本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % p7 T/ ~, b. s8 O* m5 o `0 B' u* |$ Z7 u9 R+ h+ o$ Q' N E 转帖 / n5 `8 S2 l: j2 ~+ h# j5 B; x1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' I! o/ W8 b! l4 p2 v4 k8 m & @* @: b& _1 h例如: |$ w0 H+ q2 S6 h% p- n @
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 B: Q. Z: |. ], `# Z7 u! ~# f- m
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 E6 {0 S- Q: g5 J; l' u. [2 |2 @3 f: ^% X. B% U9 {& B+ y) Y
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . o) A! Y0 J8 A% h3 { # {6 x/ K9 @' b0 ~The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* |( q- t( t7 r9 |; q6 m) P5 h
, T1 D/ n- P& U& z- ]. S5 s# @I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& V$ v5 ?9 C* `
+ N; f, p" q8 n7 v+ s7 n# T+ i$ UMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / `& E! S; x. _" L A' {8 O8 }4 w ' E/ \3 r$ S5 M" JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 i2 x) g7 I" g& e $ |* }0 e4 E2 h* JThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- D* ~4 l% K" G4 ^, T% R
9 V5 x$ B* e' y# T: ~- gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 M' Y' }, ~$ X' I 0 P2 T5 N4 ? @0 vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) w, a/ Q% i% k ; V' X2 V6 H6 G- U7 _, J这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' I0 Z* Z9 V+ y# s( X 9 N% b2 z+ a: V) g' s* j% d) L4 i8 u, g 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - f: V. |9 p+ c, i7 o) T+ V& n6 t$ L' B0 B) x) s( k; s
例如: 3 d* z" T, R3 z" a. k" ?) ~/ K0 ]9 c) n2 g. M+ y7 Z6 T' \. E
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) U* s1 }% `2 l! {$ G$ e. {5 s1 G/ R
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# b ?" x' p" }- e" Q& x
& t1 ?- X) c( K' [; fI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % g {8 y% [- U6 l. { Z& I) r4 j! H/ n" O4 F4 W( ?1 X& y+ H1 z! f) i
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) C7 X0 }) u. e: r . B% \# h: N8 `9 ]- u0 ^% [/ AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 t5 q3 H% I. v* J . b$ @% } v' G0 h0 Z, wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# w5 M; z5 I, K; y, y' G( R4 L3 X8 I
* V6 f6 e3 ~; c& c4 W* }I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& s6 l" g- A7 I7 U
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% h, n9 |) `9 w0 E. O
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# o( g0 l- P& y; Q
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! D, }1 q0 b+ M4 F# O; z4 t
! S- M5 X+ C6 s; K# A( wHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! [# ^. f$ S% z) n; m
" @* ^1 w8 z T+ G3 IHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# u {) a/ M! ~5 z
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), g0 U- H9 k3 C# e/ Q$ q
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 N; O/ V( w% t ! [! [5 }2 s6 Q$ `8 {/ O( g8 A$ H6 u1 x3 `8 |写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 n9 q% e( n- h9 s4 t6 V7 ~: |7 g) g! C- N& m
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " V: u8 d: Q) h, u" L* P! _' J8 p 9 q# _* ^1 G2 z5 K$ ?8 ` " j. Q j6 {! L& N1 a3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! Y# t$ f7 a. J( U& U
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 s+ C9 V5 R/ j' W- t9 ^: k7 `; n
+ k2 X4 x7 D; H4 YManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 W7 I* R: w& A# P6 O0 E/ o& m( V
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) H% y2 d# S s, M- t, `: g p
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 Y/ \( w1 r0 }
1 L' c9 i4 k5 L" P3 a! X% S( UMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - n' V. _& H6 }0 K/ ^. {, Z. A' p. _: e; l+ C
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- v" ~! {+ f/ t" b0 B
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ s/ y) i9 `3 T. `
; z; i0 i$ `# JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% Z K% R- x9 ]* G9 m9 b' Z
e9 m A3 j. x1 n6 d% B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 y/ E6 I+ _4 O: C0 o F! w
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : J: O2 n+ O. [/ |/ A1 ]% V- R' r# V0 b/ z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* z' _& s; P- L
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # z' L! H* @- z% W! q4 B$ M ; |/ L4 |! ?! g; ~3 }/ A$ F对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 j. F' ]$ E" {6 C2 S
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 p* z) t! q/ ~9 {/ b; h6 c- p, Z2 Q! f0 h L7 J
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 _! K& a' ^9 B+ I 2 w3 L& p3 @* r1 r2 }/ D# n9 g还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' k& U0 _1 O2 S9 q: M2 w% M- N% j @5 p# \1 l# r: @4 C
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 E2 `/ R, E2 `/ C$ A- j) _$ }