本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 A. X* Q+ k1 ?/ d( |5 K
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 u; O5 ~( L& ^, {. g5 D2 q% j' P" g. x4 \# l" f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 G# L4 c- r3 n ! C2 }: {. O w1 ]+ J/ p0 PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& ]5 s6 {6 ]2 ^; L- F
! [7 L R- G& i( B- ?/ ZThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ P- Y9 m8 A( E' ]9 d8 w- }0 V& j# {+ Y: Q( g
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # q9 J5 e' y. ~0 p% x2 V # E3 P) d, t- p: X& P* JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 ]: | \5 f( H* k: V8 Z6 M6 N6 o8 ]
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % d9 b2 \; B7 o! t e8 C! F* p2 N
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & c1 ~6 b2 \' X6 Q( i. ?/ }# o4 a- B/ i
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 z1 Z+ N2 Y0 a- }8 ]0 S ; U6 M# x6 p' t/ j- g; JWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : S4 K: z( C1 I/ ]& L2 \- E* i* b7 j; `% j
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# K8 l3 E Q2 c) C% Y/ x
4 h. E6 H' R6 t" L这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 | `' n6 P5 F/ f. r
8 Z# F0 l$ H* p6 }: N+ r# Y3 i * s! {' w/ t7 P2 m5 C6 ~2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. S7 ^# Q% N9 {4 w3 D
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例如: ! X) B" | A+ t) G/ } ; c7 k; u* I" {% ?! g7 jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 G6 [: q) M, D) M5 c B4 y& |) \7 [8 T$ o
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & o# y, j* L; M _1 e4 E- ?" O9 f5 x @8 H5 @3 ?4 c# }
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* Y; E- r! f; |% F5 H2 I
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 B( S, f0 g) w' i$ K7 L
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 _4 {; u/ z% \$ R8 B1 V 9 X' ^4 n3 P# {! X/ G1 q8 iShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 z$ o- j3 {$ K% [: F: T9 A
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 `) y8 r4 V0 d" j" k
( U# }" u/ n- z6 h5 Z# ~9 @如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 o1 N8 ~+ e: w! p3 y6 r) r4 f4 U1 K
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 S) Z7 Q7 C! k' T% Y% J3 l3 L/ D) _9 m Y4 d( d( h
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . \9 N" u9 I* v6 d, E$ v" @7 H# \! g+ F' x
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , a, f* A9 P9 ]. Q. S9 R- q% L3 m# |7 U6 G* J, t
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 W' V5 ^ d3 o- g+ |; [ # h. R" ^4 H, v1 W; l5 YWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 c9 V6 _. h% e8 A1 Y. @/ R
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 q* Y- g) [- Y
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) m# _+ N5 x/ o0 c ' ]' |, ~: k, m; I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / c u+ \1 V/ g2 z5 I# A' V1 I' F, H! w" y# g4 X6 h
* u( Y- ?4 s3 q- M5 W" _7 z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " |, Q- F0 {. q! V& t; W3 c0 |6 ^, i/ y2 X
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8 B+ L+ Q% ~8 b+ jMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 F5 O# ^& ^6 d# m0 p, X/ n" g9 N0 A- d6 A& v0 {% Z4 f
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ A" R0 h7 u8 t( O# h; r! e8 e
9 `# W6 N) R' G1 jThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# I/ \ K" B$ s6 c \2 p
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 {+ B5 o' ^$ |% D# R0 d8 R
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 K/ X1 F. @. f( |( c4 I |
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( D# r$ d; F5 w5 W! X% l/ ^ c
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 P3 a) E5 O& {1 y
/ H0 N( Z7 @3 o8 ]; cStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' \+ T4 t9 X- X( [
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( N4 l4 ]! @. ], z4 S- ~4 y
# |7 i x! W1 ^) o9 h m) k当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) e# W# h1 {) r
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 g; T: Z) c) W. G6 F7 |6 a
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 G) N0 {3 Y6 d
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ ?9 Q1 O- a" s% ~) _& y% k" S
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 D( {/ N3 l! {" F, g% H( _+ m; y* ?. q" ^. s" h$ a
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 } t4 U& v, R$ K- u5 q( h9 E: J1 P7 W A; H) Y+ _% |
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* B) y- l$ `0 M$ s6 r7 F, _
6 D) R) }5 U" P1 K* H# V |有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + W$ z, Y% X* v) _