本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 P+ u& x ?) d* ?& v9 v) i! @9 L2 d8 j2 e! K- \, H 转帖 t0 ^# Y5 I7 N$ z0 A1 r1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). h5 @, c" _: N. V
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, ~3 F& ~# \* V* IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# b, ~, `' |6 |2 S
2 [8 V# H. o( \$ ]; gThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; m" [6 v; ^( Z# E) N* O: S; ^3 \. B( f* M" d8 f; l
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & N `, W* C3 M# W3 N/ ]% e+ F7 S; k: n7 P! c& ]0 I; e
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ j- ?6 F4 Y3 d e, [8 S: V3 b) `
$ j) @" Z1 N3 w3 K# o0 r! c( ?I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): D9 ^* H! `( z! X! y! Z7 I& H$ X7 s- k
6 I4 B) F, u& D, JMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; |7 C- f$ [. ~" n) W. P& @ , O! c! H1 H \% a' p( R' Y4 n SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 |: A0 e! ?% G/ A7 m' T
/ J8 x2 _; V# W4 _' ]. VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 I& q" O* B9 X; X1 h' J. c 6 P. Z7 n6 {9 e: [ q- q6 g' `We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- k; A* M* g) K0 N
2 }7 ?- l j. R6 a3 i. WPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 ~# b" k3 D: a 6 l. Z$ k% F, X9 l, f这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 p& X* F- }3 _5 \' @ $ Y& N/ K+ A7 ~: _2 F$ i4 | ' M* ^) }+ n" p5 N: M7 u' K% c# [2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 k" Q* _/ V5 a1 C7 o% I
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- j8 Y, [8 K) j% P' h, S# b sAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 q$ I& K5 @% L6 L( _
4 b: [/ G- Q8 v2 F% y* qDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 O, u# i' I: S$ V2 \" j" D( o3 }
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). N7 w- ?- o/ B, Y5 x
7 b. Y6 ^9 A$ ?He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 ^" ]8 X( p" p) U {: k
5 J3 {8 |; c" ]2 TIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 y0 B- O Q5 c( Z) P
. l3 x( `9 r7 uShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 y v2 p7 M* J# a0 t& v' Y. B . u/ Q$ c0 h# a: M6 z* H6 x! r7 MI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ l1 K/ m! e/ B
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 C! j7 A) G( t* J6 a- L
# @7 D; w5 q# SThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ a& e' I7 v8 H# ?, A8 ^+ N ; v8 i" S. B9 `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ M- p8 V& ~0 m! X 9 c0 E- A7 D. c- M2 k7 ]+ GHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * b2 @7 s8 b4 Z& ~" T; u' Y& S/ Q: `
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # a. q& h: f/ @- @+ o, d/ |; ?& G5 a9 Z7 L
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 {6 x' u) W% R% I1 X+ j
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & ` y$ g$ i, d% u+ { 0 D' Y# [2 t- a! w2 d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( W% K+ M c7 w/ F- Y
4 }' A: v; P0 ]: ]5 I& g; U. F: [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' R3 d" Q- D( @/ F , d9 x* S" T' x2 Y4 u 1 d5 |: q' l$ D5 M! i* n, J3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 ? Z! |$ B% x- y; j# g" t3 ^; H( j# ~; J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ h9 w5 ]4 I5 I f
7 e# f7 _3 ` n9 Z1 C- GManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ ], i+ w) O) }8 u9 w
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . N* K4 {( G2 u+ E2 d" ^6 j/ V6 `1 p: A, b8 j# t
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 D4 y0 r) E5 f) t# V& ]/ D. O. c' |( R) ~$ z' L8 J! @. s. B
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , K, ^- N4 m) I8 R* k6 D _: g. ?& m" b, W* y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* H* |7 m1 W5 N4 H" Q( J
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 v# s* N& N# W" Q5 l" u
, h! b' K- K/ f" OStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' h' q4 t- L* l8 r. d, [6 s# @: h4 N. Q( o0 E f
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ E, a4 w# ]0 k$ m : h) c( D( {( i* r! ^当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 F. N: K b; F: C6 ?# O4 y: _' I% v/ o% d, p' P
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 N; U2 D' G) U s, F. s
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 s, H/ y8 Q# d. S; ^" w, }
) d% B9 C* F8 w; U/ n* l对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 ?' v( g2 O: b0 f. S P7 c
9 o, Z4 \2 h8 I9 z# H& Z4 U( o' ]对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - ?# S9 h/ ]; n1 H3 e, H) ]/ D8 C1 J; h! } n2 E0 a
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:+ y; L j; \) t
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* _3 E/ _ [6 [1 {% |* D
9 I1 y' S1 D( H- l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 z+ a4 K9 t4 I3 y5 s