本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . @2 ^5 I! N$ a i4 n& b. D* N0 L
$ m/ u, C) u1 A1 S4 W 转帖( B# m" v" e# P" X9 N
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / y4 |7 ]9 j- G" J& w+ _ " r# m# T0 E8 t$ x# ?) k5 t例如:: l' K4 |1 W/ F1 Z
' a% X% W. T5 v0 `* z0 |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) e# B0 H1 ]9 C5 k( C$ A
: O4 [2 V* ?0 x
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); M0 P2 r D/ R' Y/ [1 i7 |
* ~2 B: [5 C3 S/ k, P1 C
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): v( h4 F$ p4 a% p7 h) g
7 X* \1 a: J! j' Z& d. t* A
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; v% t0 ]$ M; R! v! g8 r ( `( l3 I0 l. a( b: sI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * V5 }6 [' u* w+ x; N% v& @8 x' Z& r- H7 B% j. @% Q3 @
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! f6 {4 a5 f2 m' C. n, | Y 4 }9 m# R- y# Z4 \( W9 o% d* S% yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , K7 U5 @ |1 T( p) w3 G% ^ $ G+ g6 l6 ^! I9 wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% K$ f0 Z6 a3 g0 [( @8 H: v
8 a7 G% ~/ D3 a
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( u! k2 a# T+ ^8 \0 D6 G; y
# a+ h; R0 ?) l3 YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; |1 ~0 c: w, |- }# \( `/ @ [" N( S3 H
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 O# ]1 {! w1 e4 u8 @ , H2 v8 b* ^3 e$ `8 [ . E% p2 [3 {9 l3 b' z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , b2 P8 I4 X, V: M3 T+ O+ z `2 z" T% G; _+ l/ R例如: % s+ A& K( f0 i4 ]9 B4 I 2 z5 J: G& E. L- p) e& D5 {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ Q) A6 f- j* S
B' F s) o1 T$ O3 D, K
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + r( V) B3 a# Y( R4 I. W7 ?: |2 t9 M. R7 J7 ~
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" J! ]1 H% X* ~' k
% H/ n+ n: i0 W& p SHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). I. u! W) x4 \& g3 k
7 a, k6 x/ n" {$ a* SIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) E- ]+ R/ K, @0 |2 Q1 n% ]* m # r2 c& _3 @9 J0 E% yShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 Z$ [3 _. i n& E% \ s: g0 i
: d5 {6 I& m' K" K9 S# rI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' ~! {& y* P6 c8 r# D8 R- W! M" ~0 r J
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 w( M7 ?1 u% T# D9 Y8 a + U# h6 O$ ~! N* z/ a u/ fThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & x4 U) c. Y' `. t( E9 x6 S% d% Y e3 C4 `9 J) O
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): l3 l* O) A: `# Q
: @8 e$ H( R' m; tHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & _3 r# `/ e9 F, T: G 8 w0 g0 h' r# y2 @He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 B+ B7 q# k+ `# \ ) L; W4 @/ b( Q* u. c* BWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 W. M* P: `6 J$ U( q' [9 i' K+ v x) }" G# Y# n \
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 B: O) }) u* f
g* @5 r) m0 {6 t$ c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : X2 C5 Y$ c0 X9 X! r L0 X2 G 5 G: ^7 O1 j- s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! U$ C; g# I+ M& g
2 r |6 B" k! R8 `+ x# _3 G' o. z h/ H6 H& w 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% q# W4 n7 q( ^7 z/ \
: E; Y- G/ h( p. J
例如: ) S. E7 e$ W: a: Q: M. \5 f- D6 d7 P4 }9 q( t' ]: u
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # H- F! A/ E7 i& F3 Z' s! ~9 e4 o; c# X7 W; v( P" I
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ w k* a1 h1 g9 n {" J( c
3 G( h: p& w' a( W1 G
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + N( j8 j- |) d1 R. V 9 \2 }7 H8 Y( D4 AHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 [6 _9 d/ M& S. V/ Q1 O7 D
' G0 i" Y A! e9 [, VMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( w8 h4 b' X; T* I2 {/ h0 N5 \! V, D/ h8 o3 | l y! H1 N, V% M
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 ~1 q4 B; D# {/ S1 ] 8 E" O; o* q: u3 kCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- Q0 }. C" b; ~2 O3 h; |! ]8 Y
6 [* k9 b+ P, v: P u4 ^3 MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' ?( M2 ^# G$ s, U/ n1 r2 `
. _4 z2 d) S+ @% I+ H3 s" U! `
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) p& f/ v8 j& [# B) C
! L4 Z4 l( q% }8 v1 N9 i
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 `: M) f& [4 V6 v5 V$ P, l% t% m
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 Z7 U! w% t# p0 m. t' V' R! A
3 E2 g" _( L2 h+ D
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . @9 P; p! _6 H3 T g/ I+ R) c6 l+ v# n0 n" F( Z( x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - T* {9 s' r% z0 o$ ^0 E" q2 u0 p6 j ) M" q: ?& f6 J对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & N" F9 C7 n# O2 q" E9 b) K2 _4 U3 p, ~- q
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, \6 L: g9 V' W
! Z4 ]) x+ Z- C. I; Q5 g还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 N" V2 ^6 W" W' e
' ~$ w; I4 o) C( H) B
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 A" l9 g; x& y' N1 C