本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; D3 E% W( k- E4 G) j0 Q, u
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 J& u" S: T1 P$ m* ?% u+ E; `- J; @: b: z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 y% \2 r0 `. [% d9 @0 w' d
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + J3 A( |) N! n# F `3 S/ u4 u* @8 s7 L7 IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" R0 ?0 D! x s9 m
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* `$ c3 X* D+ G W$ b
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 M9 L# H8 o- S/ F
2 k; V. a( X/ ^, d7 S/ xMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / Y1 g% A8 Y$ j/ \9 R/ t % a" X, g; w/ k+ x- `! _; [: sWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* x9 A0 h( `2 K( d7 \$ r% o
' i) t6 o% z4 Q/ OWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ b& m$ }( R) v8 }8 ?! E- v7 r% I2 a
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* g7 G! T* P6 R# X( Z5 L- }
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 q: M) j E; e) f; f5 y
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& i' O+ c: z- j, J. s$ J' ~# c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % k( w, v- u1 F1 d % R, S3 Q- k8 k' M例如: + R+ t2 a( I* t% S# H) V" H; Z5 y/ \: |! F' ?7 R
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ }1 s3 q+ M; F! I& a# b) k
# _+ N% I$ m+ q( ^- ?1 hDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 b$ Z- Z$ I8 y3 h! b8 y0 D- U# n+ |
1 u4 ^* e. a) [* Y# GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): e$ J) Z( ]0 G
; b- h2 ~; J% O. lHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . I4 e% s: |$ j+ }# u2 U7 S ' R- T8 G0 V, o: qIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 z7 z* w" ^/ O% F & Z$ t5 k' h6 v3 [$ w: i1 AShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ R8 n9 L# U4 J$ ^ Q* l0 b; I2 h( r! T* H5 O8 {
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 ~4 @5 f0 R) s) N
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 o) K" M6 ~9 g4 J2 D1 D: Y3 k 9 W$ V/ E& B* g3 OThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! r P O% U' K* C, ~6 |7 `' S * G( @6 f5 j7 DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ _* P& U9 V& N- x [( V3 T
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - J/ H1 Q; u+ [: g7 W! e2 r0 L ; D9 l5 h+ i q9 d: \4 l6 GHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 o1 }+ D R' w/ p ; @7 _5 r, x, o' bWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): g# U& V4 n! s* L6 l! v
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ B3 V1 b3 \( p/ ?5 j1 ]
! `9 I; r% ~, L! G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) H/ Q/ E# P% b( D% m: _' T1 @
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 E) M$ t; g# H2 d
9 b o# I% w! \2 z& Q + j# p$ L) g- d& _6 \3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * q! T, t6 K" ~0 x4 a3 K% u8 Q5 H, c
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) G/ s1 L, L6 ?3 q' ^9 y0 X2 J( f& Q" ]# n5 e
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , d: @1 h$ U3 s! w- y! X0 T# G6 V2 b( g0 M- B9 K+ S
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) Z& X; f) H. l9 `( D0 A# C) p0 m& q/ P6 h
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); i8 d+ h6 C8 q. ~5 f" D
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 g8 t5 ?( H% @( q0 r
/ [: l t4 c5 m3 ]6 y9 WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , x/ A" o+ d9 X" r % ?: a3 p: f* ~! l8 G1 cCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 h3 T$ a7 \( c& i) T0 g+ y4 n0 ^. q' g/ ]4 v$ l# Z) m
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 V7 R& l2 Y( M+ |5 W+ d1 Y % @1 [: n2 G2 w7 B% S9 e同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % K* c( E) ^/ z" p! Z( | ' S& a; x7 z) I' }1 ?当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! H8 s( Y/ |( y" j7 j + O; |. {6 J" h4 t8 `+ \: q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 p- H* f. |+ [$ m: }) D0 E
. Q2 d# k [& R9 |: Z1 {' u对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) R# [# a% A* W4 i3 R( M" c
( _9 k: x+ z1 d- |" N r6 U; x有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 d9 `6 W: j. |) M3 _2 ~( W