( i- e* r! O/ p. Y- i7 hMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). Z( z* ^$ ]# [' R. L2 |; {" N
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) X, H+ B% i( W8 t4 m2 A' n2 p" J7 d( u
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% y- x( H8 w5 h& k
$ X. r! h0 S( r& v' G9 B! S/ iThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) i9 p0 z( r( N ~9 s% W ! ]7 _7 q3 e$ O/ h- C7 qI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * J; e$ L: g( @ ' q- p" u1 |# m$ X9 SMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( Q0 O1 [1 h6 t& Q% | ) C% n3 K: h0 Y" r- I' r9 w: [& hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 {# v) C; |+ ?$ _/ s5 Y
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & _( d5 f+ R7 Y8 r5 A% _; o& \5 S6 ]" K6 S% S6 [" d
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' l i ?' F1 Y" y) s3 |9 X0 H
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ ?' _ O5 V6 s6 g: D
! o$ z* c# f: O' T3 d这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / t$ I3 C& G' o / c o% `1 G/ T0 s% W- v" t: {, J( n5 m. |$ F 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 p/ L; M8 [+ y" Y7 a( ]) p+ N0 N* h: U7 T9 n# Y
例如:1 k1 @0 G$ }5 l* ?+ T
_, k+ ~( z9 {& Q) W8 iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- o/ K$ t$ H: u' ~
9 G* _* Q' j9 w7 a3 b4 bDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , t9 H q V; `" T* \( Y + z' S! {3 D' v4 R3 e6 GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' l) K: t5 X4 ~6 @6 |
( j4 c+ ]& N }3 N; X( F1 jHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & K+ R, x; B! D% o; c6 g. J3 @" p. o, d' Z; \8 f$ |
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- L4 f- H9 ~) U% {6 {8 e! R; Y3 I' m4 p+ F
5 P. a" R6 q- J* @0 g+ v! VShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , A: e+ Q* P, P F : a' ?. [ h. `3 t# F7 [I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% F7 g; M% F" B" `9 ]
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: c+ v9 C+ K- Q5 q$ C) \
U; q0 V: R# r- B5 i5 y( NThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ N- x$ r8 e- y% R# F
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% L6 G4 C- H0 N; A; o0 N
+ m7 b0 v3 c& q* kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; m6 c+ O4 h7 T8 ~. P9 T0 K " q9 v$ K# I% Q$ g$ E+ U' EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 ?5 k! o7 b3 ~5 K5 @/ V* u. k V; ?
9 i" {" i; R+ R. U, oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 s2 n6 q2 q, X# o& V
2 e5 M) O. G, _, _Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ q% m- z$ c# x& i7 l8 O4 }: j
* m) v" g/ r) v* X! m( {写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ f/ `, k7 v! A- Z
; E, k$ E: @) n n* a% z& X+ {此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: a! l# f* D6 K( Z; s( k8 ^. W! C) l- ~$ T
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- _- J% N9 Z- v3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : P J( U, F: V! |; i) i7 Q& a6 v; U# g" p6 b/ H; w
例如:4 A" t+ W7 a6 \6 X a+ B3 v; Q! t
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / [5 S# w( {/ Y3 X9 i1 s - ^; A0 M; g0 S' O. {) }( iManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 W* |( I1 E; Y4 [* O N, u. V- T) ?4 {0 w0 e" X, ?3 }
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / i( l. K' x+ |( i, q6 H& q 3 U. D! E k& j. yHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! {" S/ M) ^/ C; r @: I, y2 C; V3 I. N& H1 v) W; t$ I% k
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % P# J1 ?, @5 u, m% \% f , I, Y+ G. }- l% h" v, U2 w$ RPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " Z+ T- u% o- @. v. y/ B* z+ j$ p * i9 \5 c# ?: E- _4 l" l2 PCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 U0 V, o. K8 D0 Z/ j K : \+ I; L( Y5 p) B( W( _Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 n/ y* A4 s# P# o& `3 i+ @( h& M& t8 I2 f8 l; x
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 s9 Q- L* a& v( h; S; r/ @3 J f* T: o+ q# n V" a4 I8 F/ e7 |
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# O3 b. ?7 ^% ^' f
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" Y% m' s e( B& Q1 N
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 o8 }* @! Q3 Q$ o7 I6 S9 {
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" L- e. j! X n7 Z5 B0 f0 C8 Q
3 F, F. H1 I+ Z! s7 ?2 H. @+ ?还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 c/ R6 [( x \& f# L$ m- B6 w; A% q% m
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( [) q, S) e4 i8 k3 Q; A