本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( r z# P6 V/ ^& \2 R4 o7 E( }, j. }( B( ]6 t' Y 转帖 3 E+ `6 @5 L! x7 Y' t1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( J1 I$ g8 L e: L1 d8 C $ L3 j* T9 b. s6 n例如: % D& t6 v. F* I# l" @ / G2 f# `* l6 }: w4 k% M' GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . d/ E3 k8 O, \+ j: m: \/ v) O X- h* I w7 I$ Y/ Y ?' z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ r; U8 [, k2 h, m4 E8 r% G+ I ) u7 N$ @8 w5 x" a/ BThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); T; b( E4 }! S( |
7 ~ K8 D9 L+ i* hThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : Q; j' Q4 X/ ]+ q# q+ d, n6 B! p* B2 [7 v
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); u# x# {$ d3 V5 [: B# ?; T
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % V' w5 M, y c, R 5 Y% A% Z/ D& b# x6 F# ]$ t4 hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 x1 ]" `. p+ N/ V ) h. k+ k! l L, g* ? CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): F: [, S, u+ p z( c/ _
9 p% E2 {+ T/ ~* H- cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : G/ V" q: [: j0 ] - u+ B: u, {3 f$ k. T+ DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + q* q7 @4 @; J- N( v8 p1 v2 w. U8 C, f: Q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 o9 g) N6 b! |& R! n0 G5 a# }( E/ f- v0 O1 E J* ]
z. Y/ k1 T/ }2 K) h% p! X9 n9 u 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 |" x& P& X6 d% {7 h3 O8 N
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例如:3 B8 V; @: n" I
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! j! g, o, u1 G, `7 r
0 p+ X6 c; F1 h6 D; KDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % o# g' c, Z$ k( ^ 3 {8 |! X2 N y* p: l4 Y4 }( N% U9 mI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' X- ^0 V1 e! {+ R4 k& c2 i* k. w+ R Y
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : V+ n6 o3 T. ? Q/ J" z) w/ r5 B) |4 L1 _. W8 o8 `; L: R3 l& h9 Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 W0 x" d/ F% y7 K( N8 N1 i" O" u; b4 t) H
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + o" c9 z2 a0 ?, O) o 0 m+ q% s7 m" {- Q) ]I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% t- Y( a3 u, t
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( K4 O. V6 H+ w' \5 B
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 H, H& B7 ?( f5 v: W9 M/ _5 g8 K# f. D* Y
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 ]$ P2 Y" s1 |* b9 X# ]1 p R8 B. v j; G* B2 K
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * [% F1 Y0 k; u/ @ . Q7 c5 R% z8 M5 }3 S" Y+ NHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 S" v* o" B2 d2 K7 e) J s+ j9 f* r6 F' zWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 @4 ~+ O w* ? 2 p+ h" W9 ? T- i9 f$ r+ nEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' ]' Z7 E0 i8 f2 ?0 b( y, S" V7 m8 q: n; c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 E4 r4 \6 Y" c e2 K2 n R% w 3 C- j8 |4 k* K2 |4 v此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 P: ?( B+ Q d/ p/ S0 Z; K1 f
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+ `+ w2 u+ t1 a 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( t# I* K* }% G" r: Y5 }
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例如: E" p' \ y4 s8 D) G0 v" Z 7 J& ~1 N. r) z$ G: AMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' l1 ]$ \6 b. [5 e# u. W; {' n
% b1 G8 }8 N0 a1 w! AManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) o1 ?$ I Y- V. o$ E- C8 r) U, N; Q' C2 X
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / ^+ y- E* @% c ! c i4 J. f; \. o% e, @$ LHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% H* z+ s' Y' @9 {; J4 @9 [
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' H* [. F1 A5 M* M8 o
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) |! l' Z! C- A( L, ?, D
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). \5 n! }( @6 a3 Y
2 j) B$ F# q4 _4 ~) [1 uStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# t8 q M. E' S
( t9 m: A8 p$ {$ P. V同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: G( m& E% m- l/ E
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# G+ [8 N* y8 V7 j- ]
1 i* k/ c# y# Y- N# p7 J3 Z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 N- u, I2 `: L Q* S" d9 O. b2 W& v. a$ {/ S6 ]) ` G% O8 B! ~
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, q' g, ^* C. @; @
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" ~8 _2 q" V. ?+ ^