本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + z m6 E$ F5 y) E% E
/ B/ [9 u( p. g2 l* X/ ^; \转帖7 c3 d( _! L& m- o9 K n
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , X+ A8 H! V K' _, x& c( s- B/ D9 t9 C/ Z
例如: `5 K; R, `2 Y3 n R
, h9 w* a: W, w4 E X6 L6 U" \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' @4 f# k G$ G8 M; b1 l q
* b* o/ H% v o( Z) z$ z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 K( I& Q1 V* i- n: f1 ? ^# F: V7 b0 q0 p9 w
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ S7 m6 J1 V: O1 c/ T$ w4 N
, h6 u+ N2 C9 Y+ S: c4 F! Z6 r- YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* P% t: V, ? z
) H4 ] H$ k7 A" h9 O* dI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , G/ x% X, F" z8 Q2 b g5 J; n5 G `+ E# X: k
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ E1 M3 X/ d8 K% r0 e7 A+ M: {
, Z2 N" ?6 s6 N8 ^7 }6 D2 M, zWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # l; a9 o1 m" |/ H, S& X2 L! @' h! [3 @! S- M J
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)! C, ]# F! u Q! R2 R
7 i& K6 o- l/ N; K ~; }
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 \) w. X3 N6 n$ r$ \- Y7 L2 C5 b 0 X8 J8 C* \/ R8 W1 O k7 fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 E1 g1 l9 ~: d; [1 v% a& C, E0 \, o! o
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 h0 b' C Z4 \7 C( ]9 E2 I
4 ]) X# {. p, n, ^. f / i* w2 s- W- j2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 o9 T7 V9 n T; t% `) p
9 N& o6 h7 a8 M% } N C9 S
例如:4 p) {0 ?3 t7 S7 l
% c: N8 B( _7 ~/ wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % Q& [6 ]1 G7 V1 F& p! f% e2 h* g; [: ~4 K! \5 @ ?
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 W4 A9 }8 o j$ G! e( R; r7 i) N2 g & L! A* T3 C" ~9 lI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# f; j( L" e, s( O) q3 o
1 L) ]* z9 y ]He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); Q0 ]& Y7 C8 X9 k4 e: F6 i. \
! Y! B( g7 d6 }$ Y- X7 jIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# n1 x I2 k! p. ]1 L& Z
1 f6 c# P8 Q7 x3 U' l8 g# t4 pShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 x. ?; [, l. ]/ R9 C1 x) I
2 l* S# M/ x( T0 r
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ {- n! j- p" k5 x3 @* H7 |" y. X
# g0 v0 p/ C1 d# [如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 n4 q. h! N; I' n8 ?* q7 h3 {: p1 U) `$ t$ g% _3 O
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' M3 e3 w. I( T9 a3 R. \3 k
& O8 T! Z8 t' L/ ^6 N) G2 K! P( g' w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - W1 B; T/ Z! \5 N6 E( _ B" d. _1 m7 F) F7 A
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* ? i7 R b( i% G/ a
) Z' \8 F/ V1 K/ `. hHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' z4 Q9 e% z1 a3 e9 T, x$ j) Y" v6 X
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 @7 u0 y9 S$ M! z; k# z( g; b9 i& w) g$ P8 l# K
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . g% o6 e; d' |5 ^8 j2 B4 u 3 l( a. j9 R: ]* Z' v {. s/ g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) R6 J6 @- B6 k6 A( ^3 c" a $ r3 G/ e7 W v/ S此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; ]8 _+ G" J G) Y1 l$ ` ) _7 |* c3 ]% @8 c i5 j3 H" e3 W& t; B6 h) U3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 B: l" [) J6 Q. R' o y2 E9 o0 \/ z! L; p
例如:4 n$ P f9 L0 h+ D
8 W& b' A: `+ b( `7 i' L
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) T0 a- P! B$ X( o
$ y- G. W8 z9 i l+ u& C6 o
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# |1 n% f- N# e8 i5 X% D7 M: C
5 F3 l* Q3 f. [% u" a3 C8 y" {This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % v$ G$ V- b4 L) v; ?# t8 r % g" q+ t5 e: gHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % ?2 c/ Z0 ~- d2 v! C8 y 9 S/ D& b- Q* @- p' p: KMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : q4 l8 g/ O! U1 h% z3 @ . Q8 j4 n0 O3 f3 ?Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! p- n4 q, V$ c
3 u+ v; v* h+ W8 q* {7 m; E xCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) k0 p8 g" r! W% x
( L( T2 U& E& g8 ]" V ]) ?0 u
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - D9 N( v6 ~8 ?9 U) T- {$ `9 o* ^6 H; k
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; c7 |# G. \) r y0 O
2 J9 ~$ a" j* s2 K0 g) O
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + {# y* Y- N8 M. Y/ J" J7 S+ e/ Y% p" ~3 j1 f3 L! X# d( |/ f' D- v
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 o1 g4 u/ F8 J9 v% e! h b* j6 H. `! ]" ^! b, D3 Z8 t
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! b0 C2 q" {. v# }/ f; a
# }7 E) F+ `( R0 k( |; P
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 L" V7 c$ J8 U! A* n6 |
6 Q+ D# t( |7 H) H N对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ O% C/ ?7 D6 r4 ^- U1 h; u6 c
. Y5 s! I2 A* k& R" B1 d
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / R0 r4 R/ n0 x1 `: |9 v" L1 y# Z
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 S. q0 `4 n4 i- e2 w) }9 S9 S+ g6 I) r3 r7 z8 ?1 I
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' n) A: r# N7 O$ x+ w