本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . E9 k8 R1 Y: ~; L" ]6 v8 E+ O6 a/ z( v7 p5 K. q# \ 转帖 0 n Q' M1 Z$ G2 j+ ~( r1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! L& k T# l; a, O' @* e i $ y+ w2 S: o: T/ E6 a0 `例如:7 I% P7 v% ?; i, y- s
& K9 @& N9 N" l. w
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . ]! y" }) P1 d' n1 V# X& L2 F m" i+ A, c
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . c3 s/ C/ P9 b4 N2 t7 d- l; w & {6 J6 ~8 L( ]- KThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 s6 U! ]" i; Y0 _9 j: v v* T/ K t$ }5 ^
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , Y* M3 k( h0 f- u$ n. x6 i; f6 k B5 S6 q; ~
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 T4 H, W2 X9 ~# ]' Y6 @- k
) z3 k4 k0 U( I' g; I+ P6 L q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 [* c5 W; N: W7 r; `, i+ s8 `; H2 ^- \: d7 ~
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 |' Q8 X- I. W* a / i1 ~$ k7 Y$ ~% S& @1 Z! JThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 z/ `; Y- _ u. E/ Y2 A4 r: m% W
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 b: z8 [* E5 d, i) }1 S4 _2 \
/ }7 T7 c$ g( ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! z$ I/ l+ X; @ ]/ c' H; E
- S- B {- o& x9 Q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # b) a6 ^; T' C4 s5 @* x 9 l5 o1 H" D$ k: }3 {. M: Y* u; | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / L% d1 N$ o, W( z1 o & y" |: E/ y6 S7 ~2 }0 n例如:3 d" f( |3 U' K k4 N" |/ @% O
) D6 F. G; Y" ~At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" O6 X9 p; X) ]4 D! w
8 a! K& t) |3 i
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " n' Y3 ^& [/ i& k/ t: F; o+ B7 E7 l: n( V
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' l- V- C6 W; O. {
# N: p( ~1 B' [$ M. P. w* m! iHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); @" Q" p5 [: S/ _
/ M8 l9 K& `2 N; u; [. tIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 I) _, l2 f5 b8 B5 F1 Y) S' \. R# O* g7 e
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 F' a1 W n' S) n 9 w& N: S* J; q. B$ ]6 @( VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 z/ k) N2 D! x7 U9 Z+ V0 { 2 W9 P) f$ s6 P) Q4 ?9 G2 o+ x" a- k如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; K. l: y! X8 @, X) a+ b+ g8 h2 U" O
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 D$ b# _! Q; x' Y
2 z/ ]4 K/ e) n8 g L
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) x1 v4 q" ]2 a5 `
" v0 s' o, T. lHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; p5 ~/ X# r5 b% n D 4 K; b" A6 L3 s y6 YHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) G& S9 @0 C6 ]
1 \- ?- v1 @- p3 W( q: E" ~We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 O( y6 p1 U6 s( {* t# h) T2 h 5 j6 g$ g$ Y: wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & j3 p& A# V0 y2 O8 G$ Q& n ~ : K' g/ J5 \( U, |/ _写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . r, D/ V" K1 P0 d3 G! F2 |0 U , G/ J8 ]( W {9 q9 R& u此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; @! {4 R9 E& I4 W 8 ^- `$ Y% a( s. U, e& S# ^% |* u E2 S" I% L! r) S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # U4 @& j1 [2 {/ D8 u; |; c x. h+ ^" Q( E i$ N
例如: 0 J+ k. _4 S4 n& _& O0 S H+ }5 ^( N2 s; D8 D
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 R+ [) o4 P0 [: z9 I - l% y0 V- u3 ?8 k: x" xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : F% ~: x" d/ C% r* b4 P4 H + i# V! w- i# b+ N6 cThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* f9 n3 p" d3 K. Y0 U. u
8 |6 X5 l' ~2 S$ [& I( @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( P/ {+ @ C7 S
' L3 Y9 @3 A. i% F
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " V9 s A0 p0 ` B" R * I2 K/ | [, a `$ L8 n5 b& }9 c$ K0 SPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); l( c/ O+ w* v$ g. m F
]# v' S$ Z2 I* w RCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 F5 Q) ^: P( l b1 Z1 Q, d1 _2 W
; i# ?1 V# q& D3 l6 R
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . b% q: D6 K7 C3 ~1 T7 v; G, F3 H: A0 H# d
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 T% y2 P" _+ {( V3 [
: _& @! z' F( k2 o当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ O# E7 q9 b4 y
4 s# n2 ]+ l7 s9 @对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 P( A5 g4 U4 {( Z 4 ^! M: U, h* e对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 k# _ g) l( J# B. O* J % s$ b* t8 I0 O V6 J D对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - I1 ~0 R$ M& ?: r6 H- W6 ?1 A. n7 Q% z7 L9 p# Y6 n0 A) n
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! A. K9 Q4 t2 N; l1 `% }) e
* \9 A4 H' s& P9 _9 `' P; n# K
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 X) E+ a0 n1 Z2 E" {' |
. C6 b, P( a9 j4 y/ V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! N8 h) v R6 L L % d1 d6 t4 C1 n m6 W2 l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , b% U! \" C" `: d. |9 `6 U