本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; A; h& }3 K. x. z5 N6 y " d0 ?% V; [" ^ n* h/ N1 Q6 l转帖" O; N6 O. `0 v- R+ g
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 O1 Z5 g3 M* [+ k' q3 k1 T ; f$ W/ s0 J5 k: E( `) k例如: ~% _3 a+ @' m) {* {8 i! j# t$ }2 d
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; ~; b6 N6 T* _ Z& Q. v) m X5 ?, s; Y; P0 z& H; n9 v6 M+ fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 D! | a8 o( g) i" \" O0 T# `( p
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- Q# F+ V2 K1 ^7 o5 Q# e% _
4 c4 F/ _# G( |The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 M4 y) W6 w$ n6 s9 X 0 x% M" v, o+ c2 s3 u9 b! hI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 ?! u, ]( C! a- W: a6 o
* K' i8 r8 K r5 ~' K- B5 e- TMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' i4 Q$ X: v, L2 V) _! w5 A& b6 B0 n- u9 j% f
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 R$ B1 b# G, l$ D5 s8 \; l$ b; W
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' }* Y* z# M( M& \) `4 d0 q# L* L7 p: g& o) w4 m: T9 x' [
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 a2 `3 C/ S% Z* y/ x3 e% v# f, e8 {; o# E
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); o8 x V* K5 k
7 @( D7 [ X, h这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 m8 Z3 A0 F1 P" C0 _& j/ Y4 ^0 b " s9 g6 d" l U9 L8 a2 Y1 A) P+ _; `9 C% [( K5 ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ e: T% c% }) \/ G
, P% x; P( K6 E# {4 @( N, e例如: , d' G' R$ ?7 r, u$ s% _. J0 {$ r+ K" S) f/ W. Y, E
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) x, g6 m# T) M. l# @* ~
6 K8 w4 w2 P. U1 x; O" MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ X6 I, c' u+ J/ |5 Q) W/ j
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ z0 q6 \, p2 [/ |+ P7 Q
. `/ m9 w& P: Y# e: r, o6 DHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 i; x. w6 F+ e' y
4 u% m6 M& e, A/ Q* x& D5 BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); |3 {% }) C' r6 L8 O
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 o* t: |+ \+ n% _, j1 L ) U! k4 R( ~. W# `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 ]" d9 m" [. c7 F/ z$ u
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) h/ d8 u0 Z; w$ J* F1 B6 N
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 \- Y3 _+ u7 Y/ h. M5 T5 a" h
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ @! t* n' M( i# g, P5 ~
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 \3 n& V7 i( X % Q! m- U5 m9 E0 Z' r4 n$ mHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 t3 P, A) W% @& } ! R/ r) ? I4 B# }# Z4 F) mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 `6 f; |/ A+ l3 Q$ `3 ^
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 W4 h! u2 R+ F H m( L# Z( ?
9 ]' I) p5 B! ?+ t0 B写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), i* f; x! E- `
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 ?& H' ?$ u" A* B: M8 [. N/ \
6 ]5 c1 t+ {4 x& _' p: S8 N8 `8 l. V% i* U9 O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& X0 ~% \# N' n ~9 D$ J& w+ [
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例如: - k' D8 Y* T* R" `& v. h$ H* m 6 `4 A8 Y. z7 P, g# M: m0 FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' D2 R; m4 _, |- s7 k/ F
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 f/ ~( g0 j( x. Z0 G: K6 v+ e% E9 j0 w# q- s' i9 b
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ |. @9 ?+ ~) E8 ~8 `4 T
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # k6 R; L& H$ h( d4 b5 O U4 U! \9 {: u* P
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" p0 O/ I' t* j0 y) i3 i
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 {0 a* u) T2 X3 h
1 K `1 x7 I' T$ n( R4 H* w5 dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 r9 G6 t0 B1 p: M- H! g) r! S3 D6 |. F: e8 C- \
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 O9 X: \, Z, h0 l$ G. z' c/ _9 G4 S4 f
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # |. ]- N. E7 P0 `3 m. c$ e! t ' `$ e8 d, m4 S7 ~$ _% _5 E e当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - u6 G, h, H8 w/ ?, Z. R 0 ~! j" O/ U, b$ U I对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; z, g2 ^* Z7 W
8 W# [7 u( C6 R0 I8 d对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % W& g2 H3 b( i& E! L% R! |, Z" G% ~8 r; x0 @4 g0 p; W
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 D7 s# Y5 r3 F5 F, w' m 2 e V) o J& L/ f/ ]0 ^4 o: `对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' Y: W1 o. S9 x' c9 e, t4 K, ~4 {* _: L; p* r
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % Y7 N+ J2 O+ J. G5 u9 u% W4 L3 w5 n8 s
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 L- Q- H! y8 D+ t# C4 Q# `1 y/ s# w+ M- j4 q, v* I- S9 F9 R& k
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& a0 D" d/ ^/ T