本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / ~7 q4 M$ X& O! Y$ W+ e8 V2 S* a" a 9 o1 U, L& x1 [) [; l+ `转帖 & S. i8 S5 M! L! P2 A# o1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : t, b6 ~3 l# B- G, m4 T1 ^% }0 B
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ c% p+ p* S+ \- C- P$ u
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( z3 g/ \9 D; M9 Z3 L/ Q* C# z, K7 B$ l" N1 c
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& F- r; O0 m) c! B0 r0 O
8 O% B4 J& i& [( rThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) |3 O& Y8 ^; R! N$ O2 L
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 N+ M' h0 Y, L" B' m
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 N/ b+ e$ c' C) b+ d( h* R6 a
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ D' I2 y) j% v \- }! q
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 g" {/ ?1 e' X8 y* P
6 c/ n0 K! N, w1 P3 z2 xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 n! |2 X: i$ u7 |
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! a0 e+ q* L/ m7 w2 {) @0 ]
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / m3 S$ E) N8 q# ^2 @; @6 y9 y' k 1 _2 H* F0 H% r; H7 l' D& h* s& d) G$ l" | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ j* j2 z# j3 x/ C5 K" R9 M
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - E2 t/ j/ @: C) f; U, Y/ h, u& h- y+ R$ y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) ^0 Y- E" a5 R0 Y: _8 ~& L0 O " i# F2 |; D) B. OI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* B' x1 h( K( V0 b# V6 T+ }8 m9 B
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( D' X; ~7 j% a: \: {$ B 4 r4 i6 F' _6 S; U1 _; \0 ?In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 \( h0 k. Q! f. ]- q; n : {: Z4 F( C9 V( s, tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) b5 T/ V8 K8 g3 A2 |3 e0 U6 I/ i6 j; \5 F; \. P* B. e
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 |9 J' P% e( B 7 S$ A$ V2 D' a/ }. A4 C$ h# w$ F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: \4 z0 u& t: G! B: K9 Q; s& K* \; B1 K! q5 o9 D
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( [" ?! I( d7 l" d* C- L9 V5 ~: \* K8 h3 B* g6 k) [3 L# e
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 t; i8 J( f1 ^6 b1 ~8 Z3 ^/ i; w/ d0 \+ i7 V/ Q( _+ i. a
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 i/ ^) n5 T6 {2 k3 H7 o$ P5 o) ^ + Z. x1 U" W T" u' CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- L0 H* O8 a5 W: L3 n
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 _" D3 L8 L* y& W9 K ' L! H) m3 G- L0 Y3 V; q8 }6 SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 ^2 [! |/ y( z
9 b& S) `3 E* `3 Q, y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 c& f5 Y# A2 o! N8 @, ?+ M$ [
9 \9 ~6 B- x1 ] K0 B此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ ]+ S6 E( S* a: u# O; } r- M5 q
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6 e' g$ \5 f) w+ \ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- H4 q0 W4 b4 o* `( N
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例如: , c3 L1 c! D Y 3 O+ a9 U) N! m- iMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 r( F9 d: ^$ j* F ; i \, G1 d! ]- [Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 O3 g# I# J0 `* N* Y6 h. i
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 J( C6 x r- G! x. L0 u - J4 A8 k! D3 s1 ZHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 q+ f- N2 q4 }4 a/ n Y2 |- ^2 c/ w7 }# F5 lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) F* w& i; G$ g$ Z' r7 o' w5 C ?
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& t9 I- U7 f6 g& Z; ~9 @
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) z- E) ^3 L$ @* }
4 T2 g* P4 s" T8 `' a& G LStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' M% K$ f% A9 X3 W1 {7 b 9 Z$ r4 d) l; D, b5 p6 ~7 l: w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 a8 Z9 P" P" Y5 K; X; u1 M/ E- E% R- ^2 v% ?, n+ a
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 e6 j( a' a, I; m" d# w) k9 F `: R& T! t5 w' H! j
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # G. t0 s" T' r' C ' j. a7 \' n$ B对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & r7 P, q. v* k( R2 s 4 @) l+ e8 }; U4 d" Y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # f5 B' {8 l) ]# H ' T8 ], v' K5 s. u对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + @. l) w$ M, s 5 c& v& T8 s! z, x至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 a' z7 ^) M# E1 P, W& m
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' W% P' u, e/ c/ s; {) X& I* D/ J
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* }6 \" N) E: x9 D* Z4 c$ p Y