本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 F# G; y. I) Y. X' u. ?4 U1 C: N1 D/ T, k8 f 转帖) u1 p4 c: a. ]# }: f8 a
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), |) F/ ]: k$ B" N, k5 X
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+ ^6 H7 i) q. c/ p2 `+ q3 RMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 s' y! t, O) S9 C8 i1 B' u- v6 c. l5 Q+ J i9 }( p: z+ T
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 ?1 [/ m% Q# L, @ 4 m# r' Z7 B3 ~/ MThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ G: \: G. l1 u- M/ `3 h. f) {; B1 {/ [
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# S U: Z2 P; ~: x2 W6 c7 e
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : n p5 f7 q0 q6 j" X' o2 d( h5 `4 c2 N
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( T( c$ u$ d" V& S
. X# \. y- g$ D$ }& d( ?% b7 [; w& xWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 c& I: ~& k/ E# [3 }
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 q( G4 w* H0 }( q9 b; n( ]
2 D c4 ~9 U% CWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 D+ m3 L- T4 P$ a
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 D2 ]6 B+ h' \: N& ]! Z. p3 c- G$ a7 z# j
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* B# }/ o/ [3 c0 q
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- h+ R" p4 @1 V1 \& i. `; }; e 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 ^, i' S6 ^/ y0 K7 Y+ ~$ t. i3 Z' K
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 u! e9 Y; H& b: S2 X6 ]. k* y5 s# ^
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; q3 r# L. m- d) j5 K% K1 l5 M4 ~
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): j4 D7 j+ g7 J- M8 e ^
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # ]. }0 _9 i9 Q: ^) v0 p9 O1 v8 w: _ A7 R% u" c9 m& j
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), i- N4 }8 |0 ~3 ~
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . Z6 T0 S+ z2 V3 g' x5 G) v& x8 n, G4 O; z. Q) j/ |
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / c; I# l: U3 Z) ~) X# l1 R; s+ V! _* e- p% L z# q8 ?5 R
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' [ K. R M" e, x# y1 w% _
" p$ ^/ T6 H# g6 s7 tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' W8 G# R# x1 i) v3 W' s
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 M% W$ S8 b6 c, f4 A8 D- C/ | d) }7 r: M
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ q( ~/ `8 P) n4 \- ^$ i* h
% f9 H/ w. I# I# H2 i, oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 L- r# V# b" w7 i 1 d, E0 T; H+ S. d, ?We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 p1 r1 Y; R. q% N N
. c, j5 N1 @: [# L/ G" tEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / q" o0 z; M( J2 F& O( H( }) v 3 r; g/ W3 y8 ~+ D( c' Q; k7 i; R写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + H" m# L" F2 P/ f4 V& r! U) ^ " U$ d0 R1 M# V0 F: n7 n此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ }' S* C k6 U3 B: X1 {/ ]$ ~8 a( ?9 \7 c \0 b# u1 E8 C4 s0 k( l
* j. e( _8 _. V" F& @3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) U B5 a. ^. ~# j6 x8 O( e $ O- E! N/ d( i7 |( Y2 n' K" ?例如:/ D) r& r# |- I- w, a3 @
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! c. G0 E7 F. I4 |9 J$ w' ~ + u% A U) c, a) _& F: C* R7 VManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + M4 P5 l( A" }# e" ~( I ) v( O4 A" E1 Q5 h8 \This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 R: g' i% ?' n
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 x/ j) ~6 P. B5 Z q- t- P' U9 \7 `* i3 E) O+ g0 x7 y+ {
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): f" q7 V9 u8 \# d
6 s4 |* |6 ]3 K: APolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 M; T* I4 U2 I
8 ~' r! N5 u& Z- P# }. d2 DCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : d( n2 i y! L8 A . ^+ G1 C6 f! Z; I" s, D) X3 NStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ ^/ y6 x! c+ p5 ?- Z" |
4 k0 N1 p, ?! V4 Q G# f同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ d/ W, u0 R. k. J6 B- z6 ^, e6 j9 {( V/ m( t4 N9 k
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 j* Q4 r1 p% P4 V
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! \ N' Z, I$ z) N4 Q" v- u8 P
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ V- I8 m* l; F9 ~5 w
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; B# t0 s/ _7 u; A, O$ x , Q4 X+ [3 u( i; x, J; S对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & _& I' X& Q+ p, k! _0 }# A+ J" f/ d/ B# Q& ^/ [
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! _; Y/ u% c! z8 N0 K$ f3 I+ v' C1 V0 d
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 U% Q! D6 G7 f* c J9 S
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 u- u& |# q8 u/ H