本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 L* Q6 n+ R5 c, ?3 b* {3 d G9 F5 v
# p E8 R+ E, t* j9 { 转帖 2 a7 G1 n, e! c, o1 C1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 W. {/ g, U7 t' r 1 n/ q8 P9 `8 w; x. \6 b例如: ! J1 F) x8 A" _$ l & z( U' b& ?. c, v% wMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); M0 z* Z% P+ d" o; \
- {8 `& V9 t7 i% R% T L5 p( IThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) f1 C' k3 i% P! x/ c( l( d) @9 Z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : e- r- ?; Y% O# w( B6 q % l" k# v5 q1 N# I" x/ L6 `! L4 N# jThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). y% @- ?/ J* @3 u
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * h; w- ]6 e% F & k7 A [ c2 E7 _0 Q) B5 QMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) L7 \" m/ u+ ~/ N
. U" b$ [ P7 e7 e0 W; Q" q4 T6 aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . V% Q$ [& e6 h5 R: Z! Q * u! B8 Q0 j8 t7 y3 sThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 m0 V3 V4 r5 b. J7 ^% y" Q8 w7 q1 t3 X: ^ X7 C/ G
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' E z! E) @3 B/ s( a% _3 R7 y2 P6 k4 V: v
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! O A7 }% L% X3 h5 H. l% b& `6 y }
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ Z; D+ [$ j" {0 P* t! m
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9 s3 u# V- K/ J% c( V2 \# L% `. V 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 h6 e6 Z- N* b" D, J3 G
; \* a) v4 |$ S/ f例如: 5 V$ M# v- o0 \. w* m% b/ o " T& E) ^$ N, ?: Q q( h( o( _$ TAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( s% f5 i8 d: _ 6 J. L6 K# ] c) K: ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 k1 X3 D$ v" J" q* R3 K
* m4 x+ {/ O! W7 p4 YI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 Y' Y. u i% a" _. P! u: B3 B+ V& A4 F
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 y3 Z( r% T5 }* A( j$ | 4 A1 q1 o% h( _# N6 k/ k/ gIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) E. D: T$ m7 U3 Y; s7 J 5 @* O5 j1 S- |4 @She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' N6 Y. T* n- M% \, @ 3 Q5 |! @4 X* F6 oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * N& }" ^4 v- ?( Q. o5 m Q: \8 z6 I/ N. x' m0 P) I2 ?( F
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 x2 ?- U U& V k0 D4 g( q2 M# Q: Y1 {; P' a, E/ T
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - y$ W0 V$ y( |' U, ~7 Z1 D5 _2 K) r
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : X( Z3 B! a& ^3 P) Y 1 p7 f e! [& j1 LHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* \8 r8 \, v4 M# u" {. M2 X# ]
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- W- m- @# e$ G& ^: G3 S; v9 \
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; `7 R0 q( I8 V- s # R# }/ M: p& i# }1 c7 v( r; q wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . ]. {8 ~% Z% u: H+ N4 z, c# {6 u% x# R! V+ T+ m
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * H& R+ T. ?3 n+ a: U8 V0 ^2 `; k" i& V8 E
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 q% j4 ?- u6 @' k9 X" d( [; @6 Y! y4 e- m3 V
8 `& o5 @, x% X! i( Y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 b3 I2 h/ c" j, j. h# z+ H( E+ B
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( ?+ @& \, y4 b4 t/ f0 I 2 y- @. D# P: V& f4 ~6 |2 QManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) s5 R5 `0 T9 i" B6 T
4 ~+ T/ J: ]" j- ~, k s- e& TThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 h& m% w R% f1 \. E1 k1 O- M# O# |
8 n Q& S3 m0 c) Q3 B2 i: f. @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( S! P8 y7 b# w2 B$ a # g, Q7 [# _+ ^' _7 T7 zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ d) ?6 H; P) a$ a2 `; j' P / F0 {3 Q) b# S6 t# x% t( tPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 a z0 N6 Q/ k) ]* q8 i% _
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* v8 p; G; g' s6 ^' ^6 \
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . \2 {% M9 o! { % B( m' I b- V6 d8 @. p3 D( S7 L& s同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( O/ I1 o$ o$ d* a/ C" }. H! Z7 ^
, j' F( u0 z$ B+ F0 _' @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % m; A8 _' W5 h- _9 R( r1 X) t: f; w, l0 g5 d" c9 t/ }
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 Z) C3 w4 v6 Y3 n4 d; M' Y" L6 }, G+ s& \6 W# D" \/ O+ o$ Z6 h
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 A) t: n0 v/ q# M$ |) Z$ l8 o8 X" X- e+ C% [7 _; T9 l: r
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# U' \1 n/ _" }* ^4 h% b1 H3 U
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! V6 G* p- i, O/ K# R. D/ ^9 e0 L' u8 m0 {( e$ f
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) e& p5 D, K& s! u2 O
/ L+ v, r5 `. T7 q$ `5 C$ w3 Q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 [. R( N9 j6 q% k( p