本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , {/ ~! Z" X! J; R) {# I 3 }; U, |( Z1 V: L- [转帖 9 _( G# l4 Z, S+ d' M1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 f- ` n. d! }8 [4 _ - K' Q% a5 X" v* Y. k$ H7 r- V例如: ' }2 Z2 P! @( Y/ p# ] % k% }: A) ]0 L* q- eMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 Z% v g- Z; o* Z ( c$ [0 A6 V; C [3 DThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). ]2 A( W2 {& U; P1 P* r
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 c3 {( K! `2 k1 Q. \) {' l. g2 T5 o0 a
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- l2 D$ L5 Y3 ?+ ?( m
7 g3 J- q4 _! g3 CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 {# `0 ^' S; d9 h/ C
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- \7 V2 Y) O) ~) P# N8 }
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 ~- M7 I1 u- R8 g. L2 C . E0 d- y& ?7 z+ DThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ N* W/ P! u- r( a( U- W( `0 [
9 T: X! _" G9 p% yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 Z) e3 j* R: _5 z& A2 C' ^( J " E/ S# c/ i w( h* QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + T& T. h3 Z' e q3 I& I ' S% X$ D8 |$ G$ P$ f$ q! V: i/ w这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 k8 h% B" y6 X, q
0 C% g5 ~( X+ Z9 U" g + ]) R1 l$ T- F1 l, u2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . G% n! |8 r s5 R) Y+ \' j- e( D5 H6 _
例如:7 T, S F0 H5 l9 ]8 v S8 Q3 l5 U
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) R1 ^1 i, P$ z7 \( \
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( z& Q( A9 l1 z : L7 Z4 H5 S' S1 p& c$ x% p# N# QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). F* b+ e0 J4 V2 @' c! a7 ~
' `* ? B5 E# N3 `& \- g5 e- r) DHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ W1 d5 ~' Q& h! t6 ^$ S, t
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): R/ f9 p4 _; i9 s4 @
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ e6 C9 u7 g# }) B. K! Z
; L' ` z3 F$ [" u' x# V3 n5 @I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( A4 a# {7 a9 L1 n/ P- j) z, A8 o( D
& E; K2 F9 W' M( W" d如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ H2 x5 ]0 m3 i, L6 T, L; |
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 l9 ^) J. k9 S + h; s3 Y" H% O3 N: p1 KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* B* v: T: g- z- G
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- K# i6 ^3 n# P( ^( R+ n5 ~$ O4 K: _
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* a! K: U+ j5 {; O8 E9 ^& ~
' w5 Q7 f/ h( a) z+ q! I/ {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) z% }: P. [/ f! q2 ~( x. k
' z7 Q9 @0 g, hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 M6 b2 ^, E3 ]5 I) W$ U5 n& w8 y/ d, B3 g
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) }$ R6 x; L9 I! \2 z3 r+ T6 [/ j/ o 1 v1 l% B5 u9 \此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 j& |/ u2 N+ o
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4 E2 Y1 K$ k. y+ x0 m0 D& Z+ ~/ g3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 B1 B; X0 Y1 e5 Y9 X ' U' n j; C+ f8 S0 E7 G: \& ]例如: % t+ E) ] |3 @! @- A7 b' j/ i . C3 T/ w) {8 z/ ~5 m& a* r1 w( EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( i( w6 M; [6 W3 }
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - @' l% m' X/ p3 B) H. O 3 y" N& a! w \6 @0 b5 `This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 O% _, R& |4 z0 ` A: t: p$ p o8 ~2 h4 d* u: ^3 O8 D. fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( m9 |3 r% B3 L0 A
9 Q5 W2 w6 x; L$ \" K2 M4 U8 {7 dMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % I Z/ h' E/ ?& x( X d" x/ t* I6 k8 ~( ~% E, RPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % x/ I% _6 \1 f' ?; B: {3 w6 I' u( q* K) V+ F( ~
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 h8 |9 ]8 g3 ?$ ^9 l $ ]/ S1 n3 k# |' iStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 t; E& ~& [( y , R+ W) s: W6 o4 R! Q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 B6 y9 a1 X4 `$ Y
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 z( x! o5 u+ R( ~( F9 h' P& k
1 F9 F% p. U) {0 m- M: X* p对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; n# _3 v9 ]# B' Z1 I; g8 X
$ G( m/ `" _ _, S( `对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' A' r* x* s# o' E$ {* P5 V
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. J- H' A; Q- e! s! f7 Y1 ]
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;$ J5 R0 S1 `4 L% D
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( t2 e6 M B! ~" C/ O3 Q# r [9 V. z! f j5 Y
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 z$ V& u8 H p/ C4 c6 X5 }7 g
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / c$ `6 H, B. a6 S' v# B