本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 B( j% u! M7 D
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), @7 P* N0 h. ?# q. d' e7 |; e
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / h- w4 E5 G3 j7 {; ]2 g+ k, `! B. d" H% @
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 ~+ T2 [2 V0 c
8 `5 S) r+ U2 C) _$ ^- sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 }7 ?: b6 T/ ^& y! d8 Y1 y7 H% N
0 T* ^ G5 y1 \4 `3 b2 QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 m3 {# Y: D% ~; q8 \
! n7 a- z7 x& c9 q0 }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 b% `# o+ ?' m# ^# j [9 L* J
G$ V+ l$ |1 d5 F/ P+ WMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . |4 f' }, y: ~, U- k$ \, U+ O: Y& U* s, w3 ~
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# d% u, t; X2 S7 j; T& q. B: @8 m, [
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ J! r/ [; G( b- j( V
5 ?; l% [; |* \! j" Z b( EWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & M1 s6 B- H6 {) y7 t ( j8 w- J1 `0 aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 n& Y3 q- Q5 g, X8 K3 O a9 E( l% a `: s! C, E6 X/ L! u2 Y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( T! z% Y" J9 j- M! @# `' c/ |2 `% _- `+ @3 F' f
( k& V) G5 r) Y* q: _, tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 T" Q8 q% X# Y1 ^* n- o
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ e! o, M4 z/ U: U9 W4 C5 C
. D1 q' L2 o& iI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& A P, V7 E1 {% ^5 b& q& x1 e
2 H$ @, |2 [ oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - E- N$ g+ }0 R' K6 E$ ~' D / \9 k; W% N3 T* R k! z. K; DIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! A) k4 v% D- I( O7 c* |4 \# E
' w8 x1 l+ r! R1 W: e0 MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & G. Q+ m, B- E7 l- o% w& K* j! b( c2 Q# D2 c% U
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 P8 `% w% ?3 g. g. q* a% N
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . |- D" X) d3 h, ?- s* U [% [: x$ P5 _8 O$ eThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) a4 d1 k- g. ]( }& w2 o% |* W! q/ U3 `6 J' ~3 ]' N9 Y4 v
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . _0 q% Y1 [7 e" [9 H! N" L- o8 Q' y* j( {0 D5 W: S/ f
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 D- c9 `: J% H/ c$ ~! q0 ^
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 `% x# m( h8 B+ i0 a: j* R% ?1 t0 J" k( O
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . S" o1 Z- }4 e" N+ j" `$ J* U' ?$ B' t; k4 S
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * I" \9 z1 e- N& e) c2 o% o 7 j6 b2 |# r" m& C- J* @" H) h) {写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ y' E1 E; l4 D& W ^4 x V, @+ N- P
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : J% J% n. ^0 |4 b5 y( ? + _0 |1 f: u" I9 Y2 z 4 K# S: h T& X4 y- d+ _3 {; n( N3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( u; X% @4 i' ~3 }* N. U( y8 u# Z7 ?5 P) k
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 m( R9 j6 A* N J) D$ d. _/ i* u% W% I2 T& g0 b
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & @$ z! S+ F( H2 ?. L- i: [5 V- M / ?1 ]/ Z' I( Z; GThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% ^" B" x9 D0 U0 T7 F* L% F* D
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & T% J; v, L% C& h# }4 k 9 c- [9 q: \9 P1 a: u! C2 U6 p- PMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 `4 {/ A* Y. O
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), i- ] W' d' g8 K
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). D1 K8 l) C5 G
7 e- c( {% I6 q# j pStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 B' z/ C9 t5 B0 y% C }+ A# {7 D7 |* L同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 D! W- J% _5 p, a3 R* o- O' a* ]& ^+ \, m1 c# h- Q# @
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" |) Z! {# Q+ r* d- b
6 @( _# G) o' _对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * }; z* Z3 ]/ O( a5 u9 V; \; h% a, N) @' z, [$ t3 D# U/ q+ d, g. `
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 A6 o/ t: Z& U " s5 @" Z+ f% R1 r' D对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # ]9 K0 A! g; ^( r1 s% o' b. F7 t+ P
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; w5 y2 k9 v" p! e' w" q. A' ? ; S+ B* z0 K( K5 X, b至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! e( R/ Q4 p8 N- {; Q, U/ ` 9 K: `/ r. S( o8 V& Q% x4 T0 X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / x; n( @, f- N4 U b% c0 l3 x' g5 `3 ?- X4 }$ E7 o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 z* d2 h H- m( Z4 t* t+ k, ^