* A8 q/ ^- B8 ]3 x# zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 j c {0 n- [3 C4 y/ @6 l
! F8 U1 }0 ~: pThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , b1 B: ~; p! H/ d6 r3 k% Y 0 ]2 I0 r+ y% B3 v1 ?. J! h# @This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 P& \) g5 U$ X' R% ]/ S1 ?, g+ L% a5 Q* q9 {3 Q/ E: r
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); }& y7 J$ l' A8 `: l
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' j. \% f7 v/ ?
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ^% Z9 e1 N2 c * S* C; O/ F! b3 ~, U0 NWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 x A$ G9 P9 ]5 l) Q7 O8 m
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 @9 Z1 S2 \ ?9 e; t/ O 7 \% C& {5 v3 N7 M7 B' P5 |We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 O1 c# m' f; J% I4 L! p8 x! t1 ?( K3 K& L* z$ Y& j( o# }
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 w. Y& d; f7 I+ f / |9 d, z( [$ f/ z1 s" s. @5 R. h这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' q# t/ |. [- ~( ]# I 0 ^5 d9 r) x: s9 ?# w0 W1 V3 `9 K5 d4 f$ ?9 w8 ^! I' { 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & w9 K& C. A b4 ~) m1 j, E* {' d& U: |1 H& v# @
例如: 8 U, h4 a- I9 R# r$ J+ g % W* C, r: z$ {) uAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# W' y2 X+ Z) \5 k( K7 r
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 m* }& l9 {5 |$ R$ ?0 j I5 Z , x- r' A# ^3 y& P0 E8 tI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' B# `& J$ ^/ n) S6 o8 `( O& G$ Q0 }% n" S! G4 ]
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ L% I& i* w9 z/ z6 A- _4 k3 {
# F9 l9 W8 [1 b P$ l/ \+ R& v8 i* RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 W2 U) [# h) y) U: ?" g9 k) Z4 `
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ }4 A8 G7 p- d0 b& {+ g+ f3 [0 t% [
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( e1 a7 @: W: \( t9 o( h; _$ T 1 O/ y. s+ c$ t如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 o* R! N6 c* }3 G t2 O . E# k3 p8 n$ ^8 ^6 G# ZThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 C& G* p. s% X. u
" f1 W/ Q! Q8 ~' A5 qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! g, i" ?( y$ `+ C- v
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) g% V. y- O; A0 i1 m 4 D: j7 x/ y5 Q% M' |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); O: u; a1 R( `
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& u+ R6 ^1 |5 a3 L" D7 B
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 R2 H* n5 A& @ F6 C2 x$ S7 H4 s4 t* r7 n8 P4 H Y
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 z- U, W) ?$ M+ i) H/ N
/ V/ f: \& w% m+ @ ]9 s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # O1 w5 D7 o2 \% G0 ^* Z+ z2 W& P" y1 g( Y: U
% [* N% ?& v* }& o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. t* O3 N5 K1 G L9 T
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) E; |' ~8 ^$ r 1 _" E$ v+ l' `7 t* U& v( t6 x+ \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . K" P1 B4 g' I" k5 D/ ~( B. Q. x/ K: T! T
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! N* M6 Z! x6 {/ ?# C. N
! r, G5 g/ Z: Q4 D6 b- o% kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / {% ^9 P( N0 e- q, A* L6 P& Y/ m: ?- T2 e: f
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % Y5 H6 `. G2 _! H9 t5 B) ] [+ C- L
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ Y& ~3 x) e+ c* _- w' P- S4 W
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 P; |/ Q1 ]5 m
/ J% J: K- v' t4 ~* N# oStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 i) l& d) z" L! F2 w- ` ' C# T& G+ M7 F% u同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . x4 w5 F! H) D z. Q & u) L% C) j M0 S4 N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: M t# @- o0 z2 y' B
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # h( E# }0 o+ \2 [ % Q5 Z' r% c8 T7 l对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) k! E4 ]: b z/ X8 w( j7 n1 Y; t1 A+ D* e/ T6 B
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , l* x' H y7 T/ ~8 s, ` r - C, Q- H& N$ a9 l3 c4 @对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- D1 z1 z1 R; w6 o
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ ^, ]5 y. I/ g4 a1 S0 S' }$ b: F5 f# [
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% c2 Z1 w: X$ @/ B4 F9 s! Y
" v1 p$ _2 k* l' i有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 r( I, m/ b+ h% Y; `/ U