本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 m* h! S' I; x3 }+ u) P ( f+ R5 z# h' R$ r! I, |转帖 / j, k ~. a. E+ v7 r, g/ o1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( ^" C- k, a0 f7 m9 H5 O" J3 Z* x9 |2 z+ S$ k- ]* q3 v
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( e G6 e' @1 r6 I' X ! m4 s, C$ z6 _6 |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; R1 c- l _2 t# \/ u( d4 U0 `( M! b; u- l
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' l/ m2 T6 R' S! m$ k T4 o
3 a F( t; Z- c5 p; nThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 G3 y* _ M! r) m$ W( A. J Q/ l+ \. A1 Z. a6 \
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 N! V6 ^& ?: e, X C
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 }2 s! ^* U; J% M# C; u( I/ `* R5 l* I3 N; c
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% c9 t0 {" k u N
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ M+ }. D3 J5 x! ^9 P7 U ?% X7 b2 u! M, `: i* |, q; [
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . F# [" o4 l# Z- ~3 g" d# L4 u4 h' E! ^3 u {9 V2 b- W6 y
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) q5 a# v, |5 B- L% k9 g
3 _! J& P5 z' H/ O2 `* v+ D这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " V# i2 \' f* z9 s3 ?+ Z# T! |! d" J- w* X1 y& F+ j$ u
9 X: x" g0 ]; Z& [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 @" K9 J; n$ c 5 _2 T4 Y8 m1 n1 ^3 x例如:) b, D1 d2 O, H8 i5 N# Q: @; H
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 e+ y( `4 A; ~; j2 ^2 K- ~3 G
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 X& M0 h3 l) W! H( i $ o7 L- |+ K: uI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * W% B+ M0 z V3 W 6 a- N8 |2 P6 x3 qHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; T. W0 r$ e, U9 g4 W7 \1 L + ^; w) K# T& [; ~ t- A6 R; M0 d5 SIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 C$ Q/ Q/ B) ^' Y 6 H7 c% F( D0 l1 `$ V" E) xShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 h7 d, v* f7 U4 ? y& { Q, T6 b/ a3 K' RI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ l8 {: L/ ~" F: ]1 `6 s
4 N3 Y8 I( y T; {1 u9 l如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: Y7 v5 x* h' {3 h
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( Y8 l& W- O& B( n% W% G1 K - [" e' _/ A9 BThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * o2 C/ J' r+ s) x' H+ B$ d, p; E, ?
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- ?& E' Z7 n( h8 D6 Y
, _' p# X% x1 O- t( QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( n! u+ _: z2 Y2 I1 s2 l
* V' G7 b( v% k, B+ e) \4 {8 zWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) J7 D' \' G, J& t; L5 o
. `$ n' L# ~) f- sEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 J) l" ~4 d% F: J 8 w; u( w8 _- b9 t5 t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) h* D/ }7 R7 Q( S6 M
+ j3 M/ q! M/ l* \此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 B+ s$ Y, F9 h* ~7 b 7 x$ q9 g* O* _" h T1 a ) B/ p( S7 F# @3 h, p& p4 o3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# X. U) B/ s. W% E& y6 i+ s9 w
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例如: / a' R* r: _ V( w" k # \( `0 ]7 R$ W( d1 B3 G: a% ? a+ g) oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)6 |: v: o6 l1 K; _! [( }
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 h9 b4 @2 }, Z; I" T- _. _* P) g6 v' ^ / F2 F. Z9 b9 @This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 F7 @' t- g( N) W' g
* P& K. O/ m4 N+ J5 ?He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 G F$ h' x# `' M$ J9 x% K) d8 C5 W" q$ M! B! Y, A6 y
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 W1 r( s6 ^/ Y0 l: ?5 ?. ~3 z
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ d! n ~1 q7 e$ t# }' \. z( M
: e; G; ]2 U& h6 fCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ I, K6 I/ a* [5 R4 W3 r# v9 Z7 ?* g. s0 l
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& _* o0 e& v6 D2 M
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " e& b: f8 \2 w2 I2 T0 z! w Z( T$ y) P# V6 n- L/ D& b" R3 Z( o
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: a+ l e* J+ S' c" N! ^, H : U& k5 ]7 D% y* |- j' Y' Y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( R* n" D6 [+ j- E8 q
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) q4 ]( @$ L l0 P# c% ]
% u' `6 s2 q: R2 C对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - Y9 i0 W# h$ V6 { % C9 n/ _ s2 |/ y' f0 q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " H( F3 r6 P# B) W f : V. O& T" B& \! s6 ?% r至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- G6 n. u; l0 g" s+ E& G8 O4 Z
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 n; z2 ^ G6 c! Z5 h4 S7 x j6 Y+ N. f$ @
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 Q9 Q; }' G O