4 L# ^5 }% w' [- o( _2 @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), Q4 j4 w. D8 ]% ~" ~' @2 }' ]) s
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 T& {" i3 o9 [ ' r ~7 s$ Y. q+ O5 eThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) u3 R7 Q& ?! l& v1 ?
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 O# p) u0 \$ m& J" L
8 M/ `' V! X5 r. Q" f6 J7 k) wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . G2 {8 }4 O- L ) B8 }6 w8 s! I; B/ G5 IMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* H( Y; ^& x" ~ }2 ?, s/ B4 k
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 c& }, Z- x z& e5 J
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . H5 o" [7 r( \4 }2 }! b; H: R% A1 H/ e1 D7 l2 D
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ W" X1 o. _3 R% k: m# f/ F9 q* s7 f% b) ?3 T
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( w$ ?. {7 n' o. t
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 S$ [# L- y5 v& @ C9 k2 N, V; x9 U8 I 5 O6 D; {# t/ z1 |: F2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 @4 m- c: `% h8 P! a1 C" O 5 M! `' G3 B- H! ]- u- ~例如:6 D' G3 W" @+ Z, X, j9 b
' W% R) ~- e. Q- S4 G5 EAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- t( ]6 s& d+ ^
, Y4 H( C/ b E# KDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ C; t8 | S, i9 ]
) K, f3 ^3 u- H" QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% V: Q3 ?* N. l8 U0 y
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : u3 i: V% ?! R 8 k5 E3 L: d$ N F7 g' h& @4 gIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ f) |: c, E( l- }* I1 }
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 Y' ]6 [& I! r / ?- c$ D7 o+ L4 G& V4 vI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) B Q8 v! g' E7 z4 S( ` 2 I! m5 n5 M+ R4 _如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: Y, |+ C0 X3 |3 Y/ m( R
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& k9 J# U1 X( ~/ n2 x8 V
+ b- x. @; ^: E" HThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), [0 v& J% ^6 c/ R4 S1 i# ~. j. I
) ]- q% ]) g+ }5 }+ U3 d5 vHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # r* C- }$ O2 b: ?8 C7 P! U2 f/ ^% _5 \9 d% G" K! g1 r) ~
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , M1 A1 K8 n* V. _3 t. \' {1 H" Y
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 X2 O. c( G8 d2 O# g& d9 m9 n$ X: [
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# x4 r) |2 C9 u8 G
- Y5 k4 i4 W; ?+ J' N2 n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ p0 i/ I+ P/ l, h7 j p. E
& {/ k/ k5 k2 R% Z' l此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 e( e* o8 m! N% N8 W/ V
. E) v- T0 k7 w1 r! F2 M+ u" F( ^ / w7 S+ }( K b3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 y6 ~: u4 ~9 z @ 9 F4 y9 y0 n1 H- w例如: ' a, |0 m6 B. f! l9 u3 ` $ X5 X, |& [, E4 R& w; C( c; xMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); L7 I! U/ g, q7 y R3 {" s' y2 e
# {- P9 n* D) @0 FManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ ]; e% }* u, X2 }
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + ~1 i7 a2 M# l/ |7 h& S, i ) Z3 v3 Z* C6 ^/ F( O$ y" p4 wHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 k7 B9 O8 h; N0 M) G1 _
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- f3 L3 I+ J2 u |5 L" ~
5 a4 K' z+ P2 kPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* S1 U2 d: E: n9 q
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- p% o0 v, G3 h1 B0 h7 i, j
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 I( F5 C/ K! g+ X. s 8 P) x% f6 S. C# T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 ?( b0 V& u( c& n# D7 e0 ?0 V7 v7 q0 b) T: Y
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + T1 C6 T2 p: [, N- r" A3 h9 w) e& o+ `; C* e* J
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 @8 m% D+ ]( \4 {# E, \ & E: z9 S- j) s4 Y7 [$ a1 B* F对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 J6 p+ t# {0 g$ E' A; a8 O 9 a& I' Z2 h$ ?) D/ l( K1 g对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 Y+ G, m/ J& Z$ Z3 V& |6 Q/ ]* w: T$ D9 ]3 M% C' t, E
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , p( _5 _/ [$ |! f2 u I& n+ a8 L ( M# ] \' O2 b( ~$ D至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* _; \7 D( U: d' L3 Q+ O5 Y/ Z$ S
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 n3 C [* a# N T% _1 o - Z" T3 q" |, a9 P5 ?有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 ~9 S/ m0 w: J. y