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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / o4 D' P) p B9 P- v }. ?( N$ \ u: E例如: % W/ m# ^& Q% R" M- {7 B: c2 h* F: [
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / n( R8 z8 f/ y+ R 2 {: ]9 |7 f& M6 g7 xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ Z" q8 |9 i, E( E8 ]; `
0 L$ S, Z. A4 P# L$ n6 IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) l( K# ~" t- b% W' B
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; I, H/ J& d4 ]! n* u6 v! K. b, c" Z, \ w
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) x- X. Q4 I L" t7 e$ j
- n# ^* f' J3 E' b. R0 \. L6 uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) \# W) Y4 D; E0 K# Q$ c$ H+ y \) n, ^1 ^, }" C( v, [/ Z. ]
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 V8 t1 v7 f1 F! ~/ l5 H, U" W2 X# g8 M `. i" z; Y$ ~! {
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ `1 W. L6 h" } S% O$ B
6 n& s& ~1 \- k% ]9 {/ LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , N; ]1 z! s% a$ Y8 _) j) q& T4 Q$ m
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 c( E2 H) r8 l% ^2 I0 m1 P 2 s! Q# G) O! q0 t; s1 y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 Z' f7 G U9 g& N/ H3 e) _/ g# S! U5 n7 N7 b1 \; {2 d" Y
+ \! a+ W* A) `; s 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 b j2 K, G* I) t+ ~4 H6 u: H# x- I
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例如: 4 x' t. L. k# S5 v7 B: \ 4 P( y q: T7 c. ], wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 t0 U4 ^# \# \* x5 Z, t5 X* r " R0 `" e- m0 SDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% M. W. a! e0 g
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& o: j- A- ?# X# G) m! G
' d9 d* t7 R7 Q6 c9 [8 ]) \8 dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 m/ a O6 S" d; {* |; p( a$ ?; e" o9 s: H. W9 G& h& J: x
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) |" Q$ g6 ^% w+ e
/ A4 ^# Y( a ?) h) QShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - L y$ T ^$ y% Z5 _: _" h; i) X& J, n+ f. s3 Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 M, d$ R4 S( J1 ^; {. i/ K 8 U, {; N$ z* ~" d" h( x如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) p, w3 A% J2 B" n8 ~* Q% o! w
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 |4 Q- s0 }) k- A
. k) z* O! H! }. W- |The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* V0 f* _2 }% @% `
/ b3 c/ d+ Z/ L4 q, `4 [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 m& q3 j" _* D
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) v+ _! _* p) N# c- G# Z6 `' ?$ H- m
) J( o: I4 |& v; z% @: j7 f* SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% l* \& \; |0 b
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 d* ~2 R4 Q1 R7 V
6 q" J) L% M0 p6 y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) W' y4 k# X: B) S
4 I( e2 c9 o) r& |! J此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- h# E% Q N' C7 r, U8 E
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3 r3 V4 t6 q% K! B& S3 F8 j: B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; @; {9 t ?& m) \8 G3 e. C ^$ N" L. m8 ] k- x% W* H
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 r$ \' v( ~0 c6 L . z3 ~3 y# X5 V @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 H2 v9 `) \7 ?! e+ E/ K7 O
/ Z$ w9 U+ x, T# D9 dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- g8 a2 ?( T2 V3 m/ B
) \( U1 H- A; @9 MHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 [" N8 c; k1 f3 {+ u3 a( h+ n
8 T; q4 g3 M% ~Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # K6 F2 d" J5 }) Q. L9 f5 O9 o' w4 r# A9 [
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : X; V8 S3 P E) J% g: [3 F* Q' h' g: y2 {% }6 ?3 |
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : _/ A) u4 K1 g) Z# M% l; A, C$ Z7 L6 J: {7 Y& X
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) Q6 j( P" r: ]0 l( j+ A
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( q) P# I- i' Q+ f5 M
( q- \2 g) a7 x. a1 W! p7 z5 L% T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# n) ]4 L' p/ |5 M, K
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , l4 o1 T' S% n% i+ v' \& g5 Z' t0 w
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 z9 c1 i) b/ m( c) {+ q