本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 v, b$ {( r$ n+ X3 X* Z 8 t' E/ P& D8 s/ b8 U: G* x8 O0 `转帖 " w5 y, W0 K, c7 i1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). z6 T. s1 T7 p) p: j
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例如: 4 V; |! n/ M' W4 _+ [0 O 9 w8 K" m2 b4 n) g, }- B qMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 Q+ a. Q2 K9 a# S
( v' M0 k5 Y! u. S/ XThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & Z& j& N: N9 ~0 [1 ^- {5 M- m) @ n# c) {- s* `9 {, O/ P
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ _. }; o+ n( l+ ]" e9 D3 \% Q3 g" v
/ O3 N6 b) Z' S$ k0 [The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 e1 H, ?) w4 s. U4 x" _8 v9 ]; X' p3 S% L- a$ b L
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( I7 d) | I0 K: M n' {/ Z( y4 H3 J/ l3 V/ kMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # }" X8 M% a' S9 x8 l& A! F; T3 v9 u, J, ? }2 z) R
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 g! Z) ?( e: U% a7 ~1 ]- X/ T4 V9 K1 F- H& P
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 B. |8 e' V" y* l _ . Y x, ?% F# i1 d; a5 B) PWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ E1 E1 p/ e8 H# F" Q) m8 o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . F! Z$ |6 _- }" _- d & [2 e8 |4 `- m: z8 K# K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 B+ g& S8 k, O% Z3 {9 k5 ?2 V; i$ j
' x, K; {7 w# D' Y! F1 Z- M; N ' O& a4 k8 ?/ {- C# t2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) \" j" L8 }; l8 C# z- e4 L4 A% \0 V3 Q
例如:3 m6 ~1 G9 J$ [, M/ _( S) Z( H/ {2 u
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' k x5 P* r+ O1 Z" ?% k U1 _. Q* a9 m. s8 E0 s
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( Y! O3 C4 U6 ]) d' x7 i# n: p
- q, x3 [2 F$ p5 vI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 r# C1 d; z7 v( u- a/ M$ A+ s 1 h: K" t1 D, ?( q& m$ MHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 r9 {) R' @1 F+ Q& ~$ j 0 H6 d' m: A+ t- F. X; PIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ n) U( X9 Y( x! D9 J2 j0 m! ^$ J% j8 e
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % a+ d4 e& S8 T% o% Y! {/ G- {6 m5 H, r
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& h! s6 _% k- h4 e4 E
: P+ _" P" c3 o) }1 G) T0 X如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 u2 K: E4 S3 t9 T
- N8 t( V& f9 Y! h3 c4 K- V, }The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), F$ D# s: ]* w, l6 c
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ y N8 w( S% e: i' j; N9 D. s
0 ], t4 E2 T0 y- O2 |4 C8 aHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; ^0 B$ \) o6 @+ w, {+ B. y) g0 P' \7 }
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 Q: H) ` Y' O/ }/ ^; r- _5 _) F" j
& h; m0 q) R( n" S, D% rWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " K; t# |( m" S* m3 L; b+ K+ t. i7 L9 S2 }7 e' K8 h% J( O% C5 H* G
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ G8 P) o; g# Z* {) C
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! h" L* N( [; Z! i7 ?% j8 |2 f9 U* k
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# s J1 w" }# O* h8 z' A% _ T
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/ U' l0 z9 T' S* D9 [% J+ w# y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - P8 X- k0 D& k+ @8 x$ g5 D $ w' @% X1 z; x2 h1 ~, `例如: # M0 K+ e& m: f) K) D / W$ b2 L% I) W* U m, F9 gMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * g1 N" q7 a) w/ H0 Y$ t8 g2 \! k( f% Q' u6 e9 Y7 p7 a, c
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 \ E( s* z9 n/ s5 r
o4 u7 N3 ~0 h9 yThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * v$ L- [% [" w. C$ M1 I# F, ?1 ]. P4 Q5 ^2 ]8 c3 u
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- F; Q* u0 n w, P
8 j4 d+ f" X! O) i7 n# V8 GMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 L5 ?% }7 z q7 `- Z 2 a) `+ R" R& S7 i1 L# H7 T8 ?Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) ^) g: \% b9 R1 _/ U 7 p- k, _9 [) |! P: RCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) u. Y" Z1 r2 j5 h : j5 r X! K( w7 a8 zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 e% b( U2 P' k. o2 f; m
$ @# \8 m0 ]1 S3 e4 N0 }同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : z+ G) c$ D7 B4 j* _/ @) P ; e; ~2 D$ [% x: U当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . [# |3 v" V% x& i0 @8 M7 _& K' @' M0 V! S. |( j, @2 c
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 m. d5 I2 N$ U4 y+ U
2 f# {- L; s1 O* h1 ~对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;; K1 L: @* c6 ]" b; a
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; w. D! H( h+ C3 A
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 V7 G& r9 C `2 K( I ( W/ U% Z1 N# k4 |5 `至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 ]+ ~6 D8 @# ] e, P
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! V, f$ @4 f9 k0 S6 o6 Z) T1 K1 Y2 @3 v, z9 |5 b- N, ?
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% c Q7 }' S' [) f5 I4 C9 e2 T