本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : w$ k, {4 R6 G7 d 1 G- }4 `1 ~ n( i: T4 y+ C4 w转帖# O) I0 x$ I0 [! ]& x& [( B! W
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' E0 R: Q# W+ {/ h4 I; g, L+ s1 o5 @- V% h
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 l5 [1 |* J% B$ l6 Q3 U- v ; V2 H( c, N( _: i8 hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - w/ [! @: Y3 k) c" e* j& i& Y+ _; _7 H
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * }. z- _* r l* Q ( W6 @( A+ z/ b: MThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 @1 g5 [$ e z* @: x9 v t" Q8 j& a3 l( \( P" H, |; O& u& }
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* m3 D" C7 V9 a$ Q2 m
9 Y0 w2 ?. L9 TMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 I$ m" |5 p: J, A$ R$ a2 S' }1 }
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! k6 d7 l: P3 {6 X) N3 O4 m6 p" T, g- M( ~" B* i
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 i& D) \- M3 R) _- A5 S4 b8 c1 Q- \+ R) y' Y' H1 |# f" W+ {
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) t6 W; k( @& F" V2 a
( _; v2 K% R5 r7 B/ f6 R* HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). o' J# A6 `: ^5 d
1 |, W8 f/ t4 ?0 h k% C. Z2 [/ S这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* ?# _' l j2 ?6 L! W) X' `
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1 F6 ?. ^, ~! y* m2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 Q# i+ n; U( k 5 H+ }/ Y7 M( ]0 o; `例如: % m) k5 X8 _: I$ w7 \ ! F/ z+ _$ a+ S( lAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , d, e' o+ | `% n* j9 l0 P9 ` 6 q( l9 l. w/ ~% h' }2 r8 ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); T4 K9 J( V2 L0 i& R
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). D7 p# `. h& b" ~/ P! H
2 ?6 s: }. T3 ] g3 sHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - O5 Q N7 X6 p 9 T, F( n+ J' G1 |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , ? [, d. N: S" }: c! ?/ }' m0 y* y2 l& T
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 |6 o( N1 x \; R& \: ~% s
% s' ?% o Z9 h7 y; u eI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 h/ ~6 ?' M5 H$ X' ]$ B0 W
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 B V& ?, \0 i& h6 ?
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ ~5 `" P- P' S9 x- o
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 o" [* ?3 C- C/ Q4 R/ I
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 y, U9 H c( h, L$ J% m8 h- q/ f # @" ^4 U: ? M1 L3 ]) EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), E4 q+ x9 i L5 o8 a4 p
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ^7 D: X0 h; X; w! S) Y1 H
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 N$ a& Z9 D8 b. Y, L% v+ [& O2 O2 x
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) ?& ?9 G* c7 r4 F5 t
1 M7 A c+ ^5 e' w2 E" R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ k* y3 D! y! Q7 ]$ O" M
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9 ^. K& w! S9 O. Y- N8 T1 H6 U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% X# R$ t. s, g8 ~
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例如:+ H% }" c2 O3 N0 F2 z0 d
/ N+ }% H" T4 P7 x: YMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) j, U w N6 m N, b* }! }# z% h
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ ~2 k' I( K- k) n: _$ L
! z t6 j3 P; I8 C: I/ |This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " k2 b" a$ J5 m3 W! D1 | 6 k8 N6 |: Y: S3 L4 K! {2 @, k9 zHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* a' H$ z. x1 P3 i! X0 n. J
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ u. z8 T+ U; D+ \+ @/ g; ^' S
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* ?8 E2 o9 {8 s7 H% C: z: v5 M8 a
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * r, s, ^0 a7 D5 K q( [+ x, b; b; \. M4 q) w4 U i7 J; B5 c
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 }$ l! ~) D/ X$ F! P9 G # P9 \7 Y% S8 z1 Y1 r+ Z$ n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- h( r, b0 y$ g
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 M9 x6 ^" v/ M% N9 i8 j
' q, |5 o+ a" V" I2 T) y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 |% e \3 D" T
1 o. V+ o, S6 `/ B/ W. ?对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. J/ ~5 `+ {8 ?' L1 i1 M
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 t3 Q( M' P% a$ {) S3 D% D' f* o+ U 4 b% x4 z' k( C3 {' {; L# Q2 d对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & y8 N+ j( S& [0 u N' K+ u9 |& g4 W) F: F& k
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 x: n' l/ `: w; T) f 5 ~8 y( G& ^3 x+ e还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 n& [- O. n/ ~* Y |
' v% a! r+ Z$ X- a- t' @4 y: M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% z/ j+ u2 F* ~: ?