本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 R6 r" m) K" T1 y7 r # U8 M' U$ N* C$ C转帖2 I/ O" r! L, M' n+ i6 H5 v
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 w" o$ C# c6 I3 w8 S) [' ~ . h& u8 D/ T: P' I/ H例如: , U# M- R( y# j. m8 D ; h3 H5 @4 q% K9 CMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% i# z8 ]4 V* E; }
5 M4 [4 D# p/ G, o0 t: Y) A9 EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( P2 `/ f- m. p% a7 K$ [$ h4 l+ M. E3 G( ?1 p# v4 j; J
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' B5 G8 m% W! ] ; q1 M! j' H- r$ aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' N. Y6 x/ F P6 ~8 w4 e* a- k$ l5 u& c& F9 a
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 ]. _* U, a* c
1 P; H, h9 m$ u6 h2 u2 o; [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 D" B4 N- c/ H. A/ C# |: d ' X L( n$ d0 X) RWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( ~; D' V. q; S- S* ?4 N6 S
" {: \ v; V7 Z3 `7 kThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 X0 O' b: Y( ^6 b: P; J/ @1 W
6 T: i% f( l y$ pWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 f' V l# |, D, o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 W# c; o) k+ m* b1 g
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 q+ c' o8 D% A4 o; [# T8 d+ t/ l
7 D. r! l- \ ^: _. h* l! y$ k2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ z8 V- ]5 Y7 Z2 X
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例如:, Y" \! p" T" w; a8 e/ j/ N9 t
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ g! |1 d9 Z& W' t) ]! G; X
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) X; K& @, P3 n, n6 T: @' D# z1 |, M
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % b( v t6 j+ i0 A/ r ) f7 }% h; ^" @9 S wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 U2 A" @: H+ T8 O4 {! X2 r" `! R + O e3 m6 ]: a, N# P) }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); E W% y2 S/ M/ W+ p
' l! u. y% c: Z7 Q$ nShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 F- M1 c9 a |1 _/ K; m/ P % O0 u, D+ R9 K3 BI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' _# L: ~8 ^: k8 c" r/ v6 T2 ~. Y# n' y1 h& h: y8 i
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 S4 s6 j( h+ j# N: F 7 ]6 g/ W' R( u4 b" \8 MThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 ]$ w+ H* \: s+ \ ( t, x0 K7 T" i$ M; s9 L! qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 \$ c5 {+ z# T- w! y! ~$ @' j+ I+ j1 A" {; i
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# i6 ?* u: d; N4 @( n( g. s. ?: s
6 W. L6 N8 c5 ?% gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % r1 Z7 P8 |4 ]( L * j/ X8 T4 R5 q, o( @9 CWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( x0 S8 y5 K6 c' l8 O( G* W- i6 J( J9 _% l
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " a5 H/ }) R( L7 Y' s7 r6 G ( c! W- W4 Q' s& c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# m% |" Z+ F9 t" H: i/ m1 q
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) j' c) t$ Q; B- C! w
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4 f5 z4 q* u( _, Y, }# l; X1 l+ o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 l+ B1 a- Z( s4 `: s" K! H1 v! L" k1 H( B' ?- ]
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) i5 t+ L" ?& C: j1 U* I4 l" ~7 l( r0 ]6 d) X6 o; l! v
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + N8 O% ^; Z: C+ l' H1 q! E% | , m4 c. R; D- ]: t& y; n2 AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* v5 ~( l: g2 r3 `0 H( q
, p" N; L4 [! f/ b* ZHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# ^" h) j+ \% N9 I
9 F' Q3 P# [( e: {, iMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& T8 r/ ]1 E5 i
% X7 I0 V0 k" P! G8 cPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& x4 O4 g/ {2 U9 `) b' g
: v: b9 g* m' j4 \8 M8 u4 b! f) C2 RCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) t; b1 ~3 k6 _* [) M " l( P6 f' x( y* N. J- }; ]1 O ~Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ P) u1 [1 q& P2 i$ M5 ~ & @" @ j! |/ b- F同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 R: t9 M3 L, n
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : _7 A8 i* P( j8 p, u# C. s* x( R2 B3 V. e! q+ V
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % D4 }) O+ \3 v% X# X* i* l( Y1 L8 E! @# z; {$ u" W( _
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 k* O1 U" `1 `/ S# U5 ?% z
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ K% S' b# }" f1 W4 G% L
! \3 y; Q* z8 n对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! S, H+ {. z6 D, L) Z" s% G, ?( {/ a+ }# N
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * k5 ~( y; @: Y2 u8 n \4 v1 V3 X' g! h2 P) M* [
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 |8 \. [: d% F
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / F6 X0 N8 b9 y& o: u) U