本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 r) U4 x* ]" c2 `9 B: P5 p1 W' l( n2 P" J" g+ ^ 转帖 , _ G% [5 U: @) N7 S$ D1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ ~3 P0 r c/ q; [2 K 9 l4 V/ F t4 P$ a. b% k, z3 W5 J例如: / c( j) h+ Z" P9 S' Q/ E \8 ~$ P9 D" `) O0 W% J3 ~! T
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - J1 V9 e$ n: g7 R, v! w, I7 n v, X/ c+ W N* H' {
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' e/ h% D+ ^9 G% F
) z8 F H, b7 yThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 g: G3 X; i/ V0 y. s$ U: Q
) I3 _' l8 b1 g7 U( F7 A! y- HThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ H! y. n$ R1 f$ b
. `: b M- s" p% P+ p6 E JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 j% ^; O8 \5 s+ H% Y4 e( \
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & g( g6 G) o& _$ K, g, P4 I H) J: q% h. }
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ e9 g# ^5 L- M5 Q' O% \5 j3 n# J5 X4 y7 v
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 e+ M6 b4 C- [! C: r9 i
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 M) j9 N; e7 {. w% j5 F
- r/ H7 Q% e5 I: c, E* QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ?4 H* m9 Q' ?; ^8 a+ l. o" `
0 p2 Y: R, [& t7 A8 S8 i这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 h2 w0 J0 k5 a9 h: D% \
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% c$ U" O: G5 g9 d) X) _1 p7 F! F 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 c/ }; Q7 o7 b9 b/ I1 ]% F # F% I- P; g! P9 {; {0 ]例如: 1 K4 i+ }7 ^; { p8 H; {& p8 {' ?8 y: v( P$ {+ B3 ]6 L8 C
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 D; o+ \8 P9 e( o2 j6 {# C : k4 E1 l% e. jDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& D' f* h! K3 t5 r, ~
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ f1 `9 f$ C( @: r5 @% d, T K' T
; A( l2 m) d$ L* RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- \( ` R L# s+ r7 O5 a
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , |9 H" M( l) s8 R4 {' ?9 [9 l9 q; q 1 ]7 S4 J: S' I/ q5 sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- D: v4 G! p3 V' B6 }3 q: M
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & J1 z; N+ w* n' W6 Z 0 {% d" M! w! ~' w: R7 o! `如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! M$ m4 y0 D2 q* ~ 2 u8 @2 U, j/ f8 B: l) f& K) R" DThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 d" y, }. Z5 C 8 g8 y8 L% R0 U% J7 m- z. @& M( TThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 q" b2 c& q) S) U. S, j ; Y! c4 Z7 d6 J1 ]9 fHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 y/ B+ D9 z1 ~7 L5 W% M 4 ^* a9 Z! v; C$ ~5 V& P- UHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) Q, I) _8 T* Z% q8 w
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 \& L+ M; o, f) c
+ q( x9 ]3 w" P- L) zEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 x) R% j4 Q( Y, R6 L2 x8 [7 N* w% G( [& U
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) M7 u7 T3 r0 V, H( y* P- ]4 K9 n 6 q, g4 E/ V* u" k$ Q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 j0 `: b( _# q& O
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; V4 |, e+ y8 ^ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- J' V* ]$ c: j+ x5 Y8 f2 q3 ]
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- j) Y, S9 W1 B- ?Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- C2 h8 N h' G4 V& C$ r
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): w. S( I# T- X' e
! M1 q$ n" U6 r2 lThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 A4 [! b/ y0 T# f4 e & J( q) ?2 s6 M* \* NHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( i$ z, O+ @* `8 R
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 N( e2 v z8 C7 d" [6 l 4 {+ T+ w# q1 a( f/ a VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) L/ n% f4 ^$ T
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 y& a4 T, W1 R) q6 b5 }0 ^, F/ X$ C% { J& @
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 x- x- S' _9 @5 J) ^: I) d9 h2 [5 R2 ^ Z& V1 J- R% d6 r
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 J) B& k- D! G& d1 W
2 G; l; u0 I" l1 c7 C$ u; X3 z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ r `. f1 w+ H
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 z, i4 k* `. B8 ] % ^9 \: S" [0 ?$ V对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 \) [2 Q) }. o1 {, ^6 w
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ r5 B3 D; O: r# h6 _
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 K+ J( O, ?4 v/ W/ p' Z- Q% p u3 X9 X" r! s
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; Y5 y# y0 r* w+ e. ^$ r* ]! e
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 Y% _. [% i. L. P8 D 6 _0 N+ e0 u4 L t有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / b" h e, h- }% H) X$ ]: x- I3 F