本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 s$ Q. o, l1 a8 H0 H( l" [) x- y5 \9 n f4 k9 q3 R3 q2 N 转帖 : R" H# P3 |3 Q8 B1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ A* c, `3 x: U, m
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 F/ Y: B( _, M4 f8 A" R/ H1 s0 h7 f
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ h; `( t9 Q6 a6 \7 L
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 p; Z( m0 t4 W# [3 Y8 p# U5 A" ^1 f: m, h1 q5 d2 O2 N
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): }9 F, d! x: S' z
4 l. `! J) C7 D4 I( {* uI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 f" ^ a4 Y& v
" d% Q8 p* \' a( e" TMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# v; b7 m. x2 O& J U* y5 z$ u
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; B' s- U/ }/ I. r! K* k' P- E 7 k8 @9 `5 R3 W! b e7 sThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% }/ i) u5 ^; [5 d2 k
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , r2 J& n4 q7 ? : ~$ g4 R3 l; p! M; TPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( j+ n9 }1 X/ y4 I2 J2 b- _) G
5 [1 R2 _, w+ B9 {: }) V) U6 j这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( M' s2 D2 I# e- j+ `
5 Y0 h- [1 Q8 x1 B- e9 B 4 f5 b" G- i% ]7 h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 \* |, Z$ j; c- f* M8 Z
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例如: : {- e9 K+ A' ~3 M7 t% n( _9 V , B! O: X0 H. J0 H7 y: SAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " z; m |6 S( y$ ~4 {% W# Q* Q2 K/ {+ ~! k" G% l! O
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ F* d5 @/ T; f+ P8 y' {
0 q7 L1 x( F1 A# m# CI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . w" C2 h; a- E8 c, N 7 y. r4 g6 A- h6 E9 E$ L0 ~He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 Y \8 \0 c$ A- o, _) ?$ c" S! r. U( x6 Y
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) K* `1 e F" _1 a
9 P# o" b% n, t! t- ^She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 Q2 b* a! E* f0 q8 J$ M/ a 5 ], t- l$ Q3 c' h# E! RI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : u' N* X$ }5 E2 L! b) C" Z/ K; d* V: {6 @9 I* Y
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % Q. K1 L$ c, i7 \) M% Z7 [# t1 i, g8 `
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 Y* r, L# O# U
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ y; |/ t, W: y# e
" Z& m% M5 Q+ q) KHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & t( M) ] x7 _, r9 {+ @5 | & D/ G) b3 L. A8 m% v# D dHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " R9 J1 h4 o- A; l7 O: M b: ]- c% x2 c
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # z, G# a( K1 H X$ M. f# ]! M4 t5 x8 @$ _9 n5 p
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 p) C7 N/ w# B6 A7 l" A# ?$ _* j z! R/ Q4 R
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 `/ J( \' n( {2 O, e% [0 C/ `! m6 [# b: J7 J! m6 l
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / \8 H; n- Y( T1 @% b: k K# [7 k; A- Y* b# T3 |5 k
" j$ d( Q5 f* T$ i8 x3 V- C 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。1 v6 r1 W" h! l7 f
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ Y2 O$ N1 f. {% f
: J" B& T. c) L/ hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 Q/ M L; K* b8 F0 o; m- L% ~ ! p# ]8 I) a8 j v1 {9 z# zThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ F$ C$ L% @2 u" J! y: T
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% A; D( D* l. ^% Z y/ s' a7 f
& }: C: y2 B5 ]5 ~Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) f, E7 V6 r- m5 l1 B: [! m0 d$ ^' R
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); _' [6 V* W$ {( V/ B
/ Z: t) ^0 r5 R) G- {2 [3 U; z! v& mCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 r4 M* r$ I- V( j, x X9 m2 J. K* }3 o
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 Z+ J3 v; _ O3 K, s! L
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / p( H9 k2 g+ W L6 r% s' E+ y. u7 U, c
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - f _2 e) `7 @ 6 Z! j3 z/ O- B. r对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; t B/ \0 ?6 Y0 `
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' h5 L5 Q, b) [" K 9 K1 a3 n" G# N对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; q2 a# _" b& V; O . j3 n6 T0 p* [. ~" R9 [4 t对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / z. Q2 w$ d2 m! g7 T+ r2 L( N4 w7 \) ]2 z1 h$ v' c/ K2 {- q
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " f7 b% d3 y3 s1 A3 u( p; l" X& L/ L 6 f/ o8 @# f2 m4 d! v( |还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 h l* {/ K5 ?( a1 r2 S) w
! b% A$ Y" J2 O$ B) m: I+ O% E2 _有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" @) x2 @- S4 u- A& Y% x; V