本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + W6 t. q* N* k) k% e+ T6 j : W6 s% z5 c- s$ C转帖 ! H# w: H; a$ ] c6 S8 e a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ Y' u4 _6 y- p7 W" z* K n! q7 a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): a7 ~% d4 Y- P9 J
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% m1 h# P; x% ~
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% |/ ?1 w0 j; J- g2 W& p" K% X
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 A" t$ W" Z9 W
5 h1 B+ j+ ]7 d! a/ [* CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) b K4 z' p" k& Q( f; L% V# x0 F: Z" T) X. S
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + q" [; H0 D7 ]7 m `" {. W& S+ C( Y& o. R, d* S
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), L2 c6 k2 E) z/ e9 S
( i5 s* f+ t. K: sThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 k' \$ B \& d: L; Y* Z* W: b' f- Y 7 B7 b/ a9 I2 A/ a3 w( v8 RWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& j# J) |9 z$ x% A
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 `. f) L$ I3 W) @; v. \ N3 W0 y. [0 b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 M; Y( W$ I9 C& r( i6 i4 m2 q, y. T5 E
7 H5 }5 r4 M2 U6 q1 q2 R, O; c7 z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. I5 O4 O# w4 R d, ]5 E; B! M
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . z+ j4 ^0 ], j6 e! G # d- T5 G: j5 U& H) G5 _Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 G2 L* q% a5 G3 e; _ : |- z& T( L0 Y% h& e1 _' MI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , v+ l% [2 A0 R* V2 J 9 p, M5 o3 s8 n( x# `5 EHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 J; d. b2 U8 G( x1 y
+ Z# [% Q- O( `8 l, `- ^: }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / v. Q1 d/ Y; t4 |* {9 K% M6 `; ~+ i) @ L w
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " K7 i1 f& e* _1 q1 ^% e 5 e. X" g: m$ u5 @. OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / n1 J/ i( w# u" k7 c$ Z 7 D: [' C9 Y" d0 ^如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) W3 {$ |8 C9 b; g, O2 c& ^
6 Y: ~& n+ X3 o" O4 @+ h0 MThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # X4 s" ?7 U0 ^6 H0 f0 ]2 T W5 a" I; C7 u# W5 u7 m: d
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " a/ p2 N8 b3 u( }* s0 p0 v) } n6 k6 V; a* y
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* W) p M3 M2 _6 k0 a
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). o; s1 p$ ~& O6 e9 @8 @
8 k$ q. G- p3 P' NWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 D. F- ]) F2 P( d: j" w0 a& p& D& a7 ^# X9 L9 M5 D
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) N8 U3 p! o+ ?( g( l0 {1 p4 q) w" o6 h9 j2 g; Z% |& z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& I2 n5 d& ]5 J3 G9 V
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) g1 {) Z1 _% e j( w' }4 d; ~9 | M1 f! j
& C* S4 ^# A, C6 g3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 A8 E# u0 X6 [/ r; F7 {% n+ e- ?2 Z; n M9 a+ A9 u5 F- ]2 n, g- m3 _
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) q$ X3 E' N! l- n8 k+ C, d 8 C" |; N5 e7 w/ c- u( y2 z! [Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 g2 M# G7 q, @( U& e5 K
4 E4 q2 r' O; B8 _( q% ~" FThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 d7 B% n% z8 s& c5 G0 a2 H , l3 N$ J" ?) Y2 i# ]4 BHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 @ v+ O$ K9 ]" n
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! ?# v2 K# @. l: }8 [ ; z L) t$ L5 u) a/ e& vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( ?. V# U# t+ D; b5 ^; Z ' t8 x V( n6 |' WCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); Q0 y' v5 i, b) z/ j- s: D* t% y
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ ^: z+ } I1 z
% h2 M+ @+ [0 h9 Q$ p: a" o同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' m3 H7 p; X7 C( {7 W# h% o3 Y0 W) Q4 b
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, n0 q' r. V& E
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 R# q7 o/ }6 u! S0 Z0 Y
7 f8 @+ s/ w6 i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! k+ j5 ~4 D' f0 [' P
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - K' r/ k. j3 N: I' E8 s( F; f/ @0 {; K5 s) w/ Z7 A" N& L/ R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / ]3 d8 i( U, M# D/ | ( d5 ~! Y: Y- \) e- \/ _至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . z1 S3 ]7 s( N- g & i' x3 @' ~- I* k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% g, S3 N7 B2 _) L3 |
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: |( b' ] t/ f: [" n' h4 f: m2 q