本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : o. m, c) g' T6 e1 C: o
& D$ p1 [- r" r8 |/ y 转帖 0 J' g& G5 J+ Z4 `& A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + {' |/ v+ H8 k/ \ " P+ P9 d8 R }$ b, ]例如: 6 `5 [% _5 `, x3 w/ e 8 X* w/ R- G3 c) G L3 Y2 OMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; D* M. k8 z: v3 h0 a+ S# a1 I+ x2 [4 }/ F" Q
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 [) e! r% b _: x5 K * n5 n, A1 @# e! ]$ SThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 w' p* I% Y/ A% i1 t9 q1 R3 ~$ i( u5 a2 m. x1 L
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . ^! z: g+ N2 l5 S' b* T' O+ c8 \0 e$ Y. F4 ^
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 D: y5 G3 f: m+ i0 F% B) _! F' o
9 y J3 C/ m9 i4 b3 F) |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' z3 T! I/ {5 A& w: e8 a' O8 ~ B( a
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); h& d; C7 M6 s3 }
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & Q; @8 n$ M' I, F9 z+ V5 p. g, j- }& M6 w7 h$ l L5 r* h$ v
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - N0 P7 G1 x! ?5 ^% y& c3 {% B ; X: H) H2 w3 B0 P' aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # H5 k. S; ~5 ~7 v8 O8 k w/ ^/ y2 E( V( o
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 m; { w3 q0 o0 D9 z
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2 _6 \. a& Y/ S5 d' i" a2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 q+ N8 b4 X3 `( z( |1 V
M/ S! i" F/ E1 [! d$ C- B7 ^' h例如:! P" m8 D8 c Q+ Q% o0 |2 X6 I8 ]
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) S) W$ u6 T5 r$ q) }' o : t7 N/ |8 W1 y6 ^* X: vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 M$ N) s; ?! r/ B4 z( I
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 ^+ i5 j9 G S k& J- [0 j
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* }1 \) M: j% c
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + G+ D, C* m$ [0 y& z6 c* G+ m3 W) |( T6 O$ B
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . ~4 c5 n9 H: i: W- H5 x. k0 j7 }
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 k9 K, v! x( z1 S- k, u4 K) n7 |6 B5 a8 C# y
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, N2 k$ h! N K% u3 D5 c
% z1 B/ A! @$ R0 p0 H% W' ~The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 e8 L% v- y5 r2 r1 N1 O
" G7 Q5 w }" H5 V' p. mThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# c+ z3 j! Z+ \, k: O
3 N3 E7 c0 X/ M7 I' L; q( y7 O# Q9 bHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 P( h& {' n4 ^
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" G" Z# Z ?* y+ v
F- S1 L8 y* [! Z5 \5 T# I6 lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' ^9 S% P, X% j" }- F! H& j9 h, b& R% X7 Z5 a
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 A( L. ]* B, d
& ] I* `' k: `# {9 B- ^写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / x+ P; \' Z# p. W7 l* s4 f/ q7 r' z$ {2 @- K
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 a$ E- x4 T0 y+ e) G' d% Z% p: i2 c* ^0 n/ \+ P1 p
. R' c5 u, H9 h# i. K3 l, }& I 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& u1 a7 Q' E I9 V/ ^6 G
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例如:4 s3 g1 V; ?1 W g' B3 H
& R- M1 j/ ~5 L4 U" lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' I( |8 m4 ^7 C0 L
+ _3 s$ r0 j5 r3 E- K. hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 G% z5 E! S# Z; `
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 r1 f- n# D/ G: V9 L2 m" I8 Q$ c4 n M2 k: h8 u% w# G2 G1 x* u
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / r6 d" C# W+ _3 q' o . ~" O/ }* m$ ?4 }, K2 f, q' UMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' G* w8 G p, M- V3 V) s( J _2 w5 F; M [: G3 l; IPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / S/ }0 J4 L& x0 a* Z7 B! E. d3 M& _$ m9 B
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : c% W3 q0 t" {0 J3 ? & K" H' l. z4 k6 D2 MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; ?4 I, ~2 F) Z' l7 C# ]0 Y - \. w) `( } k! w e: z* u# Y" v+ K同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / n& f4 R4 p/ O R9 I0 `7 d2 Q 1 c+ E }. P2 x1 d/ M$ U+ e当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . z+ o* S4 Z* x- L. T. m - _( H' G, A3 e. p% n. I对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! d. [1 y; Z. ]& \& z
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 5 I, e. Q2 ?( c! ^, p4 A( a1 u8 O+ |0 v! y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 T1 f5 z3 y! N& J% I! b$ x
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 F- N) ~! v5 d K5 b, C
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # f5 W( E! c, T+ u/ m( m1 ~: k# {) ?5 r- x9 x8 n
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # o% L2 x& A+ o7 A3 @4 M / K' E$ X" G5 N! X9 z' E; U% n有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / u$ k) L! D7 _) t$ k8 a2 g