本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : A; b) T6 L7 b9 b" Y
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) @0 X+ y2 }& G9 ~" Q1 E" X. J' Q: B L) q( W3 c& p
例如:$ K, n) M' B7 {& f$ ^2 H
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 w: U" l+ L+ _- j: p+ b4 }2 ?
7 g0 |/ P: |8 cThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + z8 [" A, u9 c6 ?. M. g( V- |2 L# ~
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 Y* k! U0 G" P8 c5 B) v' G3 k
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). P& h7 e1 T9 u# J
) o' U* g, l6 y. b- @, K7 E) qI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 V, P5 i( @; F- u3 }* J
7 m* R! m& }" ]; d9 Z! T7 X/ x# L% yMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 y2 C, Q# @9 s) `/ A7 ~& {; V; Q - F0 [3 e: J, V( p3 O$ YWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- f( f `5 X1 W4 n; v! P9 B
8 i D. j1 Z! e$ Q% AThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) K0 j$ F5 B% R: l. H, c: N
% G; i+ L- F! ?0 F+ r1 YWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # C' t4 r8 C. n( }, N& J3 a) w8 ^0 h4 n0 V. `+ D: v
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" O v' r9 m+ v- B" Y
4 F7 T: c$ b) m+ T1 U" P0 \这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 l! [0 z' u. X! z2 q" y3 d# w! \" I0 a8 U
8 D2 ^& P! T4 c* G y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 p/ [% {8 Q, L$ ?0 Q
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例如:4 Q0 [% s# I! y6 B2 c6 }
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 Z2 R( n9 n, z( N. [7 q; c" u ( Q$ O ?5 i3 W/ I5 R" X' VDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 G: s1 k7 X: v6 Z" m- h
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 | W. w0 S5 H# c, w& s% y; v/ e2 D" S& R' r5 H" A+ d
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 H1 Y% ?5 C% B3 p. t
% Y- P, g! b! p* \8 r* n% I) a% f3 eIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / g, a+ @3 p8 @0 V* v) D5 _ # Y' L& M# X* i& {' r4 h& oShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # p; K" K% A& o0 a J. H3 r1 R; M& T8 B! ]
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 o1 M* O1 M2 ]2 Q+ `+ u* t ! \2 L9 w+ E4 _如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 a: b/ ?7 {4 P' f) q$ w p / A' r) S* c2 v6 o( v4 z, |The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 I# n8 P# r& e% q1 k, ~ w2 C, r1 F1 f
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + s4 |2 t' o! ` f2 s" R' V- k* F4 y$ S' i" l% l: @3 a
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : \1 z* Z: X: b0 j/ _: K. E9 Y/ n S8 \% [9 e- Z+ l
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 u4 B. M9 n$ G* R
6 G: W, Z* l! }# Z; z9 Q, J/ vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - @8 A9 h) R9 I* B3 h6 J. p( Y4 E. F' h
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' u M* n$ G/ p8 w, m' Q
: V9 F4 W6 Z0 d% G; i5 k; g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 ~/ G; }' Z# k; Z' [" n
3 x9 b+ d' `7 W此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 J7 C1 O5 C; b" L4 Q7 _9 \& P0 B! ?( R( ?" b$ ~+ `
2 E. }) U1 f, e例如:" Z2 g% h) ]% a+ |: u8 v. x3 B/ q7 _
q1 }$ \; c9 x- Q1 GMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 U: N. |# `8 e+ N4 ?
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . s. f7 a! W+ }+ P( V4 R) N5 N 9 P1 ^. h, e, q8 SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), D" X- p& \% A* D: g* h0 s" f
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . Y- g( |% }& R, A! {! X$ r; L- n5 G
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) y/ ^& q2 L" A o+ P3 m9 R$ o1 l: ^4 R3 I2 |6 z' a3 _
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * w* C; o3 d0 L4 | t ' T5 k% e4 d2 e6 B9 dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # z- R0 t/ z) x0 h5 x% q' D" P" x; J! k, S
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 f( [' X9 g. A# C8 s9 a4 k V( c8 x' Y/ j
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& u$ L( s1 ?3 }" {