本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 M- L) _ I+ \) r- A1 m! o% b ! M) g' Z( ]( `- u转帖7 W* A, j: T* R1 M! x' ^5 `) X
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 c- H; [- }! o2 [1 r" U
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 E: ?0 D! e d& B3 X. c
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ l& N. K% X$ ^3 u% c h# s
, d# F7 i* N) v- O( F$ YThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 j# U( a0 D6 H: ?/ H( ?* h2 r# a+ t2 h
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ Q/ }2 W5 a! A2 V* D- q& S$ [8 o5 G
5 ^, W/ _5 K: x/ k$ j, R+ wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' q; R6 n, }9 d+ }3 s- m: ^1 k
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 M! h4 N/ D; w0 t) H7 V/ \
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; }7 l: T0 g2 O( J |. D" i3 p . n7 Q2 J/ ?+ J# S, XThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . R) M, O: {; X 0 V+ w7 {* G m; I, m$ r& ^1 PWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) U$ `, s" k' u9 [/ S! K8 j$ m+ B0 t5 V! ~$ _
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 I I- a3 |+ n: I2 G% O* Y5 _/ S* \" i7 h5 ~8 d0 F) ~" q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ Y4 ?. m, |6 \+ n; M7 W9 j
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" m- s+ O( }: X; Q: A 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) T( @' `. o2 \* J1 p2 L$ U- ~) p' q0 W- w8 i' D8 |/ ?% q! m$ k
例如: . [8 h( f& f i+ Z$ C( x6 L x) |$ w* l
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 ^! e% y% J2 k4 H. s" T% M ; X! o) l. b j, B V. e: A. XDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ [7 H- d8 s7 k1 Z4 D* v0 Y
, O: c* \3 P- ~) g. _* `4 W! ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): p$ j( m7 f- G# Y" e
9 m# |2 X% y! b: {He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + ]1 \; h3 o0 D4 R2 w & s d4 _/ C7 i' l0 Q1 Z! xIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( T3 O( r: D2 ]9 S3 |7 Q c
$ H r3 t) u7 q+ X, A# lShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) A2 R, M- M9 U' \4 R, X : f. [1 q4 l; [/ L/ |. U" II will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 T$ W% @: X3 Z# w
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 f. Z* Y# Q7 O3 y" G# z7 k2 ~
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! Q! b7 D3 u) Q* E! B4 f
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 H3 m8 W' y& M1 _) \5 n$ Z
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 [$ `/ C) R8 n$ k) n
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - i; r; W' O8 ~: i1 u & O+ K- j6 z1 V) iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - v* K' e/ e% e$ u+ h/ T. P& Z7 x4 K6 S( @* z( G2 [
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 _; @/ ], Q& ~' T9 _ + E( ?/ A* _" x6 F写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 _' z7 i2 ^: y$ X K) e" ^
3 a+ ~9 d, V, ]此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 Q2 m& t( O9 u. u" {! |6 T! o3 `0 ?+ f, ]3 C( v
( G. Q; D$ L9 C5 X 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 z! L2 Q c" D; V( `9 N( Y7 a
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: P J( Q5 K- X& uMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) g* `) B: f/ D
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 P1 A+ Z% r! T; f, @$ |
# L3 W- e5 x, h. L( _* u4 X2 UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # X! Z7 v! k3 s* a+ k : c" ]1 c4 R. z. U, {. [" yHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * _+ O, {: o% D% \1 M; ]+ W ; H* v. Z- x3 w/ ^9 `2 o+ H: JMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) s8 j- U- A$ o' W8 p* J P. S8 I5 q) W1 K
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , H( v# O9 d$ N( z 0 O- G0 V; t% Q8 e" @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" L6 R5 I% D( k% P) l F
0 {! v8 P3 O5 ]4 CStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 z6 U4 ]& D# i% G8 W$ Q& J& f4 v
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / P7 H9 Z# R5 I, w, n% w) _ E$ ~# x% U' C5 l0 G
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 ~$ d- W8 b9 k8 ? B" V& K9 s9 I
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; a5 s! M, Q6 e7 O* i. P7 P ! T* {3 K+ A& n6 g对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ ^# q+ q: U' Q6 ]