, I, D" S: Y: h+ vMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 a! V8 }- ^/ d
" ]* X+ H8 e, eThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& R+ `* ~3 }- f5 m% W2 w3 k* q
; ~3 `: o. B, gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 z; Z* \0 G: M5 z$ m; J# y s) o I) T( l
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 a% I3 {- c) h% E3 S" k/ Y- [' e: j/ p' x Q; F r+ g/ _) ]. A7 s
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 R* N3 _2 I& u* z( X9 h" R& @
1 Y2 o" V" b- e6 }Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 c5 Z* X0 q) E+ g2 A5 e, r$ d
4 u: C: F' w, \% g1 |. Q; c# yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" s% s+ K2 o/ }: i
% k7 \( x* P( T& C& I$ Q7 n5 eThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . N6 \' @" Z- }( S# @* R- K$ v/ o" v* ]# `, a
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # K) m' i; R- r; Q5 j/ J. R9 b( ^, _( ]9 u- [! Q$ ~, M8 h4 W% _
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( u) D+ O' e" h8 M8 z/ M. M, ?- P; t( |9 Q& I
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# J, ~1 d3 d5 B( y; Q. ]6 I
! Z' l% M% J. x }9 w; T5 n A' b7 k) j; N0 n1 ~9 L7 [& J 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ P* P4 U) _# M- t3 e* y8 f0 ]
- G1 f1 L+ d% Z6 K9 i Y- {/ |例如: 6 K+ w, ?. W2 O5 }% l* m, ~8 ]; z( _
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; R7 O, g- _ c+ f& J5 i3 Y$ I6 T1 j B2 F/ X
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 ~, r9 N' A8 I: S+ v: w: Z/ j# w$ f. K. @ `* F) R
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 U6 j! O& ~2 H5 X4 l+ j; G/ h# U
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 e6 J. T1 O7 W$ l, w. H( Y3 K2 b' f " k( a2 z2 C. V4 KIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 p0 X+ l3 i" }6 J# f7 I
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * _% l: ~* G1 M1 H! w+ \; b 9 T5 D @" k8 X' ?- YI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! }' w3 p+ T6 ?: {! s$ @# d: j) ^0 T
2 {/ S/ F. g$ a/ {0 U0 f如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : f+ g' E4 \; e0 }; X( A- H O0 j+ f* w: @9 l
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 ?# a8 G0 }9 o% Z' e. [0 r * V6 a' s/ Y: UThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) F: q+ D1 H8 u* ]# @8 m$ f0 x1 n/ i , \$ o( p$ r9 a+ P2 \He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% q/ ~" P1 c3 i f
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( E) }$ v" [! n F5 V8 N2 J: m! _
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * M3 }1 C8 A3 m/ V) `' s# W , d1 K: W% L7 m! _5 q9 j, z+ fEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . r+ ` j4 ~' f4 {6 w$ |7 P& \- E! y% l( N0 x7 Q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 f" j9 J/ Y4 j6 D 9 W7 ]: q7 d% K此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 m( u1 \: e1 Z" Z) m9 R2 \4 {- c
+ L0 R+ S5 R" T1 M, R , ^" A2 D A% m3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- j$ _# _$ ^! q& H# K: u
0 S& Y) ]8 Q6 U" q) K3 z, [# r例如: 1 {8 c2 w8 E- ` }2 U, Q, z( M) s2 ~" y2 D
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" ?7 L5 O% z1 G" o# x# y8 y
9 ]/ S0 M( J0 x% aManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( g2 T- A Q& y; p+ Z! F, L' K2 W" h9 o/ U
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 S2 R( i7 d9 @% p/ ^" s& h7 I6 m / H9 f$ {; l2 l1 I, I4 m& g1 z; QHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* [' Z, L7 A1 j& |* v/ _
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 T- a* Q& B3 o$ E* T# X: q- J" q- Y& B9 _
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): Q5 A0 w0 Q% ]2 c- s& Y- L: X: N
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - }8 g- N5 D0 D0 }! d6 h1 S u$ V0 x1 ]" B; O3 u! ^" \
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): a1 L) x. Y2 r; Z& z/ B
. Z. T0 j7 H: x( Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; w8 N' r. R; Y' d: l ! B' H/ Y# U+ O; ?" L当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " Q1 A6 v5 r! O- C5 S: V" } t# \! @ # X- y% _ O6 |; H% [对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 x& r: e* c. [3 O- z4 R& z* j$ g
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * K l7 L: M, a( m5 o: ]# h& y9 g1 Z! A& G/ \; S: K( |/ U) B
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 N# a9 E9 A. H8 x, u7 u
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # ]4 x* Z7 {' {, E- L# I) X) m! R' a$ a2 G6 j9 @4 Y, `
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% \- h+ {* K. y& W
' a# O8 L1 X" S# Q" f6 ^还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " o1 O/ y, @; ?& ?/ B- q @, M/ Z3 J# K/ `有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # P5 l+ x0 }- O