- Y' E1 C/ r/ T" Z) Q& Q: XMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 D& o0 I- p6 {" d, m9 l# C5 X. w) a. ^$ \/ k4 } \- _
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " h# m) a+ R& n7 c2 F+ G# U/ ~! @/ V
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* l; O# D$ [4 |6 Z0 I! ]: g
1 f) \; _" o5 v4 j* V% bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- M% L% J7 T) p& c% z5 S2 t3 P9 a
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , @; P M0 G% s, q4 P 0 d: j ^1 c' S) e, R9 k3 H& _Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ t1 b) L& Z$ ^) @% v5 T- M, I, @$ W
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; P: w, P: t7 D, x& B: N! K! {% ?$ P p! W5 r
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& E; l4 B) r$ Y3 Z9 Z
" N' b7 l7 F/ _) w- I9 dWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) u0 R5 B: f. O/ s * h" t3 j$ C+ I: HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& a( B3 |: q4 g0 D& @
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 I) H5 e# W5 z# _ 8 j/ S4 H6 G9 H; [( `8 I0 G* U4 i! ~2 k 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: {/ ]$ W% }: l
z' B' @" x2 a+ r例如:3 S) Q' S3 T u/ x# K( i
; W1 ]; p3 H' B ]& V" T+ A' hAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' i# U$ [; l! Z- T, Z. r, W
% {# k& V9 F; v9 q$ ^9 q) I8 bDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' s: N( n/ h( S* x& c
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# M8 B5 E5 d% e/ A
% X8 o/ u4 e3 O* @" L' KHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 g) B+ B/ z9 v , O, h7 ?; k1 q( q( w- z" v! X! m" SIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( S3 s8 D/ }7 b7 @! c
& j/ e; t) W# ~5 ^She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% }+ v4 `3 }' n) f) T# L: j
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : G# _+ m- E2 p0 h* E6 f2 ? 7 Z5 h( k. B7 ~; X如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 [6 x# i( d, o# W) O2 ^
) ]) j; n( _# U' nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' f0 I1 c# O- r
+ U5 ]# p1 s% w: nThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 _ T5 S6 t/ p% ?: v1 I6 Y" W% p S! H' R% ]) w$ }( x5 e
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 m, J3 [$ \% l7 h
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . T- H" i" B1 p, a+ b* T e! ^6 Y8 p' P" j
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , ?* Q! H9 a/ ^! b$ x / b- I6 x+ H* dEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / s! L4 L- a. y+ m 0 m. z% ^9 R0 }. @写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . A; k4 I/ P0 g9 f' Y% Y3 n5 d' C( [" s* |( d
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " Q" `! L6 s) U9 B# L2 N2 p1 H/ C6 `3 B% _, i) W- V( A) U
9 X, V. q5 ]5 z* M3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 K/ R8 B8 T% n- A( J3 ? * W4 a5 s' t& E! {例如: 7 k) S# U+ N& O/ e) ` , |% L+ x4 W* b2 f5 B- `Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ b+ P5 V; V3 z+ c9 ~
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), z0 ~5 I8 ^! R( d, y
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 _; ~4 e0 n$ o* ^$ r, L! Z6 T8 J( B! R) @# l
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 A( g3 g8 \) [8 G( L$ q6 k
" k) H. ^" B0 w+ `Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& o5 F# g7 ^$ I1 L! J
5 M& i3 `) G: t* S5 B8 k; gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " [9 m9 A+ [# B 5 ]) j& p# o- A6 A- dStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% n2 ^2 b) d/ @' N+ w |9 }5 R
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . U9 h( E' {2 O, F. r0 i# W* v# ^- P+ D H- Z
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ j2 l+ H9 E3 a6 R4 x8 U0 \
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 H/ q% w; _. w0 r; K: u: ~& K: {
5 S- V1 t1 P* |* E9 |4 B1 Z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! p8 F6 e3 b4 c; {' d