本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 m, v/ Z8 m1 _& [8 b2 L' ]. ]" _0 v
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 y/ k7 q9 V9 r6 f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 B6 Q( a0 E( O7 X4 i1 F5 T2 K
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 a( L6 m+ _0 d( Y6 G; G
1 l/ O3 K9 ^ u% y( z& zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 {4 G+ @2 U9 o1 Z; m$ N
. b% A0 v! ]+ B* X( J4 s8 m5 L; TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 y$ e7 J5 I; I5 n2 s
# A0 a) C8 ]+ v- ~5 YI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # H$ Z/ G( R i1 L! S. N8 `' } : R' ~1 L, ~: p, m0 _# l$ _Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- O- x2 W* H1 {$ |$ H! T0 |8 F& _
' m+ \, p4 ~6 o$ CWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% u2 x' o- @+ z8 t6 g# C
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( m2 d1 C6 K0 W/ a3 v
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' T7 F Q( o! F( r- r
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! h" V* u6 r' A7 j" e ( M# d' _7 X. a6 N% H这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 r r( d/ o# I8 f; @4 m* m8 c. u9 H6 r c- P4 R
3 I0 L6 f9 |5 q! q Y% x2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( r+ A7 `# j) D7 _ : |6 Z( U8 ]3 g( e例如: + }! ~! }$ }/ Z( d1 h6 Y' X0 G! ]9 m8 S/ t3 d8 B: R3 r/ o
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 T* J( p" b* Y- R6 n/ _+ R- M/ H" I+ X! d [
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 C* Y! }: j4 ^2 D7 g ( v3 h8 Y) I5 b$ d# LI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! |) b! \; l" l6 {& D6 ^) V( Q0 a. I
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 `! v0 @& b+ o3 l/ @7 `9 g) F; a
4 H, I; y* a8 B4 ]In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 W- [5 F C4 v" Y/ A; D+ C) F
3 h6 t( I* M H: Z8 WShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 a W# M6 h' G+ H! V" A 6 x) [& i2 n2 GI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 m( r0 {9 K/ W3 d9 k( u, w- t- z9 g Y 6 J; L2 c0 U4 U4 \' w Z" e2 q. ]如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - e! U5 g) ]2 \+ v/ W1 a: V8 E3 g/ n' E
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) I4 U. G- ]& j; W$ q9 `7 q" ~6 [1 R/ f/ o1 q4 W5 |" k
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 h* F3 Y0 E. K1 O3 A: I
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , P/ i' K9 r. \( G! w/ }" u- ^2 s; X' Q$ Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! P( V+ n/ ?. n2 Z- M9 u, p
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), V7 N3 n1 |# e3 ]. X- ]
. N, k5 l- Z3 P8 _Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). g2 c4 Y$ R9 T: e/ A7 n
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 M$ v+ S9 U4 l+ N# @4 y6 R& }* F( j" a: S5 ]( i* V' P
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 i/ R6 }; s# d" m0 \6 ?6 n2 g/ k # Y6 E) ?+ `3 h7 e8 B " [" q6 l7 Y3 l Z9 @* X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 x( R# r. i3 J4 n8 S% r/ V8 t( v8 h* \
例如: 3 v8 W7 E2 i; ?0 u( e% E/ V/ ^ * v% ^: n0 Z( N1 G' GMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 c* n2 i7 _! t( A" D! ]" }5 s5 o
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): A7 P& U5 L5 t4 ?# Z+ J- v a7 C
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% s( a4 N& i9 [2 D4 L/ ?$ c
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 Y9 x( ?# S* z& B' z6 Z$ a/ C" Z
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 J% Q& A9 R) O4 {5 m- r
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) x9 w. B! N: M; Y+ O
9 h+ D4 }5 ]" V5 ?( L" W4 A7 oCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 _* b, W" @& {4 x0 W& p5 ~9 d& C) b2 ?' I
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), Z" K6 T0 J' U
7 ~" v3 H2 c; g* V# _+ u* m& _同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 U: _+ H8 ~: h; B4 e2 d) J5 ~
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 E) B. a- l* k" B( o }" f$ [: L% k y6 J/ e- P# C
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 o* u9 F' J9 Y* C. k
' C1 E3 h7 E i+ Z9 h/ U4 M对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* t% p2 n {! G/ W. n
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 V2 ?" ~ z' d9 ?
6 F" X6 a6 c4 r! a3 H对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + L9 u5 S. E7 J5 I: s w* n2 r- o. G
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 X; N- @. X; T7 m t( d
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 u4 \0 W( @3 ~( ` - k# f' E. L1 i& d& l2 I4 j有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + \1 M7 T3 N" a3 S5 m