本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! ~" V4 ~8 q3 V, |& v: `' V' y6 C: x
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - K1 B3 j' I% [% \! `' o# z* d- U4 R0 f) R
例如: + c* c; c, V' B3 y6 i$ T" {" G1 g) a' O7 J1 Q! ^: A# V
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ x1 Z6 y `& H& C* ^
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + n w3 e( {4 {; f) W% w+ M7 [$ S& g( W3 G1 [
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% x0 j: v( M2 j
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): }2 V. N/ t# V* v
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) u" O5 I# y, W6 y( ~- t; f' J ~. f" o, F% l
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): p/ r% n' N* P; _# }9 ^
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). o/ U( j* z8 y7 j0 s: f
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). d- h* Z: ~, C- l7 N
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & k6 y# M; L( {' w6 q7 b1 l: p) T- ?7 _
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 B2 G `" O( D7 K1 p
# Z, G, R9 X* w: b. |这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* x' q. l ]+ s2 N; T2 n
# z& W/ z0 F$ u+ f1 @' S# P4 x. _7 F4 w: O9 ?7 E: ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 J8 s: b! a2 c, m( w l
4 _9 V5 t, e6 A9 G: r例如: ; z$ i- V( Z; w: ?; x: M 1 R. l0 j/ U6 L8 I7 bAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 P" I6 O+ R ~6 Q/ b9 l9 Y1 C: O1 F+ @! O2 u+ z) k+ A! ~
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' q+ _9 }$ P" J9 I5 B! _% g + W/ T# G- R- UI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / w5 I) a- U8 \6 a; z0 G0 k) m* x4 q& y1 j }# F
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 h4 O8 p* a( w, A' {& {8 [, q9 H# v& G( I# Z! q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 g/ c# d6 f# V& T / \" e ~3 v; s5 L/ |+ `She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 X7 D( l# K1 G2 ?5 j : N8 ?4 e, I% ]' CI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* R& a, a7 }' y$ P. ?0 O; o* I
3 B, |7 W ]3 K8 t4 _) }: G: i如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; R1 J( e a; ^$ ?" ^4 @ : P7 y* V3 u+ K( j6 O" rThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). c; Z9 I2 G/ K7 v" Z; [. d
) R4 u$ w% X( x, E. j0 t/ g7 G8 I* WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 p) z( u* A( h9 i, O
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 h, o2 E; R+ }1 d$ W( n3 c* I' T: _
5 }* j0 ?7 b2 E- ~* MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : x7 v' h6 h w# x6 p- }! C/ s( d2 I& n# h9 u9 ?9 [
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 g5 m5 E1 x0 ]' T: y m 3 q- P9 C' V4 x- l2 @8 JEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & p6 V7 f" a) ` $ S( c- u( y! Q1 E. L写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # L! m( {8 ?2 T5 ~, t7 V3 ^8 o* T$ i! X3 P( Z; H" K2 L" H. D. m& Y! s5 ^
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 A$ i# z, Y9 H2 J9 a' H- ^8 Q, W7 H/ K. N) I
9 L% Q: ?, o3 o# u. g6 F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 p5 }" a% [% r* e8 R6 N6 a6 a 3 }* V! y9 x& x2 r例如: + k5 [! n# A& x/ q2 X3 C: H; d# v 2 h& ]- q `+ h. yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' D4 m8 u- Z5 i( p) d4 j. l3 F( j+ @0 T$ i8 U( R
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* [( v7 J8 ~ C/ t3 ~! M1 }
5 M( N& m( G2 w) F! SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# G1 t( V/ Y; H, x* G' X9 b' h
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , Y6 Y" t# P$ D* H( P( u0 x2 j( s/ B, e4 C5 p8 a
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 A+ x) u T: Y; M7 \+ N ' M# |' t$ [& A% ?+ q% xPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! F0 @; y+ O3 D+ d$ }. `, L& ~! I8 Y: a' ~- i4 O
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# B- J& t6 N* ?0 ~! F$ s+ w
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : ?; u3 T# r- K6 Z+ m1 O6 f% |* E4 Q" H$ ^" A( G
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# H/ h0 ~, U/ ~' ]- M4 e) M
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 r" g e, N# B7 J8 x) A& D& r& h0 j/ q- h: X" v
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + F/ n9 o- i4 o+ y d. Q& y 9 t$ X$ I4 ~9 o2 z" t+ i! R7 [对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! j: n( g1 k1 O- u8 W# g1 u/ \; K% c' r) O! e' f1 P) \
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: M2 E0 M. s. l$ E3 g
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - {7 C8 g O% I- c7 z0 U) L 3 @" _/ {; |7 C; o" M8 v" f至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' ]3 h0 b2 _9 U% V 2 |# l# E+ S* D$ e还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 f3 y; ^7 H/ H, ~" Y2 ]* l
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; _9 i+ J' l: _1 J x6 U