本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 V7 g8 G: f' @
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 ]7 ~2 b# p8 R; C/ O7 a8 S2 B2 Y 0 j6 V$ P+ c$ V- t例如:4 U ?( h8 k3 w ]4 y+ \ e
* I: J: o K& h, x3 J: a- g( r# YMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& E6 O* ~' Q2 n$ }' f5 P% J
# c8 \. ]6 b7 \. E9 [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 n+ c! z9 ? l/ `- y8 I" R) V5 d
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . H( T5 _) Q( J( l' P6 B( c; E, n; Q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' `" d8 s' S1 R$ ~ % s5 F; P6 i5 G# v( X8 p* U/ K1 BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 u1 P1 z& H- m! Z4 S 2 _( }# L9 k$ A! p- }2 dMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# u5 C0 Q; l- d* G6 c" J* d$ X
& j3 _' w8 k4 | X/ Q$ M# Z5 S$ |8 gWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! J' z6 E9 x: p# I" Y1 u$ V. {* t! `% X
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " {- p4 v( E, H ) r5 T" E, P0 O( x! J5 EWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + h7 y& a: c. a+ I4 p) O1 L5 S3 M4 E8 k5 ^ q$ } {( o3 c
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 X/ P6 _" G2 L2 W 4 o3 c4 d/ @9 t2 F9 L% I2 G这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' Z Q6 D( ?' e' |5 y* f
, L% |) b, n" a$ `2 ^8 G8 T9 u9 I- A0 T% N( F 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 I0 o3 m3 z5 ]( [ u
, n& r% N! X6 p- a8 s8 S例如: / Q+ N$ j. Z. \ 5 {( e) U4 ?& i/ G! wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , G3 H& J8 Y* m$ _- G4 v& @/ I" P4 w/ k* n% w$ n
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + u* v N5 i/ Z' M # i+ H7 T9 e4 W) S% N. O; v, zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % V4 J6 _% I) O ) @8 Y' S; i" YHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 Q9 l5 W, Q$ A. w
# F4 ^4 g6 z+ {: }# C9 LIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) [* c( n0 M6 E+ l4 o. g6 r" f0 h- C" H6 ]/ ?& t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 }4 Q4 y/ _6 @3 C6 e 6 u9 u5 m6 L" s; pI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# b. y7 N J$ k, X/ Q; W! m$ _/ J
. `0 ^* e/ P: K4 I2 q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# r4 o5 _* [6 K0 \: p
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 p N1 F; l, H* W$ A & B, S" Y5 o' DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 ~! M! U0 I5 R" ]* `+ K) |, Z( v. x
* W# D( Y3 Z/ {$ T3 e. T" N' ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 Y( X( _# L, K1 @" s 3 g. d! j' T0 [5 W3 h$ dHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 T- n1 p9 j. x$ C' W
6 e. s; ?8 w( hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% l! ~2 J+ H* A |% [
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & K( S" q9 n0 |2 X; O! B% s0 p* q' @- F4 d% b+ f7 t
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 @3 W2 J6 f3 P
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) R- E. G m4 I5 [6 S9 { C& u, F! u1 ^% T! [" D3 E1 d
( @. w* P4 X+ u. \% {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' V. Z9 y3 c; O% P! o. d$ n) l) V R; p1 R5 ]
例如:( O( O/ x$ `9 n
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); i1 h- G$ t/ f9 s. B
& E. E3 W4 v% F0 n3 L+ x5 nManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , o5 N, C V6 h% V0 k( z7 T 2 ^. ?8 q+ ~3 R& v/ }) zThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 a/ D% K0 t* T( I
3 a0 _5 f" d$ YHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& M( a/ ?* M" K+ T3 r& z+ R
9 J& P3 V6 W+ K: C I9 Z) ]8 J9 AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 { |/ y- @- h+ n
5 u; e2 E0 J) K9 WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 f k3 m7 Q; p" S; K4 t- R, l
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' @" M2 `4 e: l1 d/ e. z; T/ U0 b& t, z9 a0 o8 Q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 D8 w4 b- z- T$ Y$ b3 x) z
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 r5 P% u) x4 S3 ]3 m
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 j+ D3 j: l$ z; J# C9 L
+ i" a$ g$ X# h& B5 J- {1 z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 ?$ c& t) W8 }# ^6 s0 C0 D' y + b9 m g: q& Z( s+ O对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ {4 [3 p, \6 R! Q) e
( `* `, [# g2 ~# r3 U* C& p7 n对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 g1 t8 B; c- R) ?) R8 ?1 z: j9 g
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . G3 U4 {- z. g9 A# k. K% B0 i0 @1 C. o3 ~
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- Z+ z9 u, ]0 s; p
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: i% z. l* G5 f( K2 a; I2 r5 {
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. Y; f6 N0 V0 @! W9 b9 z