本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * w+ v- L7 O2 L: p6 u
: H' }: `# @) X( t. H( o' t 转帖 T6 t: b/ {" n( h9 P6 {7 S( b7 a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) h+ t: @5 }. J2 Q/ z4 m( j6 H ! X) h8 V: H) I8 P3 W例如: , V, y# ^0 ~. @4 s: M) S) ?0 \9 y8 z% F( S$ I- \; U$ t8 e2 O
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 f6 @/ k4 }4 @+ m2 M- \, e0 N, a; o; [. c# v2 }2 w, P& f
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# {; I! b9 n. e+ M! E
3 r* W1 u: n. ~) } S4 x3 xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) H( o8 Q8 ], y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 Y/ x! w& \6 s$ V+ i5 J- o2 [ L/ n& b% ?2 i9 s" w, H8 H7 j
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 x' ~3 p2 j2 V" U7 U
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 K( {. J" Q! I f5 v& [& \+ F6 d9 z# }, _
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& M k! X( R# H8 i! _0 C
; Y- g7 y* A0 TThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( U9 Q _. E9 u9 V& k' x+ X
" I7 u) T* m+ x- Q) `4 x/ \We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * J" L) J( D- l1 x4 \9 b8 l* H4 H/ e! Q$ O+ K$ {
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& N& ?& F9 Z9 ]
; K: o5 U0 p9 b* u$ g8 v0 ^1 G) S6 y' n这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # @8 w6 l1 z1 r5 q! ^% l( R% ^ ~, w. U: F& k
9 |" P9 ]8 z2 _% V+ ^$ K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / M+ }& Y" A5 V% x5 j& t 3 y# w- s8 ]6 s! u: `% z例如: ) k& v% ?) ~3 y9 V; c! j* T( J$ F 7 l0 |3 [9 f6 o2 k: K: RAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 o8 M, O: g0 `+ p* \8 ]; w0 L! k( E/ b7 {8 @5 `7 Y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + \4 m! {: n Y; }, w& f : Y# A8 G1 m$ q* z% J9 ^6 XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( ~. M# d+ }1 g6 v4 v. A4 \, o" `. p `) l
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): I* k$ N( m, f
. e3 i- X* x; mIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * K6 M" B% e, [, H 4 Q% u) n9 L+ h6 ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 a3 ~3 L" g9 [! d* [ t/ K" f9 \5 P) OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 l. }+ H2 E2 d
0 f1 l3 O. ?* W8 w如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' \) [" i! E8 K1 g& P4 S; {
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / p6 |: m+ L( S1 ^7 d% T3 J$ u7 J% g! [8 {( T5 ]2 a( E' Y
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 @9 K& A" a, g2 P # Q. u, ~- _% xHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' O4 g1 O# P! w. `4 Q' E# v h
) O7 W( y/ H$ SHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : Q" ~; b% A. u6 [) R. t' D* i% e- q A3 n/ Z' P
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 h. `& B# y$ l" e$ Y' G) F/ C8 B3 U
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 G7 H; O7 O9 | 3 n- O4 I5 }% t; i6 ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) r; j; ~- p; d# u5 Q/ w& s* A ^
0 [8 `4 O/ b; N i' N此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) A' K8 j* |) W1 R4 G- P
( z t* K3 K/ [0 }9 a# h' \% Y* l0 ?) @' P/ H4 h G! z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 N* |5 a3 j) r, K: v; K
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例如:! Y9 |: r7 _2 Y# y @
" h9 E0 t0 n3 c$ yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) q4 j+ W6 A8 E, @1 P/ x7 \( E- r4 S3 `, {4 i1 q3 f }6 A- V
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ l2 s- m1 d. o/ H
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ n9 a( p! d9 r2 X4 L
$ l! U6 E* V7 kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 Q% @! k, U. T. y e
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 L; h, c) x: K& }' G3 u
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 B# k% H1 \# g! X
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 F! N0 L* o3 P, V) B+ U6 f$ X8 ]
% e% _( \* u8 `1 W c6 |% Q+ MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & P/ }5 n% D( g7 w0 `& C 6 J) d4 a: C+ P1 F2 ~" e同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / S$ d8 ]" {- d( [% F3 I- N, F' f& K E( F3 a" q; w) g
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! D. a4 {- |! d( R. `* c8 D6 z0 R/ Z# ?
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 C/ i( o% D$ ~( V1 n0 z( O0 [
: ]3 z$ g; p# Q2 f; @& i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' u( T0 F3 B; _8 b# }, |9 I
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . W0 y" {: w+ S! x# B% P e" s5 i5 K4 k' Y" o# v
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' P6 T& R$ `( q4 r
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ c1 H- T- ]5 P3 _9 ?0 R0 M
/ |$ H7 _4 J" C" t. d7 m; u7 h还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 @% A6 U+ L, I/ s/ g* T: c
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 ^$ }; N5 ^6 d( i" @! x