本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # O! u0 N: Z8 g! | T; J& ~: u6 m2 F$ X6 ?- a 转帖 7 t5 B$ b7 C* i1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( f" b A, |# U G6 R
- u7 |3 @+ t5 v' C( Q例如: ) a, Y6 z; x3 T5 t9 L% ` W/ W- ` " p1 [. D- k, f: gMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); ^9 h$ o4 g$ K: R
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 b3 {7 y7 M* _3 o/ H
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . z- E2 s% N6 t7 O" i5 X( T* y% A0 D* [( t) e
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) W1 s. f+ i* {# L* B- T) B E9 T }8 V! A2 ^5 n8 B
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 s, H: H" K2 Y6 { 3 m; ]4 g7 k) U( H' N+ CMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); E1 O: ]6 R4 I% c
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 S1 V( I1 T. v) c0 L: B* y$ d# S4 w/ q- P. W" @. F7 s: D
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) n% }3 ~# u6 `7 W U' l$ j# U; s* q* J9 W
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 ~8 d# p. I) l1 h0 w, n9 H
* Y) J9 b: k0 MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# g+ s) T+ W4 {9 Q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & ]! U! r1 b8 ^7 u " @% Q# G8 v- v! _ d) a t3 i5 f2 U9 d2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 ]8 V/ K' G/ D: g . o. H- k8 D* T/ v' P+ v/ t例如: ! \3 o- X2 y" ^, z" A, V- c 8 y/ R5 \. y! gAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) o- b* U& X( Y1 K4 K0 I0 x
. w4 U6 b* q1 ]. z% uDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 C+ U: H4 Y$ b; P$ z
G. x! ~0 H$ C1 m/ c$ ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), _% E% _$ Q! V$ b9 \$ a. @
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): X( R7 C/ a! V4 N5 m4 g
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + o9 Y5 Q8 s. y 8 v! A4 ]. b$ ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! R1 Z* y4 A. [9 U( a
1 \; o4 J e% z" BI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* T& y: P( s6 G3 H! y2 ?! G, F& \
$ Y4 p4 g8 h! ]! ^如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 h& A7 W8 Y$ w: H8 v$ D* }. `2 t/ C6 L5 O5 Q* i, F. @% O/ b4 ^5 n5 X3 |
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 @6 o, d8 X, ?$ ]! `9 ^$ x" M ' Q- e& F- v% Y, {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 _$ _' u0 l" l/ I7 V ) M& V. V: d* X4 d& D4 X+ kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # p/ c0 V9 K; R+ }1 _) O; R ( U9 g0 W6 O; Q5 `0 A a6 z b" CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# p/ T: E l: }6 r, z
) ~7 W# g$ H( dWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 s$ Y/ p7 @' B* f
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ h" L$ |2 H7 o' O
3 B* W- {' n! c, E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # V/ N2 s7 \! Z0 m4 R6 Q8 q8 Y; O' B2 w/ s& l9 L0 }2 ]" ]# f
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + ^7 a# d) j2 [5 o4 I8 O1 @2 i" ^$ H+ Y- x0 `* y" T. c$ k l
1 P f7 ^& T0 F1 z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! `! `' V8 u' q" ]" v* g- v3 \
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例如:9 O+ j2 S! H! i4 k! T {4 `$ X
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + v1 G$ z% C# s+ h) o, ?1 P1 E, f k" e
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 \. j8 n9 I5 m; G, p2 h2 h# _4 W. P+ ` N" v! f6 M) U
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 W" K' v @8 C" ^8 ^/ Z3 \% a0 v) U j
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): V# ~( a5 O, @0 ^; d& ~% ?
H8 _2 s5 A9 C) U: CMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( L, [9 j" f# S/ E: _
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), m( o7 }. l; @; y$ \+ `2 R0 j
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 }+ C* @. s0 x- @4 v: E4 f
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 |6 V g: g0 \. Q; u( ~% I; o 4 z. N/ i9 T+ Q6 Y Y% V+ X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % e8 i4 D" H; ^7 L* B" }6 F$ j- H% Z1 E( r- J
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 k: q) E. L7 _& A & _( G" D. f- @" U7 \对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : p4 O! q# d, z1 F. m! z4 m$ ?/ G+ _7 B0 g, m* ^* b
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 t Z. I* |- I# N% R! q( d& N z" ?3 V! _
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 o D+ b+ p9 g2 g3 ~
0 ]5 ~% S. u6 d, h0 C/ Q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& m" `; s! }! n" [