本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 t3 A: h4 u7 L6 O3 m, N8 s8 w3 g
% d) J% z2 z' O2 x& Z1 E转帖 2 B3 Q& c! @% v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 f/ R3 s7 [4 v7 \2 A. L , Y4 }& G8 w8 x2 o例如:( |: S2 s2 \& F* o* I7 s J) j* I% {
1 j: d" p, Y; c& E0 Z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 ~2 \- k4 j" x/ K i
) Q. b8 X& {2 N3 V4 q( FThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), T! K* p- i% t0 H! ^: c. O# v; A
! q- ~, m$ ^* K u, [- i- YThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ?8 L' ]' c8 T$ x- \$ k, D; b9 `' U
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) l! \: c$ i/ Q# K. p) G
' V5 c0 [! f- E7 |I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ e& r' ~0 Q# Y- n. c7 I* U2 q" ?; x
+ x) g! X/ l/ r( ^; S
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( i; ]/ \8 ~3 ]# w! z# C- L$ H, d1 c! a4 F' n2 n# K2 q6 i l5 t
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / L( |6 b7 U0 K; T- b! I+ a! b. L( u5 b \
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % t( b8 o1 I! j8 q: `1 Z. Z" Q( _: r. J+ A3 i" P
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 c: z" M8 x' A3 s6 d7 r" E, q
9 m; W" A6 t& E, @
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / g( t2 E+ p: U$ ] $ O! }) F+ R1 u: M% a# z. _. T这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : B1 M& e: K% ?8 X4 u" u' c) {5 z/ n$ m1 Z ]
% a: Y1 Z9 p7 m/ ]( @0 s8 n& ?2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * q1 q* A5 H/ d8 k9 b% b 8 P) B3 B( Q% @ n! t5 T% }例如: - Q! G2 M1 {3 w" P ; q. k5 t7 C( e* KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 j( Y1 D2 `) v
7 A$ E% ^1 k: D- N( @% M2 Z5 _
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) i3 ^: y; S: d# m6 Z) K( C: }5 x
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) t" {! `" w7 a" ^. q% W3 N) i s( X v* h7 E3 n! j# _
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 b, q# s' y, U" m. K$ i6 P
9 [/ Q/ [" y* J; }
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), ~- o3 a" O7 e) c, I
* Y: q! p* U6 SShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 L3 Q" ~6 k( i2 K7 F& K N& S6 n ] V; H
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ l5 z& n- C/ p
* \6 ~% U: A- s
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ W# W+ N* \8 z9 Q: c) i2 U1 |! X
5 r2 B, S, l* H4 `& t5 B$ mThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - k$ G2 c9 e7 h3 O- g4 `& Y- U8 m. {7 }- |0 F% p4 n. {
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& P/ j7 W8 l4 Q, j6 S. }
9 h @4 t! l! l) R5 k+ ?& fHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ o. L. l0 l2 z7 k* `
/ w: s3 W/ E. @$ { cHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . [4 S' b% B% s1 p: r # [" @- K, Y- q* JWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" A/ H- b: l( I/ F
# p: t; ~; }' i* c; n t
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / t8 @' b1 V4 E - B C+ V: B3 x! t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 l' |2 w2 O- I5 E7 R9 X5 z) q
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: r5 k) n& _, y% v) r% @9 `
9 O6 B$ [: ?0 O1 I! p1 A0 P例如: ( a6 X- N6 `8 Q: o+ L- c: k8 t, f1 G- l
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 G. x5 V* ?* [* R1 @1 }4 N( [. S: ^0 g/ `+ S* {7 L2 e b
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 t. m% V, j8 `, R. r
. j+ g9 h5 H! Q2 N1 O" jThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): n% \3 O7 K$ ~ _
2 L5 c( t$ x% L q! @4 E
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ N/ j1 W8 d' s+ x2 Q+ k- n) P: Q1 | e' n8 g6 z! z! }
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 `( }1 i; t) g- z
{& l @8 ]5 F5 {7 [4 t% r e/ mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ g; L- g3 N* Z! P
; C+ q' x: B* P1 @7 g+ J) P
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 N! i0 E' y' h$ e) g; h
& z' w2 C# @. z8 z- k7 o
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : T: b8 r: E' k' O5 p, n - C C3 q% I& Y+ ~ e$ o同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ b2 S1 L, \+ U6 B4 H . T8 m6 r, g. Z' J5 m! Z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 f! Q. F( M/ s, a+ c P% d3 p6 N# B
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : b2 p, F7 `" r1 {! R: ^1 X* z4 L Y% }! [% L
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 o" f I- Q- T* _; j2 B
; C& S: q0 z4 Y* Y7 v对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - L: H- M" X- y% @/ e: X* t* Q% I% l
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; P0 V5 v0 I3 q+ i' S. s1 ^ . }5 K2 h4 ]1 W. `1 m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& q5 R. W' T+ e3 W4 K
! L) y0 r# X0 V4 `1 C `3 ^7 O
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 I# g' ]* B: M, L
1 k, M/ S( @# E+ Z8 o1 G有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % Y- r" U. `9 l' R6 w# g( k