本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + K0 @- M$ I2 Z' s
3 i. {+ y1 \# x& [- w转帖 * [( l3 x9 R' W N: A( B" l1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ A* L8 S/ O8 A
8 M2 i9 D. t3 `: d* d" j例如: 7 T* I) a; S d; t/ q j% r5 R i6 Z4 QMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 j. t/ T2 ^ z( X# x. _! E& g3 a7 W ' e! m+ O. [& EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / c' i/ Y: ~" F 9 X" X( U P% }: v& \; E( O9 S1 s+ NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 z9 O- f; ]0 ]* q# N3 o/ Y+ B6 }
' r. O7 L! X q# \8 ZThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # P) [% `* D, B* | & o; Y) L t8 b& E. L. }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 Q( v# F1 T5 h+ C2 {- b4 Y Q6 A" k
4 x7 a1 e2 g! J) {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ _+ k3 R. d2 t/ R& S
, c) L; ~: P# ?* g! D8 RWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 b6 q1 w# ~9 g# F 1 i% ?& {8 O8 n, @, J$ JThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# f4 r8 Y9 U8 ]( T0 ^, Z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ j5 U; C$ ]; J$ H9 G
6 b8 y/ y% y/ C JPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) r, e) J$ ^. u8 v$ U* n6 h$ X9 I* e/ a: V: r. E T
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . D S0 }6 l1 J/ M Z, J % x) c, ~6 z: ]7 k2 {! Z9 x" r* T0 F- R1 m! Z c7 V: X8 v9 q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ J, r0 T. J/ t C2 x+ a4 ?
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例如:1 v; X7 r8 p! b! k* v# S
5 v8 b5 X7 K5 o- SAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( o8 ?6 y) u. I4 D+ z) Y+ ~# _
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; K/ K# A$ `( s) e7 e' e/ v" G0 \7 Q% R( u
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); g" B7 |. o2 o6 q7 F4 Y1 Y, _
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # u, w1 @( a3 y2 Q) O/ ~' E# B+ C" I5 `
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 y! b( E$ _* v0 n- r
9 T1 H2 D5 P7 e: ~1 PShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 s+ Y% W0 K5 @! Y8 f& d
8 m9 y' n4 Y& v9 CI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). ]5 |! q* M9 q8 ]* o" Y3 J4 q
, M. g1 ^: d x5 K# ?8 a" W+ Y$ K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( P' D/ \' D+ _* Z$ x: y9 G+ q- A# N, W$ W" e$ ?
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) U2 k4 d9 Z+ Q# C9 m
+ L) A, C2 d9 F6 \The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 N( N) A j% e/ }
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 E `8 w% f0 b+ x
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) i5 }0 p3 f* H; E$ i& A. D, V; Y& }* c8 x: Q& E5 o" Z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + M8 r! c. l. D# E+ l0 ^3 z & R7 H$ h% W) R2 P% B3 l8 b8 XEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 H- e8 m$ N" L. o8 c7 v) `
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 w) j# b. d$ M! w8 @6 ~3 P 0 P+ P9 W% S2 W0 [: m此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! N, y2 y" v6 O# V$ A, B3 \& R* \. b7 y1 k. W! g
) G7 Y4 j( X; o3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 f: e- j3 T v4 @! c# t/ p) X2 P$ n7 d$ z1 N, m. n) M
例如: : N. r7 C# Q* ]/ E0 b * C, J- U* o1 Z( E) ^4 Y* j; ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . r/ b( a: c, J! L. {" O3 m5 C% V5 k1 s4 x& I6 c3 g. E- U9 {
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) Q1 b) U ^ ^$ v8 Q' ?8 N
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 C) d- U0 L, `' k7 J3 F
, O' R( |* e$ ]He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" Q! v5 m# l/ }2 K6 x
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) I6 U# B$ I5 d6 x. [4 y4 |0 J
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) `" l; v: _: [6 S0 y
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 U! i: S/ N8 O: _5 ]. s
$ g" i+ x# c* R3 qStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 n& h" Z; ]6 s8 e( }
( V% L2 T _; ?8 @% d同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : G$ L: _4 m$ A W" X2 O ; p* m. D# q9 T7 L8 s, [" `! f当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: s' K* Q' D1 J
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ D$ n |2 ~( G% T7 K6 n4 c1 p