本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % R$ G& m# R2 k7 |% i$ b$ r1 v f, s
" |' S" u9 x; I: Q; _. [ 转帖 - ]7 M1 l \7 K/ r" m$ H6 Q3 h7 L# C1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 V0 ]0 t+ h; [* ]8 L4 H, U" |2 f0 M( \8 y$ H% X
例如: ; a. y% _1 {) B9 q - N8 N& w$ v. f! _Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 }" x8 V) \7 H. I
+ H9 l m- L% C# J5 d; nThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 `; ^' z4 d! t4 x7 S# e6 X$ y% u
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / g( B8 ]9 l) ^* s! r$ r1 N2 V w$ K3 @: k- c, c! d6 F' r& |0 r
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ r% j+ @, ]$ `1 ]9 l% g
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 b a4 O3 w$ W+ N+ d9 K; }( g
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - b: [5 B3 G2 k' h 5 D4 \9 ^ [8 Y4 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + s0 m/ @, M- l. Z! F * k) i. u( D+ I2 ]The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 Z% I- |3 R) Y' A/ j8 M . a: V3 `5 t0 Y+ {( D3 jWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' a# P& W, H. r$ {. c
' W- g3 W3 z1 x9 pPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! c( z; M' p2 w: y7 s6 b4 e - q/ s; m! v9 [3 n这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 B( D+ }" P: K) y9 n( L6 C
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3 X6 Z0 _/ B; o' T0 J9 H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + ~" ~$ s1 c$ l: z1 p0 ]2 J9 q1 J) \- p5 a6 _) u% u
例如:; e! j: M) H* H( m( @. [' u
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 r$ A ?% h1 ?* g; l4 }' e2 Y 9 Q9 h9 `- {1 w( r$ q4 o' r; s- CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- o# Y0 \! x5 ]! o$ Y% y
+ D# n6 R& |% Y% e+ z; A$ ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 y# k0 Y+ j. b8 M! z, @. Y4 V6 O, F% O2 F. f/ N. b. F
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 w! B3 X$ @- @" y
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 r3 Z. t2 {& |) j( X; ~/ |0 k2 d4 w6 T- g7 F) @. C
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 h9 |! C# X8 ~1 y5 ?
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 V+ l, d) w4 r: x, g' i6 ^# x$ S5 r/ u1 F. G
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 x/ r' V/ e2 @$ ~' F. D) r4 O/ H# Z
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 x& t. @! G( G: P5 q* c
- p3 D# D$ J6 j( i) vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) X! F% ]- X5 ]8 d: C6 |3 j# r% u
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 W% O8 {8 y: l! Z$ l( e
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - W1 } `- z1 q4 c! [$ k$ W4 `* W
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) w7 N) V9 G! f) T. ~+ u r
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 O2 y. B( |( }' v$ K3 @ " ^+ U# z; `: D3 {+ O写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 q% L2 B4 {' P' S8 ^0 i( J
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ x7 N* ?$ z2 T5 H/ f3 B* D! ]! Q( N" y5 H* e6 ~8 V! F. S! Q$ a
% T4 C- `6 \* `( i- X) {6 q7 u3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! E$ m/ N7 v% F* q) Y+ M i: Y9 v
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例如: , h+ P6 G. g6 m* p" [- K ( ?, W2 M% F! rMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . x" a, N: u. A$ X 9 Z( D3 W- z7 }* _- hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 b u4 ^. E, u3 I6 u- }; D, J2 |
3 d" l, a5 S8 C+ zThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 w5 D: M9 [2 \, C( o; [
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 U5 V2 M+ \1 i5 u
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! ~* T( r" l* {+ u& j
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) h0 }4 e5 I9 P5 u! I5 R- }5 q# W; U4 A D0 H }, s
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ o9 B3 V0 y7 _: _
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 Z) H6 E) p2 J; d( Y& g2 j# ~; D* h+ @: f; x/ `
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " p; Z) P$ p# D9 i" O % H4 S$ d9 |. S* l当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 t( s% \2 i6 S2 r% r1 L$ H; k
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* d0 V* ~! R7 X- x
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 e1 ^7 ^+ y. r& B2 A+ g: q* e d* U7 g
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# b) k' s( i1 }8 b0 U6 D% L. K
' W% K9 t" j9 B$ d% [5 {* R7 O/ n有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" ? s( h4 y( x! i