; Z7 k6 D6 k u8 ~例如:! t: A' L, Y2 Z1 o2 b0 W1 ` ^
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) F! U; }2 _# U( C: V 0 @, b9 s4 ~6 W) C; L9 J) GThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 X* M% K! K2 p/ T" y) S
v0 J( L, k. a/ k0 Q1 D+ i9 lThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 C1 f( J9 u e, y5 Y2 S
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 V) t) x" y$ z
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + V8 v7 P' @1 Z 9 R+ k N' d* a& bMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): C4 ^6 }+ @. G; k# V# f
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& P" n X$ q& H1 s5 L4 H! s0 B1 u
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) y+ R. [0 Y. M( `1 \: y4 j, \; Q" Q8 S4 P
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 `5 I: A( {* c0 D) b, ]% \
9 v+ a3 J$ b) P" kPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & \: ^, {- \* g8 B0 ~+ j$ @3 L/ s% U! z' I2 ]
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! w, E! P5 p: J$ W3 b N+ W
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0 K/ b7 U& ^8 p( j s 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& ?0 |5 h- V1 K: H6 C
! v7 ^7 A5 F' u9 O+ ^4 R+ {/ f例如:- x8 m& I. L; j8 J, W% |
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + F; e% P& o; k' [# T; B' T ' z. z% ^! _1 k9 m* ]7 }9 \ p; cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 E# }- r$ n$ H, Y( N% b! I* p5 A$ l+ [7 O5 i
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( l, Z7 d N: l) y3 W: _& b/ a6 ?
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 x* ^$ F! y& H& K
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 B5 O* a# S6 S1 w1 P7 ? M/ B8 x( f ; @; W5 ?9 m2 ~" l' r) \1 TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! y+ A! L R5 l, G4 G# d- c
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 k. f/ }5 h1 V# W1 k6 {( J% |! t
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 u$ A! A( a5 ]5 O' \; m, [& [
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ e" z4 Q! p, Q
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * j, h" Q5 H: X ) O N: o I+ C: \ sHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 F2 _2 w8 K2 w+ Q' y2 q6 j: r4 `! @8 f; t3 v) f
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ h' i9 [- R+ u" y3 q [: q/ N2 b$ ] m$ z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ t2 Q/ L, o" S h, S# [. X) P
, s7 s1 z7 s9 C7 H3 lEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); }9 s* Z0 X) \% o+ I: e) ^; C8 T
* c; ]- B, z; G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; H3 C0 Q3 K& u* c: L$ G . F1 M2 ^* }( P8 ]' m) w此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : s" }7 t) ~$ Z, Z8 e6 C" q! P4 e7 y6 b% L9 V7 w* q
+ b! {9 d0 N6 ?, b* f3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 M" V* T2 A' P$ n6 M
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例如:* p9 e5 v( Z1 J2 r& R7 `$ E7 I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& q5 ` Y* Q, _: n- N" U
; b5 w; ]2 R: L9 n/ `8 u; U$ OManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 s1 V+ b9 k1 P" c7 M) L0 h% l
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): | e+ r9 H( r# p+ ^
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ Y" d- K! n3 F4 S
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # s7 o; ?% z; j& A& N0 n% l' q8 U : b2 j3 X0 f5 D. ZPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 ?- u( V) X. q3 r. X4 K+ C2 s* x; ^1 y; D8 D
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 t4 z$ |( b+ [# C5 U; c
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 P3 B" U" n/ ^/ v1 `
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* ?% F1 K4 K. g, l& |, T2 n