本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " y8 X; U- T ^' n- D- J0 n- e9 @7 l) m) | E 转帖/ n! L8 G/ N; J X! O+ F) k6 u
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); X4 L( |) ~/ [2 j
8 \' X5 i; ]5 G8 Y ~8 t% a例如: * b/ P$ E$ ^3 l4 z+ F1 S* \. t & z) y$ S y, y5 Q H0 E- Q1 L7 mMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 h4 J& { ~6 l, E$ B0 x$ u
. x2 S# u& e# ]4 [% \0 ^Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . n. k# c* ?% X9 L# b; g0 ?* u" q" X8 H
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % N' d8 r V3 U" n0 R 3 D6 n& O* @+ s" M& x. cThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 I0 V% B( Q0 j+ B# D+ @) K: r 0 ~9 O2 F. X8 }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 ]* I1 g6 \* h4 q2 Q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & ?. M: ]0 F2 I' x) A3 T* Y! a% P. v6 W( x. R
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' m; u( c; P; C
( b O u w* iThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 l5 |3 ]) [+ y: ]
1 m0 l: D$ q$ d V. kWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 r) u. P* M2 N$ A: l/ R ' S# S2 X! \& zPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ [" q t X( f& E1 i& @
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - ~; ]. y2 r1 M, E. ?' w' W( |* z8 U! [
( d$ M: } k! q' b( { 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 V3 L! A$ ]1 X1 C+ G s1 K1 b0 r5 [) Y/ N& ~
例如:! |$ m# F1 M$ C2 s
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + j" F5 {- p% q- w- W# P! s0 {# K& }9 ]
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# t3 S E6 N3 }8 l5 {. ~
8 K V4 r3 S3 m' c% R. D5 R2 dI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 p- g: R8 V, A! V9 l- l
9 I5 o1 q% `, |6 W% U( XHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( B9 z" g5 L2 ?. B0 V7 d: j7 E2 s% v$ y$ Q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- l$ P$ q, R- S$ G2 h3 U1 j
R4 v, F# ]" m# Q% C7 TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + }' z, ~4 o) X4 k 7 K5 e1 f$ Y B; i( ^8 T1 U, [* Q8 ZI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % k1 Y( U$ U7 ^/ K0 S2 u. l) q+ o# @
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' L- B0 x0 B" S7 @
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ o8 N2 }6 A2 y7 @
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 ~" d/ I% M$ }& a ! w; Q9 C$ Z) g& I \; ]8 ~ ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% d) \" I- ]* H# f* h' d! I, {
. B2 J* O: S1 b1 m: LHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " g- @% \6 a' k5 _6 Z $ y) G) j+ Y( y& h" rWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : k7 K* R2 a; r {' W; u4 ] 7 B: s9 V) Q5 h aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 S' q4 G( F d# h
4 Z( z2 B& z$ }# Q8 a& z+ n0 t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 z6 N: z) a6 r" m& {1 M# ~5 Z( H0 p9 h4 Q5 b
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. s; m8 ~8 S8 q- f
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$ `/ H+ g- R3 ?0 f* j0 I% M 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " S/ n' @: F2 {: a: P. w. |& P) ~* n$ E
例如: # E9 q) q1 ?) C+ |* f- E8 } + @" E# f5 V$ c3 _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- g% F; }: X& Z/ {, J. L4 }# {
+ H* }: d+ v7 G4 \" i$ SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! Q) ^" @& S1 B" G9 w7 }" }! e7 Y9 W* T; s [- {8 I
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# n" R7 Y9 H# b: U) c
/ S) G' `$ ]2 yHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)3 K0 t4 C' O4 E8 @1 `% c
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& h6 E1 r7 Y4 [( S5 H8 G( _
5 a/ @6 J, ^( R8 N" B6 t8 vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * ]& {1 P! @( C- M3 ]2 h, `) ^ h b [) X% M
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . W6 q: w5 j) D' i5 F 8 E6 M/ V: V$ ]7 Z: zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 |( _( B6 r5 |5 b" w6 i6 h
2 t* D% m0 D& S' P2 q T+ e. f1 m同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 E6 r( L8 O+ [# S
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 h1 V4 G/ U; v# o7 t1 p7 h