本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ \/ H1 Z; I- l' e* Q; l
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 ]4 c4 g4 z2 K ; H! h7 Y6 E+ I. {$ r* u例如:+ O! a/ r/ H5 i0 f
8 ^1 d# d9 L w- uMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 N* ?, e$ q0 X( D! w# A. S # R8 y0 P" J( Z1 M5 WThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 m9 H: s* Y" o
' A: R! x9 |3 M7 x" X9 |5 q& XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) x1 d: `) @& [; _- ^5 U3 J
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ ]: h+ h& v5 O) u$ B& K& M$ s3 G7 @, R1 e: o, g. e5 h
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( s# Q8 |( s% i0 ] + `5 l h$ S6 N) y# HMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 i+ c6 r+ {( C* J
3 k |- S& e# i* S! ?We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 x9 i" A* Q, J7 a4 I2 ]. r
- ~6 ], k; k: _: P. j5 ZThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 T" L# G- n+ D9 R0 S8 V- c
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / }% G9 B3 |: _; [& |2 |( J! d4 z" }' U" M/ `9 ^1 X
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& c' h# |( W$ a" u3 u( U8 z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ {: g" C4 ]8 t6 P9 N i
+ f. e J4 w3 g: \$ {5 a! a; j. i8 N/ J 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 " M+ x5 I3 c, a1 d7 Q7 r- k2 P% r, h6 Q
例如: , F: y! C7 j3 s+ m, H+ ^( V, Q& |+ ?5 ~9 N3 y, |" M/ y: f
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 R" \$ z& O& [" T, O0 O 4 W! X' u/ F$ {- [* U8 GDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - n* L' v& D/ G! l9 E" v ! {+ r( K5 k/ R |I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 O7 t- C( l; }- c2 N! @
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ d3 w1 z! I' d0 u' R( A: ~
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 l# E4 z$ z9 O/ L0 x% d f* e1 ?7 B; D1 `1 T' EShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! y) j7 N) A/ V3 c0 X# i9 Y0 S. l - h+ v4 l9 X' A$ H6 I$ ?I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). @* f. @) D z2 D( {1 j2 n
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 B% H* {6 P# B2 e . `/ B R7 }: h* l& [+ cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + N* x6 z/ V3 a+ ?6 \# H7 h $ ?. V% I) E+ E6 p% d9 t: o$ T! iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : g9 m7 n2 B4 C1 {* ^9 }1 }# i; H! R( a( G& ^9 K" M8 ?
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! E' l( O$ M4 Y& J
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; M g$ G4 R0 d% ?3 }- t% v/ t% x) I# k% p" t! X# }
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 H! A0 c2 D3 ]2 i
8 u) @9 L" J& J3 | TEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 y+ M) ~- z/ g+ C7 y9 v+ ]- d3 r f1 t U- ?
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 W: W3 i, m# A( r& ?+ E7 f+ ]8 v 2 J; ^4 \4 C6 \9 e3 z3 a. h此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ L$ B: h: a, x& }9 V2 B! [# w; ^5 n3 f
8 ]5 P! u) v) B( v' t3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + Z0 F" |; L) J9 A: L% e3 j) x" h- T: O- i5 q2 j8 o
例如: " g% R& @7 p* u, t7 v" {% m 5 ], S0 [* ?2 o! [0 SMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) a+ m0 W" _& ^; ]+ s# H( o
2 ]/ r! z* R. c2 v. pManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' e) G8 q9 Y/ M+ E$ g% l- ]( a' R# g6 J
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 W* F( J/ R; p. }7 Q! Z3 }, Q0 ^# ?# [( Q. o# `5 I9 _
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 U1 a$ c. m8 U3 [4 R n' Q1 j 4 k; Y" [* F+ @( _& FMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 g7 u1 }; Y: o1 ` 8 F6 }2 @% A) hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! b8 W M' ?. @2 c" ~+ e2 Q; p. |7 ^% Y8 S
) L. R/ F! B; }6 nCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 f% h4 @/ i/ S4 y) q! ?; S2 Y4 p! S$ J! o, f
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) x$ n# G9 [- O3 H* U* [7 c6 u) s1 T8 i2 {/ `# m1 E& |4 q
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " D) A7 b6 ?) W+ t; V) z, ^ k # D) d: V6 m6 W8 G/ U3 M, v1 k1 r当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 S/ z2 ^: |; z# t! v: C
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 T6 b, J$ z8 D* l
$ W, n! Z/ g& y: r& A s对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : _! M J. t6 V) f7 j; M5 C8 I/ y5 b
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( G/ p6 f) @0 `+ H V! k8 w ' Q! Y, [+ \8 }6 i8 {; v对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 a- _9 p6 A* o9 Z' p& p7 o0 W8 O+ I% B6 k$ V, p
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ J7 Y6 I5 _" \ % ]8 g; j! B: U1 F- q2 h还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, Y% y. ~# I2 P" ~* I/ p e! q/ g- c
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' d ]9 ^+ L- R7 e9 h0 o u