本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; _; i9 u; o4 t( m" p1 i! w9 ~# ^; @# W0 J: t 转帖 " X$ A9 t i) ~2 K4 C- g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " _/ w/ Y" c( k' P; G% O5 o9 w: ^$ f7 k% F. j
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# F$ |- {* Z* _9 {4 V- L4 TMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 m J% l; s! f5 N7 `$ g& E& Y $ w. C8 T# w7 W$ \+ e/ d, S. AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 k$ S" D7 Y, [5 t9 M4 t0 I
" W7 m& N) x$ W( H. y0 w8 }2 UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 b9 S9 f2 z2 P: \. w k( @% Z
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 H" s/ J7 ?- P( D5 [
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- ?0 z/ m. _- e/ X) K
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # d1 U2 }- o$ X" k) H5 f$ E3 c& y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; |2 n" d) b* S# F0 J3 i # A2 w1 |7 j# z4 C7 e9 ]The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! y( w8 L9 ~# d) p2 O# b5 v; V. M O) U, p: Q8 F- x! n9 {% C7 w
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 u! r4 R! s7 T1 A0 q% K f * f& r" B- s6 c' h+ n9 b& G2 }* jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 c5 \2 \ J L. w . Z2 Y9 d. m0 W* E7 q9 _2 P这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . \% ]4 T0 N! Q1 k* h, D8 R: M+ t# t3 l" A3 u
# @' D5 N% W3 a+ Y- K! n" D例如: * U0 }2 V9 J$ Q 7 h; [! D" l3 ^! n6 OAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' A* h- O- b5 Q: h4 V $ C `* {3 ~& d. V7 L9 z& c% xDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & L! c6 E6 z D% s" G( y2 P4 r" y) Y4 J0 i: _/ X1 f0 O
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% a, p5 e6 c, Y: w9 ]1 ^
" P+ Z- P" }; g9 |' OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 L/ T+ h2 ], O' h/ T
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 J) U( G: j5 m( V3 {$ V, E( I( W) L. v" B/ s9 L1 @
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# l. Q/ i% r) o$ J
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ c( z+ c1 q/ ~; \. i3 P
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" z' d; h! c w: V( o9 {$ s( g
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# n8 }3 g" K4 k/ C
+ k( K0 ^3 G7 e1 j' `- J3 fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), Z8 F+ J& i! J) `( E8 d4 N
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 k! K& N4 } W6 g7 C0 `9 y
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' T. g* \7 w5 [' H( Q3 \- R; C
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( x# f; H$ K' t/ R& E" b2 m6 i% T4 d/ s) I
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 G0 B, Y& z' H, ^( N; v. @3 d3 G& _6 R. |
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 s/ D+ b4 S3 e0 f3 t9 C
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ o: r) n- Q2 C7 j7 G' h E
1 R5 t! D# p) ~. F4 M2 K , b- }, y) a( G& o! U3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 g% ~9 g; L1 I7 Y8 ]) Q 5 Q; P' K5 k m! P% i0 H+ y% o4 M例如: 0 T/ H( U1 P l1 O1 b! [$ p 0 s" |# l% g% WMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ g1 m: S3 c! j. O9 G2 Z4 u! i
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& }0 G0 u9 O5 |/ F p( B$ I
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , t1 F7 u6 y, _% k& Y + Y' R# o9 r) Q: sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! o+ @) s/ c0 i; I
6 ^$ E2 m" G7 RMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 P/ `0 ]4 L( p; n 2 t6 I: _( y8 Z2 n$ i$ bPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ y4 S' q' l" L+ M* L1 ?# N
6 U( R- l2 C0 q7 c% pCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) w$ b4 E: W. r- J( }- b/ _ 2 j+ r! r/ t& a8 g0 J9 M- c/ ?Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / p0 \' e& |& k. P' p* A % \9 Q9 v; B# Z3 Y8 n @" z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& K) R' r" z- a2 O9 B- G) K
, i) y% y( p$ @0 Q) |当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) E; V; u* A' o: [' `) w
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , C Y1 h2 d; Q+ d2 F9 U/ q6 [# l; X6 \( q- s8 _1 }
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - X# i4 O/ |, S) z7 R, z: L _6 H4 E6 Y) f1 f7 @5 w9 T/ F: F
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 Y2 B0 S, p* |2 W) R) r/ d$ @/ k) d8 a* R" n* K
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ }/ k0 i+ Y0 P* K4 e) F6 A * K+ Y: o$ j* k7 F, ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - V$ \* V7 m+ Z2 G 2 i& V6 B5 i8 L+ x2 B' l! V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ w N8 m( o+ a0 E3 t1 ~! D 0 `2 _' l) ^' o0 R" D7 Q. y有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 Q, L. S7 L. Y+ R5 H6 y% [