本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & S& P$ m5 w3 ?; i/ Y! o4 y( W4 E" |" s) ?; i0 K {2 K8 a& g 转帖3 y$ s. o4 w6 l' N! g1 W
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 M6 C8 n" B; X8 u, F
$ \. q- Y5 n( D1 L- c$ U/ Y$ U% Z1 I
例如: . A1 V7 ^# B& [3 w, B9 `% s4 k9 ?# j: k
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! k/ N& C+ |% r, O. |" D1 p
+ B/ M& C5 O3 x+ g* N
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % J& x; n# `8 }# X5 s$ p+ @4 i6 u' Z# x- F/ ?1 ~! x; L8 K" |
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- D* z8 S5 j0 P) ~- k, |" i5 g0 ?
: O7 c9 ~+ }' \% \8 L1 Y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): q d9 P# e/ Y7 @' [6 o: a
1 w: N! Y6 y% R. o
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 O1 W x: _ I$ _# c. x* e$ A4 {
$ l* @* C# g1 z: M) aMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 P- k2 b2 E2 X6 c2 S& r, A1 o9 O+ R. x: D' Z: T) Z$ G
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) Y1 }& m; G& r! G5 j( `/ J0 P " w' _, r9 ] k7 s& F" a9 z XThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* p& _; X) |% [/ A! [
. i, S w* s' x; CWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* E, y9 f G, p- V
" p. y8 [% I0 D0 q3 w8 v4 b8 v( RPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 ^8 {" F. D. P ! ?6 H, O' E9 ]. _这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. {) v! ?; s2 d& A/ m
" ^8 v5 X2 [4 ^ Y2 C) g ; v, N6 p1 r; }/ F1 l$ Y3 X0 C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 h/ u0 I% o, Z4 l) Z; w* ?
/ Q3 g, N+ j* i, T3 o" _/ _例如: 5 _* `/ J `; Y& j, ~, W1 H! t ( h% ^: a1 c1 w' |* zAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) X5 L4 p$ d( _ N4 A+ a - w& a; y( A4 C4 y0 C( LDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . y8 s6 C8 J0 z. T2 Q) G( D9 L- N ( Z* ^4 w) A. }4 y% s! c$ u8 iI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& Q: L! w# q: M4 B1 o
) Z. t; M4 m. b( }2 {& Y0 n
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) s3 i: `# p4 V+ ~3 m + b$ x% f4 }7 _1 |2 IIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! S2 d- o2 R, y7 n8 {) X: T
! x3 q3 U' g! i V1 Q9 Z
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# e! c1 `) S6 [/ N# F$ ~, f) e% Q
9 Z g! _3 i* U0 V% x
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) r) N' Y# v! k) t" y; {& F& S& G
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / c t4 `) A! H E# z4 s& n8 F7 c7 P9 r
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* I$ ~! [. o- q/ r0 b
/ _0 V7 _5 D8 d" LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! H# M7 {1 Q. c3 G0 m* ]. ] * v& ~* V7 C" m, |He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 m/ E' D, [0 W5 F0 a
! ~- E& ]$ t6 S. ]He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . t$ L! `& T4 V( Q0 ^, g( ]& c1 Q$ i" A ! @6 F% v( I5 x( E( l) W4 m- ZWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) Q' a n- e0 V/ ?- Q N" _# d ; p# ~( H- Z) J( s- mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - x" S- o0 M1 y M) j ~( h; x$ a0 b' Q7 F
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : `& n2 Q: e4 e p% \- H $ i T$ G3 O7 l: X2 M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . W% t7 }6 g) H! y, {; \) y$ z' ` W' n7 {" l, D
4 K. m8 w9 ~- v& v+ v6 `$ ]2 D 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 M; [: B) {( q* u8 O9 e; H( E ' {2 z# a( d4 [5 Q. H5 T例如:# ?2 _7 ~. Q% C7 d! @/ D0 I) S
0 Z5 k* n$ Y9 Z8 d
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % d! ?$ T `6 c8 N @6 ~/ C' O( b5 h; o1 {2 r
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# \" w( A7 d+ \9 u
2 l' B4 S1 A7 R4 u9 g- n; wThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- a' ]9 R" I( j5 W4 z; g
+ ^9 ^8 z4 J6 [; [, tHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' Z% H0 i, i7 n/ o9 m
- n8 k" F% M2 e5 A& h. L
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 |3 |" s" A" ]( n: a: F4 t- Y 7 X6 g. Q; |" D0 n1 `Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 T1 d( Q: |0 Q! u4 z( ]- x, N
7 T, M5 C7 K/ w) K' BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); P& ?& r0 n9 i
9 L9 X9 z; ^' _1 ^6 I, j4 ]" M, w
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* P/ J( w/ e- u% w
" {+ P6 D, }8 O& j8 A7 Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ J. @+ ?7 M+ J: A! K5 _# [
7 I" G& X Z& l6 b1 A: n
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- }5 V. R( p B8 @# E# X
0 Q3 J. \: V1 M \8 D z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % w, P F4 Y/ {: U2 B, j& `# @ b5 n
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) u2 v5 L( U0 x9 }% [8 ]- R9 y) u+ W5 w2 ?# `/ w' }% O! e+ M+ Z
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% U5 E# R0 Y1 B! Q6 _3 L
9 V; D3 Q! r/ z2 B, n9 p0 r+ w8 d+ v对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * U$ w# u* p$ d 5 s5 g1 A& u' e- | {至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 J! w. \/ c6 R6 t" s% L& h# B1 S$ `+ X; f$ z7 D
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # P& {9 [4 O) ] 9 f/ }1 G% _4 a) d) t有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 P7 Q1 J7 q: ]6 p" k2 X) e