本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + m' j" P* U/ v! c
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ p3 ^: ^" B7 I2 P- o
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 D5 D9 E1 y, b! b
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , |! @7 j3 w5 k; ~3 A; u/ G; U9 h0 e$ \, _
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & u) v& C+ J* ?5 R: a0 I; o4 u5 R4 Y) {
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ Y& L: j, C0 }! B( v, N6 p n
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 K2 z* k* T1 r) ^3 ? 5 d* M& H* O! R1 {' XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 S4 E$ {/ H1 a: l1 [+ J! w/ g6 L; `: b8 j1 s
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * c5 |% @7 A( t. [, I ) E Q0 y4 X$ z9 SThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . }9 w( d: ?3 B s% Y- F- P & P: @; l5 ?- M) J) B; t9 C4 m; UWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , a# c7 p3 X+ ^7 Y( R3 b. Z4 |+ f2 l3 O/ X4 l
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! M! A$ d5 F# [5 l7 U8 @( s- X! b9 m; C/ `/ H* P& C0 i G
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . Q$ g- I& _0 p3 k3 I1 E4 o / a0 S+ B: m$ t1 N2 v. B* S% x4 C2 [, ^ S/ I; Y3 r! n6 m% D 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( U8 x0 |7 F) U8 k) i
$ d' @8 O! V3 b例如:4 P/ L9 b1 Q8 R: S
7 Q- M/ C/ G" j x4 h. VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ B4 G$ @$ F$ d! c6 y4 ?+ S. u
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * G N O" G4 S9 l 2 I& _2 J+ H- s/ ~ ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% Y/ o" y2 m& Q4 g2 v. F# `
; o! a* S0 k& s( |0 o) XHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' S4 ]0 L! f6 `& }2 }; E0 M! L Y
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 u1 S+ b9 q# v' N) t8 Z( S0 Z% d3 n# l
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , f! u, J# C8 n( w; o& D; @1 {3 r
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 I0 g8 a, f4 `. |
3 B* W8 f* R/ `: L4 T! B* x如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 |. t6 x* K6 t: M( |- D/ A/ T2 _: ?9 b4 S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 Q Z2 W! r3 R4 `5 w( d# @, w0 S# t; A! Y2 S& e
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / F0 g6 d! m( C+ V3 P/ J/ a$ P3 X+ C7 ^; U/ K
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), M8 k1 N9 I% E
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( s1 L i! C6 }" r) _/ z, V( a& {
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ c/ e( b2 K7 g" a* a% i: {* F ; G( q; ~/ `. P, K a$ eEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& V0 O. t* s$ ?. k
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 j" h0 q7 N% y- k$ b( D7 S. r; f+ ], g1 ]
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! W7 u ?: J% U 2 N. Y: }7 e/ e( g) ~ k. }5 l% H( b4 ]; R; A# ^6 H! i+ Z W A# D0 o. t- W: M 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 j2 Y$ ?1 ~: z, c% {2 F ! T2 i( w3 U+ m. {) f6 ~例如:) W! H: D) R! [, \! |( w
* U! b( L7 x. ]% bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 ?$ ]% x6 y7 N* F' ]! z9 O+ g1 o D) `7 q q* z: B) f' L
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 M% B6 F0 C1 @3 Q) m3 M
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ M4 f( \4 R/ q7 m4 l- W' }5 ^
7 m3 q0 d; J! ?He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # ?0 ~5 a# p6 ?0 G5 T 6 d: _+ r; \+ ~; W1 lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 ], Y6 N; U3 s2 A; r5 _ + F5 ~6 K) U; sPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 k! X) u! Z3 R2 i3 D6 p: \' ]9 ~2 }- o' J
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). d( Q# K- i7 A* \! n
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- U! S, @; ^' w+ v$ z
; b7 ~- |# W4 h. _对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( m; p. Y9 i8 |& [
5 ?. l( l# g; F/ t% O! V对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 m# e# s3 m7 _8 U
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ O* U! X) x5 g+ u7 g
2 s6 x* v% A! N1 s; {对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( @9 x0 W" _5 c# v. K' Q
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' N# b) [' M5 s3 e8 f* q4 N # I0 V w0 Z! O) g7 U$ x+ E7 K还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) p: C9 }0 s) d- j, x$ r
! O3 x, X. v# e4 u有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' s2 W% n, q/ v