本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ V; {$ i5 q; R* _' _3 w/ ~
7 C6 [* e! w( r8 E 转帖 $ c3 @7 x2 f. [! W1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : P* W1 k8 O) ^$ y& R 7 t t& C+ j% P1 n9 r1 o' ~# {例如: 5 r9 y5 e) v3 x* w' h+ L7 U+ e! W9 V( d3 q; @- H+ y! q
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 p& Z6 ~5 J! E0 V ; S; a+ b( ]' K6 c9 fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " T" `' w0 s; e# I # q( R! `* N5 f( UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & X Y0 L5 ?3 a3 s + b$ R) k/ P$ c( o4 TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; E' F$ u; R1 l: V, c4 C 6 K0 U4 F4 A# t! ]* m! YI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). T- u, {2 i' C' o7 ]8 H+ F
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! F# c; M1 e/ x7 f
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% ?# }& B& M7 |9 `
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), t# O3 F$ E# d- W
! G8 h, V- T6 |- h: L3 I. |! NWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' a$ _+ P- v: P/ a% d 6 k7 W4 m# M% j" w* W# fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 D; O3 ?: x3 l! o; j& @ - d! J, K1 q0 f这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / {% d H+ K$ B9 \/ x0 L$ J& |' b4 H' T8 U
8 o q' h; E) O* U7 d2 g- S2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 _+ C* k' R$ c 0 ~ g8 e) |* X例如: ; A1 T4 D6 I: g; K/ E 7 n8 Q5 s [+ K; y3 R9 N6 eAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 [- [1 a8 F4 |' u) Z+ ` \# p! |" ?* B' p6 u# s8 s8 h/ V
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! |0 F# A6 f7 a L% W" c6 i* K" k. B$ A; D& h9 Z( Z$ c
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 O! g( b, f8 Z% U( P4 `
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): x! _# R! \1 v9 L* x% z8 c3 w; h
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + \! y( e- z5 k) s2 A * m5 }% Q9 x5 X4 P/ CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 E9 O1 w0 G3 S! \ % _) _9 B" L; L5 i9 I& P t. zI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 m7 ~" L# G* [
" q" s1 ^. x! u* ^1 O9 }# i如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 N3 y' ?) Q4 T9 i& H. j! P+ \; N
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + {/ h4 q s" ~5 |7 X: U& W0 n1 Z' C. f7 U! H8 k V
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ c2 t' @( c& n0 U; y
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 ~; Y2 u& W+ C6 N* \( h
8 ]8 i4 j, R& n8 SHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 R; Q& U8 l5 O8 c2 e
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( I+ o- l' ^/ l: g+ g4 j$ P4 m. t
8 i; N2 i3 f1 @+ v) Y; r- NEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ M. [, T) U& s, M" z" u
8 b P( e, A. D8 [$ O; F: S2 A写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ m% x1 Y% ~; K' u1 X" B0 v, _1 o5 i1 \& b* Q/ u& S
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ _; s2 k( l6 h1 q4 r
6 {/ ?: P! [+ O* `0 s: D2 W1 J6 Z' ?! K& g/ H, q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 _) P% r5 p: i7 [- i; n: w' S# ?2 e! ~! W
例如:+ `6 @, v& V! ]' t- o2 I' a2 Z- a7 ]
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - A5 x! Z' Y; x* G$ V ^2 p4 f% g% _9 W# Z+ cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) l1 L1 f' w/ `5 X; |3 c; Q {3 C/ u1 m$ |; M. r: u' ?" g, ]0 [1 _5 J
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 C+ l( _/ |/ w2 ]% Z* G
9 z1 ?- [5 `6 Z: FHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 Q+ f' @" D& ?. ~
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). F$ u; v* N% s5 f3 Z0 \
0 v7 V h& |, \2 z; xPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 j+ L) v/ \* Q9 S5 x9 i
0 F |" U) r4 S% rCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 F4 u% Z6 g5 {5 U; ?6 `* C8 G
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 c; m; `4 `3 i+ V7 J( B
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 A8 v9 g2 B6 H$ @3 L& \8 g8 N
' r$ W: ]) U. a; A# B3 Y+ e+ z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( _# M4 d' ~9 S3 }! Q# R * b* }$ u& ~/ h) f( s! T2 _对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 h. y& E( M6 [! r: p5 s% i+ n' \- Q% y4 n: u0 H, r4 \; u
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 j) h( e) h1 k$ Z; N3 t. ^7 S0 R
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' b( a d/ s( I3 _% m7 z& m# Y2 h) ]% q* I; [! M; Q, G9 u
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& L) f9 _$ [4 E/ M
. H5 I0 f u9 U, F$ E1 I. q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # |3 _+ H1 }5 K! n7 y! w6 L1 `5 Z+ i- B4 }
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# h' R& [# W0 `- q; w
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" a- w7 k. b5 E, J# }* h