本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 f5 N$ I& N. _6 Z2 M
8 A( c, ^5 z+ t. z) I3 ^2 R, s0 T. P转帖 8 ?1 A' p t( P6 W8 p( a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). t) L% c8 y/ d2 k+ b; ^
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例如: , J' }& Q6 ~# Z 3 i2 A: |' O% ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 d/ f$ i$ H4 c2 c N4 M* S" C! D" C
$ n+ {. m9 b- A. O$ d3 i( fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + o _, ^/ j9 F! ] ' Q9 t6 h3 A0 X" eThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- f. k& r! ^ S$ s, M, I2 k5 ^" {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): V6 z/ H" ]* q( s7 o" R; M- _: `
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : e d9 j& Y7 s! n+ N% H - `& G# ~; T" x; e, ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' N) u& Y% J7 b4 C, B" I ; w* v$ {4 b' G6 y- xWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# j! }2 a& j# L1 s+ [" I. m+ Q0 d
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; z; E4 a" a7 n+ p- Y( A. s2 G+ X4 ?* {0 C* H* p C
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 c$ |0 W7 C+ E) Z A( B( T& Z$ t* h3 t- w% \& p
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' p( h, p7 i0 W: L4 z5 X2 o1 v7 a4 k$ X0 x. [) d# m. e& X2 B k* D
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) t8 C1 j/ }) n. h; `
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; \5 A$ f0 A4 F% z6 m" `" {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( b+ v% N4 S0 z/ m& r6 ~" i. L0 p3 t; t( e
例如:' I8 v1 u8 |9 z
- U) v6 ?+ J* y* U! U5 P+ JAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' R8 l' G0 Y! |9 x& e! Y
/ E) U5 Q" A* @. Y, n6 L% sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) @: U U5 m9 y/ T0 p. F# Y. X! O6 [4 m. Q X* Z0 |; B
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( S* [* ?& N7 @2 ^
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + {" a3 `& H$ g6 {1 T! _' q( H6 {. T3 T2 }% N4 T5 v, G
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" i! G" M8 v6 P3 r8 H% k
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 A) Q# h. \2 U9 D6 E. W & \4 a1 L0 v! ~& WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# O K. s. J5 {% Q9 L' r
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; u/ J5 V: @1 a. [" @1 A1 ~& W 0 v. Y/ y& e' G% B X" G4 GThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 v' V$ v; { r, W) U E( A" Q / U- H2 {+ P0 b3 [6 e& d9 MThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' F o' ]: L+ H/ T* X/ S
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 ~' P9 m" T" N. _1 T
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 _4 ]. @( G$ L9 K3 N2 u: F 4 x6 ]% X) e: Q3 k ], r3 y( FWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! {3 w: \# U& D* n4 C% j3 j
- d# W; {% F% U, xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) Z0 ~! c# P, o3 S : @2 I, I6 K( b9 l6 w9 `写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! K* h9 C/ i( C8 N
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- Y- h/ N- W- [0 l i
! L5 w" H; |( l$ z- ^+ F6 Z7 |, R5 b# D0 F/ x& Z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 Z! e7 ?" T( A, W
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例如: . p; O) x( Z. f1 O6 F3 c: H, O$ Y5 y' Z9 M3 M/ D
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 o5 i! M! i% }6 x ' r" G$ F% e. g! ^Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! X7 j! o A2 g# H z4 `
2 [; w9 L, ~, F# I+ ]0 Z4 i$ N2 |This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ U4 K* n" V. z6 J
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * T3 g8 \/ P6 t; p) d l g* B) M7 M/ [0 G* Q" ~6 x- xMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) K4 }- i; M6 @ ' A& A* K$ R' Q4 t t0 kPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 U: N+ s- K+ j- N/ m
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# Q' o N: O- B" R
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # R x5 s+ J% z2 F% l2 x2 o3 M4 U3 o! ^6 g
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 u0 v$ _3 T3 ]3 o
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! Q5 c7 c$ L- q: f+ P% J: v1 Y! O% V% Z; ^
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 y, k d5 T b. x1 l6 V
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 z3 |" N" }! l; I5 F
* H* T* c' N* s对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 ~7 j N, T& H% ]- \2 n- s+ b # `' a8 v4 a8 p) H" C2 `# K对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + g" r& _5 b' o4 T, I0 {- G 4 s7 `5 [& c( V/ J$ G- C# a% B0 ^' p至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 v5 \0 k0 F7 g/ A& S$ R+ k* h6 ~) }
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 [0 O$ H/ v: W- c7 B. F; C" P9 g . y; B; r: G" w' D有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 \2 v4 L- V' ^. o