本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 s" @( D) P9 Z! M! W- B
* q% q5 v, H% @6 d9 I转帖 3 j$ e# Y+ L( ?' H" W/ F1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + ~* u; N1 Y. o z2 Z' H: m. V# x5 K) _% M/ Z
例如: 8 S% c* Q& G2 @* s1 | ! \8 A3 e5 F1 zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 a& n1 a0 J! F: v" I/ k! u 2 y) j: T% ?7 G+ M7 GThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 T8 ^( h3 Q+ E) b, t" c! z " ^7 M! h2 N2 d! Y( Q6 R0 ~1 t, K9 sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( H8 q' p1 T1 l+ |6 M! i! E 9 P9 P4 j2 v5 M& d3 i }- {/ kThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ r, w/ i2 e, G. g( f% G
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ j, u2 L5 a( x1 V. ~: s" E/ q
. d! [ P4 n$ F* T0 wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 `9 q3 ~1 F D; h& X; G * f1 D) S, \5 _9 S% ~1 tWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): z0 o+ }6 s* W S( t% |
x( p. B2 x$ w7 Z& B y5 cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" M: A/ y+ `7 g; E! h
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! ?; r6 L4 H' r \; y0 c 2 Q; B k4 h' J' m) M6 XPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % h/ F* K# U) V! D. n' J8 ]* Z6 n: Z& n* l9 F, z# K Y- ~$ a
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; H- m% B8 U! B' t0 `" t# ?$ R3 G- F( d- i$ ^0 j* z) [
( m" K( L, Z6 |! J' s; V: O- K2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : d3 K4 l; ^6 `& o. P, Z* a: g$ z3 R% N8 p% Q
例如: & h; L0 Z, e: {* C- w/ t, C1 O8 E7 {* J: Q: o
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 U8 R9 k# W5 h9 V. U0 r$ ]9 a% X# s( z% S' C0 K
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 {! w4 D$ K4 a0 G b* J 3 s* b/ I2 h$ s3 K+ ^4 U4 BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" X# |) f! c- ^% B# g
) L3 E0 ^9 F" t+ nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- D+ {1 k( v0 y( Z$ Z
: Z0 [2 x7 I: SIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): f6 `* I: K# W4 Q
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 u) |! X1 w- q% U5 x8 s. \2 p, K& T
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 A# B: m' d; E( {* o9 v+ \ + v& I+ r5 l7 U1 T, d如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! C0 m; L+ j9 r5 V' q# z3 b9 N& Q; y1 l# e
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 F5 \$ Q8 q. p6 d* _( H; c 9 \+ d/ k, t0 F( YThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 e: J: Z7 @" L& B9 E* \! D# r- B
' Q: z _2 Q* ]He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) m: ?1 @: p7 J! l9 b4 K8 |7 e
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 ?2 b" C- F# i% j; @$ x3 u, Q+ n
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . I' |, X; [9 N8 v; Q7 P8 E0 }* f' y3 g& |
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + ~6 L) \: _7 [ P2 i% A + B0 |* ?1 N8 k/ U4 W写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# E! t5 d+ ?2 L6 d+ [' ^& ?; c
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 }% ^7 s8 V% E" O$ z" F
. ^9 k9 R4 H' a- J* _9 d4 M) t. Z; t1 m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 Q1 |' p( |5 k' M2 ]1 w2 i" Q6 X( L' L- S% Q z* g- |2 D
例如: 1 Q1 j3 e0 Y4 V% [1 A L( r* G1 J m: dMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' O0 ~- M- Q) k$ \! ]6 y
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ m: w) C& n/ @+ I% O# Y1 {
* @1 m6 p3 m8 E- Z7 M' ?This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- N7 h7 i6 `% U$ h! q& i2 H. e
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ N! |. r) o; T
2 e, y% M6 ]1 k7 TMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! J$ P: H. l' M( k& O9 ^1 e
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % N; u# i' S* [ 7 ]8 ~' _: O c# I2 i Y# PCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 E* h4 n/ E, i- V3 ]) J4 r3 p% c. J' d' g d. T; q5 P( Y8 t
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 ^4 t0 J$ u3 U5 C) _ i' F8 q8 F5 `0 ^. x$ {
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 h; B" p2 U0 \
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # T' q# f0 @6 C " N4 i( ^$ V7 i' s$ V! ~$ l( V) m0 E对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) x9 a+ A2 y( g7 @/ i% @* a7 k" O8 a6 R6 Q6 F
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, L9 O# p/ e3 Q3 ?( q
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 l- Z p) W: @; f9 M9 K
/ U4 k4 G& Q$ M4 N对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + I2 Z% J& d! w; k. B! j ' Y7 Q1 k# o+ v& V5 f9 E$ r( T至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% z) c0 G' Q" U2 m
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ F6 Y/ v. p2 l' h$ g- X% Y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 n9 N Y2 w& U+ }7 m: r