本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - X9 {; }" V' f Q# V4 |: v! y% G5 V, U; Z& t O+ V 转帖 h6 B- s* l$ n+ q
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)5 n) i4 U. C6 o' l7 ^. S; ^. S
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4 h0 d! \0 T7 a. q3 C( TMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! }3 G9 ~* w5 H, q " q$ X, t# d6 R! u* X3 ZThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : M* y$ p! P' h# C( }. e# x 1 f3 v/ e9 A/ D' ^" q, B% C; SThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) g+ y7 g, F) z# X% `$ F! {+ l0 n; u1 i, S+ s2 B
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & A/ j$ e8 L/ n4 [ C+ s$ w" U4 r0 X8 c( j8 M- K+ H# DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ D, M6 y+ G8 c. k: M: v
6 z9 h5 A; o2 |/ i I: XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * P# J i* w+ h& L o) ~4 J b: I7 j, G ]6 X0 c4 H0 g! Z5 e
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), Q! d2 ]7 E# @. n$ X
3 w7 H0 ~# c# S2 fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 m0 U. |9 X6 m& u
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! b M6 R1 h1 f/ r$ w8 [# I
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 x& v- C( q+ h
2 l( S& B" [: S( T0 p( {0 e) q7 O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. `/ r/ l1 u$ I9 \, {- I) P, v& L& [& b
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% }0 J5 _ ?- v/ E 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , e- I3 S0 `1 C2 ]' d% p/ n/ Q7 |: H
例如:4 L" Z* b7 f9 D6 U9 d, z$ W0 b
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 L w2 e4 `+ u$ p1 S4 ^7 O
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 e0 e9 F- c: z3 b+ K w! p6 Z7 N
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 ~3 {& }4 D# s, |& z1 q' Z" T8 n- X, C% }+ F' w
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) f- T2 @0 Q0 F5 I; S
# r1 E) T' w. r% e' ~" p5 mIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ _6 Y9 }/ y X! C) @, m
- X* Z9 I7 U: }: n/ h% a4 wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), q, b. B* ~1 _3 ]; P' }
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . I0 r# S5 M! y# {; \ ' X. M; @& V7 E4 A如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. O2 J" D! t' X j& t
3 J# @2 ~/ A* @8 i" o6 M$ OThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , o1 Z# ? p! l, w! t# H0 S2 M$ m- b3 H: _* a
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' V/ R" E; j$ s- F0 X6 P" N1 t5 Q
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # L3 W2 [, p9 |+ h% k" {3 v) } * {- Z/ n; ]- d# uHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) y ], ^# C* `# ] x5 L+ _/ f3 O W! t7 M2 r2 _
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' h5 ~# {! z9 j1 p9 ? h9 A$ k
0 Z3 d8 N, u' Q" EEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ X1 V8 Z% x! x6 e* j$ d
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( I! `4 k3 G! U" D
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 Z6 @/ {7 P1 ?, D$ c" [ ) Z: c7 m! {1 [4 i K# Y. z4 U$ g2 m' q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( k" T( \/ {) ?
' a+ v7 A0 E" Q! `- {# D例如: 0 p! L6 |8 V& s! f + H' f! C6 V% s( ]9 Q7 fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" W7 I8 E4 m; z H0 v" c
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! {5 h* f, D* J- Y4 N& {6 ^ D1 i& p) A
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - a" w5 P$ f6 d. y, P& @ ) k# O' m* M( E0 }He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 y5 a$ {6 h# V2 m/ w
" A Y' v& Q7 I! l8 oMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : J1 {+ r; }! ?- s7 h8 D9 A2 B- ]6 ]( N" ^4 e# v- z4 k" R
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + k- O7 p8 {( }: Q/ m% T) ]1 J ! ?( U+ i7 {8 g2 VCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 X% [) b3 \/ A5 q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" `/ c, V, o3 h& g( C6 {
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 ]( @, d3 s$ I q8 y; A
1 N' d @& W/ @: ~3 ]4 h" J当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 d% j; G' ?/ ?. a' v! a4 m- ?; Q3 T( Y Y, |) R# t, b1 F& _
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ ^# m5 I, V* @
( B8 o- X" S" P- W/ S, e对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: M6 O, {4 @: K, ^# t, W4 I
& P. y3 _$ W! N% c2 v* q* u$ O' H对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 M5 l y! T; m1 u6 i K, [: R3 E
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% S. b5 q2 O1 |( A. j% z. t
/ ^' ^) V G2 Q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + a3 n2 o3 m9 V1 N* H5 g& T+ r0 J/ M: J8 }2 V& u3 T
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; R# v4 B8 M8 k/ [) ?
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- c. @' F1 ]% ] \1 `