本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 r; w% j! O) B; _' V% K p$ H% Q T# J 转帖/ O5 w5 O4 z/ i* @: ~
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) & W. e6 _# D) \2 }7 D3 w5 h 5 w7 x, _& Z( P3 w# }) x例如: & A8 r5 T: a9 d; ?: z4 M( |7 E( d3 V0 z) C- N* B5 D
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# Q, B* o! G! l8 o9 S
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* h7 I/ t: w. j/ p ~
* c3 ]& A; R! y9 KThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- s$ f0 U+ [+ t5 A' ^, {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); `: H2 R! V; d% H9 j
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( p+ }7 C8 b0 Y6 S0 `' O1 {3 A
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 j# x. l" l6 n; m& z+ k& c( Z$ r; y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 b+ C' O* v7 ]# J
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) f. k8 g8 e* X- E8 x* j1 e ' e( _ }- C1 y" H3 uWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 E* |5 [3 B; `) S" G7 r9 k2 _8 d, ], h6 y+ P
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% |$ D1 ^3 {7 q; h0 t
4 P& p A( }2 P7 p+ p; ?9 g这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # \6 k& j5 ~ o) m1 w1 w. H, @- z$ d/ X: k. Y3 `0 X6 @5 n
! q2 p" I3 K5 ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : |8 H: F& U, T3 x; p! U * N7 u* U$ q6 y* w7 E g' G* x例如:. M5 e# H2 t l1 x: F0 {2 g
1 f2 D* {4 W) D5 M, kAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , f0 J. n9 R% z$ h$ d/ k- p' r3 i 8 O: b9 E' M8 L( _6 cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . g& ]* W( ?" ~; `0 U, q8 f& E! Z# P+ G q
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 N8 N! M" J, ]( N+ |& l3 Y) A% U$ f B. `
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 `& B7 p7 P7 Y8 J; `
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); R H6 ~4 W3 W1 z+ q5 u) n
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 {) j& J, b6 T* ~5 U, a * q% f3 v6 F0 i! L' ?$ lI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' R# q" F% n8 f$ H. F9 W& s ' q4 u: b, [0 H+ o q5 K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " d7 Y$ U8 b% r7 z! N + O( _) E% S2 h9 MThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): Y& `6 d, w% Y8 F
- p1 w& p' k$ d6 H1 l" WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' @0 N( X' ]: \4 A9 g
$ ~& ?4 F; f( `, {# GHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): W7 c+ J! {# E. B
/ _+ d: v( k' D {6 ~! gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 Z9 ~( V* c! {4 E& N4 v3 u( v" R5 P; Z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ f2 \7 c( I& p6 Y0 d' c+ n+ q3 v4 R, S d0 z6 }! q+ H) }1 @
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * u Y2 F0 c! k5 [8 k8 }9 ]$ V; ~, s# T5 @1 ?# G& U4 `6 S
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' i/ o+ c& I; A; B
8 j# s9 j- }8 y( e0 q4 n9 c& x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 j$ _' D* t, _+ b 4 b9 _% c4 [; z6 Y5 L8 a1 C. L% G4 B9 ~; ?& y4 c: M 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / M i$ x, Q5 A* k v ' V$ |9 H( P( P9 z# d' \+ S/ \例如:5 r! d" J j- m5 i4 d9 D
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& Q. W0 r8 q }2 _9 ]0 M
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) n( N; n* t& A6 s. Z$ T; x( j: b) q3 b: S0 v9 g7 b* r
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 r( I6 G$ x: J$ A% t0 r! e2 `
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 ~- K1 t8 x/ l( N8 q R; Q 2 t4 O7 y# K. Y& {* @# o B, KMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 p5 ]; z- R( s5 B& }& d
! X. C$ ?+ | x: k5 pPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* v) m, ~& o5 n% d
5 ]9 R4 l' C6 N; H0 eCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 b4 n) g/ _) U8 W
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 \: }2 q/ H2 J( v+ f1 } [0 c1 w+ a- @/ i# a
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& R8 @. l! I2 ~5 f! w {% P5 P4 O
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 _+ \! }2 [0 n# L {4 `& W
( ~* Y8 \0 ^+ Z6 Q; Y% b, z, \对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 a. I' w$ R" |# `' s ) D; [& m0 Q* _) }8 p对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( t# H# n/ c- z( I2 N
' [5 ~, E# E0 F$ ]" ]: G9 k对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 }5 z& c( E2 R! V( n, u 8 l4 N+ W9 c# P( r( m; K! a对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 W6 Z+ s: e5 d5 ?6 C
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:! Z) b/ o8 Z* e |1 x* ?
. X; p" K) B$ h4 v& ]$ ]/ |还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" H. {' g1 u, g1 Z6 A, W
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 F" Q J. H' m Y