本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 P1 y" Z& i, @: r5 [% t2 ^! s0 y& v# e. v) ?) V; T 转帖 1 R- n" @! r6 @1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 R. F; a2 f9 o5 M c% _! L
6 P5 G u8 u) k6 {" L- A例如: + ^- w# P1 V$ V6 r* L % ^' L2 X. w4 F, w5 O1 F$ V' GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , j& Q3 k' {$ O5 s( k 4 d- }) _ w- `' SThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) L8 J' c) O+ \* v6 O3 A6 |! r: i/ d3 X" O) n' X
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ ^: S$ R7 ?- P6 W6 ^, X5 j
% ~) u- k R% B4 W0 K4 |The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( G% q; r1 i) B& [; T 8 ?/ \* ~6 l2 VI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); j0 T& d, U9 D, w6 H) ^
R7 t! I, i9 ?/ Q1 m5 SMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / @$ s: N" c% }/ r & W' k( h# Y b% y+ y7 C; r* AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + `( U( V1 F( f" W* `. [1 X" `* `$ n. }% U' Y" g9 K3 _# w
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # `3 Z1 _5 G' `8 r% E$ |- X- }, E, W; Q
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 B2 s" F& q$ Q1 w3 n6 [4 ?
4 `0 V8 u) t; O* N4 R+ {Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ p) Y& X" G C
( R' m4 D7 y- ?% J- x
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 G) f7 p4 I( \1 A3 @7 z a
$ v( N) ]: J# K& c: R/ A2 R L: g4 d( b% z) c6 | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 }* y9 W( j( j( `+ a
! z- O4 D }( J1 W/ T% W* d
例如:0 a. x6 o4 z0 Y6 m8 D$ J2 j
2 \3 Z$ M7 R _4 _) a, c2 r! V, y' B
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( q& I9 g$ n2 e0 z9 ^9 ~
$ Q3 o8 X" m* h x( ^, x
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# Y# }* F$ X- A
/ q( a7 o3 o3 l4 `; bI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & [$ R0 J0 a2 w+ A* F* I% O' O
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ T8 N# f/ r& ~4 y6 f; c2 ^
, ~ C" p: d }1 @" iIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 r% n. U" H3 m$ Q" n1 H a2 ]2 Z4 R/ n6 r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) V0 W: ]4 r& @
1 X; D" C. g) v* Z( d% |$ CI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 s+ J$ r5 I0 |4 O+ U, A, a
+ Q7 h: w) A* B2 D如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 N2 e! a0 g6 ^ ) g* U8 P4 I6 [( b. DThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 k4 C1 d# m. i4 W + k `$ q4 d- m! B4 l( VThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( h3 ~+ W7 x0 `% q0 a$ t6 M; O ' K( U. q* N( M9 ]He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 Z0 ?1 e+ R. o. _; i$ X- b' H9 Z x9 V0 M' K0 @
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' l* I0 m7 ^. p; V
# M% w4 ~8 u: w/ e1 E$ k2 ~% P8 X. B
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): ~ Q* w9 u/ v6 q
& ?. q. K; Q# @3 f
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " b* C; T8 N, ]! k4 W9 t, V2 B' L! c* e3 P9 b9 z/ i$ {0 Z3 ?# v' q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) S$ a" Y Z# c2 i
( x* X4 ^& s0 o, x
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 Q; v$ J! D' {2 G: V7 _1 e, h
, k1 Q! j( A2 u" a* U ( i/ Z" f$ ^ t' L% x$ e3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ [4 G/ t, J2 N: _' x
- T% p, z% i/ J- | }( P$ l
例如:* F% t. o. d; f5 a: X' B. M1 r
# E6 s8 s* J0 Z+ }' {9 n/ [9 ZMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 d! h4 M% A' Q. c' ?* V
, Z% h" h3 u& uManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + d( c: k& V9 R+ n5 g/ W2 K . E6 B1 P1 i, _: U; ~This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( Z8 `6 p# u! R! T& M9 c) R 5 Y: ^8 f# D$ A8 w& f% vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) l, P4 n0 \9 C% _5 |' l9 @# ~) G4 b# Q8 c& q$ ?& [
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' R- h0 i! _* ~# R; e" y
6 A" ~$ `( m8 i4 G6 [Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 T: k6 |) x9 U7 [: G+ \3 G+ i. f7 y6 [
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* e! q; b, m' ~+ U+ B
5 Q5 z" O6 F7 CStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % b6 Y; H* x# z- u( R- b1 K + a! o. G; F3 \ [0 c- q0 A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 k2 P* z, N: l: b" j& [
, V! w$ H4 a7 p4 E9 l6 _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % c& R x; @: u7 E; L 5 F+ V% V+ v. D, I) d( H对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 j) y n& m& ]. U* `/ c! j$ [, N% G3 w9 f/ _
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% C# {9 p7 p# g' @
7 i. L+ u% e) E, E7 a+ }; `! @$ z% P对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) y* t) {9 P; t8 W5 ]; w5 o
3 j# h1 w9 K+ A0 A1 P
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: P. \: J4 m5 T* y0 l
0 r$ P6 J# v7 a
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 o& p( z$ c4 Y! d8 y- f( ~ 2 O" h+ e6 S0 b还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 r! R- H9 R; R l5 c / q7 G! {5 U1 S7 \有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ J" P& e4 Z% m