本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! A }' S% j5 j, t3 }+ u; v% a* r1 f) m! {$ t, o5 m 转帖 8 l# [% l/ _ M( Y1 S& ~1 v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 y; I5 U$ [8 _2 |3 a
+ w) \* X: [9 W( a例如: * x! q: L+ G3 i P! v3 h3 I i$ H* E) J' |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). I O; O" s! X
% g* }& C) n" H$ n) yThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 X6 Z- @7 O% g/ P7 v$ W
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - N- n' l3 S6 y7 h6 n! A; u , H# m' ]# [' h: cThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* k" n8 h4 j6 X* b$ h8 G
2 c+ V9 g2 M' aI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 h" _4 l! m6 u8 x& n3 }4 ^8 u: D9 K/ z% e6 V: E7 X
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ b2 e6 [2 A0 K* i # p. \9 k i$ p2 OWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 p5 p* `) U/ \& X4 a% X
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ F6 l6 D# R' r8 _* S6 {) `: Z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ ?' E; @% A+ B% A/ g
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). Z/ \" x3 S/ e+ {
# }. D. p9 x/ Q. [- }这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) t( q @3 G! B% e5 C- a1 Y1 q2 G: K1 H" P; u, |, C" ]" `, q
, ?; i3 \0 ?5 A. F1 V2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 h6 T. U& l) r: u1 J7 Y4 v! N) N R* l5 Z0 y6 d, i' u. O
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0 w4 d, R8 H. k- C' B; {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): `# Y4 n3 D, ~* K/ C2 H$ e0 `% ~
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " P9 U0 {+ F" [0 C4 ]" w$ L: P 8 J% U" y/ z- u; g1 EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ [, M6 y! |& C M* e
. S+ F8 [/ k0 h4 c+ T- \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 G: @! K' B0 K
% i* D# W9 c2 m% e4 Y$ P' d' UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! I/ O$ n% A. \! {7 l# G
5 a2 W7 F7 A0 d4 R+ cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 @! [8 n9 @6 m R6 E+ T$ W
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 c" f* f$ i0 O6 D
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ q# S9 }& s3 L( ]+ t0 r8 m 2 W+ j# b% m0 OThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % |' X2 l' k% b, Z8 R6 F& i( ~" ~5 t6 |; Y0 F+ I
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- u m% Z0 p/ o2 I5 `
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 E2 W+ K$ ]) c; J' \9 f4 P* X' F . B# G; e/ E( ?& Z+ L bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- L# |# J- M6 ^) X% m7 m
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + o6 S) _! d9 V3 g8 e " l7 f5 T9 D; n- I9 g: UEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ k+ Q8 Z, Q1 n# v; n# K: f( [ . r5 _: b# G$ H$ a! E( p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) v, n, z5 I2 Q2 I" ?( n* D+ a/ \) @) v/ X. n- O( c+ L
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* y7 {: ^7 R% G6 |9 r/ d* w2 [0 s
0 A: q' a3 j( I8 ^5 z例如: 6 S0 W9 l- s8 q9 P$ A$ o; W+ Q" |& V1 B& Z; h
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( s# S, ^- ]! O0 E3 n6 M' s5 D4 D4 D5 A) j4 G7 n, T; [
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! X8 h! L9 ]0 e; {' R! I+ k) S
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* ^4 ^ ?8 y' ?, ~# H3 E' I# x
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ y. z7 d0 O- o. Q% H; J
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 b; a) V6 b/ c# `) a' [' o; X0 Z# @) i$ C; K7 O
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! _) O, j, k) `. ]- d+ _, Y : L3 d6 E! `: P1 g& \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - |" P3 b! B9 D4 h, v1 f/ j1 m+ O& {. I. L" n
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); J" A5 L6 b- | f; n
) n4 H4 _0 G9 W5 j4 |% c" ~同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 m8 K. o3 Y! T. X4 T0 N& J% J
7 }2 W# Y; y/ W! n- C当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( I- N0 U* a7 L1 e) U
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( u8 _+ O9 R- d6 z% f
3 @: b8 X* k1 M' c* h0 N: W对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* I' l6 e) D7 y+ |6 {: k. P1 I! k