本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % a( W" e: R# J9 S - z7 L& O) e' t; G6 G- q3 q5 @7 Y4 e转帖, O/ W2 R& M+ x$ M! D: N
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 b) N8 C- w/ {
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 ~+ D% c0 g* v s1 E* F( @( ~
$ Z6 P' z1 ?0 [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 V- @9 w3 g }0 s& l+ O
# H- y q3 q1 S2 o) W/ o4 j" I2 T( LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 `% V9 y; t% B. U! P
0 D2 x" k7 a# y$ |% H# t, B9 yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 X g7 Y/ s5 |5 Z / f8 D/ r1 ~& N" m( g0 K% ]+ \5 F8 N5 wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , `- K" m0 A& c" G) ^9 ^4 e' y O; `1 \5 \2 f1 n
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & v& y! M2 U! n* n ! a) d9 G, s9 v" n) `6 v8 [# KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 T/ a( f- T i4 w3 w 1 i# d. U$ @9 p' m% b% RThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) P4 W$ _# J/ p" ~ & B8 I2 x) S* o$ a9 p3 IWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " s5 O9 @) s8 Q. b% Y) f7 r8 ?5 b. D2 e0 P
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ Q. w9 k) y; T4 d. F
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " Y6 N+ k3 f% F5 f# p' ~9 t. ?- c: t, O' d4 }. Q# o( T
8 E5 |0 Y; _) V- N* R7 S: b9 n' ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' I+ F: d: G: u2 T/ T; u( }
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例如: - C# t1 C5 R' ]7 U) m/ j ( M) L+ N/ `! MAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 i% s) j: }/ g0 M- }
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 H1 g: v# Y i; r6 B0 k
- [0 \& W* ~; \/ X, P# PI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ o& n$ T; ?( m/ ~4 N) ]
# C5 ^8 R P9 z3 Z5 Q$ }/ ~& s" RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& m! c: w3 v6 B
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 r3 Q9 y! G/ P. a5 |& |7 U1 j* E0 p8 @ y1 l+ j2 m4 A( P
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 r6 Z1 ~3 d7 ~! C
C% G/ f7 t! k# G' n% |I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 u, m& u$ i/ B( g3 B' P
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: T7 ~! q: G* R. a I d9 V0 ?2 E; O' yThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * H! ]9 |3 _/ z4 ?/ ~ Y7 x: h - n, a! U" ?. lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) [$ l) F/ v5 T! K2 S! d% {
" J. l6 Q4 V9 N1 D+ Q' z" _He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # N+ w' o8 x4 s. ^/ S4 R9 f! l3 P* W # a% b; J, M! d+ m; H7 _He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % s8 m+ [. a4 Z% @, e+ F f2 r4 l+ r: l( [We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" c. H" D k! o0 }% a7 I
1 g7 m# |3 X/ r' k: gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- I7 V8 |3 @3 K, R8 V4 w
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% V6 y- |! u, c9 F1 w8 g& q6 G
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 T$ c1 x4 X& G# i( r8 I* `. u3 N; Q: i8 x
* x! t, g1 M _: s3 V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ R. `0 v- ]( U6 t/ s
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例如:4 ~: D- R' V) @8 M
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 L2 H" |# @/ K, R7 S' d+ D, ~6 u% c8 s# k% t
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); u7 }' Z$ s8 K2 B2 p9 a, u9 h
! N T r0 m, YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ `' n- ]3 W8 |: o, c+ E
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) h- q. J% D3 x# R7 P1 g
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); z: Z; v2 ?' q" {
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* ]! O; W' ^2 ]8 F
9 `. g% N$ j( J& g/ yCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& [ w1 o% h" `7 r8 A
+ N7 O( A( K% JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), ~8 D R& r" W4 v3 Z2 e" T4 {
. Y$ V' Y1 P& q. }9 S, w1 r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 D4 a# @8 N% G# ^9 O5 B4 k
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( r: P6 _7 T/ t a) S: H( w! ]
2 F- Y, h: c% b+ G/ g, z* p& i z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* J' V& p) }; }) S4 z4 l
+ N! ]) D9 l" ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 N0 O c! _! M" i9 [& F! @- G
5 Z9 O6 W% V! e还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 a( ?/ H0 q3 d3 K& _& @/ Y' c8 W6 k6 U9 w# u+ n0 S
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 b O( y' [) e