本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . u! w; n2 A6 l! f$ c \' V , z& k/ w( J1 m$ x! U转帖# u% N( D" `! a d) P
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 g2 E: H$ J9 w. B# N9 R' Y1 K: m( s- e2 n. V4 i
例如: 4 p+ g2 T: X; X9 A8 } 1 P5 ^ w0 L, V5 pMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ ~. u1 g" c) M7 S
. `7 ^& d1 ^' T# f- y) J+ \Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 N2 v3 f0 F: y Q2 R + V0 }/ J' g, R0 x5 Q( CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( K X4 Z% J% v# _9 T7 `
( n' S1 U4 T2 _, N" RThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), A$ U3 @, i' T6 j
# ^, Y6 v+ _& c- O+ B8 FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! {9 ?' K; i" V. _* O8 Y; ? 6 W. k; q+ u" N. \Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 X- {8 K0 Z" S5 R$ p. m f' } X- k( |; C% `( k# O
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 C7 g: d. o4 z6 b
( D( R# |/ f- A4 X0 \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 |& A' `5 p& H+ L$ x7 w
/ r) [9 i8 I. {' [! nWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( e5 e1 V4 o) q/ f9 O" @$ C! l4 M$ U' Y
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( }2 Q; M3 y- M& U! r5 X! D 4 w+ X3 G9 \- w2 m r这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 R4 C, w3 I9 U) d- \/ s5 o! ~! W ; ]! q5 M. ?8 B* f1 C5 [2 s9 P4 F# B 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 i! h# i, O. V4 d E, M* v3 K
4 ^8 F, K( F! B2 K" Z" G例如:3 {! `! a- |+ M: I9 s
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / N z0 R, P% L. f& {& }$ G* _( c3 p3 T; G4 S. A. p8 h
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 e3 c5 E8 I; H: f- ]; S$ f; Y- {5 T
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' u* j5 d D Y$ c # ~. [3 t% D- b, g4 R+ Y/ yHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' C1 Q' t- j h$ \ Q - R$ y* ?3 t& t' u! G. sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # `) M0 M: d e) `' Z+ e / ?* Z" R. g: h* `/ g' `. yShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) Y6 `, b0 l+ }' q. ] u& a
1 x5 L' q3 D6 j$ e Z6 U0 | wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); d8 _; p/ B/ b6 P
% j0 ~. S" M5 V) `4 t如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 A/ k4 p2 G5 ~; [8 E8 d6 U% x" e- `( O8 C: U% w; ^
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ B- I. z0 P6 r- Q2 D
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' v& @, c, @1 u k. l( v - G: {7 Y3 W4 ]4 x+ [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 }- K/ G, J2 `7 U, _, O, C
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 ]- m3 t! @& l- t( W' L/ |3 b1 ?
) w) J* V8 u" t- P3 U1 G! UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 i3 C) e h5 L+ }
) X% W2 [5 s8 J# g- ?9 {7 L+ }6 R/ ?Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# e/ \8 C1 l: w, z8 H
- a; V, R6 y' {4 i6 c$ N写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + _ R4 S; `, j& C; m/ t * P! m2 z2 ]( {7 R9 ~! z! z# F, m此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , }' s3 p5 F: y 4 o! r) i C( g/ s# R4 {* x0 _( l + \7 s6 P$ z$ T* V. }7 q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# j$ r$ b9 u/ P! @" o. h
8 W) {" O: {8 _) L# s4 M- a例如:" r5 J8 k0 M- @: Q1 O+ X6 i
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 S7 i( D$ D a0 j4 t2 g" u 3 w' V7 ~. ?, S E7 i& C6 lManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; f$ s: l; ~* I* X7 x- C3 D" I- r+ A6 l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 d5 T" v5 Q( b% b* q 3 {# R9 ]8 g8 M5 Y" a' q, [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% N' B# g6 N( F# ?8 q1 P+ G1 x
/ l2 d! i/ n" ?( @# ~$ c bMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# u% o* ^0 A4 b8 ~6 _
4 w+ f# ~6 B0 H @4 x: ?9 X, YPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 n+ A% Z7 v) [. n! E2 z1 k / ]4 A$ q; h. W$ i6 [- m; P2 D+ HCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : D9 C. b, s# ~/ `$ W# P* V$ N8 y 3 t) a2 B+ q+ T7 zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 w |. f( T+ P. f
8 _( K8 G0 v8 l. w5 L3 C: d' i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 p* C% b& U" @ P5 a6 z! ?7 c4 ?3 o8 M, d" X& `
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 X7 i, j* c, B2 T! ]$ t
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 S7 y6 ?% v& g( p' Z! \- l* J# K- o' t& u7 Z' X" G5 I
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: b) @" S0 B2 Q& @9 T: o
( D4 k$ g3 c. a, j2 E对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ z6 D* |$ c4 i- E
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) |1 Y7 X2 s1 J/ ^- ? . C( x* Y( l3 U; P# |7 y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ) B8 ?# M4 X" H* p8 N: h - p# E8 S. w5 g+ `9 u( r还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 W7 M- T+ g' S7 X ~* ] ' ]/ H- v( ~, e0 i* U$ c有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 y% P. K6 Q7 ?, Y