本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( p; L- c9 A; E! ^ / j' A* }1 b4 u3 [/ M转帖8 |6 U% B0 s; j! b' l3 n
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 E& [, C w3 Y* i4 B0 D/ ~ % S( y' e, I5 _! S例如:* }6 X& [ ]! E' O1 ?0 k+ S) B
1 M2 r, {4 O |9 b3 \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * M# t ?! }" @2 b5 z% `/ {! `, o* u2 U: s t
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( e* x+ t8 S* G5 f; u
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 v( I7 v5 E! [' L- D
9 h- z) X' O( ], o* B- JThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 b% `" E/ w6 C" I% m! |3 _ 0 M3 I5 V' x0 a* m% j- I. u- y3 FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 [4 X& `" i8 u1 v/ n" R6 T
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 w- {8 P; E8 Y" r T7 O: ~5 z! K. }) Q: @& l, A ~
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ \" g. o# x% q+ U n0 z5 z9 W
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' g4 M% W' M+ k3 T z; F' ^: v* e
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % L S# D% V" d: s/ C2 b+ }8 G4 O8 _7 x/ u2 D4 M0 t
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 e2 U1 e, O7 {' F
4 D b7 K* N+ H5 K$ G& m+ ?# c这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 G- S; C2 K3 W/ d4 n. K2 M' K
' a+ z8 Q/ V2 y' g3 g1 m; B: e' ? + k! h7 t2 L; {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( M. k9 A# C2 F7 q$ x7 a % [% J5 y. X7 ~( F5 B$ ^ V% a例如: Z9 h' R9 d" P! d, D7 e: p $ }; D4 b+ {" B* @4 pAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' D, Y- h* E" S# _; W8 | ~- g. @
' j7 `* Q" c @0 [7 t- mDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! X7 F3 L2 J; y: @# D
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' H0 C. D' K6 z' Z w J5 _
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % ?/ J2 s. P% Y) q, J- K W0 _/ G
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 A! p& T3 p, L. N
* s4 `7 s; }1 [- b j* B) kShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - Z$ q0 H% l2 S' Q3 M% T7 M8 ?3 K* K% }2 m
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) j2 g# v; f( j0 L , Q6 f, E6 e* M5 t( ~4 \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 n# V* r# ?$ ]" Q4 M6 s , y6 P- M) }. y6 s' |The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* Z; N7 U& U& `( K1 c
" r2 m. G$ Y$ I& uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 N k% e* c8 K% b8 Z! H( T6 ~0 L6 o& z
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ ^* D. o% G5 N
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # q0 {- s8 v' ] e& n' [! \, ^" a# i; N! X% ^, Z8 N, p
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 B8 ?, K( o" b; u% i9 m$ b
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( b d* A' q6 `# j4 K; v * Q5 q+ m$ l& h( _$ p: q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- {8 Q6 A% F$ R3 n- S
8 G" f! {5 @# H3 ~此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& X2 H7 L: x) }, f+ P. c i
2 W0 p! v* o3 m8 Y; f$ L! |( C. D3 s 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " b2 w: l, |5 N; R9 j4 I8 g& n R: S% V0 ~/ J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* W+ e4 D- `! s5 y7 w: J4 e- Z
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & S( T. T9 a- r4 ]( v8 _$ M9 J7 @ r4 ^: ~" K8 P
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , R8 _3 c% Z* O. G - A3 F( C- c' \# e' \4 WHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % x. l2 o: S: S$ _6 K6 X: A. q# p4 _. s+ L9 l( @; W, k
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# \) s: W# [) l2 l4 ]
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " X: d; u8 j8 J3 K1 @: R& c5 [! T$ {+ L! W
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& `) y/ ~5 t' M8 S! _2 L6 n* |
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): y) l5 z5 { q8 ?; E
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 j) E, a' Q: x. ?5 }. z. k) S. Z- w* P / p4 g0 h$ u5 p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 D* }; M" \& V7 S7 V, V& |& I# m 1 q" h* L2 l6 L! D8 Q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% ?: a9 P6 N4 I8 w
+ p% v; B# j" r& L$ i1 S对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 K3 u- C" q! u! i/ q+ P1 L( a/ ~ W
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 h2 T0 j) \" D; S! E4 E/ H
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 k) }- O; S0 c+ o & m0 I- S: p* A2 E, M; B$ v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. j& F3 x+ C+ m$ N, {
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 I# V; y Y) O9 w6 E
9 `6 V' ~$ b) Z& l* ~7 G( G; I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . w! l- x# x$ u/ N: A