本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # h# J- V. I- f- i# r! S7 n/ l
/ R& ?* d! I3 y7 V 转帖 / r% Y: `2 \! S" n4 I1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), D/ J/ E1 u6 G
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1 p* {4 ]. \9 F2 `2 N7 MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 O: g' @* f a; p$ ` 2 v. ]( \/ q B4 O8 q& @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% d4 `( E: ~& n# L$ ?
- b3 e) s' E2 k& \6 u! I4 P" r, XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : Y5 w+ K( {% W4 F1 {. J3 j r& @# b4 ~* N# x) x
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% b Y8 R6 K3 \/ I
/ G( h0 g' Q5 k4 V( AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 j! E$ a. a) ^
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! w& |6 l$ u: a2 I) @& v1 f
; Y7 W; j& j5 N. {7 Q+ \We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' s. a$ x+ ]# Z: n M ) ~; d) |2 `7 @7 d7 j1 B- VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ F9 `+ m- a: \7 F; R1 n- l
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' P5 m6 Z4 R- i8 \ % q# D+ r$ i9 X8 h: M" D; ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ i( U' n8 i6 j; A N0 d7 W% D8 y, G
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" y7 I O/ C9 L
/ ?% l9 x! n# Y. s$ U 6 h" l M+ e T7 o" X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 F* Y5 G/ P; M" Z1 U0 D 0 H' a9 b" D* }6 x; n5 K" B, P, n! [例如: * N( Q$ R |7 @. [- f! F( D% Q, h$ ^' \& O2 L
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . b( V- Y" X* F9 Y- X) v- B7 S" @6 p8 R- a6 B
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 I! d% T3 N5 A4 l1 ] {+ s9 s; P+ ]. _+ \4 }0 g
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % p( J4 N$ r' o , n- U$ u1 }# R7 EHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( U' |& o5 t5 C$ ~- n/ l; D/ M t4 y
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ i. b3 p& E. `; N0 r# R8 O$ h% _. c# i% I, o$ I
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( ~( j/ `; B: [3 R1 p 8 n+ \' g1 R+ K! \1 E% g% `8 x2 iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( L' U) w5 L( ^ ?1 Q/ k, ?! `7 \6 m& A/ U; Z2 v
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ a+ i( B% S7 A9 J8 v
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# Z# \2 p/ @& J* h; H9 \
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 r: [: j2 x# ^; u2 M( V' b( l. u8 ^( }, c! Y
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & C3 L9 _* H# n: r+ [0 w/ P* Z6 t 4 u8 z" `, v+ t: F3 K: \ w+ n% |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& t$ E4 V9 [2 _ x4 t
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# P4 | G3 ?" k6 T+ z6 _
, `: i+ l! u8 b2 eEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' M/ G- v; z6 W( S- l1 v! _
6 E; j ?# p8 W3 U写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; c0 n" `; f3 y( B5 T- e% f( s' |: ~; a/ M
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; z% H( v; u+ I- E# p4 [' n, m C
1 G, Z. P, G6 s( g) d+ N9 [ ! T5 _" d( {1 b' {( I5 g9 n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& K- M( ?+ o' S8 w
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例如: 7 f/ M( T. ^! m1 w8 } 8 _* G0 Z- A: Q3 z4 fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); ]) K0 k7 ~9 _. u
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % a% R! Z- r+ t, a! Q7 G6 A5 G1 s* ]% }( ]) o. a
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 U- {1 @5 ~0 ]4 E |
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' ?+ U- @1 X( P, `" r9 B
+ y4 y' i/ b4 I: w2 SMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( C Z$ K$ b" r- X* M+ u6 L7 y# F4 ]6 h7 {
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) I# F N3 b( G v3 `3 x5 `& {+ v! ?' n/ r4 ^8 T+ E# _
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). P9 y+ I1 i4 x b6 Y$ M
3 L+ z5 I+ e( {* q+ B# ?+ CStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! x1 O' G3 d2 m0 U8 u" h% @# h* Y: G [* P$ z! Z! f+ Y6 E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 d: S2 f+ U4 z% w c9 K- R 3 C- S3 Y) X: q( n! Z1 E, U9 ^当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 c: G. |$ c7 F. [+ V# i
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- h7 D1 y1 m- u' r# B3 m
$ Q# \# i7 a3 e3 b对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 Z& O7 [4 V! A c, M R3 e
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % c. K4 H: X- n4 ~- W- I2 J# A( a) f( r8 z9 u# `0 M" W& L% ^
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# T3 G. w9 L O8 p4 V5 B; E
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( \3 O' L% g* ~+ g: [/ I + ?1 t7 P' `: q8 v) w# `还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & z, K, ]2 ~: T& o2 ?9 Q4 n & c7 \* w w) M. a6 `有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" Y) {+ f. I) d& F/ Q