本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + n4 B: w+ i) d/ R# d, K2 z+ a* p" V) O) I9 k 转帖! d, J; m; T: H
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 `- r( P2 ~/ @/ _0 @1 ?0 i0 B6 j4 e @# f% Q; ~7 a2 \
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); o3 G- s/ Z0 G
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! n. \/ t2 x- w% v4 r 8 f* M7 r' P% g# s) Y/ j" u% fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # T0 l1 R" d6 i$ k* _' D " @2 `" h- d, aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " y" g6 J/ K. e4 s( L3 _/ w1 I. ]7 v& P8 V& g! Q
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : \& A% N. B3 m0 V5 N' v# K5 [( h! S1 i9 i
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 }$ d/ d) Q$ T: r1 I' H
6 C0 `3 @1 @6 |We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 J6 ^+ V- O8 S" W# Y0 I1 J
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 T' F) G8 s& k- d
7 U" ^. l$ D4 i& E6 `We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! W( V' `1 ?/ |' h4 L
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 A8 B, E/ U9 R& d/ Q
& ?! r3 N3 _+ ?1 Z! T9 ]这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) B) S" b+ U) i' p& ]# y9 `4 ~; [
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2 x/ j7 }3 f$ u# c& J1 l3 h2 d 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& e0 s. _2 F2 q, g! D
2 a+ v+ u/ F/ N. ~例如: 4 H: w' A" j6 M* `% S/ ?% c 7 k! H9 K4 F3 r; @' KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # L5 ^- d Q+ B8 T$ M ? F. r* [+ f4 X8 r; MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 g9 ?5 G- S6 S: l3 k" t. P. J! j- q' @( ~' K% m7 k$ u8 q! [! a
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 ^! d8 S; B' o2 J5 p, M$ l: X) d; J) F: f% i2 O5 ]- }
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 l4 @, i9 N6 c( Q! X* `6 e; j$ ~. O ! `. ]0 `% I# s% e/ L% `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 z7 a# a3 m% Y n1 i
D. {% l' q$ K! _& Y# H6 E' |1 W, M! BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 |9 C' i3 C8 c7 U: B' K1 s5 c7 @( ^# B8 Q4 k( e& Y9 V
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " Y/ q2 X) \' S* x- r1 i, c , C2 N- P: S; u7 y: D& ~& B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ c% q) _3 H; T8 Y! H
: A0 ` b% x9 n" ~The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- }0 R3 _& Z9 R
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% b @, \3 a \4 i' H! p9 v* k& ^/ g
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% o1 c; A) m! R2 P
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " j) B$ a0 W$ O5 E4 q7 d* _; O8 l ' D' t7 H8 P$ U; K$ r( fWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); [$ a' m, `" T5 \$ p& n
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , @& q' \; s i N5 v - \8 [) M6 v' f0 @0 V写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) E# ^. B+ a, z) Y/ y# A+ O: j% N# H2 \: t& S5 I
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; m: D, M% R% ?# {2 ~# d* f2 L: z" n6 w( E6 }
5 n3 B% w8 C' b: W% b% s0 C3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: c! O# k! B' Y3 t8 P# ?
8 y5 E8 K$ }0 ]& ?2 C例如:9 v( |* ^$ ]4 R/ w1 ^& V
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 M* X- [0 F; W. R$ i
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 W% N6 x' t0 W% P ' W" t+ o# \ L$ Q" i6 S t6 VThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 X8 }7 Y, u$ U/ f! q& u2 S8 H" o: @& W( R- R3 V
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! I9 p2 r; g+ x1 N1 b
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 k% G" W# i- h3 `/ i$ K! F) v6 _% l, k! k3 b" P1 d
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 Z: L2 B3 z) u# y0 F
$ J0 [2 i- J/ Q5 hCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 F0 r" a! \9 a7 q$ @) @9 i- Y# W5 h/ E
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" [. o5 j5 K$ J+ Z1 c- x5 |- y
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ m& m3 Q2 u; w+ k
1 x u+ W; E% N) r当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 U( G- {3 p" b $ g5 N3 \+ @8 M* [5 W" L4 |" j) k对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 l9 r; y' W( N
$ c6 \$ \2 M3 t$ U) b对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' p' ~% D% }5 S! T' h 4 k2 C, x0 B1 Y3 ~3 {' o; o对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . f1 {: q$ n. e5 I6 ~ 7 \2 w# w8 A! p1 E对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 t1 m9 `3 M+ q, h9 M, G0 H( U8 |" |2 j. b6 w" [& d/ J
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 t2 @+ D& q4 f& h$ u 1 N4 z7 e" N0 l还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , a* q2 d/ A/ s9 ? 4 H: u7 Q; ?+ }! _7 D: _* O9 R有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 g, ~3 ~% D# [; }3 W8 X3 I