本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 g3 J( ~3 k3 G3 v8 }; _6 ` 3 M6 P3 b3 R0 R; p% x6 h转帖 j- m: h6 R; f' c. d: ]2 J7 s1 l1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * I* e, T* U. n3 c, f/ [, I% l3 h; H$ |9 C+ L; y% y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 ?8 e1 M8 o$ U& w4 M. v' [1 G' y; Q* |/ H* V
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 @* W* ^/ r) _" W" C6 b, t : [. w( a! A+ t, XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- H( j+ O! q& Y% D
8 ?6 }; V) a2 @! `2 z7 o1 Q% b7 X- RThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 Y5 y% W/ f* E( w" y3 d + `9 g/ p+ W& u+ _- n/ KI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) c9 [& A) e2 T, a5 Y$ Z3 S/ r" {; H' M/ I4 L3 t; h; U
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), h4 T% p0 p9 H
7 o ^# w7 A* }8 N9 f& yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 I& O' m: N' O7 B3 d" Q, j2 d+ E% g* f0 ?7 M3 Y9 x8 H; ~
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( |0 z3 U6 }; w, W2 g' X6 R
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 N. w; z% G$ ]- @, ]+ g ! [0 Y x* O; z8 K* \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) j3 q2 g0 h3 i6 _2 ~' ^
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 Y3 j3 D% r+ A* M
@6 T" R; A- J; |& h. d7 ~4 W5 ?1 u) U) n$ Q( _ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! y; c! ~$ l* l' Z
' B2 p( d) ?" ~; u; \/ x) G例如: l: Q9 G4 e) G/ @ & U* C* G U l+ W9 o% C6 qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ e% X) n, F* r8 w2 a0 n: s
4 E2 H3 O* u$ N& y- ^ w! }Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 l3 q2 |* X$ j( c" u+ I2 J% y9 D 3 `9 e. {* s- ?+ W! yI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 h/ y2 v9 |' d/ a5 T: o+ a1 V8 X) U& o/ O
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " N; w8 \" f$ @& S ) v/ Y; L" M$ [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) K5 o; ~# S5 S, o 9 |& \- {2 _$ l. z8 z7 yShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 W; ~. G( O7 n `' b
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( R) x& D2 U; Z 7 k. @' @. N- K3 d, E如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' n' q1 o" N/ w) e, J8 y; Q
" J- [& j+ v9 B; RThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 L: G3 ^- W, j9 @' k# P
" U8 r" j) ?* u, g- E, m+ lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 I2 r3 S' `0 H) c+ i! j. n+ c; {% A" l
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % H ^9 i5 D+ h0 S8 U& ^1 v. k! x0 i/ y" k5 a6 \. M, Z. g
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* v9 u# c( x% `/ W+ F
/ ^0 b0 a" E7 I, P/ E6 @9 oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 e& H% k. j7 ? - U# j! }# k1 m9 zEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , y3 W* P: ~( ]! G! P; a / C) N$ O3 b6 `写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) i4 ]5 k t. ?- H' ^/ B& [
* z5 ]# W/ |- ?( `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' |( v; s" i5 c- A& g2 n% r9 Y3 k
( l0 S2 _/ t) o k& J( u0 r! ~+ F& m% q5 q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" [6 s+ w, f$ _
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例如: 7 m* p2 _& q9 G& S0 `# {: z# j& t. i4 r: E) f, y/ x9 D
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- ^7 G% z& B; K. u3 V; k
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! @7 M+ f4 D# a& ?) g4 C& d" ?
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 s9 e- d' y; O" [1 M' ~0 w
$ G/ g! u5 Y! q# iHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ \; ?* Q9 c n! @3 ?+ g+ E9 I' p* X" \( h* o
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # M( n& @- a7 X: {$ e0 Q* D: p1 c; R: m2 f% m [- t* I, b
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); `- P2 R: d( U$ ^( c- [+ q5 ~
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - q4 C* Z v; B- I, `- y& R: {, B6 ]% U1 j0 l8 u% B
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" A0 i; z: \: L/ x, d! ]
; X+ W" f2 }8 z- [3 {" E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , \3 K H0 `8 t, E " C8 n7 n$ C0 L1 n. I当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' g6 e' E5 v" N2 U E1 C0 J
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 j/ V# v, A+ R( }* W' ?: N8 w
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 e9 `3 y' b* t. ` ' t% A3 u1 H$ T& J% F对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; O. j9 W. G9 U) B P) O% O/ Y' g$ b
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 C; U& [, X1 ]2 ?! D4 [4 C2 ~
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" P4 V" ]5 h) S( n7 p& ]4 g% E+ x
3 `& U) P) W9 h* I还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 e5 G) {1 v8 p6 @: H; g- x
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( @$ h0 G) K- V) H: s1 ?0 J: ?; i