 ~( U 转帖 . e" H' s) R' U% x4 v6 |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ ?2 c1 m* y4 I6 s' \; }; C h9 s# C d) F3 w# l
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8 |6 Z- F/ u4 b, k3 yMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ X- o0 U6 z7 I
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), R2 e9 w u. V2 A
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( [5 `4 D( ?0 _7 C/ t8 z1 ~
9 k, O- [. o0 V& ?# ]5 GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ E4 o$ ?$ X8 Y. c3 c4 {6 L! f5 a& M ) D& j2 K) a# u G) x. N- cI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 w3 H$ f. a4 r7 e H# N
% b1 \3 z0 x' F8 s5 r9 fMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' h" W1 V: s" h3 K
4 X+ e" R7 n: AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 |" Z* v+ h8 y' D % w4 j6 M% y; {5 M+ EThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! c; A+ Q2 e& G% e: o4 _1 m 9 V! F9 T* J% vWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 N9 X, y; C0 X+ m2 B
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 e- _: E0 G) X& T, c2 p) m/ t% n& }
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - X& P; \9 g0 u, t9 j, e. s, o & ] r( w* h0 K7 ` * ^* T" ]5 m7 x/ ^" J' r6 k2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. J+ |2 ]3 V) I
, v9 `$ x# ~6 ?2 | G8 _- K0 }例如: 9 K1 h% }9 I! [: }* j, f- H! S. p5 J3 h" g6 d A( C
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 P6 g4 |$ ^! o2 X! q3 d. Q+ H$ e. P* t( k1 s
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 d$ k* k! x* E0 `# H( c: T" _7 W e
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 m- j3 q8 ?7 j: d; R8 t4 T+ E- t) _" E' i# L/ X/ D, Y6 R2 ?
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 s# D$ l; c2 }+ i8 U4 }. R, x$ i1 j" H
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 N3 B6 W; N( u- n4 L
% A' n1 }- b/ u9 X3 DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ @( V( ?7 \8 j+ d
& U* P8 o- D( oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( `- C4 j8 N# x) D 0 N2 t/ O+ r/ d9 r+ m如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% M5 j! @# Z% y, {1 v
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& u$ w, d3 M! D& k4 b# C7 O
( b4 ?8 O! C# V1 Q4 z/ {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 N& `: ^* ~8 p; p, V
. g5 c! f- Q, |1 i' J7 Z! c& EHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # |( C: G- e" k( c+ M' N6 b , e1 v. ]+ J( {1 r+ WHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , O2 X* Y: }$ p2 }2 E" p8 |6 _ 9 |! {3 @# t7 H, I% W$ hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 m2 z% `. N/ r' ~+ O( r
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), V3 ?, f! {( ]9 I" \& s
0 V% Z, I( d7 O- d0 p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # \0 O0 Y- ?! L% G; j# J5 h & x4 w! t6 E% v8 ^" N, p# X此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / u6 g) Z- V j8 B+ M- ?: | 6 [, ~5 e0 f# @- G' \( d/ S ! F6 Y1 n K# \4 P0 e& y9 Z1 r3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ E0 M! T' \+ F9 x! e8 Z- W! { 6 W8 v, K3 E0 s例如:) e1 g0 {; c( N* W9 z" p
. [0 T) N F) u0 ]* ZMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " r! B7 n' \" _# g 3 w" `) u5 H( G& fManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) v4 ^3 `( R" m2 G! u/ d l
; w$ r6 r" j/ [. v, yThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) x9 t+ _3 O! Y' g# t0 }/ X+ R' [" ~+ } A
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% |( |: ]8 E: g* z# r
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 X2 \( @8 N/ ^3 E; I6 @% M) i9 V
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) y- K. O4 `) l4 b5 w
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" p& z- f! ?# e" T) }
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & K. }8 \& Y/ g5 I# ^* q- K% |+ u( p3 C4 w* j
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + K/ u- X# b: T U7 }; O0 F& W) N P: }( e- d
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: P+ x! `1 X8 z5 F" l- ^ 8 ?* Z6 c% g" ?* v R8 L* Y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' [5 u( _! h7 x + z1 F9 H, v4 s对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ ?+ v- L. k3 y+ ~ D
( n* l. j5 K1 W2 K% h0 D- ?对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 T6 _8 t4 f& u9 a9 r* J' J f/ B, K. c% `( p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 s3 r4 [5 p/ g- f7 ~- P. z$ r$ H, x: y& k. i
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 q2 Z1 Q4 X5 j# B' U6 F) d / o) H. K2 `5 U1 X# D还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . D9 ~/ F- y! w5 y+ V: x4 w$ q6 F0 g 1 D" F& M3 L& @+ _' a6 B+ \! p有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # [9 o8 p! Q, z( S: L' z# [& ^