本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) j1 K. n" n9 t) }' P6 z 7 v q- K6 s* E3 Z2 H4 t( R* A. q9 `' I转帖. s. q; b/ x7 Z. M( t
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 o5 f9 v. v M0 @ g # ~1 Y7 Z ?1 B/ y7 w/ @例如: : A. l3 T1 w0 C0 c1 [4 S0 H8 v! g3 x/ @2 L2 i2 R
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # F2 p* O$ @5 }& T; p! @5 V# L * K6 l. y; Z+ SThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 P# W# L* k- h; ^3 R$ W! q9 \1 h3 U: Y
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 t7 F$ j r3 l1 U4 x: `4 T. |$ A2 b- ^% y5 X
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% B' m: a5 u- K1 P) Z
$ K- m3 `0 K9 MI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 H' `- ^' k! q: U* y" F$ A( s/ h7 |" W
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 a. ^, N1 p, r3 h6 F0 x/ p
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 L8 [$ N: _' z' h
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % U o2 o: w8 z% c. A9 [, O6 Q6 P
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # p+ Z% N6 w- t8 \. Y0 A, P$ Z2 z! x& ^& e) H9 ~- Q% H
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); P$ k4 u4 I! j- W# q5 r/ Z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 n4 F. t8 X" ~( s4 B1 L9 G# i
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2 K: _' C) v, s 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! w6 N7 `' r3 P
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例如: ' K, Q; c7 G6 x, a* }5 r# K8 z1 Z * {, A0 J8 F2 G! B, Q! Q: NAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). _* S) L1 j. H
. F E9 u1 ]; m. e; R& lDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 h" j; v/ X9 Q s* c6 `1 K/ w+ _3 k. M2 H
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; s/ Y" z& M. t' i) V9 n ) m' g. z1 p7 T. J0 y- d: I2 @He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 Y, N5 |9 M6 {6 ?( w
: [, r. Y+ }+ ?5 ]5 d0 mIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 a9 S/ c% ~" ^6 _/ l# i# @% v5 W) c! j6 N* ?) t$ b
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ Z: Z1 G- H; [% T2 e
3 |8 U H2 h% j/ OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ _7 E3 T0 W4 `' b# W
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " [ w0 }; Y" O. A' P. o# \ 1 V, A0 k) E! L. g$ z3 N5 r [. E) ZThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * U6 R) H# V d8 l7 U ' D8 g5 r4 x! v5 n. b5 xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( s9 X& J( B$ w Q& W a- t, @( e1 B! M4 I& C
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' C- o* U$ O5 I( _% d/ l l! Z% E- z5 P* T3 f
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) S' H# T; n6 w/ b, E+ M- g8 b! l# f( Y5 v
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( |% ?: U. |& e- |2 L$ Q2 j/ U& k; L1 X; C) X
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# I* R3 q' d4 @1 H
% N' `$ a8 N0 w& m写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " Q+ U/ U7 o$ k( N% Q# l- A; i. G) ?% a2 v
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - h: F) x' B! U* S7 i, C 0 o+ [" X* ^5 l 4 m! c/ q# i- C/ b3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ m; W' y1 I) w0 m+ G& a2 E1 Y( b8 \
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例如: 2 m6 D& @( Z3 {. A ; n1 k5 U( B9 D3 g) h# e/ DMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 [0 E% z6 ]. e6 z" R U y- T0 X5 m/ R% x3 E- X! X* W/ H
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 u; \8 N% [& \
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! x) A d0 |+ r$ v; u( h4 u4 q# N% r
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( M2 x* u( X8 P! M7 h5 j/ T # t3 ~" H2 ]- h* q. S" BMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- r( T! h+ y& q1 {$ ]4 v
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 G) I% [& W( c8 n1 ~7 v
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ c0 M( F* e. `) b8 v4 ^8 E m( S' R4 `3 ?1 `/ G1 w5 E/ D, K( ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * _' B. K( l C8 W2 n0 W; R* ?2 c% w; Y+ ~
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. ^ x! H2 y. W. O/ a( _2 _
7 a9 M/ j! s$ a( d当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# }! u& X1 g- a; e
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 j) D$ \8 E, X+ p' h$ c" E
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& e8 T* q" l) r3 i
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / s" T. X' f) h2 F8 D2 ^ ; N- e( Q# C% C/ c2 S" L对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 c6 ]" s' C u& g$ I( V, H D! B! j+ q. q( \" j) b4 v
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 R" O/ Z$ L5 k) X/ f& o( H- m5 l. _+ O1 B+ K7 _
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 `5 B6 W" v% k6 ^' X% m# O% y4 M5 J+ R/ C' m
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 k% M0 h5 {- i- Y& T