本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # @% E# `' t' @9 v. X& A# W
) `# e, `5 d: ]/ |* r& L, ^ 转帖 7 C% A& S% G2 U- Z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 ]6 r5 P) d9 e, C3 g6 j. r 5 `9 S$ ~) ?5 D1 O2 T. w0 L. C例如:1 V! ~% t ]7 K7 G: n# m$ I7 v
: u: f) u0 }; }Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 P& h* s: @) i) D' L ' G2 `, }! z( `! CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 e* V- k: p! j+ J1 k" h / R) y. [! n# tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 ~. v @% _6 \8 n( l8 } & _( u" z ~4 y. OThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" L \$ H; W+ w: r: ~
, M7 w2 d' ^) o) D( B; s/ ^0 qI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 i* o+ X- a$ ?* |8 T
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # \5 d) y& l4 U- ^! v7 r& g% n1 P$ a) ?# ?- a
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 y8 [/ ]) P5 O( N / l% l* k& j BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ j; |0 U# L; K
* ?, V8 m# v3 IWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' b* q4 `& ]4 r9 _ 7 f ]) t k6 O& A; s2 \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) U6 ?4 u% {9 G3 R! _' | 3 @5 o1 p: d7 p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 B; a3 ~$ }( B' w & U: ?( ?2 c- r0 z" g$ |5 K& N% O0 V4 a0 ]7 r/ R$ z. o 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 N$ y5 w$ |) K) X7 X. p% e/ s$ V6 c# Q3 V" [2 h- ` e
例如:" E. u- ^% ~& F
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 h& M0 ?0 t& K9 j0 a$ H3 [8 R% Q. j6 L7 s. n" C* T
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 D* C. p7 [+ R1 u" g4 @* Y6 v
2 k8 U7 H7 C. X7 G! M2 t ?8 dI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): f# y2 n! y" x9 I5 f' ]+ W q
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ ?' R( y1 A8 i3 r/ @1 M2 r1 d `4 n" ]- c: XIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 |: @; }5 M6 S/ `- D% t& ?, v% Y6 v, b7 k: Q
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & N2 M1 q* o8 {7 ?. I5 K- _: F7 J4 z. _: \* D2 H* i
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - p3 B+ C3 y1 r: M( t s) `- ?5 ?7 e1 M' x B
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& B( t" s! M% D
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) h k0 T( {. X, i7 U7 ~4 z( f( k1 v! b3 o6 P5 n: l7 Y
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' D% V/ z: u( @% q/ [+ n- V* j2 G+ t 5 P6 v1 t* \5 _8 x4 t% ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " f; n( w6 e2 g# i* @ r( G5 j; Z; o7 k3 u6 S$ w. rHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 M& F6 j+ t3 R. m8 ]3 I2 ^% h
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% P. N) y. D; t/ S: K$ q
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + j8 m; U! J* M! M4 U5 Y ; o8 \& Y/ k8 e2 C写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / Y# v4 [; {4 M7 s + h1 \0 p0 B v4 U此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! [* L5 ~) ^; x- f& i; B( F. o6 e' V; |8 X9 B
3 S# u# e9 j4 C* T# c: Z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 Y7 K/ F0 H1 |- l3 w: d
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " | u; A. G# H; E6 o, i ' |" P) f6 I6 @8 |7 ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& }$ A8 A; G# S2 M6 _
n. Q3 _3 l8 z uThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): q& T2 |* d5 b
- `+ C& V. N8 H7 s- n' v( wHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 h8 J+ J5 ]0 b6 z) N- t
$ l2 N" o8 V: z7 J: C1 sMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . d- g4 @. q9 }( r. ~' x! j$ Z' Y; P0 n8 o; u6 ~' V. W
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + u2 J2 P" k, e. D1 d+ F ' P+ }* J9 Q5 H; ~Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): v6 c/ i: Z; _& c1 n+ Q6 j% K, P& v
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 S" n# |* i2 M# T / r0 O6 i7 ` o1 Z8 L同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 U* A* C+ _4 _: I1 c* Q 5 ?* z) J8 W8 j: [当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 J) @( c0 ], ^2 f! i% ] $ Z7 B& I+ ^5 y' |7 v6 {1 z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 f/ }% o8 u; Z: n' t m/ R4 d5 t; v4 `5 G1 A
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ k+ ?. M% l0 J. g / V1 c1 p4 x6 J9 _对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& t _7 a* G9 M4 V8 W
; F' H% P/ B, Z4 T- i有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 U' k! g* e# {0 q+ ~. l0 z