本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 a# N& A" S. t$ [2 V6 F! n6 ?3 {! n- O 转帖 5 T" W, w& K3 q* L% i$ Q, r1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) D# ^5 k" E% Y! n/ N 0 f7 B& r2 S8 h; z$ z6 T; c% R0 _1 ?例如:# [0 E, g: G# G6 d: s( n
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - r. d1 i+ t* i! Y% n8 [ 0 B, ^7 y! a3 r+ ]Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 \$ T+ [8 \/ D' w; I! i
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' f- z7 E% J# [# z% y/ i5 b/ w$ {" i$ a7 w; v( X
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): w5 o+ b6 ]( T |+ v4 j: Q
% ~/ w2 f/ V& K9 W# {I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % K0 M* ]- i- z# Y 1 T& T0 C. v2 l0 LMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' H1 U+ d3 ^: V" U: R/ R
0 j% h8 w1 B" X- G& F( P6 V6 pWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# l9 f$ T! _ h+ x% }
2 G ~8 a: d# K& V8 HThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 P4 R1 [8 k5 `1 G1 O , c0 Q9 X- a! s( y7 D. z. \) wWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / O- W- m; g% v) w 6 R: i0 K3 X: {8 s2 aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). ~) x: n/ h4 F( u6 U
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 m" ?5 S* H% L- ?5 H9 c" @7 d
8 \, A# r B4 U4 U! U+ A6 z/ | $ F- j& z Q" g2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 V- V! n3 O( i+ e+ B( T# ~# C: g5 c9 `9 ?+ v- W. W6 Y
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' k, M" [/ U; I4 |! [
1 ?; K8 ] Y* B2 kDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% r# ?7 L" b7 T
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 Q1 s. U0 Y6 P, d! i6 n7 i' g, L C
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - S3 y" s O2 F9 D! ~% ]8 s: F+ f# ]2 g3 `+ q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' y/ S+ v+ i4 C [! y " F8 Q- f8 g4 [% P% \She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " K+ r; m9 C/ [ ! E: {5 E7 w# @9 h2 tI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 o8 N1 {( N* S: a9 ~4 G
: `" g) z6 g; T) s如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! M5 _0 |3 J( \+ W* [, j( H
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " v$ j& V. w7 t( B) O7 }: U* ^& I, t. [- ?3 j0 q* t/ N
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( t _& F; r" z5 K5 ?
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 J/ L' J$ @5 I
0 k1 p& N; I) N5 kHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( x1 _: {6 L1 {8 s0 B ; ?+ y! Z/ g3 C) I; ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% e6 i5 k4 s/ e$ D
( J& W: k' r" t$ QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 P4 v0 }- ^9 a0 b
( l0 m) S2 q. E4 u# d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ ?7 |/ v. P. l& |
E) H3 H/ W- R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' c: O8 j# ?, y/ h9 {9 K- S$ M, ]
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3 R( A1 a# p3 j- \3 A3 [$ n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 d# D, M7 I8 B3 V
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % E. v* N0 Q0 b& \ 2 F! b4 ~( t9 M6 B' M# t) ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % n# b+ G! y. p $ v$ ~2 d* V8 Z4 Y: v( nThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! u0 O: Y4 f) B8 k* G9 b/ ~- a 1 T$ D1 ]/ }9 jHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & E M* D0 J2 ~& y* a8 }* l/ c: \8 K0 b6 _
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' W4 L. g3 P0 I* r& b1 U# h 0 r6 t- ?1 U+ zPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ y9 ^" G/ L. e0 ?$ J* u) m6 Y+ Q7 ^
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 |, B+ o! }6 h5 w/ y
; G; |$ d" U/ r7 \: X! lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' w7 c4 B3 P8 B2 Q* K& t; W* [1 `2 J4 U! Q% h' i# L
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 E8 O9 `4 Q o3 d. @) n/ R6 h$ I6 B( c: A( j
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) o( o: S, w& ]# g9 d& \& F) T7 L
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 K0 J0 s! i: u* u' {/ }3 a( a; X$ D, p2 P0 U" S0 X
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;; E( {5 ^) M: f% A8 N0 x. }
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) W. m m0 P9 B0 J8 F7 n- C6 k
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 l7 A8 ^ `; W" V* i0 e% F3 j& r8 L2 ]2 _' j* e% d
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ Y1 h; C3 t* {
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; q* a0 O7 A& H1 c8 Q; E 2 h7 s7 h1 b# U! F3 m7 v9 B8 m有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; U- G. {! I$ {% G/ w