本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * F9 A, w7 I3 m; E4 q1 R& V! V8 w 0 g' H1 `) n" l, v4 }. O" V5 s4 x转帖, c; ?% S" y' F' F9 f+ H
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! @ t& m. u. c & ]* C" p- A* [2 _4 O例如:0 i, ]" y3 J* B9 g! b4 M6 ^
) x8 S! L% l1 [: v9 l) cMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) S7 N4 w5 Q$ V- T+ G1 [. r5 Z# p, X 0 N2 U1 S: r( |) h8 y9 z) |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ ^# F$ q6 R+ c/ ^! l
7 r( g7 C2 g/ P; u7 m/ X9 EThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + q* ]3 s2 d) l$ G) C/ P! U& H - |- Z$ C, H7 ?% p R! VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - N6 G! a3 B# ?0 y4 s9 Y. f% D. g. b8 u" E9 @3 _& w9 @
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ v' ]* Q0 P0 `. R
8 k7 }" j1 W1 J4 DMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 o {8 F( q2 c; e 4 V6 V; a% R8 f' F. W5 G' }We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 @- }3 k' A' \! Z* P/ U0 s% N6 e - [& g& H+ Q/ K. X+ [The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 Z: d3 b3 A& w: Y5 Q
: z5 F9 _3 @, S+ EWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 `9 @ @; e( {* i; \. C
9 w" b: [7 e3 V/ _Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 b/ |2 _7 `) m* L; g+ v& j V @- l7 s. K+ c" T
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) ~: \) p* K- s$ S% d' g 1 r- n+ v* M3 i1 D' ^! {/ p " M S6 I- s) p! w( O: P* [! _2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & Y7 k' v9 j- ^( |, B , t- A9 [. h+ p5 y4 H例如:* |6 ]5 V: I" W' _2 ~: P
6 R$ _5 X) A) t cAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 A/ n& B. S3 M
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 V' W( V. i' d/ Q; c
. B& |6 @" w, x3 JI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 V& S. @+ v8 e4 K
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% `) D: q3 T+ L. `) ^9 q. M
* U5 D9 n5 X dIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 [( N( r; Q8 u0 Q
l' S1 F- d; M4 pShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( U. z/ H3 @* v' K! j/ K8 | & f# F( E" z0 d. gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( T7 L% v$ E1 t. h' {- f 9 k& P7 Y; j5 l5 [8 f如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & Z" ], C" M2 v+ B2 h& P* h, M, w9 [( ~( h! |2 u
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 L' }' y. k- q% H* c2 l
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): {2 P7 q4 ^+ X- i$ r1 C
" H4 m- R2 T( O( b# M% u5 b7 _He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! b% Z/ U' a; \* T/ R0 y7 k1 ^) h, a$ X$ G
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! Z' M$ S7 P7 Z* [# y+ c, b' _/ U# [: e
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 V" k/ `8 K% V3 V! u) F7 R, z
6 J3 P) k" {$ x$ b1 @: HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 ~8 y X& `1 K) ^7 Y# h3 \* o1 l% M! y1 Z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) x( M z1 M( E& I' N. @+ k t ! c- p$ Q+ J! `2 D% I; l7 h此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 ]5 `+ {! H5 N, L W* c
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8 Q) R3 I) A# r3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 \/ ?9 w0 E5 |* s. _' J* F 9 E& O; c \2 v3 ^例如: ; E# d7 e3 R" v/ a . X2 r% k2 |' ?Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 {# n4 j5 \$ |4 E* I & T9 n2 D2 V1 ZManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , ?! p3 f! I. N _3 v$ l5 K- q4 l c' u% V$ ^( X; [
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); N+ o7 {2 e u; y% `
$ [7 P: t' W% O1 xHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ E, k2 n7 C, C& J0 Y" T" |4 A, F% c/ ^$ S. m* s9 a
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' w& _% `$ E8 P" Q0 O/ u, _3 ~8 j+ G$ F. P
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) ]3 D: L4 k* u& q+ A( e: `
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). A" r8 x" G& C
/ `. G- m. f8 F3 sStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : E8 ?6 A9 u/ n8 M , P/ ^! _+ Y& X9 o* X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% r% h" y5 ~) g' b, T0 W* A3 X
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 N$ m9 V+ M; ]& R7 K6 b% n
3 o& ?: t# t' u, O p对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, V* b! T$ G0 v& w' T
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / B$ ^! a# d! A$ V9 G1 j. V6 ]+ g% G3 ]. D2 w
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 M& L4 W6 x, j; t1 e# S9 _2 K+ r% j4 s
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # R, l) {4 N7 Z" N Q: e2 ^: K; E V& ]3 I: `/ h
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - O r( ?$ ^3 D0 C1 \5 H8 b w + d" }! H5 V1 V1 x; w" E7 ]还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; ?5 g: H! X2 w, y2 K# ? q( M3 R* v3 G) _
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . e, K5 W: @2 x