本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " W. _2 g" J) _( U" b" b0 G; Z8 h5 \: a! Y7 t- R0 U; X7 x 转帖 - R7 g7 m6 D$ W0 |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 A& |! K) B H/ `5 R7 U, z2 b
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例如: . s3 s- V E1 ? ' ]% ]: O! w& F: tMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; g2 ~( [, l; G4 S7 K2 m) ~$ I- A ! `3 G _9 [( V7 B9 l/ ~# P3 ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / `( X9 G# m8 H$ k7 g; D" f* @( C/ Q( ?0 U
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* T% F/ x# C* V" J4 Y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : J% G# C6 `5 @; s8 h# u4 M! z' u3 K( C: |8 q% n
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 x9 O. V. w j4 j# P0 F8 P0 K: g2 Q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 ? i) n+ o$ \9 F: t2 a3 M1 ?
- A3 Q# d/ q+ H3 i A: uWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ ]; {/ ~( a. ^: H0 W, U6 x. y" n$ n
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : {9 t5 i0 y" u8 J, c' w" W a9 c ( a9 J9 D2 T; f. I0 D0 dWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ G. R6 W1 G2 C: T: v8 v
$ I6 U0 ]% W) A. w9 R( ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 V t3 m9 h8 h: F; U6 \, F% v% p
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! y$ C/ A+ R" H6 d
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6 q" t- w7 v, A# \# U( X! i t& H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( S( o+ f& r* j/ X1 }8 Y) e! l) S! {$ X a- _9 \
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* [6 Z/ {/ J6 c3 c' r& { ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 s# r3 D9 V6 L2 I2 A ( d- \, e3 P& _/ d2 u" fDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 h* B( f& M. n4 B7 ~, C }- F( @' }# A7 h- lI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ r' ?) I @( n" X$ d6 T
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 |5 l/ {' {( J, Y
" U) \0 z% P( T; a# SIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & m2 U2 g- i7 k; V% Q4 p% q3 R* F$ q# ^; F2 [% s. c
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 [) ]2 M2 A. ]9 e, ] 3 v; @' N! K$ H0 ]9 Q" ?8 xI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / J2 {) k; w% r( t' p7 a4 w! X7 O . O4 i$ H6 Y/ z9 Y, X$ n2 G如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / a4 B6 Q5 ]1 l) l! H) ^+ \* e( `2 r }4 p1 Z& W& ^
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- R* O5 N* B2 @1 T4 ?& y% p$ K
; k3 b" o5 m7 N* q( J4 p3 QThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). W" q" q& \. W# O3 X
9 S. J% R( J8 h* e2 X: oHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' O+ Q7 m" \; @
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 f8 [1 q6 r e
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 }/ ?; Z+ ^$ u0 O8 j( k+ I& T( G) t* e+ s( {2 Q9 w6 _: N6 ?
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 H0 w2 T, }# m/ \! p# i
9 j: `6 _9 ~# i9 o/ a" O2 B写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 k6 {0 [6 I% M5 B6 \) j
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & y p3 P( n) ^8 C9 M3 B( k* p7 q1 H b) c! `: G
' |6 p' {: {2 L0 f8 u$ g8 i 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ M8 M. @+ [% t! C, A
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例如: : q: n* s! B( N r( I* s ' s7 `2 I. P3 C/ A( DMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " T& U4 [: N( r0 Y5 f 3 R1 o! L' N6 g3 j4 A! BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) y2 N, h4 }* q8 J1 ` 1 l9 `% G l. \/ [6 `) zThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): ]2 U( u0 @) P9 c% o# Y
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " G* f; |* u h- w. p* ? Q* K, v2 a6 e: pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 p7 Z) _/ L( `4 \8 c9 o% Q- |! s' d$ z* m% d8 G7 t
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) X/ d4 b- F7 B5 V+ N, i) k& p
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - X$ R' {: Q: P: X3 F# a# u" k. \0 T# V ?) e' l; P% `
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ E- N2 Z; p9 r, c; T/ M6 I1 ~# R. @
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . E' o W2 G9 a: e. N7 L$ T0 [- V' B4 S O! y: t
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, p$ m# @7 b. w6 R( q/ c' u$ `2 D
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) N( O; @1 P7 {1 N 9 i: a8 r) e" `; f1 j& K对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* P! }5 E$ A6 b! v$ P4 O/ [0 o# G
' C1 |4 ]. N O/ R1 n+ o/ u对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 g" b6 N% h- C6 k! G& W, o 9 r; E1 d/ I( @* e. g' o对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;5 D4 ]6 i. I" F! E
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 F# e. n$ a- `" m 8 B+ c- F- Z& q l* H A还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 Z0 C' A9 q! F3 m, n4 |1 S - {( t9 [/ P: v$ w5 W/ P+ W6 h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 - p; I8 i3 Z' m' V