+ C" [+ m0 {/ v' n例如: 5 l/ a& Y. n# S3 V% e 2 G0 o1 t/ f# ]2 HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 O- e4 J% s; N. U; f: `
( C1 E1 c, ]; t m/ g" hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 l+ U T! y# l ?4 F
$ @# L( U. x( K) g3 k* ]This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % u' ^3 m4 J1 K6 C) R; J. w. a& [& a; W/ }' ]5 z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! C. `. F$ ]5 v
0 Z! G+ G, I: aI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 z7 j( h6 Z6 C% P' Q3 X7 h
+ `$ t" P! [0 A' ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # K" \7 d( P2 x8 p- @0 P0 @! z6 Y' I; B5 ^7 D" w2 k$ t8 X( O9 @# j
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . x5 p0 V* Q% z9 K 8 m8 M$ g1 b7 W- [The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' C2 s2 W1 m9 b; [. T" t( L) ]8 D- E8 J3 L2 I8 L
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , U% J3 @3 S- f1 n; f w - ~, H1 M8 t- [0 L/ APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 x6 Y0 T$ O$ w% a0 ~; U9 V
8 c' @% A) k3 d J4 B这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + C# ^* M6 k/ @5 R9 ~# \% i: O9 P0 z3 n6 x H( c
& g v. f/ X u) a- V5 m2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 B G3 a, V i, }$ A - I; H( h+ |+ E& J2 j3 ?' ~; o/ g例如:* D& W) f" S L5 h8 _: v
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; `: C: n2 |, a* x) S; \ $ g3 ]) ]. h* @9 GDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 H' u' ]/ k! y$ j/ p6 A
2 q9 m* {0 M. KI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) o* p- U3 G3 y, T* }1 F0 C( c8 B2 Q1 y g H! {* R, \: ^6 k
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! }& H; G# W/ K; t7 K
: O' Z2 f6 `9 f3 IIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), E7 U+ F; A' d& o, S2 B4 h) u
" N8 y' p7 ?6 K4 ]% K+ k1 ? K: n5 }She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* w/ J; A/ E) H( K2 @! ^
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 H. O+ |+ V* }
9 B( P0 z7 o8 a. r# i* Y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , ]# N0 H+ } @% d& M, @3 O: M" |* P+ f
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% z) B K& G8 C+ c
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # H, P% Y" o0 ]* g' F& g + k, g2 Y* P8 dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 2 [& l% ?4 D+ B- K* N* c* b# d9 _- V& m6 x7 V. C2 z7 Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / j9 b, c& y! B. Q8 ~3 y7 y& X( g; t$ A
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- R9 k# R& x1 j {: Y% R
& I5 z7 y! ]% h" x; C/ A! PEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& \0 k* h, z! T4 t* J* }4 r4 I
1 `' x* Q# `3 h4 E$ i写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , V+ b/ |0 t \ a: H8 C * N" m9 Y, d8 Z7 Y c% J5 }此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; D* j# R6 U, ~ S: e; b6 c( U2 r9 O
% r8 ~4 R6 I L6 d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 a j+ {3 u8 {3 ~: F2 L
) D6 c5 M* Z4 e- O+ g例如: / b6 Z) H* J7 U ; Z: U# e. V1 p" l* LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), X, ~0 r p6 ^; r
" u. d2 s4 x/ e/ j9 NManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ K% g) {" E9 k: @
& S' r6 C2 ~* A6 X2 J5 h% sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) x7 j5 v3 g. T& \: \5 o; S2 b; Y1 _3 H0 g/ P8 s
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 G' x/ L+ }* H, _6 I7 Q# r5 S6 u- O- \9 D& |' W" C
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- b2 R- k) D/ k6 X
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# I1 K ^$ ^( y3 K+ W4 ]
; l# `8 l4 [% j) s$ m( SCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ Y2 d6 y- U0 ^. A3 |
: F! Q5 j* z6 ?4 \- s0 p2 } }Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# K9 _% r3 a* T6 T- A0 j/ A2 t