本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , O4 F8 b, z# e1 f. H1 N: t. c& t2 Z, d" H7 L& C; I 转帖! ?' R1 E, j+ ?6 w# e
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 |( ]0 j' y! j7 s- x6 D, l8 @% v' R6 b$ H
例如:- u: [" Y, s( F
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 R3 ?+ Y& e h- V1 o5 Z$ K9 h 7 u! H4 Z% a$ w0 @ kThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 C6 k' ~- e4 G) @8 N, r; A
1 r3 V O! v# mThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . i/ f. E) _, ]2 `+ R8 o " y9 U9 o" }% w9 Z( \" |. p6 b5 W1 |8 n. bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 A E0 [9 @. ?
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 I/ [$ ^2 d* X 7 h O' j. L6 A' V5 tMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) o" }& X2 T1 x3 h" B. u! |& B' _! m9 H
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) I6 t- p3 h. z4 E8 q) ?6 }- f% ? / Q$ O3 Q( i8 R# u. c# SThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) N& q& N7 h7 f7 p; q2 R3 s
4 k! q* ^' V- DWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# h+ [2 X2 `5 o+ F
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + M" i- @/ n! K; F I" g3 k' s; C- U$ l, S- c5 E) ?, p
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' i8 s5 d' O. W. g& W3 q5 K, B/ Y4 T 6 ?9 v- t u! D4 l- _ 7 n0 M. \: ?; c9 ^# M2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& t; S5 Z7 C$ c$ D2 f5 R
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例如:) x' ]$ H5 h$ [. r0 N2 r) U+ n
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; s1 P( N) u4 p5 U$ P+ U 9 e- j$ K- Z* Y* |! S v& a$ gDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * J% s+ g4 q# O! t# Z; o % V( D# U/ p8 J: v3 kI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 C) r& o! k1 ^) Y" `( p/ q: N
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ I6 G& u4 l' i( t
& O9 i' ~ r$ GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 [: u1 M+ A6 i7 z! c2 f% W; T, `+ y: @* L
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 } M* o& b9 P' c5 A. e; T0 N' H V% E0 {
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) K1 [6 H$ f4 Y' b( s* B2 x3 ]
6 E. z1 x- _, }4 \$ l+ ?4 p2 v F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ G( Y w4 l: U
7 g9 g% i- g9 O. U; x/ \: YThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 |* {9 F9 P7 }1 x* M2 f % L5 L+ S2 i5 ^2 O0 p$ ZThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! r4 Q# {: c v
+ y% P r% D2 c# r+ i7 g4 xHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 2 O) i6 i# D; `( R 3 y% S% k( L+ qHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ ]5 S/ d. L8 Y7 c; O
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), q3 T& k! j! M
1 F x% ?8 b0 C8 G: sEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 x- q* m( K1 J6 U) E! G, g& @8 a
J- L s9 ^! ?0 X, G& |1 q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 V7 m( c' \* y4 A0 G8 p. w
& @+ ^5 U1 G' m* O: l. Y" i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 X- j4 ~) w* B% U3 B
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8 y, g- k( ^( X9 t3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - J/ P# M: W0 x" B3 n, g' f/ y1 h: A k+ w
例如:7 U/ G/ n/ C! a) R! s8 g( s
5 Q+ x, R3 \ f& i+ y# KMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( Q5 z' w6 N( k
, n, C8 r Y t' t6 h1 ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 h. J! C7 h2 }; [9 K; X2 c) e- o; W0 V% \: E
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 U# O. g' Z& e) D' }% Y4 {, \# B & Y0 i) G7 v0 }9 W' {/ vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 n9 ~, \' F' Q! E) Z: H3 I, }6 s; m/ [7 v7 C; [+ |
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; v$ m% J1 H! q8 [+ v( r8 [2 C! D% u! U3 H8 J
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' {& m9 ^# Z" {9 }
2 s" Q7 \: q w# q0 ~/ u6 Q- wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) ~) F4 e6 P4 O' X) a+ S( H# W2 N0 w7 `; z# c# q2 @, J5 u
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 e0 n1 D) t- N8 D4 Y2 [" M6 o( `# H, {, H
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ k6 K3 e+ w" f/ @' H" w; @
; T0 D9 [" U- B1 W* [) t+ R3 M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ V8 l' ]. c1 c3 z" c* p7 Z* F$ i / W% X9 @: ]' Q% j2 j5 N' ]# g; h对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 r+ k( w! F% F J4 a, q6 {2 r
' h, T& G5 a+ ?* @0 T. b有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 y( |7 T' r% b Q