本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 P; c" B2 A9 Q e( @
/ r5 W% x* C: T1 @1 k! F 转帖 $ U: p6 x3 p9 c6 u1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 ^1 N* _8 l! l7 c4 g u ! @% ]' N b: }5 x" ^# N" [4 ?例如: / q( }8 [! a& m& h P+ r: H+ _ + h4 k) x8 G2 k& p- BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 l" m7 a, B- o 7 f0 A$ z( e4 s. ?Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 r1 g! ?7 H( ^% m- q9 h5 c" h2 |$ `; y+ L! Y; p3 U
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . S" z3 u; a* A0 Q' B l9 G) \ z4 \' l) WThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , a. P3 t, x5 B4 r* [ ) I; r3 _ Q* YI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! f' ~9 M8 d N: ^# x$ j7 n, C) N) B: k9 i
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 Q6 m* e: I! u9 e( P9 s0 ~; b ( t3 B C l/ C, T5 _5 iWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 i. a* ~1 ~ v7 k+ Q& B! e
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 M" d" ~# i" s( Z' c- J' ~, f6 N$ i3 k3 F% Z8 b) x, L
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * a% L. m, n2 P* n, T* h: k* |& N- E- z n3 n' W
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 L; `1 O8 t+ g9 b6 |; j' Y8 W; v0 J7 O/ O9 H v- w; h
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' m0 k0 S) ~5 R$ ^( d9 o; O, I. }( a& B) j: w
/ { @! z% G2 Y# N7 a$ X$ \2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 N7 N% z7 R* o5 o4 C5 j9 r" d% F3 ?) k& v
例如: / C3 t6 h+ G0 o7 ?- S' a0 M ! q4 A! h9 \1 @7 v* {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# A/ s: K* m4 j( B
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + y& X7 h3 |3 Y1 |: d& F# {- S9 b2 M+ b6 k# H6 Q: f: }
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 g' G" E. l, k8 S& M . q8 E6 R1 }9 D0 g" c' `; b9 \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- Q' h, e$ V C. {
/ |( R+ ^+ b8 p( bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* k: i8 N, ]7 m- A2 r/ t
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 T7 E; X1 l- }) n/ L6 B, F5 \; b( A1 Q0 X" n8 E- `7 |
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 v5 j7 t6 T2 g! y9 |
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ L1 E `# E' l3 o2 Z& M% o
0 |& {8 {4 C5 E3 N) R8 }+ ~8 tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 @4 f! N/ E; }0 h$ A5 g2 q5 L) X" r4 x; i$ u5 L+ r1 H
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 K& L7 F, n% w" q ) _% j8 C) K# ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 A- I( h$ z @2 y5 U, o b5 P* @+ O1 U# W) Q& B
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % v _, k+ q3 T* R- ~ + d4 `& V- r6 E' k. \& M$ z3 wWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 E( ~2 ^/ |- I+ q" L, x: h/ a, t; \! o
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) ?! h, v6 S$ l7 Z
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# ?+ N% F$ [8 x- N4 }( v; K
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. Q- X2 o6 d+ d: q
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: @- s9 e3 s( t; O' c9 ?3 D3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 U( x) u+ I/ M7 ^4 a+ ]; f9 ^
例如: ' z8 |" x3 q! O2 [ u' ^ ) S5 x3 V2 m7 \Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 h* U" B8 P9 ~7 ?. l0 ~$ s5 R/ Y/ D0 [$ c) Z
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! q3 E) Y, I9 `( D. h) T! j
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) c, d }1 [6 e/ x
4 t/ Q5 e$ Y* O: n3 K4 LHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): H$ S. d8 T2 J8 S& |! I- B
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' S. ^% [2 H, N
9 D2 p ]5 y$ f7 w, N% }1 BPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 p# ?, K: `1 e9 G4 C3 \) @9 E
# ?2 @7 s' e, s# f8 @" i' zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ S: x: x# V" N; Z6 A+ R
* X' H7 {/ D0 N$ kStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " k+ K3 m# _! W. u# W6 \1 v 8 s* w( e+ `; ~2 A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ @$ {6 V8 @. p2 B5 \+ p. @% N/ d% T
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . _4 u, n$ x$ ]1 @! S% K & O) _( a. K4 \对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 F8 _7 @: u% b6 J' x9 y
4 z' _1 X1 [3 ]6 \, L, S对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 H! z" v! h& I: a+ }4 v & s9 v% g B6 X. N+ k对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! U& Q% T4 E) d) N) g% p ! O% ^0 v, j% M对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 u/ c: q, ]! U, S+ Q
' ^. w$ l0 ^, R1 l! Y, ]至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 o) `% f/ ~( ^/ P- f# k9 q0 j: I
* m2 c U0 S3 }, }2 Q4 h6 |2 C3 `有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / A+ m, i; I& \9 @+ s+ P- ~, l