7 I* ~# s7 n- c2 ]6 T7 s例如:( J; p; ]$ j( h0 C! R6 \$ p5 W
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); \+ P, F, C n; z9 R
: @( ?9 m/ ~0 i& AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' p0 R. a6 u' L) z
' Q+ d8 I' A' yThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 k& O% T8 C% S$ i' u
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( b" x: ?: `5 t/ z7 C2 V$ f
4 u" E2 `$ \6 \# R1 w0 RI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / Y) d/ ?+ ]0 o- d H0 e# Z! Q4 Y0 v6 b. \5 D+ IMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 h; _. @4 t+ E 7 B2 i% c9 l5 o" v/ f% sWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; d% F" l2 g: \/ I7 O8 p ) X4 [' V* W: FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 r/ W! {. Y: |; ]9 _6 c7 z, w+ ] 3 Y3 b. ]$ i( Z) QWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- q: D+ Y7 x3 ]
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 Z6 P Y" }. i( U, }4 P3 c
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " v+ s9 @4 W+ a7 G: X4 b 7 s9 z0 r/ N' G) @% M% T1 t, g/ Z6 c3 K0 U9 ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + F6 Z! m' W' u ( F2 D# p0 l; ^+ f ^; j8 T例如:4 V4 y+ \5 I+ ^8 U; n
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 [5 o7 S1 \+ l# h( J - `" I& c! W* f3 _9 }Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) f1 E. k7 n1 L. ?, x( c) y8 W! x# d: {
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 k, W. E- w9 H; m) v/ n7 V0 s% f) i0 \: q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; A3 a# r1 o8 b# K& u8 C0 G. A/ i" d3 { 3 V; ^. [0 t! L; c" fIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 `4 w# m8 Z6 y2 D' ]
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 h& L. T- n( A4 y7 ?# Y
0 e. p4 z! m) }1 P- pI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# g% z3 D% J5 Z
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) b9 o# b( O) f- X+ t
+ B' o5 t. ?+ G2 T2 U4 |, p* T; aThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# b- C1 f3 }. Y; M6 w( t
. ~( o9 i: g6 c, b3 l2 h/ HThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 t1 w6 O- I" c3 M7 Z8 j, j + U- S) Y5 Q) z# }. z. [- U' GHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ E9 v5 S2 N, S( [# g# Q; ]$ ?8 A6 q
" l( w* i7 P+ A& N2 Y9 h! KHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! D* n+ ?2 U5 v+ V7 `0 r 6 O. j- a. ^1 S# t! BWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 G% \3 m5 L# W6 \( C& J % n% P% D$ I4 R" ^Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 }. w0 p2 D6 x- ?
' E9 T. k- ^8 Z, j. ]% }写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! O( Z8 s$ _. R) Z5 i- @/ z, R0 q + [8 v& f+ A* x# m7 `, p% D9 x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 L1 Q+ B& k: j5 J3 |7 @' \7 [7 d. ?
1 ~4 G" E3 q, W5 e) S3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 W" `$ z. X- B t8 }" ]2 ~3 N
, N5 U' q$ e; e7 G例如:6 R, {$ O7 v' q
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * a& C, F+ m* b8 D3 I4 l ( a$ W- \' n1 [! n/ C+ Z4 w) tManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + |! _' c$ o8 ]0 P" Y; }& ^6 i; T( _8 j( ]) O; z
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! F; O& {1 p7 h " c9 I# `7 k' G0 C* J aHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- y6 v4 K1 L* I
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) W) r' x( v6 X ' H( H' ?& R, i; {; p% iPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 N4 z4 y I0 r6 Z* m+ z0 p1 @
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & E& H5 ?% t. k 6 e$ v( {0 n# ~% d FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - _* `- {6 O* u/ V 9 ?$ p) K/ B; k7 ]2 l5 I. t同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . x6 {& ^( V: M" [# {9 M _5 B/ K' @. [# y3 m6 l. D; ~
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 C2 }0 d5 q+ a ?4 ?: |7 B. f# h5 L$ o- g
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" W+ Z+ ]& f( W
' ~ m t# F! B% ?/ w- _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) D, b8 k* H" ]) n4 w: u. k
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; t9 h# b( t0 b+ ^7 w& T& s$ |
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 v2 q3 @( e4 R% y4 A
$ Z# ^$ r! e- P至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' \& E+ ]5 G5 ^" n/ D9 i, v
- }; b6 m$ \% c u! X+ z8 S: e还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 |% K7 V6 y. E( L; u7 e% X) P+ |: r + P1 T& ~/ V. m! X6 H8 D3 W# e+ k有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 H# p& \" o9 M