本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & p2 K" i) d0 D' s e
8 Y0 W7 z) j2 G( g5 v转帖 4 F8 g$ y5 ~5 d) c c. ~1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % A& Y% ^6 a6 q & D% R( i# {& M例如:: n# p: `8 Y* p! i9 w% ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % q: s9 I8 n4 k ' e$ p2 U9 Q# U" I: bThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! o& |3 O* }2 J9 V6 W
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 {7 l! v7 M7 v% `
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' o5 b& y( o9 v( l+ Q( H" m! l5 Q
$ u' y5 V& m" Y6 x L( ^: ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" R/ C/ j. S. Q! t! s; P) o u
, a3 j! y, L. P4 V( u' l4 q: \- aMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 C& R" I H( U" g( C9 d) h u
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( Y0 E1 _3 G9 ]- \8 e2 R$ d" h+ q8 M; w, R$ y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ @. Z/ E. p& Q& J0 ]7 Y. f# H. [( y
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # V" \) ]( t4 y7 }; {! T+ g( s H$ H) q9 t F+ t
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 N2 c0 e5 P3 b- t2 {( a: e+ I. a
1 f" R) c& m: I* J, _这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # l- j8 Z! S, C$ t2 G1 n2 W a6 t' s; V
# t2 H4 c5 _& v( t: T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; A$ n8 O1 ?7 I; N/ m3 h+ @' ]- J: ?
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例如: 7 m5 V* ^% [: w9 o! y0 S M9 d6 I6 r/ i* r+ ~
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 v: t3 x# @& T( N , v3 v! Y% m# [+ i0 @% `5 f+ T$ XDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); k, k3 l m5 }
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); f0 [6 b9 ]% H
5 W. r. b4 t. R% X' }He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 o( n- n( M$ R6 i0 s7 d4 R: q6 V7 `) N: }- |( T7 q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 c9 ?0 z- Z# ]$ c' S3 X9 H/ I$ v2 s$ a6 ^: W
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 ~) g. G: W8 D: l* A1 k8 X H h2 W% ]- i3 L) q7 K
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # p& N' c/ e1 J# T/ p 0 q( G* }" @. `" H4 [0 ^. \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " ^2 F9 x+ ?# N# T! } 5 N* y* P) |* N9 r1 v: fThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 i8 U" g5 v) V) j% F8 W % ~2 c4 p2 o8 r. A; B5 j+ [The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * u" s8 h8 f/ ?) Y. R5 W8 @$ B: D' @! j- T
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 |5 s' Z! r" E" P, x* C# a6 Y
; x- O# r" G- \7 n" [( \He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 a" j% u! i& N1 K& W+ [5 E+ D
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * w& E' g3 f! j9 u) d * T+ y) n, |, e) I* SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' @$ ]5 ]# {- s2 z8 b' u / w& w% K- o4 q4 w4 S- D写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! C9 f( y" b2 m1 v$ V: f6 l; Z ?+ W. @" @/ I
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 |% y0 p& C' t4 `+ l. C7 a: G5 o( \) ~ J5 @+ D/ [
+ f; i2 l1 J8 m0 p+ P# }5 b3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 A3 t% a+ e( o: A! Q8 {' }
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例如: 2 _ ?7 r- j/ Y: F; O- t3 R1 \' ^ & g2 k1 N P) XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 F4 B) Q" @ \" u* M& b( ?4 S1 r4 @) c7 E% Z1 u9 B) S& X
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 ]+ p0 v' `+ i1 u- Q. K4 J' M# ?) K- `
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ q7 e9 z1 q. c2 p
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 P" w( }8 h! u( [, z4 c% k( _
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; V# d& H* l1 F; H$ F " E) h9 \/ |4 K& S9 h7 R1 dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # V( H/ p: _9 I$ c # [( @+ V5 B: Q- E2 e( N; fCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " L, d6 d" I) L- Q ; `( i+ H- Z; y+ J" |9 O# ~7 x! ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 \' M' H. X/ R2 f1 S; J8 d
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) ~2 {3 @' \( ^2 p3 u# Q, j' r0 Z0 ~0 t p8 T
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: j& k# T) f% r# B! ]3 X4 \( l, s3 S- [5 b
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - b+ n% n: U! t: Y2 V( T0 u: f) F9 T& u$ s- O5 [$ f
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 N6 v! S/ c0 ]# y. v n; p, c+ T* S
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& p. |( g5 J/ O0 }- y @6 ^: d# x
. s4 `) d' L) |% `8 H对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 ?+ L( k5 y/ S! ]1 P* u2 G0 p; z, L+ F9 `, A% X- }! A) Q" n! A
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: I, |: V! F2 l+ r- Q
0 M- f8 M; H0 }# o: F, V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 x2 B# @# k @ g; r2 B