本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 L& p0 b) ?( j/ e ! i2 K& a+ T0 N8 y: P L _5 r5 F转帖2 h2 k Q* A3 H, i p7 {
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ \# E4 ?: G( P3 n 4 r7 Z9 E# q* k8 U+ p5 x. |例如: A& V }4 ?! l1 U) q2 P + Z# o9 C7 N& p/ dMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 T- D F; n8 t9 N7 q A. D0 g) n2 K4 |* e+ A# e+ F
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * S# b2 \- j7 u) _6 f# l' [ ^; \9 s: y. A: jThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& C r- s2 c% U0 a- ~& s" ?' }
8 e' d! y; K. H) X, o1 e6 Y$ rThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' d$ @, e) {- @" z
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 K0 D9 Y7 M, ]- u* @' R
) V5 ^+ c. o( i4 Z4 G4 q3 NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! X7 ^, r0 T4 Z6 c6 } 0 H5 z6 G2 z& Z* [We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . {( d, d: X. c9 F7 p5 [8 |# F7 b3 C- @& E B& _ [
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 V7 }- I; J0 B) h. i
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 u6 k! Q' Z( k) \, ^4 Z: [
3 d) j. Z* a4 P/ Y' MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) m+ L9 ^ y# f0 H# g5 A
3 x/ o% G6 [4 ]1 v: v5 Z2 d这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 W( F. ]2 J J( @$ t/ d) k % y3 `" h2 J- }3 M& w& s + X" m& O0 a( H6 f$ e: ]2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ _% T' b n/ p t
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例如:: B3 P/ ^1 c6 F9 Y$ L% X
3 d( \& `$ D" f1 p% _At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 Q4 V. w7 e/ E 3 W- c" K. E9 V5 k5 O: JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; D3 Y% w; S; a0 C5 `4 ^1 e: n# l8 D
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & f/ }- v. W5 `5 r4 C w" B% ]+ ]9 J; Y, I. d
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- [& \6 S$ d1 H, T+ q
1 s1 e3 X/ S8 a1 \8 P8 XIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 ]- H5 U' @0 O
( N- c7 g+ u8 K8 j- aShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 t$ Q+ w0 ~: X ( [6 G- L P6 M) |# I3 C+ b, }2 kI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 ~* w' t+ a" k0 h( V6 S8 [4 y+ J. J+ V: ^1 v, x9 z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 H( P* P) B* G* `2 l4 i/ m, ~7 u
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & o: H: V2 i, g# C7 ] 1 ?' r m! q% H- ]$ s% xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' v. r3 t8 X3 g S$ G$ _
+ x" s8 N7 c6 `He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 [+ o& a9 W9 Z( u* B
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 [4 U) H* s3 q) J& m* L9 K7 p1 G+ c 1 A; ~$ A+ v2 g: ]5 k: QWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , H7 U5 ~' z. b1 L6 c* b# h$ c8 ] c
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( {8 C! u' t% g1 k1 S
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - z3 i# [) k1 e1 D) A # O7 A! R/ Q: Z: R, D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' [. q" P+ A% Y8 f
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: h. Y* E: Q5 s$ Y L2 Z例如: % v L$ \; J X, q( w/ v ( N( s2 w; ~' aMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! c x: U+ `9 ?( L* p9 w% s1 K 1 |6 U8 _1 c; cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 f m- u$ O, J/ |
* }/ }: k/ V4 x+ e( ~! |This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ Y, D+ v( m9 o( q% p
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 O4 G# N9 b7 j7 _7 [6 o: W ! t# k, B4 E. g# G9 r( r3 ?; PMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : z1 G3 M$ _$ Q8 v ~1 y( t ( A0 A" \! Y) B5 N- ~* N: A. xPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! S0 u/ N- R! ^3 q) g8 R2 M% x$ l, M3 R: R
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 l- c+ e6 b% c' v3 g
8 J1 t. [- U! t; W7 O6 R# g; E$ ]Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( X6 g, J, X. P/ E2 I " M8 y- l: S' I! K6 T$ n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! C0 d9 `/ d( u5 n# D" d% {' I% q* A
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + P) |& g/ x; Z3 F8 o5 {; B# S6 T. e+ h. l4 d/ i+ _6 a
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 v' z/ M7 w3 ^' w0 [6 J* a, Z# {8 o# k; [: v5 v3 S
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! h% _8 C9 t6 V6 ~) O/ V' G. S* T9 m7 T
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 t$ P, \) g: C8 o! \9 m- m" [
, S/ Y% w8 d; F7 b, t* F! l) ^对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! J0 d8 x. W. R( R( L- A7 n6 a K0 k) e
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 i I+ D9 g, N. l) z
2 z& N. X. n; Z( s还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ) Z, h* m% g- Q. e9 l% `1 V: @ n0 A% {- S9 x) i$ A
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' h7 U4 O8 q. m: r+ T