本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 ]" } p( Z+ W9 I# u! S$ G% W4 u& [& @1 z G. M0 E( R$ Y 转帖3 K; k/ X% T5 Q
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! F0 n8 Y) Q8 H
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * O$ O1 A4 @8 E3 M$ G* \/ U7 y; r9 K. F8 N" l
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) _4 {. R9 Q8 ~4 ~& e' Q
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 ~: X7 Q* Q1 ?3 F k- a5 U# x2 m% Z0 c2 d- m
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# f ~- y. ]: N9 B8 O% ]
$ V+ a0 k( ^+ SI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , a: I( B4 k& R9 V# u" o. I$ ]" Z6 l. v$ r4 M
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & Y+ e6 W, t' ^" n- D7 }+ Z* M0 W+ e) u$ |" N" i/ N( ?3 l% r/ ]
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% r/ K! T5 H7 ]9 a* U4 |4 h/ {
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) }; `9 U0 k+ {$ D5 k, i( W E8 G. [/ L1 {! d3 F; K1 w% m
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), y; d. c5 \; m+ g ~
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 D0 s, S1 R, U# |- U' L: |6 K& y+ U# _% o, ]8 a
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * ^; P4 Z G0 M: W: S( v3 j 7 Q, k0 j t1 K& ^$ V! C0 i, ~2 p1 v, @* r. @$ w 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 D4 J* L( s% E4 p
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例如: 2 j( c: ]9 S$ n* { # S) r5 @+ n9 ] U# q$ ?0 DAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 Q. W) f$ ?" I+ e' K
+ Y' L3 i' Z* u) V: x' RDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 r! [, Q- |2 z2 e% o2 \ * Z- ]1 E& G- g* K$ I5 @4 jI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 v: p: m# ^- v. O$ h" c0 D" C( ]/ b
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% K$ y6 `6 j6 x, M2 }; L. M4 y- W% q
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). C* t+ ?; M& j
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & w& @* ~# c; B1 W# ~ k$ B) L # ~& @5 h/ s$ }, xI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 {& U9 E4 {! L$ ^; t; }2 _+ s. O/ K, w9 H- R3 Z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; }' I9 Q3 q0 q4 @
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) h( b2 _# k# g3 R3 ?; X+ [
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). [ F4 k9 j, A, H! w( I
! Z- \* c/ Z' f# ~He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 X# b# j O# r. |4 ~/ E& ~5 | $ ~; [% @$ d0 pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " v. b `! s2 s; @9 x; A/ c" a2 i- ]# h6 d6 Z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : |$ j" P; I# [& ~2 |8 Z- u" ^( X' y) c9 S
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / A( M. \+ I3 D! y2 b / ^8 m8 I0 U5 y1 B写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ I4 Y: C" C$ a. a9 p$ x4 n# a. e
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 V8 S4 T$ D2 V2 w) l8 ~& W- @* B- R5 I
% g+ r1 [2 L/ y, Z# a2 o5 a9 d) d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 ?% D" S+ Q* E. Z- G' ~
: e* J0 v' |8 ?% V# x% ^, k% t例如: / R& n5 |! f, x 9 Y8 Z6 d+ ~6 p8 c; E2 X3 wMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' S' z8 ^7 L. v" U. j
! r: F' v* R5 Z. O5 k. cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ |* T1 Z* f) G" ?( | ' {# z* e) R9 P( ~0 u( z& d( P8 I4 IThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 D3 w( K+ M, G6 j# v/ c
2 B! J. B" Q9 q& f% V7 B4 N3 ZHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 p v' w9 u' v7 h$ w 3 O0 O" H1 I, M4 o( R8 N% @- O% ~Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 M8 T$ M. L7 H4 q, e! O6 V8 D 2 I2 P# W( e7 @ pPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 t. m( Y8 N* }8 N+ {+ W% F8 ^: d" |4 A: s U) b
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& S6 e4 _, C2 d7 x: k5 r
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) C* H9 M e( w. F% x/ w/ B+ A3 N& y6 x; q7 N) {" L( `' K7 S
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, g6 z% n$ ?& N- V7 m) n0 ~; n1 t
, R3 T+ ]: k a. X当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( j4 K+ x9 K J2 a- t& J, j+ n
) g2 A: @9 L. o& H- f) t& p) }; w对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! Y' U3 S. s) L+ b; f
. a- a- t9 G. Z4 y8 h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 _. s2 i9 [- q$ m; F