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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 V4 X4 I2 ]& g/ u$ S6 R' r3 d' C# h. r2 I
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" h, _; s& E: }) C7 U, oMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; v8 [0 E- g$ ~: e# ?. m+ L. e + l8 F4 Z& m/ J) C; }Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 z$ ?2 H! W, O! W# ?( V 1 X4 \* m" [7 _& E2 I+ |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ J8 V$ f4 \! [7 N
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 B k4 r% T2 E' x1 }/ Y6 c: c( P0 t! J. @
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - Z% V! g6 C% I/ A7 A. V5 g5 v $ S# u/ s- O+ e1 ~Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 X$ {4 y* Q4 {. a D4 n
: A0 P6 i d% |+ J* IWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 a% o2 H8 K( p. s- V3 x
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 s; N6 d) ?' K
& ~' ^/ e' |- z9 S5 R/ M! K+ VWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 f& a1 D; O. x9 V/ q7 H/ z 6 d3 t7 Z. v% Z- j* J0 dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " K" L/ @& m u# K2 r; h! b1 P0 g
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 Q1 e- j7 B% V
3 Q1 A# C, T, P& q# U7 h8 G1 f I3 X2 B$ P: D8 ?6 Y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - W; s, V& g& I) j. R' Z2 `' e8 F0 I$ k* O- z7 w
例如: 4 w# p; y! H: P$ u; W! m 5 N8 t' ]* m, h0 @" F* e1 m; TAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 ~. H1 W! L+ l0 B U+ g3 `6 A
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & _- J5 c$ }% p" `5 J) G t# s, P, q8 }- ]5 K
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% P+ ^! m. w7 r* ]
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . Z% h0 [3 b) @& |/ E0 o, z5 E7 ~: P2 P3 S) ^
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " O6 s2 d' E& L- D* c: I! R* ]* m, z( t* j5 v4 ]# Y
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# H: A s o& {, u8 ^& p; h6 k
% o% e: G4 e$ U( `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( q0 P' J! }4 i3 c6 k }% `5 ?
. U2 v, s; y) Q" @' a如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 Q% }) Y5 F* H2 v
6 X# |' Y: A$ FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % _2 L- `' w/ `! X0 o9 j$ z \1 a1 n
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 n( C5 s2 `# z& s4 R
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), J9 C* P: @5 e5 ^
( g; G i* D8 I+ t CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) K1 p1 y9 J. Y1 }% ]; N' }% O5 N `$ J
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , O' p9 t& _. h M+ L# S: V / G0 Q- _' ^; m, M* l" k8 [* KEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - \9 ^1 J8 p. R, ^- p8 M 3 l0 E0 c# u$ \6 N8 _, w写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) }& K( i3 m/ |' U6 k1 C& G: D# p0 g9 A" f/ L
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! f( T' {& M( R; S8 O1 s- X% ^) w# e- c+ A: V
6 d6 v0 c* t' e2 r7 R 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& g) L% b- C/ q; t
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5 ~, q5 w Z0 A7 Q; ?7 Y. QMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# `" o5 A" c. |# i
, Z8 p/ v: Q* @. Y G- I9 _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # z# z6 t9 q5 \* O2 [# R , }: w+ v2 u/ ]. c9 K4 pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 e/ i$ e, r5 W) I! p
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 a4 d# B! u" l: E& v
6 T) D5 q* q! O3 iMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * f7 R# E0 M4 F% M' p " |2 o) ]' q) r- ~! N0 e0 ]: _Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : E3 N$ i' H, K v6 x# F7 G1 I$ `# j: C4 L6 A
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 P# \* a3 L3 M* A, g! v$ W- l6 E& g1 |0 Y8 Y' d7 x3 f
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ R/ a7 f5 D9 P2 k- u& }
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) N8 ?; d0 z1 F2 c4 Z
/ z$ d1 J/ i* r* D0 f/ h, p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & s1 K, I5 H) V+ H/ F' p6 E/ e. k& `% z" ~8 @2 `$ P
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( X h: Y5 m2 R: D: n
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - G" [6 i9 A5 |3 f % z# B! G {# z! f7 p对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * J1 o3 \6 B, Q5 V8 W2 x- X ' n( C0 z: Q% c. I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & j3 t! T W: D: T3 j2 W ' t1 R1 R3 v( Y% J至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' [1 M5 |- x' ]7 B% j , ?) M: s& \3 R* n& Q: o还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 G% j; j4 q2 j2 s: A Z/ a: f
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 E9 ?8 R2 w! X p: W. z% A