本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + Y1 o! _: x* q ~& L7 C! {/ u4 Z, \, F9 d. @8 X, p 转帖2 `. F# o; U! X9 C) p% l% r) g
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)' Z8 r4 q2 y/ R, D) @; G1 K
; n9 } b9 e! \4 N0 Z0 `4 n) [* S+ k
例如:4 U4 v6 R! h$ B( G
. F4 A+ D* F2 f; S$ \, V; O% k
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * Z* x% `2 y2 e1 m 5 Y& H; Y' I" Z& G( g& JThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' K2 W4 Y0 F# m+ F& m/ H1 V, |6 e: G0 V8 U
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( T9 F5 ?; ^( |9 W8 h f, V & x- v# R+ f0 v; `; t' {5 r5 rThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' O2 ^2 s$ o; O8 {4 `0 _# E/ O. \1 d+ O' l. M6 M
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ a) [7 Q0 ]0 ?
: q! C8 X) t& R8 ^
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 _* ?2 H% G4 j+ Y* @7 K, n
# _9 Z# Y: z$ a8 Y; BWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; i, a+ r# f8 R0 J6 G$ Z, t7 A4 C, ~; O! v2 }# ^ T
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% N& a. a; o/ L: G) [
: z1 m6 S& k/ j
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- x- R B2 M/ E2 e/ G3 b
. S. B3 R5 C/ h! ZPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). w+ h2 u* |9 @$ q% g
8 a4 I1 ]# K0 S5 n. l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 {* u/ e2 D7 E/ z, r
4 B! e) q9 e0 s7 N; _7 a/ [) j* Z! c( R w! E# M 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' `& g9 y# I r0 Q5 X T1 R) [% r1 h1 ?* l例如: : Q) z, S# H( d( M- v& J7 |3 A - `3 U" o. t' d B) X: yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 z. K/ l) h( }7 X4 _& e ~
4 m8 V3 J& J/ B# f1 x/ k
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 b) `/ H* h% o( E5 @% C1 R7 W$ d3 m/ S# q! b+ C
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 }+ k2 g) A5 b) @0 o9 V4 d' r
2 @% a" o/ l- G. b, |
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( m" q+ c5 h) V6 ], K0 p C5 |( }4 L8 U" Z rIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * {3 f( h$ U4 P0 G: M% F $ l' [ ~8 K* j0 R; R* mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% u2 \5 L$ }! A+ e0 s6 I
: \2 v' F: f. N" h; N0 BI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 V2 {7 i' q9 ?6 I& I/ T: M1 r5 f# V, R4 H% t0 j& U
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 t& p1 E& `2 J2 o+ g( k$ p. ?, F4 E! U1 V& M. Q( h
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 T) o, T# c" I( Q4 K" q$ K9 z: W$ |4 p# @3 U8 ]: g( W
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 j% g/ x* E5 E3 }9 w/ D5 V; d. E8 g$ m
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) R4 B+ @: N2 ]( x6 H. ~) d 4 {# C _4 a; g* o1 J+ tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % @! @ M0 t, o$ W V Y8 s0 v1 [6 BWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' ]9 n( n" |8 c2 z; C
+ J. Z' @$ }9 q. R" e: Q- rEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' G: J! } T. Y) I9 t 6 M; K+ w& X6 c6 c* D, I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 ]/ E+ t% t( s {$ w" K& @8 z4 C& K, C+ m1 c
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 y, V/ C3 i- c. V7 X6 D7 w& L8 G
9 | y: }" J$ B8 U6 W, |
( J+ f0 E5 @9 x3 o" X% d9 h }. ^# [7 q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 E `, K+ r9 I; s" p/ G
$ F+ \ a& o3 q: m8 p# g
例如: 4 ?; U9 i6 \: W' E d. p* g5 p" L$ P" ]. R6 ?' [
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + U& Z! A& y1 @2 y& d) v* G% ?% b! {+ c$ K3 O& \) N
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* _3 H8 C: [4 Y# K
/ {- D+ @! A( k0 e2 U3 [/ s( CThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" N% I! E% b6 g; \
& a. F& E7 @$ THe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # f- q( ^8 ?' t+ U $ Z6 o, ^+ y8 h+ Q8 VMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); j6 z$ ]1 t) D2 v0 z2 O! b6 _
/ Q w X3 C, W. k
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % m- N; `) b$ J D* O! q" o% N" {7 uCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- p6 s+ R0 Y: l* T
8 W1 b$ v# j9 I& ? K+ V
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % q5 W9 w& P- A- W: k* h2 t2 k2 _0 \0 @' W
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , j& u* p9 S6 Y# ~0 v. l4 M2 h ! Y& i# o2 w3 {+ V8 h4 x8 ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 r) y/ O: T: u2 N2 A( V% s, h
* Z2 K7 \4 s. y2 U* @/ }
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 P) W, K5 H5 a: j 0 `9 h- D) b c! |对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : H; n) j. R1 ], H) q3 P/ R7 U/ a5 h% F4 R0 X
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 q1 P- g7 ]+ j" k
; R% B* w: V _) `: ]对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 p9 z% v; k' k- q1 I' O; C( o8 t# C; Y
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: [5 u( q) s4 U6 O0 F; g& [# z
0 ]9 ?) S3 N8 a, r5 A- b
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, p- O, e1 M( J8 K W- Q
( Q2 b5 p8 t5 q% {有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 M& Q, M T) x