本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 i. j8 @6 g/ c( ^- J4 @* r9 x% T. C8 B
_9 \! g/ d" W6 s0 L* W/ S3 c) H 转帖- I4 Q) x# A5 N& \
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % j2 o/ `& t4 w" o$ O2 l " L3 E) r' v* U, x1 O# }2 I例如: * c* u+ k5 q+ H2 c- m 8 j5 i9 u- C# {! h3 BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; N& s) b; r9 Z1 C$ e, B5 E% s1 }+ k' u* ?1 `+ Q* @
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 W$ \8 o, {: [4 _; I 5 ?' H9 }( R4 i% W$ r& nThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 ~1 B2 T5 R( `( x+ V2 n* a! C. ~/ h- H
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% e1 V3 `+ a. ?* m9 p/ O# K" M
7 c9 ]7 k2 f9 V
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * q* W6 B2 a; A7 I4 c r$ Q: X7 { {( ?/ c0 M; g9 `! X: {
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ R* R" s: A- J( S1 b
1 y2 _- V- e& E8 H7 M& y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 H2 T* r* _! s
1 O: R3 M; D5 b( N0 p+ g1 fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' C6 i6 `! P- [: k& n) m ! \1 ]. t1 @! a0 v0 hWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % ]9 o2 F' j% C, h# a , k8 u; P9 v& [7 r4 k1 r9 u; s) ~Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ H. e- g! R4 r, g" l* @
) x7 P3 U* u/ e1 a5 X7 a% V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 W% ` Q, T! e3 |0 n
3 W+ l0 X% v# b例如: 0 L% M+ H* v$ ?4 Y7 E# Z8 f * _4 p# a8 O5 UAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) f5 R& T" |5 }" ^$ J! c: l( W" K
`2 E% O3 w/ a5 X2 ?: tDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 y' a# p/ v: [: E( A+ v) x$ E) E8 e
, n7 y/ K0 f/ `. k
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( V# A; e; M1 G( t: y. \$ k9 |1 a* {. m& d' J1 [6 M
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , \6 |# o( r+ ^& F* u% [! w+ G , J: w) q) Z+ V: TIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 T6 x# \( l+ U% R: ~/ d. B `' A" @" t
. p7 b- e6 }; y' dShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 m/ X" {! G" g; L8 J( [ + V9 a3 y5 e1 _I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( q( M" T+ i! P9 L* H, g6 o1 V' P- m9 I" E5 H
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 w7 V J, q! v4 ]$ J' P& G8 T
) \% G/ y4 z6 t
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ d% N- W" G$ \: y) R/ d1 Q2 C
, T, l2 ]8 U; n! C, [
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * Q& ^! U9 t+ s# l; p, C+ F B0 n
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); r5 S# ^9 I3 s3 f
3 ?3 T: N3 @: j+ KHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 z6 O3 p9 H% U7 x$ a1 C" ] m& N H: F5 V; f2 y* G+ M( o( }! ~! m: @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 ?; R" Y: {1 ^. w! o 3 ]( v- ?7 k) d4 ^9 o5 cEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* S, u# a" g8 ?7 |0 A4 f. M8 l4 G
. W9 i" R8 X- S
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' j; @: L2 Z. Z/ b* ?7 t
4 t. S' A- l' d' B4 G( O此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! N; C Y2 A! u: }; ^8 Q
/ K5 H" _9 \; `& q1 `" i : k" s) i( N! c3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ R: x4 I* S; ~" F- u& T$ R! @9 W3 `4 Q* j0 O" `# ^7 o
例如: + ]: m: x6 b+ X# `7 ^ 5 V/ p% V. ~; S; R/ UMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / z# r! \5 x. h- j 8 J% a* T+ m% Y X- O! g. x. P2 YManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , g. y4 w0 }0 B! q5 v2 [4 N' v4 G; {4 V
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * W) s: H; z1 ^4 ~0 r( N7 f4 x/ R: ^( z4 ]1 o
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ t" _- E! @& S; t9 n# n$ u- h
2 k5 V& V) {' z: }5 ?Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 d) ]6 J3 m; K% h
" S2 N8 y6 H3 L, f
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + A: B1 T* p5 X 3 [) ^$ o" ]( F6 \% T( s, zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- D8 d6 }7 j2 h3 V. {/ Z" E
3 X' ]& z: W; g6 B
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), d' x8 L( w r( `+ s2 {+ j4 l
# o, S2 B$ D U s+ M; d
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( @: x. V- h% E# {
; R/ w* x0 T9 T U& A7 n3 ]
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ b9 X) i3 s& F2 W k5 }# u 5 _$ { @2 [, S7 b0 t; ]对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, |! U! Y# p/ `5 y/ X ` S& [
; y$ ?! f# p3 G; m! p/ d0 W6 [
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ ~/ y0 F, c8 ?3 m: n" U
7 N' |/ M, u( e' K对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" v6 H6 p4 r! R0 h# w8 \+ {) ^! P
0 Y6 J: W( Z9 S# d
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ X0 L/ Z7 J6 I8 b
) o' I- [) _, K; V! {
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- G7 @! T6 l6 a- Y2 W* E2 p6 P b
: R+ g; N4 F0 J8 b, Y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / S( f. l8 H. P 1 X* o# l/ G2 j w* p有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 l* p/ @5 q- @# B* K( L' a