本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + z8 `5 P1 Z# `+ f1 O6 {8 Q8 o- Q2 }% q5 i; e5 M 转帖 ! e0 a+ s3 k$ M+ A! q! [/ L1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , ]0 I- u5 B4 q 4 S" I( ?. A" j例如: 8 S% B: u5 s( R! s1 _" e# X ) |& u+ T! r1 h' v7 n" T" V# @: \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & E V$ a8 g" q/ k" l: n# d+ ], d9 b4 ^+ ^* L
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 ?5 b4 f7 q( a& z7 [0 G/ q$ q9 D* \% d% T5 w5 _
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 n9 y" V+ s( E6 E/ d7 E7 @4 n! l+ g% f ]. a- _
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* k( a( W6 d& g) L. b4 _+ M
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); p/ `( F+ ~# B! B
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 E, U6 u" ~ ^! s* }: X0 ?& P9 K6 q5 @% C6 ?) h6 j0 |
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 b7 q' E3 I6 w. P4 F/ H( }% Y4 E! j! }6 Z& V+ e% f' C" _; z* B3 y6 p8 [
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( A7 q2 X" q% D$ l, I4 s) T
|, x: b4 S) y$ A+ W4 v& AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ p( m( s+ G+ W7 @2 K% c
0 s9 ?" a0 V9 d( i$ EPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 b6 Q) e2 c/ Q1 ?: c7 X9 }( T
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . b" K% @( X( V$ E* M# X3 ]3 L/ j7 K* [* l/ V
2 e/ g1 S. x K3 I% C: K& | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* `& R' J4 _% v6 J
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). u1 b- m9 k$ I* C6 p! o
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# B/ T0 N. k9 |) S1 E0 L6 U4 t5 P
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; ^/ Y7 w1 L* i2 Y7 R# W. V% O" H* y, F4 d* A5 [
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 D n) q5 J% e# m+ B* C
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 f* f# Q/ O5 H' M/ C# u$ Z 6 u( V: F3 P' Z5 |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 S, t/ }+ ]4 S0 _; K( x* m
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ a% S5 k4 C+ v4 B, L4 G
3 R+ e2 E& ^& K/ h! _! T' q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' r# S0 j* [3 ^- R, `
6 Z0 m( _5 S0 Y' {The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! R+ K' x) Z7 H9 l; W4 x1 j( E
! R; H9 A0 Y) Z, s2 oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% a( |( i H I" P1 d( P- s
8 z" O9 a2 q: J( p1 {" {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 b# n% p8 W) R# g( q
1 Z- H/ {# o6 B2 sHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & M0 v+ L( n% @+ }' Q* W$ o- ^& p6 b. }' s
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 j( o' A1 m8 X 9 i0 F0 S& r0 L# W$ |* n3 s3 }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 @/ q m! b: m& q; C4 N8 [ 9 h3 `( ]' h5 d, S# E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): W4 U# }# j3 l" a
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 k( A& Y: E9 U4 i0 N- [- A$ T' ?1 C+ f
0 T; d: ~/ t; x) p3 ?' ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , h& \: T9 |" r w% t: [" b5 |1 N' b5 A2 S8 O
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 a9 \, s) o. n* ~6 T t$ M- Z5 B6 ]4 r2 J
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : ^: `( G5 E4 L \. v% Y( v* p$ r7 W" ]3 F t0 g1 x
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + P& }4 h1 m& ^5 G / U# [# B" b& KHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) ]( k- B, \, N/ j2 U8 N5 e
( |3 W( M# D; |% [( \7 H+ ^Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ X b' l: |) @9 e; V. E9 X% q% x. K& n- @
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 ~: S! ^- u; x2 Z 3 q* L5 V: C+ H7 [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) p7 x5 c6 S4 F% Y4 r/ u% Z
' h* j8 l$ e. y, SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ e. S# E& `& N, m+ |1 E5 \9 H" x# K
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- [- N+ u& G7 S( I/ l% c
5 C& z0 C: a ~; ?: x8 ^4 w对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 q6 S" [8 K% j2 S' C3 d
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 t% T* n7 _6 u
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , _8 \! M( k- S0 R' @+ h3 B6 o0 ~, h# P( x5 }' C
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 x$ [5 t" y" k; d9 Q% u" J
9 Z' Q. P' A) B' H' H$ B& D6 R至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:( O- G8 Z) X; y0 @: j2 m8 A
; g. F, p- }3 b3 w" ]还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - M. x# R) e8 |) r- k 7 h* v1 d: Q0 H4 w0 S& i( P有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 d# F# A! L- r( C8 J1 q, E