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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - E1 I- \( v2 l' g7 h" T8 x- N8 D2 L" Q# f {& {
例如: 5 w0 T5 ?" o# D% p+ o. g! O! h : L" Q/ w0 N/ bMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 v0 ]$ e2 X4 M 1 [" s0 e2 A7 e$ UThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) s6 s$ x; A7 O' k8 [' i/ ?% p$ \' r
/ \% E3 t5 Z7 Q" i6 rThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ g4 C) o) ?" F
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ r/ E+ C# L0 C: X( x- [6 I, s5 _2 V4 Q5 i
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & c$ E) Z! u3 @" O; J, m2 F 5 S. Q u- {! m- L' G) J! i8 t. B0 WMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # S; a, `* R8 ]! B8 P+ v 0 L" E; `6 T8 i3 ~We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% R2 e- q2 k0 A' `- f
# b: g/ L: z( a; U0 ]We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 c# R; u `2 M/ o& {$ W/ E0 n# D 3 C7 E/ w+ V0 V# V4 YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 \* p# d3 @8 X( D4 M; i, t
( n: {8 O, h6 B* D3 G5 D这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- ?2 v2 W6 e4 p
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( Y' ]/ Z6 t' l6 A; Q+ v9 E( v2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 C3 {9 O# h2 B1 l & w' s3 q8 a0 ^( s% u% e例如: % u( D1 U! O/ X" s3 F1 v2 z4 i* @% d* Z) Q
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). ^$ Q) a3 Y3 W6 ?/ S$ j
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' G5 A t8 b* }9 Y+ m+ F 5 N; K! z0 Y; }7 S$ A- a* XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& F! U8 C. U2 G& \+ l& z
, Q2 S7 P! s0 l/ M/ H# [& WHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : S/ m) Q& w" h3 f1 e$ q# g" D * L& k. G; P; i( nIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 G" }% k# [) @( R5 w4 Y+ H6 D6 _
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ e0 I b/ o: ], [* F! k- N
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ _0 Z- M: H/ W1 _8 Q$ |+ |1 d3 L
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( A% x# J( ~& i* b0 q; s# l3 d) ^7 U* P4 G! A3 t
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 p7 H1 u8 t; s1 H: r$ s, C4 J
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( D q6 S( M. d& d3 T
" R' h4 r+ S( R y3 UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ i3 v: o0 P0 t% G& {' j
1 n& _9 C3 l1 F& g& J6 AHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ }: f; { L( b1 S; u6 Z5 M
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( b# Q3 R8 a$ O T4 W) [! D8 F2 O) E# y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 L: T8 p: v9 O* Q( U1 M+ t* L. ^
/ G. k2 r) ` y$ J7 e2 |写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( k, H. A; ^ ^9 w; V
$ x5 X+ O: q( ^2 D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 _3 P4 `7 N0 Q) ]3 i
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8 I, J1 T& z/ P3 O6 ~+ |$ x3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " i$ @9 V( l! q- I: h0 R9 m& V- b6 C
例如: 4 P% P4 e7 U4 a+ ]- z I1 p g: s1 J/ x
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . j, A- D, A. R% I& H8 G8 U 0 H6 Q. Q4 q! B+ P) }# j$ oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( p3 h* K) n' C' U% ] ' f( S; k! Z3 A3 kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 Q% ?8 D, Z; W& m! s
% F, z5 E6 Q. ^5 iHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 h, [$ Q9 M. x' e ) r7 q- Y- {# DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! s# ?% g7 E7 v
( k2 f- N. V$ [Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 O5 U8 ?1 J3 w$ z( {/ S+ o1 s8 N. b( g+ v$ m* h' L
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 {) m0 U' ?% R6 v/ Y4 A! E( [
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # q Q) h* H6 B9 L0 F4 Z* j5 k; s, q$ [0 n+ C, L8 g- S
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; Y* L7 I$ e3 d; i a) g5 z
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( n/ w) |5 V1 U, T& W z/ c % L+ s' @3 [. e; A# S) Z$ k" d对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 t. w* \' \- o% _- d- Q+ ]5 d
/ n, t- t8 A o A4 w% X! |6 O: v对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: R# W4 [; I$ f) S. h) d# F. V
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 T. O0 u' x# Y- d7 x8 c `
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; X" k' e8 W$ U, j% E `) E8 w1 r
1 N7 ?! d5 I- f, Z# ^& O. V) i* U至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! @1 ]" z7 l8 v8 u. v - g* v4 s% }$ Z& F9 ~0 }( d还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : r4 v, J( m2 f+ F6 k$ S$ t0 m2 V2 A) c2 i; h$ \
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 m: Z1 E; Q, I8 m2 H8 _/ T