本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , O g& B2 F6 @8 N+ P 9 b2 l7 b1 ^5 |转帖- R, F* Y7 [; h# [* U; {6 p
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* r2 j, t5 g a1 k: ]+ s
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例如: 8 k4 R3 R' R4 r' G 5 c- I" _8 s3 |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 ` X2 E- M$ ?1 C' [! A2 V4 Q4 \: h5 M" c1 }# o' R5 C% @ w6 c
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 Q& v# u! f2 J4 m! g
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ p* n$ M) y$ E- @9 P
9 }. ?' @" ^4 M1 C: I5 d; `: rThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) B. V8 n ^ Y8 O5 C0 o% @
5 I: Q" W" O! i. `# I3 X5 m3 g8 QI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ a$ b. E+ v* e ~9 ?+ g$ M
: U( @, p, |2 X& HMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% b$ ?: K8 o" E3 D; N
Y) z3 V1 G5 a5 V! p/ SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - w3 {; s0 O! d! _: A- j" E2 Z( c. K/ j( z) q/ P
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- w& z: o) w8 q; v
5 z5 X/ e- `& ^2 G2 Y% `We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 U6 H+ U# q8 m9 W2 r
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" r* H5 N- {- t
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- u$ |7 F- J5 r; y% L8 C5 [4 |
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C: u! t" {, B 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 E" j( @1 j7 O+ E
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例如:7 [% y# \5 ^1 D1 K
9 j$ f1 X2 g5 yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- I5 Q" h9 k4 P9 E8 [3 f: E
% f4 ?! B: a* A, ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) : u) g5 D, W* X; A. _3 n& R0 D n
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) i; E% [" i- O8 B7 o, x
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; ~* y; C2 v4 H6 f6 J- W3 l# @: X9 J7 _& q# E* J- }0 }
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 |6 @6 `, f4 m5 z
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " t V% k3 {# T5 v7 t. j# k, j) j' ?$ i0 i- ^6 G
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " d v7 P# f* G5 G 3 p, }2 f1 t4 n) W/ i1 a如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : H$ K) J( x. ~& h5 A1 d7 E* U) R, |/ S4 T
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 }1 E+ K. y2 S7 g& N
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ L3 [: q% |' w3 ]# a# Z4 n
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 c# y# g; {: e0 d$ H8 o0 d4 u
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), h! r. H0 u* f: ^ ?' z' S0 Q ~
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; | z4 t$ \! p, X7 V6 s% Z # ~' { {7 L. `) ?6 `, b: REnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 R0 g9 t: `2 [
5 o3 o! Q5 F- l7 \写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& l5 Q* B0 D% T, ~( D6 D7 r! J4 P4 z; K
8 T: Z8 b7 `+ V; a. \/ q W4 t9 J0 `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 _- S- M( n p+ M) b3 S5 B4 J2 k! a/ k3 R7 X1 n
; V/ B/ q: Y! w 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' R* o: r* ^- T' q / G) C& b4 {& z8 g2 {+ s例如: / ^+ M; J7 p' `" S6 I' e( S; i6 X7 p0 d7 ?6 C. b
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ d. P! T! c9 {3 ] E% v# T
. F; v- p# D8 @- ~, f( f. ^6 SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / e5 x; f. N2 \1 Q" [0 g4 s' G. }, n: o# r
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 X6 R* C; Q! c; O' }
k6 u& t8 U8 P' t' Y# s sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% l7 T- [: O$ `$ H4 S( ~
D& i* ]# N" ~1 ]; \& zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) N; l: J! l, |) Q
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% z* l! g* A& Q) E% T. z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 h( x# b8 g+ G7 N) p2 @" o! x, R7 u, T6 N$ ]% ~
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + L' w" Z, F( { 7 c+ h) G* u1 Y. T c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ H) s' |$ f" m2 \5 k% D