本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & R* W0 \% G, X& \
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); T1 O9 X, P* g9 l7 c# B
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % d! }. t5 G) ] * l/ H! K: K! W( D) bThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 y1 H$ e) E" c
1 o/ `) Y+ Z& j2 wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # p. c, `' ^) w9 ` 7 m6 N/ t1 f# v2 A% R' y% P6 bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + f0 [6 `7 b* e 2 y6 G6 Q7 O" j9 y1 d8 f4 cI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' z, x ?" J: O' Y7 c
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 b6 M% c0 d9 \3 _* K
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! f- ^3 j$ ~+ ?
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): v0 E: t+ V, @" `# t
5 d4 G ^8 H0 j" \: t+ m: UWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 K! E5 z. P- }; O/ s6 z( k 7 F0 z3 _/ \5 Z1 E/ Z) R5 R2 CPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , @& x; E: g2 p S0 q \ ; Q+ E) V. F4 A# z' e& `5 }这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 h' d( Z6 b* ?8 s " G+ g2 _" |. q 8 f2 S# z" S& Y8 t( ~2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) Y: h4 h% L/ L& V+ q. J
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): ~# A% W# z5 A5 r& _
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 U/ T' B! |$ C& r
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), l: H( o$ }4 I; b& Q S
" s/ R6 t) e, t% T& M1 Q# M9 zHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ H p; f1 R9 |" i8 @" F$ \
, {; @7 a& ]5 e ]! O& WIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! s7 k# V2 i) @% f : |1 m L: ]1 y: E( s. mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" @- e) e; ^7 t- a2 l
' a0 p* q" N; K# w: n! OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 t' X5 @7 V. J, ?, O# {# J) f- I$ R1 B. | n# H: n
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . t. {9 T% ]% j: ~ 8 S# U- c* c9 e9 E, D2 m: }& T0 QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + u5 M+ J/ @# Y$ }# s9 B9 L3 R6 i8 z5 c: X4 I
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 v3 E6 z% ^4 p' D: ^7 \9 ~# r& l : r1 n. N% b( y& }He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). {4 |! I0 C& F3 ~& }2 v
0 S3 \8 T. U) w/ r6 R& tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " E! W; ^, b- U. N* Z. s Q5 ?5 U* ~3 G5 n% `* L' b M1 \
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% |) s N# g2 p9 B+ @$ H
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 R* H* r0 Y" q, r4 L9 |
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) P* D/ Y, m( h5 K6 I' [( d' y* I1 A9 w* a8 z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& u& o+ {, p& L2 O/ |+ t# j# R6 Y( ~' b
$ c( X5 @. n$ _% X- B+ I! m& }3 M6 @. j$ v1 ?5 _' L2 g, n 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * i: `) A) T* p; n3 L! ^& X" j$ S7 Q% p; S0 a) z* ~. G+ F
例如: 3 _( q) t$ \& N$ E ' J( T' s3 P4 V7 u$ P* e9 tMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 A! x9 x) w! l$ p* ]7 ~! m
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) O3 r8 t6 k- T4 `8 E8 g
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ r: h6 p9 `# @3 @
4 _& M9 L0 Y8 C4 l( E+ kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 X5 D5 F2 b6 t* x$ \! [& [& F* M4 }. l: _% h+ ~, K
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): ^. D: Q2 L/ v7 j. `( {# w1 X
+ l6 V. t; R! r, x6 x% }7 _Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + X# B6 x1 i1 S9 y1 q1 A# l& Z9 G& C# p8 K% `
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 ]3 T" m5 A5 Z8 A5 h* z% v( t7 X+ z) T5 Y+ s0 V
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , [2 S( t: r) V. q& J % T9 H0 R: M1 q, L( L& P# n% x同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# M( ~1 z% R5 F5 e- W
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 K2 Y) z8 X2 c% S
8 O' O/ T, l5 d4 q* n- ^对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ D+ ^) b3 _: j: f* w