本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 C% j/ n7 W5 f9 ? D) z% g4 l
4 \# i" [. \) {& [2 D转帖 9 F! B6 n: F7 [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # Y* H: p' t, b. g" I2 q5 L/ m( i* U/ m# L7 L6 G \" Z
例如: $ ~# _3 W4 h+ m. S# h$ o 6 i( F7 }: Y1 D V, q% AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 J% a8 ^2 ^4 Q 7 g. T0 w+ c7 I% C0 @- fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 y: x* I& J# }$ V! _
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( b9 N5 h; n* ^ 6 @1 p( a# B& h o- ?The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). e) |) r F. \0 v
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " _2 g3 } e q, d9 \) l+ v 2 |: n c; C! R- H" NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# }$ ]3 B0 f, l
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 K3 w& ?; x, i; c8 H% G# \9 n% M" n' }7 F7 A
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 z& E& x1 w$ e- Q9 R- U
* O8 N! ]4 c# |# ~We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( C. _* m0 N( [% i; b( L( _
! v7 ^- z8 i( h% d6 f j* SPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( V2 d3 L# |$ Q& b' p) w8 E; ]* a( Q$ u+ G' E
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . S( C- S! [: j. G% [- w( L0 m9 j; C& w4 O# {
- W% C% V7 K* B4 F 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 y- E6 M5 |) A: w& o) H% ]$ d& f4 X2 E6 }& n: H
例如: ' a( R# T8 k; V# W( }$ b+ |2 P & l; T; j% a* X) Y0 [; {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ ^# Q' |3 q1 b5 v6 p* r2 Q
' |: g: O2 M, pDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 q8 v7 y) D9 h+ U: w/ \
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! U# \1 x" E& o2 V( j2 \0 l4 a) [2 w& ]+ W# U3 V9 ?, g6 ~
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! k G; U( p( F' F* g
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( ^, I, y( |$ x+ M
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 ^. v+ _& f5 ~3 @; P . T( A, c, n0 W) j' k5 E2 `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 s% k. j+ `" A. t. p7 O
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. h% t1 Y( d b& Y/ K, ] T
8 W' q Q9 W/ Y7 KThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ o. S' f' e, |/ z" \
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ {8 B5 O4 k, m# D0 _
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 j! A6 G9 l# A& v+ j- p& v2 d+ x9 p5 ]. l% [# o8 Z" m
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# B5 Q( ?6 y! n4 b$ E9 ?1 ~+ p
* ?2 Y* w% t3 p; f ]& n& d2 W9 {5 OWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 k3 F- E9 M# U. g( S1 [4 N; s3 ?' e3 i1 w' ?7 `# r
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 v' M. E* L, K, x% m
[$ ~7 Y! Y9 d6 V8 Z9 f) S9 e写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 M8 E0 M8 y# u, Z4 H5 y+ R2 s( q: V6 D
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 `0 Z# n2 Z0 l 6 P* g2 H& w3 [) M+ B! ?: |4 k: j6 n1 B 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 A u, b# h' H3 w& ? % N% R: ^/ q) H* U* @8 N例如: . O1 M8 ^2 e# `9 T S : T! u) j$ a2 c- w" p iMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) H9 X. K& _ r- u7 Y& \- ^1 v! Q, S6 k" g- {. K
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% }5 ]) f) W4 b. @6 X3 f& B( D
. E: l% ~8 _* r8 m6 vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! Z |" H9 H3 V$ z
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " w) _' E( G& e1 ~) |; v6 X+ S " P: {- \, v6 \/ ^1 }; K5 {$ l" CMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 F. J/ M. B+ S, ^! z6 Y 8 N: J7 z1 p% ^7 YPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / R* s: J+ G2 O, M0 y 5 Y+ [# T" r. w# `6 q% xCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " K- ]" L1 r& T% S: y) `! {5 R. q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 }+ A# F9 L @3 c0 z 7 f. [' a4 s9 j. u. b8 v: h同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / t9 q8 i4 ]+ d- A4 d3 c % }! M; k6 t) M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' Z( P4 T9 t/ s! o( w6 N T R/ [7 h W$ M
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 E/ v6 n3 ?" W0 T& ^+ M6 H: q2 k! q1 b) ^
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 5 t( |: P7 G6 n1 d' i6 V/ E. T % G' f, g7 y% M对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 a+ q% b' a& f0 l4 K' u! M& D
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;$ B' z, S- \2 D6 `# v6 [
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 r" O% J7 T8 C) K
, @1 U' u* J3 S! l0 a还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , d# p' y: {. W; _' `- V; |# ^* B
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 o. ^2 E, m. s7 t