* {2 G6 o7 [. {; n5 KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # |* Y1 z. u# D5 w' c% |9 [* N$ H% t0 |1 z; g
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 c2 I( Y; j' [! ^! C2 x
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! D5 Y& m0 s8 D- B
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; h; {, C/ Y0 Y2 \% r, `5 H " c2 Z3 Q0 j5 ]% E( x) }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* ^6 [- p0 N; @
2 X- f+ K1 l3 E8 x# VMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 J" K+ x) L0 j. A& G" d0 \/ u9 j& w, z7 ^
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): V* {+ M- \1 `2 j: S c. G% p& f) {
6 H4 y; o: E E! Q# u! i$ d, ^The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 S- e% k% H/ \. i0 i$ C. Z B # P4 V q( y; ]6 l- G3 V# F( DWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% K4 P' U) U3 J" m+ c3 v
' c! I8 E% V6 UPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); h. M# q( r1 {+ `
' `3 L5 G x; x+ L" B2 g7 b( i这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . y) o1 }$ i5 g' o7 p' X( N8 A0 A- i. f# m/ q
9 `/ M& d; ?( y2 a' a) k2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ C# @. l! p, N; _
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例如:# B4 u* z# R! a$ {& z* N- i
* ^7 r% s" L/ G/ `- e7 r+ ?At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): x5 {* D! R0 l
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' ?2 N! m8 B* |: z i! ^
& ]0 n- r* D5 j( ?- o1 {! FI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): j5 X2 v" d' w5 }) A4 C# E7 H
$ S2 F; h4 [, z% l/ G/ |+ VHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): O. Y% W& d+ Q9 |2 t
9 G+ C* f$ h8 _! j* R0 sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " X! @$ ]9 t2 C2 w* X) e6 y 6 w0 |: f% Y- Q/ C" k6 B0 T3 B; [She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) p3 y& F+ h+ P `" V4 Q9 A8 ^/ @$ E& l) x0 ~
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): `2 u: o, {3 ]5 G" _# ]9 W
0 |' j5 Y( Y% ^: \! v& G如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 F8 R9 r/ F5 _- Z' e+ c6 Z 5 M; Q, q5 K' e+ D9 m1 I& rThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); r& y! c0 x2 a
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , p! p v6 U' i4 ? @! V: C3 ^ " e) \' M0 {" THe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ V, w# i* S( m9 ~2 b( v, l
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( Q2 u/ Z; T0 h9 f
+ j% ], a& R/ l: y* K: NWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : z' N( _! [7 f) Q: M / n" S3 T- ^6 yEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) k- q* n8 F) O7 C& L; q! K , j' C# z4 y8 d, R7 @' Q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; q- y5 h; i- B3 F& r1 o, {* n' J! F' r9 T* d7 N7 e
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! G P- S3 N. t 4 h7 H. v; z" }* E$ @ 8 ` @2 f" w L; ?; J+ |. C3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " x( D# U5 X; k0 C9 L1 v' A& x+ Y 6 k3 l* M- i" C6 p) \& f3 s例如: & _' v' W" A6 s2 F% i& _- x8 E' y2 |, Z1 X. X
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& i: }5 C# ]1 E% \9 y
7 L+ S) g0 E4 W2 ~0 m- Q A* hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - H) s- i, \1 V; ?1 a8 J5 w& o' B& `: w6 W6 U
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) {% e' I" _% a, H/ @6 E) {9 o
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 8 Z4 i# S8 ~ u" i A2 M; j5 a0 l. h $ {: S0 r _6 R" I8 ?Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 U- ` Z; w) H& C
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 ?* p- W2 o& ? A$ p2 B
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), p- p3 u H& H Z4 j2 n/ K
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 \ i. X4 Y. G6 `8 n ?* ?5 }+ I' ^3 `# I9 n S
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 _- r' s' W0 T* C3 f9 l
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 A' I8 |) o" z# F% V 5 p0 ~0 E/ D9 t( @# D; m9 _对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 X. S. w5 d ~) n9 F0 m, ~# V( {5 ^8 `8 L$ E/ n" Y- U) j
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! u/ L- B2 W6 s+ H$ r0 K7 G5 T( A% Z+ N l6 K4 S) Y' O
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' v- g3 W6 N) c' g4 D3 h% S" z : i/ _" P+ c% R. o: T8 Z& p对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) [" r) z9 @1 B X# v! V
3 l) |. M6 j* \4 y) ~至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: D4 n( o9 ~! n" Z8 N' h 1 d6 U; N4 |9 j# ^还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 H/ {% V" }0 V" m0 {7 |; u, H6 o2 \ + j9 t2 Y6 ^ c3 z) z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 @) E+ L' m2 J: e0 B: Q. C8 {