: n: {" [+ V- t( N0 @例如:9 G7 d$ ?( {$ [3 v7 A
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : }) C+ \# A% I' C * l7 p( P& J7 y" H5 W8 s- rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 S6 r* E2 U1 a& N6 `+ y9 E1 s$ M+ z* H- z. U( f
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 Y8 D9 Q1 Z9 f9 p+ ]: B, K& F7 A1 u( S
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)& L8 t4 W+ q- X E3 ^
( y9 G. R N( qI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ J7 f. E; ?% v% N 7 e: C' V) I5 u) T0 {/ mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 p' r) p+ d3 T # o; [9 L) I! ^% r+ I8 _. N; ] GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) W3 m- N. e# u7 `) `
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ S& d a& M: E6 T
+ o g6 Q/ ^% e+ D" M7 t4 y0 c/ a GWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 J |4 c) k2 j, F9 J . Y) H4 O: _- p8 m4 c3 u; qPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % y$ e* T3 [" j L5 k1 K5 n2 Q$ c+ ^9 `7 J1 \
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! A, S) ~: p* Z$ h. d2 J" e7 v( G; h) |# ^. F0 \
4 c( Y+ n4 l6 g8 f: S( m 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; d& F/ u" p$ m" v4 w( v6 ~
+ b! d8 A9 t# ?. T8 z2 _例如: ! S0 U/ M9 O7 a6 h* A 0 [. e( V& _; WAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " a4 v; y9 \6 g- t8 j5 s0 H6 N/ X5 R% i3 `
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . s) G7 I1 E D3 N& y1 b. `( x+ @8 ?
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' V5 E$ N; i* L0 ~4 w5 w) p3 T # j2 \4 Z% d$ ]) THe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 u4 H& h# F' G( G8 H" q8 P) m: m 7 G5 { ~! d7 Q. mIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 S4 O0 ?$ {, z" ~( W0 Z9 }0 K# F
' R4 C. p9 }. K: I% `( q$ MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 U! w. } \# T ) ]( L) h4 g8 y# l0 J7 OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % k O- o: V% D1 [9 K* S' D7 k# Z& b$ g7 |
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' U1 y0 c5 m3 W' [( L# E; H
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 X$ {; z: A' i4 b9 I$ V
% w! d, O0 E, z+ uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + w# E0 k' X7 E" T/ ?6 e* U2 {3 n9 h- W0 P, m5 a2 ?
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% \9 m* l E7 ]. g" m' D
% E1 x, L* {; E/ \9 [( BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 `$ H' A. u% Z( w
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : Z G" T. K! x, M1 q6 {; J5 b4 c, Z' s/ }
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# w6 r' q- p# c
+ t2 c) ?: x1 a1 f8 n5 F8 N( l写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 R2 j% e# z3 H0 j5 d9 Z7 Q " `4 E5 u3 Y: S: i: @7 v此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , s& ]" d4 d: i! o K; o; Q! J9 z
* j! y5 a2 U6 F7 M2 d8 f4 j 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 i, }; A- v. p% f2 ^0 D j$ I% A$ G, @例如: & m* C& H4 O0 w3 L3 G, [ / T. F4 s0 r0 f0 J1 a& v' L" d9 yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 s8 c0 J U/ ~# Y F9 ?
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 n& J6 N4 V" i" X$ i6 N+ ], c* ^
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" G+ }, D+ u& l) E2 T! E
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). Q- |+ T) U2 o( [9 @9 L/ [* x
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + H/ \5 S3 v7 E, \) W. ~3 j+ j/ o- C f- T/ x
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + r; \$ l/ q A9 ] Y9 ]) |6 X: e % I# C6 t3 S+ B+ _- RCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 ~7 T& ^0 R* f1 B7 ]$ b
# b5 [# x }4 n4 xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): i- K K/ o6 p; y. G
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# Z9 c) x3 w$ _( u p! F
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:$ [7 u# _; f# }9 t: A i
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" J, N" [ _) k. _$ ` [
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 r0 V* B' c% l. u- F: v' ?' ]3 b ' e# S! r( t$ i$ n9 ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 n1 Z. f! k* r) s0 L' D
/ h0 m0 l+ P% S/ j. {对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & v' k; r8 T R7 h f4 o2 V! v' E
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 [7 S- v$ F. ^/ R: E( o& a: B, D* h2 ^
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + K0 F: M; U( O$ n- c. m* b' b+ g& x; D5 G
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; N2 f9 [5 b$ C8 O