本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 C1 J& h& e/ ~9 f% a2 _- f" |3 e ! o+ g8 w6 r6 M% J& v转帖 ( k C& {- J( _0 N- Q9 `1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 A) m: e) |! |8 m6 u4 \7 f ( t% c y1 {8 u' v. E! a6 p例如: * E1 I- {; r+ b* N3 A( V4 A0 l0 C; V" ~2 E" _/ d T
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 f8 E- w" d; b& m; h0 V+ ^! {
" k. b3 [* K3 O2 R( ^6 |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) Y' }: `3 w6 q8 n5 U+ _. X
: T1 r; r7 U- {. H+ G9 {0 j( BThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : O6 h r) d5 f. ?2 ? ! j8 f( P; z3 N/ a* G, IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - s( i9 w' Y- k - t9 w8 p- }" d& D: r- @I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ B0 Z: z1 b' ]' P
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* G5 l) ^1 B6 I* o, h' @% F
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * h3 E8 e' h% X3 T1 r6 v, g 5 C% k, X/ O SThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); j* l" l6 L; A" D7 x5 Z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' [# J% A! P' V* J 7 ~5 d: f8 C8 z: r6 F5 r8 w% [- YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / d5 f6 ?6 V( K& [( B m N& y o4 B7 Y; q7 T
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! e4 W Q# w/ Y, S 9 _! ~5 y4 S( U' U, f' q7 ]- f: E% T2 J# V 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% {, L M3 I/ ]/ ]
* K5 q) ?- A* A1 K/ K3 V6 y例如:; v4 U& ]. K- z
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # A2 M3 g6 U$ S& }8 Y, I$ C+ D ! m# I/ {; }$ ^* W; jDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! S i: L8 h2 n* n
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : E+ Z6 Y& x7 c- i - a# k" i9 N' }- D! fHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), N; U# u$ B Q. A# k: N! V
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# q$ M) Y4 w$ j `
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), o: t$ ~& ?3 c5 H
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 h' w- v7 o: z& [" E: i- }
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& B9 Z# Z4 W7 r: e. v F: D2 U
6 L1 b2 i$ c4 B* b: Y0 y4 RThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; c9 u, \3 w4 n: o p$ W9 D& E# f$ D. w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 Y! M( `: t% I |0 _. p# ?$ i
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / c& c3 c7 J3 L0 g9 r, U. ^( [" C. k& p
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): b/ g" M7 p- l$ S5 T- ]! C" Z
- ^9 J9 H8 N, B/ S: g& _$ h) tWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) o( g, G- f3 }4 k 4 W2 K5 o1 N& d, A% \9 g: pEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 N, }& w7 K3 H( W& v) i- C) A 9 s/ S) H2 u8 Z3 M写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 L( l2 l+ e# h7 K
) d% B( E& F- ]/ a- h. f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ J# R! S# _! r: U
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4 T+ C: ^2 d# t8 Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) |3 I: e! x9 C9 d* ~1 |8 r: L5 W+ j& x
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例如: 9 e9 p9 M& z3 I# x- P7 J' u 3 w, I& M6 |- R& A8 bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 t. z, O5 D5 B5 b1 [4 u' } Y" U# B* u
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( ?8 K0 T- A$ Z2 b* L3 o7 _! u" S
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ f2 v) T+ G" J
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 Y0 B" b6 d" L* X! f
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 T; p+ K. o: M$ C: |; T
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% V: w, G9 y# `6 C9 d e
: V9 k; [" J. n2 K- UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" @7 \: R/ `/ w9 S0 r
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . W" G. R' S9 n % O" Y4 J5 P6 E3 N6 e/ w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 c* m) C9 e1 y: d# w5 M7 O ( l% [3 k( \0 H6 @. v当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 N- ]0 H8 z. I& v( L" V# G( T6 p! E# Q+ f0 L7 ^: G# Z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , u' R! q# F% } ! Q3 Q4 V5 m: T- e' R( X- v对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 S- ^# D, j7 t" Q! n" d6 W0 W+ r4 S+ @
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# _- ?6 ~1 X. h$ l