本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' Q7 K3 o0 @4 M- s. B. H
# z6 V+ `8 g, g6 K! X& I7 Q 转帖 6 ]0 P& \9 @2 B5 r1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 [/ q3 _9 T7 S/ [1 H W2 s/ t6 m
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % M7 r3 _4 _. H* _) w1 G4 p 4 ^4 j- d. \0 a9 S2 Y& CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), J- O8 H* o/ H8 b
3 ^! X- D( Y) `5 Z/ v- o( d _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + |. \% [! e; Z2 a7 W2 h( N6 H" h: g7 W
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % ~0 F9 J" g+ \, W8 T / I+ {1 k1 f1 \4 c' ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% I) Q- `0 j. Q# d) L& u
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( K) i/ |+ K9 M0 D* W
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). }0 d9 k* Y' s! K! r+ B1 B
+ C7 p4 ~* L, P& oThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 Y! l Z/ R) H" c3 c+ q5 N0 f( a7 O
, N5 S% o: g% y- MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 x- o7 \* T' \- K& g6 A' _ A- r7 m. T: S# g: I( i/ i
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 l2 O+ H5 p0 L4 g
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / p6 s; ?/ E1 q, @ $ J& x& s9 ` H3 V4 L- e- W5 K6 h. m; ~1 h 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" R9 V4 s/ Y7 O4 ~
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例如: ( R4 i/ B; W$ S+ ]0 h ) g# K# a! X0 y5 q( R3 }& WAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / m. v5 N% v/ m) M* x {) r8 b+ l 2 v- [! \" w! f- C" JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# W0 x5 n4 c9 _/ J
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- s2 A- P0 T. p: B. O" k9 d
: R1 q. _3 U+ ]# e9 yHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 E" N0 N! n1 N$ U/ O $ P- e! {) U. L/ L" p2 X% GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 I9 g: R( h) p0 m, B" P& G9 K0 v$ o5 w& ], M# J% _, h, u
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 j+ i( ?" t$ U8 H/ d; c, X8 t
) \( t. h5 U c* c& a9 _. eI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 f1 w+ ^" E Q5 g( @0 g7 y& v
2 h4 y. |4 _/ C如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# R8 f v! ]- n# E' n" c1 Y3 }1 S1 d% K
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : |5 s; o4 ]3 V. M0 S% M S. J, c% r
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 s$ J1 ?# @2 z1 ], t" i' ~3 I) [& a# I A
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' q, L7 x4 i0 ~" c9 u " R2 |: q% q" [8 ^; e" CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) v1 [4 n. A* W4 @, L: U* }9 z
8 N( C. Z! Z9 S0 U# Q+ MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # Y! t; l$ `9 m C $ \7 P7 X, _4 T3 ]' r6 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & v1 h6 {% W: Z8 K7 k# V% e6 i/ X. @5 D
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # g( G( w$ n- U/ i7 M) {7 T# ?# d% R7 @
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* K+ Z8 |9 V0 e3 t6 G
9 a$ q2 B$ F3 g1 N , W r) f9 r. j1 i, s8 c6 v3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ z |1 e: x) ^( ^
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例如: 7 g' h2 n6 D: s ! @" _% S0 |( _& C$ I- tMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ m! r }/ y n1 w- q8 G$ f
; t" k! K1 y- JManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - z' f, |$ E8 ]/ e! r6 |3 s 2 b$ q4 a) B/ R% xThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' M1 F5 U9 w0 q2 M. n" X$ W7 O
% E2 ^# H. b- d" T" RHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& ^' `8 t0 g$ U. ]
+ h8 S- c) t5 h' N- tMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( @! i F/ t) b9 S
$ u& \" S2 P4 V% K5 _2 o+ QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 p( B0 L6 Z# @9 y1 k$ [
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), X" s3 m& U2 a9 z1 Q2 k
, J. i4 ?2 B: M$ O3 P1 z3 W% l. xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . a0 q: O7 U/ C+ \- G+ r1 ] ( D1 J; |! B6 {" r& \3 f2 \" V同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 @0 c, d" U+ \- I
% k3 G. ]) H F- b6 m当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 R, r" o! a5 ]8 w6 ^) H4 z
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 r) N$ ^8 y. J/ U r/ x
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 h2 Z: L5 @+ H' i - K6 Z. X2 ^7 u! B: a. x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" c0 ?; r! r* A# a2 j# P$ v7 F
# g, O1 u1 T! u. d+ E对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 o% n! U+ k0 c) M; {1 m
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: r: @6 N9 o9 W
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。5 ?; {' f) \1 T/ w
/ _) f0 a$ f7 E/ n u有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 t o/ W: T0 E2 d; g