本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / F* o; `% H/ D! e+ b5 Q; y
2 b% ~8 h2 Y, r& t# G 转帖, C+ Y- x0 u$ V/ O. ^. G1 L: ?
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ q! Z1 ^2 o- b$ N4 p
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # g+ i, p; D2 f 4 N5 l, K% c( AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . G& |* k8 y/ K3 H2 L, V& q* \ , ^" \- X8 T; `* v+ L9 `7 NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 G) q- o3 ?# c* F2 y& p' E, H3 C1 k M$ ] z+ V3 g4 ?
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- r! j% e0 K+ S" a
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 B/ n' \ m7 Y * C9 |# e& J _6 |. Y4 L# q/ XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / e2 n5 M$ a* g! o' H6 ^3 N , c1 Z( `: Y: l6 {! g, qWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): t5 B; `3 e+ ^- ?! q
, r( m1 e9 b; A7 w, wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; E7 \6 v" X7 K" x% M+ i# a+ n: F" G* J5 i
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 G) b$ I" T- i2 P* R
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 s7 {" @ u; v2 U( q! Y3 t
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 C( {% \+ P8 C- x
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3 V7 ~# b/ Y8 {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. Z/ d x8 x( K1 W% i/ i a
3 I" Z8 j3 i. J例如:4 U0 y+ w( R" ^/ x3 [1 ~; |& q
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 t' m: ^6 t; H+ u
4 j; |% D6 `/ EDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , B# f8 m- o& A5 H( C7 o; D/ ^' \4 {8 X1 X8 i" f( O
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 _' }, M% }* p% s$ r # O. ~, x v. \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 @% `/ U4 w5 G7 o2 B6 L+ X
' ~- d8 i2 e% X, ?, ]" N' _+ NIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- L0 N# x. v# _5 \, F* w( _
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 p! U# S2 j: H$ x# p5 U6 F9 P 1 ?/ b- R% L9 P3 s6 F: i4 j+ MI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 _/ g3 }9 B4 Y k: H7 [# H
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , ~* d1 l: F, z0 \* g& V # u' x7 q; L9 xThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , _% S" x4 P5 E$ ^" I* U" c6 S/ O- V$ y, G* l
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + o) U: g6 D/ H; q & i! d5 |6 r9 N/ R: Y/ ]: UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ {; m5 O8 A/ D& A$ j * D' @) u$ O! H) w0 U; ]He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ g9 h1 f y( k/ \
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 }5 r& c+ K1 v" E2 z J/ L5 G+ f4 `( ~5 U
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : [% j0 ?% r- j' B6 m 2 C" l! b( V4 _/ r1 c; z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ r& U, m v. G9 M5 z: U3 n/ M, {0 r5 q
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & X2 x+ p1 i4 Y2 j2 q6 n5 u4 q5 s: ^, g) j8 o/ X3 W4 K
8 _$ \+ U8 q- Y$ K* _" y8 m8 q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , ?. C1 ~3 R* ^# j, d# J+ x$ L2 S# h/ Y% ?
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 t" F9 P, y+ A- Q, R( r [% |; _
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 n% V7 ~6 g/ I$ i% [
+ p8 J; M. b3 \This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ h |. J) |+ q4 e$ |0 H* R5 j* p$ H4 b9 S' s+ k/ e# a
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & p& N/ ?( o& P; a% Z O# l, { % R) {/ Z* p* x' B- rMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) e/ @% T( t3 g6 N! M4 n+ t1 I* q' m5 p$ j" h6 Y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 W/ r% p2 Z3 z) b1 a1 k% m
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- Y/ \+ ~$ L i) T9 t' I' Y
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 F8 i/ m+ s0 F9 Q5 ~
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 P' W* D2 `; k $ {8 r! M0 k1 l7 p' L2 e# K当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 g, N3 e6 ~) I! x
8 B, e% E9 k' L0 \0 C/ ~至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 q5 ^4 u/ Z1 i9 t8 f
3 Z6 G- i; k2 v7 S; b: Z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! `7 K) L. n6 F* m$ f' I% n9 a9 z1 V9 G6 T. {
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 v9 w' D4 [. \& \# V( N