本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 b& y5 u9 D t; i
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " o- ?9 y2 u9 l2 @ ! n+ j4 E2 [7 M* z例如:- F& } W( U/ V. L8 R& J
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 a2 t% j& t( n0 V) [5 A ' ]+ L7 f0 H4 D6 n3 P. ?+ @# eThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 z8 p* R! C v; l
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% L1 I# r5 [6 B
8 i# |8 ~2 h" h% s- ?# Q9 GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! Y. b$ ^% D% n6 x 6 G) g# X( ?( m' ]8 Q; bI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' Y: m; I- M2 L' Q& }8 B- O9 d- l+ i/ L& I: }
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- ?: c9 M) ~* n# g
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) }7 U, n/ R& x, W0 ]$ B4 p" H5 k4 n) w, p: [# J% K- ?5 [
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): e& ~8 w5 m5 @, i" Y( X1 f& E
0 x3 c' I. {' }3 a7 A" OWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + o# U/ @% \# r5 c8 O" c, ?+ l2 h
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" b. `4 G2 d. T' W* t
- ~5 p# U" D& O+ \" D% h这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. p! a0 b3 c9 l, A, ?. H* v
( c) M6 E: }8 t7 {& y. d" a1 z( q$ e3 I4 ] 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 L* b N5 H- u1 W
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例如:, g, |& m/ }6 P$ U1 ?7 T. `
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( T* u! K) Z4 P( P3 A; r" x" C, P8 j+ \
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& X$ T: j9 F G N/ x3 {6 {
# O$ x: G; e+ Z3 s6 sI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' g( i: C) g7 C$ L: {$ s0 s
- R6 Z1 @) F" ~0 ?) j# t. j* p. AHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 O2 [# [7 Y6 _
s4 P0 ?- P( q3 iIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 l1 z! t4 r `* `' b0 x
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 X& P0 ~; e: a
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* C2 r$ F: W+ m% |3 M$ A% o
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& n( t. \% v: u5 ^6 `$ e4 Z
% N) w( d D% `9 [7 w& Y) L9 H) z; u) EThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 J' M' g7 H5 F$ A
, C; n$ d7 M# N# KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( T2 _/ }& i$ G* L- M2 ^
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 [2 J6 v/ a6 H; v; A7 u
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ Y3 i0 |7 E$ p( S4 B . z0 c! l( D2 h2 V1 z% v" ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). D# M. w4 H! B( l6 R% l: r0 c
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ?9 d% A- A! p {0 o$ Z0 Z9 J$ `4 a& p
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 z. l. p" u2 j; o$ \- z* ` 0 b" ?, J5 z8 |. n. r# d此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" ?4 T% o5 E8 \+ M# K; s
2 X* v3 g' ]% y6 g) a2 M8 a 0 U1 ^. h/ z) ?8 N5 q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 t) X0 Z+ `# {: _ ' H6 Q7 \ ^5 V2 ?, J- A1 l# p例如: 8 ?' K+ n% [5 c. ^9 m. Q - @$ z1 f. U4 p. ~* \Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); q4 b* T/ S: W6 r+ t0 `7 T- S
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 W6 j2 T. Z, S0 b( Z+ V( b
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . }3 f- _: O! |+ c8 } * e2 G+ |- X& H5 fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( _% z1 Z4 y1 _- J, v
* z1 {3 v$ t, P( t1 @: c! |) q: uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 K) [/ o4 K B9 {1 `) h) p9 X
6 L3 i' B. D/ @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): X/ O8 Z \2 I2 t5 b1 J
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & M4 k% {. u; X( r7 n$ m P! L0 w4 I$ a; N# b
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 h2 h8 u) |# r5 @ 4 A# @% c* L% e, i' v- o6 B% I1 E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , s! H5 s' B/ X6 M: T3 s/ k1 M' g; p/ L. p) i8 b k8 c, V
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 z3 i3 _8 M! B/ ^4 @) U
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* ~5 ]! T& p. E: T; A, q |
9 T1 ?: @( D/ M) T. o3 L# S1 q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! b& p. ^' V; _# L4 v U
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 A- U6 k2 Q+ ?5 p" k" Q$ A8 X i$ I