本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 T. ^0 V/ D9 h7 N }! S8 F8 Q: @% ?4 m. |" j 转帖) a1 J. x* D: f9 |' L ?+ P. L) A# q
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 n; X$ K) L4 C/ ~1 \1 q* J/ D, X 1 _/ X: v# B. f% o例如: # I% ?& ~5 s, ` # N7 b. ~/ ?) s* FMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) [3 B9 k5 [& \: Z% C/ b1 U6 \ J$ }
! ?) l+ u" \1 `6 i. Q1 a% P4 B, KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 G1 z7 D. B2 ^3 R; L5 ~ v6 E5 n4 @1 C0 U$ m/ g
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 m" R$ c8 l+ W$ B& e F
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % Z- r! B3 \+ w* _+ x: e& ^# a8 J% i. F& ^4 _. C
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( _ k0 I4 m* V0 S, p( x# P: N6 p
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 D+ u& b. O+ z; K3 q; |. @ r6 |+ w' z: x
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - F3 R( Z# H0 x+ r, { : I) v0 X6 L' [5 I% \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) Q, {, R+ O: S, r
' }. U) n' b0 H" bWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 i9 s" e9 F& }3 z9 ~0 _
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # b9 ^- y% k9 X' d/ K0 Y' e& X5 H [, J- G3 i# l
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 b8 j8 K; y# s: z2 W+ ~2 Y' _ {! }. Y# ?) D/ p% d) e. e 4 Y0 Q, A7 v7 Y6 @1 C' q) d2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ h f0 ]0 C8 v P6 c
$ ?/ p& ]0 x: j( L) `& z" p例如:) r' x/ }. K2 Z+ k3 P* c, @" }
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 D* S3 l3 H' @4 a% _9 C1 o0 }: Z & M7 @7 |! J4 XDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 r, J! y; d4 w( o9 ]
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " X2 D6 h7 A6 U3 d 3 n5 q+ P3 q7 k7 cHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* E7 y- m, r2 }0 r
- V! ^0 Q, X5 v, ]+ w9 cIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : q" [- S' O/ V: O4 J 1 a- c3 f8 J$ R6 U2 mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; f8 U1 V l1 b5 { n1 _9 W0 E9 O. B3 G0 ~I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 J# f2 e: z% p& U, I3 z+ n, w2 i/ k3 f h' O; I
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 g' V( m m0 q- c$ {0 O9 L7 Q- b" t- U' D3 O
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 i: {; \: n" q2 y
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 j7 m! T/ L2 t# \7 f9 n1 L3 ` - M+ `8 `0 H, {. D3 bHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 H, u3 \2 G* b: w$ ~
m c8 Y9 j- I ~+ sHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" @' O6 B2 |- m! z
2 b) o) V3 l% e3 q, G/ t* yWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! M) Y# i( M/ H6 F `- h8 X
j5 C9 {8 ~' @& {Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 _; B- m5 e- G7 ~) g( B
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 Y4 M6 N# E5 o/ U2 y $ A- r! }/ k$ _: B0 }, ?! B* P, g; s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 \. c2 f" U+ j5 c
\2 w: P4 Q$ p/ N6 {+ d: e3 F4 e7 `' K( T5 r- l 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 M$ N9 ^6 a3 V; F4 @0 n, j4 ~ }" ]
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - n& h4 v# f: B5 ]0 G$ M) q" m 2 }! c7 B/ u! _5 j+ M8 pManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 }: N- ~3 \( ~# B0 X
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ N) I# Z! ~, K" h# ~
& u) b/ d- ?4 J& b- S2 N0 b) RHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 U' S, L0 R6 Y% W9 t! K6 h
$ o8 c* X1 G1 r4 \( _. F3 l; H- AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ y' K! Q& ?# F
; H6 ^/ W) B. |6 z0 P) _" w9 JPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ?# D% W; Z; w* x) ]0 |5 P9 ?& _# d: F" P- |; S+ }
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" Q' k8 K. X* a$ E) B( _
9 {, I! p% S, b4 I4 |5 L, PStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% U* j0 e |* @. I3 B
4 X& a$ Q; Q3 b同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - b" g X* d/ u0 a* e J' I: Y. P B- z
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 e5 H# J% G) X, D
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; m, {) \0 q, g7 Y' i, F* X' O' f
+ a+ p* K3 x {2 V对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; m& P: M) M& Q) R$ |$ P
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 B- V0 g" t$ u3 ~1 L 1 e7 Q% O/ G$ d& K. K8 v对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & B4 v1 n) F) l; X6 h" H! f: \) j& u
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ) l3 N; |$ g, D. B/ z ) }5 d! N, [3 O还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . a4 N& A( U1 M' r9 M D: b1 P& |3 V: v! |% Z3 |/ N' E) S
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- _/ p% y. `( l, s; j$ H