4 D ~7 h c# {4 O* x5 }3 nMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 ]) r0 `" W- [% R4 i1 x( B, }5 c1 G9 p
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* m) [( @7 |( g8 x- Z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 ^6 j' ^* F j L) n& u8 _/ G8 D; \" e1 W: j+ |
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ j6 Q9 `# \$ Y; | ! p6 E2 V7 ]' R& H6 DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " Z3 ]5 c# a# \8 z- r9 ^/ ^( `) U
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 ]. a0 u- J; {1 S4 ?# A, {4 G& D6 J$ I
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" b2 Z8 i* Q/ y8 |2 v C4 p
^1 R% x- y7 r# m0 C# GWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 N, u- G5 }0 c) X " Q- J/ R0 D. b5 X1 D) I [3 T4 HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # C% N4 Q8 x9 W % [: ?& t x9 L- p) L1 X0 C; o这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 g1 p3 b6 \9 U: X+ m
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. S9 H" p+ P. c, Y1 I2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 }( S4 v" B. }0 N( S3 d7 }: i% U
1 ^! s, A0 R, ~! k2 c例如: / F6 Z8 D8 T: D7 z% F3 { ' Z( I H; V* ]At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # I g7 l7 h5 ]4 F5 g: t7 M9 I9 H/ r, y- l% x t' M5 V
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . r7 H1 M- h7 }7 _9 t: `5 t9 U( D, w0 \, _0 @4 c
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# o6 D% \7 P" b9 B9 T8 C' |
# }/ [! A1 S( I# g- uHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 J# ?3 \. t( {# M, h9 N
1 T" F5 m1 y8 s# t6 e; Q1 ^In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" X+ H$ t F0 v# I& R
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " S0 V# s& A. P1 Y7 Y' {0 | , d c4 h f+ F0 K: GI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), d/ i: y- Y- \2 }
' G9 ~" `0 c6 v" S8 T8 | b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: n ?9 t- X6 V7 [7 x V! L# y
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 V! `9 ]8 B$ B
3 i' y8 ?# i6 x5 z1 _+ H* T; FThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ s4 j, |( p% {* O
; p, z) \/ d0 F/ F3 [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! O3 j/ s! Y9 J- u( ]$ y
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 w0 E0 _; }5 v( v# g , M. d& F" k& y$ k) k( t oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# ^$ P# T6 l2 V
1 p1 N; Q% ` U- t$ v" b* dEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & c) f4 f, G9 f; B' p, f5 S- e3 E# S" ^
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' N' e4 A4 H, a' @8 W. B : B4 n$ N7 O8 d6 J6 A此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# `# i4 ]4 n# s
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' w' i# R7 j* O; N, M+ S2 ?3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 h/ V7 @% j' o" l' Q: p, Y* q6 @4 P9 ?# L& y. t5 u. q7 f1 |
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( }' `5 y8 U/ o2 B* }! I8 u) R3 T: F; g* s; O( B- X" r
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 e! K0 U/ K$ [3 K( @" w! g/ }
* b0 }+ c m8 P5 \/ ZThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " H/ u8 `7 f1 N; X j$ T N, B3 P! I/ u( H# B4 _" Y
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). ]; _- J9 n8 p) E! j! a1 E" C- Y
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , [( ]0 |1 e4 ?- J: P- M2 J: x& e! u% p" \. W2 ?0 Y: u: w8 L$ y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 r7 i( q; W, d% A" c , S L$ Q' e$ { t$ DCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 P% ~+ J1 X8 T2 J2 i, v( B+ j
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ V% }! n: J% w: w/ `1 A
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + F# d( l: A- S . w" [& Y. O2 t" M. f- V. j4 B2 l当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : ~! g' p" U( |2 i$ L8 p , }" ?& z5 I. x/ _对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( R1 f% i( l1 L9 x. L ) \. g$ k, {4 O0 X( c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ i. p4 |9 A7 R+ B
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 t; F4 G, K! X$ @/ L0 ?
. C. l; G# f5 ]9 Y% N对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , F) T5 j; ]8 _3 ^% o6 q + u& Q V" }# `) z) |$ W+ T至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 E7 _2 H: o% m- u5 `
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 d& ^/ g4 _6 x# w' Z6 G$ ~1 `* ?2 W0 L4 x" o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' V* O2 S. _! {" }