# T }9 U! u. f ~Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- u: g) v8 h4 U% ~% ]" V
6 v( O) h+ ~" Q9 G/ J" Q, z& PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ o" l# X! {! _2 } M7 S7 v2 o9 }: o
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + [- m" c4 K. D9 K; b0 q , q3 t% m: L* S, ^5 GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 l' l! V3 v4 s2 s/ m
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 L: j: R6 Z' |& ~$ k& H9 v/ l
6 h! E7 N& h) u! {( o0 T0 yMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' ]9 ~4 Z: E4 z6 k2 c3 g4 T5 x6 R- M9 G
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- s, h+ S, C8 x* a3 [
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). I9 v; S6 u! {" q
: a4 t! \2 ~ ]- gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) o- g% Z+ r3 r4 U ) Y: J) t7 {2 Z3 hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % _ Q f9 u3 U6 T/ j, v 5 _/ }* a K. T3 X+ ~: r& u- W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - `, }$ r- H+ E6 s+ x) u9 H, r& h; m
* q3 l8 s! h- o: u2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 _, [! j, D, ]7 ?7 D9 m
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例如:9 u% U0 Q2 C- c/ h0 M5 I- l n
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * [1 |# ~' r% o3 G8 u5 l# ` + }* g! n$ U7 DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + N8 m8 {& `9 f5 \9 k! ] , C: X3 [, w- w0 ^/ p8 B- c: t! w XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" R1 m- b; E" X& u; Z+ b% X2 Z
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 f5 T; I5 |6 b+ T- D! V, `2 G# v5 o
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# w& l7 o, T3 l4 n/ d) w% `. \
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) t0 c( m7 j0 u/ p8 z3 q 1 j% p0 c& }" @7 b( u; p; sI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" }5 [% `+ d$ R0 l4 D( @
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 |, R/ H0 L" [+ {; m9 {: a4 t3 y1 c. @0 m) n' l
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ T4 Y" q! p" r9 D f6 w2 I- f, n' P& q1 u: K
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 j! d' d1 Y% L _- |' v / b( {4 R z3 dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # m. {7 a* V/ n2 b* ]6 X8 Z& U$ S" t" \- j
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) a! j- G+ N- H% F8 a: v 9 x) `6 K8 I AWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 p) G6 }% k1 \& {; R8 Q: T0 v; E ) W+ ?. R2 _2 N4 VEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 x: b! h7 E5 }: |. h; d- N
4 j% i9 e. g8 P5 O4 D" Z I. Q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & g4 D9 t0 y; p% G1 t& p6 W, _; \# a, R4 F# `. x4 g
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" `9 P9 |2 F* Q
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. z! v, C) }% j8 e8 W 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。* i/ M! a9 f' G# I, X" e* x
# p7 Q1 D' ^* n. B/ B例如:5 ^) e, p& ^1 }% J' J1 a+ }+ v2 ^7 W
/ r# N1 B( j! mMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * E! U- n, p( j( y; o. ?5 v! T5 N" [( m8 d/ K4 |) Y
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ V5 [4 x. z: R2 h$ F) B
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - y7 V7 u# ]! p9 k5 R+ g* I( o+ m0 J/ T
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 ~, Y; l4 I3 V# s! t0 s' U- j0 D9 p* b% T5 m1 L& f$ C$ Q/ C& a
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 G* a, c+ u2 f( ]- h% H ! m# G3 [5 V. z& I0 q% A* G1 j8 d% EPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 V7 E; I& ^; h F, Q " R. y7 N5 s. k1 |Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 s& [) c3 N+ ]" x- F. V8 \* N/ s9 d$ H% u2 R
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : }2 }! A" U1 _5 t7 Y0 S5 {; n1 L+ O; o- c& X# |$ N. V
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 \- d* D0 L0 Q; z- r
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ C' M% u( Z# x& E3 Y2 z# b$ B
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& k+ n+ }+ q e R
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ b5 t1 {6 R2 [, f# |# \ . N! K0 K1 h: J. ^+ F对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; L9 b# p8 E4 \ ; Q+ H7 c W) Y+ X7 I' r5 I$ y, j对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 l$ ^3 v. Q2 l / V: |6 A+ U, I* ^+ ]1 E( l# ~5 k至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ) A$ m$ d: S0 q) N' t6 c9 j & {0 Y/ w2 d$ B2 D& a. i$ s" c: C还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % m/ X x) M( ]9 J* w! n 5 A9 X; m4 q1 Y2 t% S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 v, A4 e3 |' C# O- h3 x# E