本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 W6 X3 ?# T& @$ Z' k1 M0 {+ b. S# c3 o" E( K 转帖" {! v% Q6 H, g! u9 R r/ O7 y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 [% L6 M) F* X' v* `1 R( Y
* K9 o2 X% `/ A8 x3 D; ~, A$ V4 p7 Z例如: 7 t9 o! C; m' P4 c8 N+ Z6 Z / t: Y" _+ s# ]6 _( Q3 MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) e. m1 _9 n* \8 ^* { : W+ n; B# w- z$ [* b+ z. AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - s( e" L+ u- K! e d ! x: O' a; I) |3 H8 g+ rThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 @: n% |/ [: Z3 v, j! ]9 I( B/ |- y- m* D2 u( b% R
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ w' }/ n; ]% L8 S
9 [" W% f1 d( z& t3 `I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! G' g0 P! ~7 j4 [# q5 b8 U& p4 l" l. W
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 r( }3 E' g2 |1 o) m2 Y L4 ?9 m% z( h
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ \1 }0 t' r+ g/ Y' n ) ^# [# O, U7 [6 F& ^7 E' h1 @The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! V" M8 d. t0 [; f2 K& e* N* R . T6 z( x5 f8 q7 @; Z0 [We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ H1 j; Z- Z+ g/ B. y
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) V* ~5 A0 R( f1 ]2 A$ t9 [; r: A$ b! Z( s7 S+ p8 y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* s- ^5 F& \( y" D' i) _
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9 U0 {0 ]. D, x5 Y. e% B [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) u0 T5 ~9 y8 u g" D/ p
+ f/ J9 b; x: x: }( J. [- }At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& A1 {1 A. n# A! {/ T, _
% H" P! A& z) p5 k: o+ i6 r0 JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ]% t4 J2 w/ s, [- ?/ t9 Z1 L. l7 L
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 S4 k$ N0 {' n$ x
/ W5 W; {. A) E) [5 M* \% NHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # h- | P$ B2 a; h, O; ]6 C3 f 4 s/ V2 p* B( @9 o! f" [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% V+ U8 E1 o- T& p! t* S
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 ]* J; [! U+ N- |6 | $ n8 R, ?5 G5 Z d# F3 q ~I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- l7 }: \; Y9 ~( _, u$ j
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / F2 V# G+ H, J |$ F# C, k1 l( h3 v, t& X- n% e# N$ O( n7 u
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 p: C0 @0 u: U6 c( i5 U9 H; u8 T$ u
& a* X2 X" i0 |7 j3 NThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% v- i( p: e$ ?3 ~$ Q. i5 }
. f1 b( m! c. |; f8 AHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ R/ D, l. ]+ n# S1 @+ x' k
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- b- N8 w* g. x7 z
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " |7 t( G+ e8 H5 o# M3 J: X* E- x- }; ]
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 @' c% O; ]8 C) q8 E
' D$ m( h, D. \! H; A3 `, X* e写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 t- r1 [2 C7 b3 F8 N, q
+ e) c$ k- X3 u6 a5 X( I; a6 p8 ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 }0 y& C: G5 d0 ?! ^0 w5 w$ D
: ~9 A7 f; l) T' @5 X* I4 F/ Q - d" ?) P p! c0 f3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 {3 s1 |3 M" S( W( e% }, a% Y6 J9 x* \% y, @" z4 s# Y
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : z9 B2 J# N! W% D1 k $ {' I! W$ H Y! ~! uManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) w$ O6 }9 [0 ~, `! A) w6 l% _$ x4 f5 e( _1 o" X
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 z' P( J2 W7 Y
3 x( l; F, U+ n3 a; O* g; y, _He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 z( d: p! ^0 ^; ?6 h* S. I, A7 ^8 |; n+ h3 S* `7 T ~
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , T9 | u0 k( `) E2 M0 d% Z ) ]* e% a: q& }6 f vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 i: V% }6 b0 ^/ t
% k- P S: J, N) [) u! h- g$ g- O' ZCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : W# [, T/ E6 \' G. E8 `# G. p1 k3 [1 n, X) P
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 C# k) A7 q. H; }8 B4 h/ w 6 e. O" I" P2 T' p同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 T+ b- S6 u& G" w
8 d) [, L% L) h& Y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; d* h3 n- _. l
: w% i, x) ]7 ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; L! h1 r5 ^) g& J# f* u& C& C8 n - _1 |+ M- Z/ J) |' ^对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; J' R& G: p8 F ' a# G) ]) b8 S2 s% V3 J7 W- {( S7 G对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' x/ B. a# y: K- e* @
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; D0 K# B, g1 ?6 K4 A! G8 m4 y ; Q# S6 N. m0 I至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . ?8 f, Q, H- t* ~. z# f9 T 4 ~. U0 X# U* Q0 K/ G. Z+ V$ X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 f- |( ~7 _6 u7 s( F- I8 p* E. W6 C2 O3 O2 c7 m
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 }- S+ ]% @( \6 {5 Y6 z' J* e