本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : [+ C& B8 o8 r8 k) g9 I+ J! k
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 }( n' k$ h3 J/ w+ l
4 H) n. N0 ^# \9 z* i8 w例如:* V) S0 h2 _- {; Q7 i! T
3 O- f% p. u- i) MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 i1 g% k0 M8 o L% t4 o" k
' f! V9 ]- O d' T. A) o; k( ?, A4 K8 NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , z/ v! O" l# M$ A" D5 z1 k # X) N5 b5 l. D/ `: ^2 G1 JThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' D6 T3 ?. L! B8 B3 r( d) m
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - @ u- X0 q) i8 s( S- Y 8 ^/ p! e5 U% n% t3 F" gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( @! E$ A8 {+ `4 ~( g! V' v 8 V4 X1 K& R. a) u' f. H: L, b# N9 lMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 Z6 T! d3 @, U* d( ~# R% u* w
: p) v0 Y, x, y7 |We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - f$ {$ n2 `8 T% H% w 8 Z+ |! f' ]: |6 X# \( U$ }The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 J5 O5 S Z0 s: H5 U" v3 X" ]0 i5 |/ e# N0 g) R
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! N5 N: w5 a- p6 c- z $ v% K" u2 r" \; u( APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 k% J9 X5 J; a
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ M1 r- E& [: k) q& z7 i' n. a
; J- t: `5 t. e8 z/ L4 S9 R& Q t+ E# X' _ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % D9 L# T1 i, U' ^2 t" |. B( F1 ?1 ]. E! v: f. Z0 Z
例如:' R3 e! c" D4 V0 j) b8 J
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; b c7 B7 ]# e c: y* f ? L: R - z* |* S2 H1 x6 Y: s3 HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* M, t1 k. O! \( V; ^, y4 I* T
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% S; v' g1 [ c
: v( A0 I+ O G8 lHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( P8 G4 V- X( Y% A( R
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % e- ?2 Z, |% ^1 J+ B$ j4 k( t: r' _) c) r& k) U3 N/ A& J: w+ L; {
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 m6 z3 R, D: q& U6 I: D
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 T4 y {' Q' ]. F5 [: x; U! B0 |# g
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 r& w/ ~0 v% A0 M! b9 H! O3 @: _- I% ?# `, |3 {+ I
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , {; H; @. L* e. M0 M/ K! I* ^4 ]5 d/ W" f; @
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 C$ n9 u% f1 z " a/ n# S2 o4 |3 T7 ~. pHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) N* s- _# q0 F) b$ K
& k% l; \+ ?5 p) _2 ]7 QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 K0 Q* _, _1 j8 P: ~* q; _+ U
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; L8 o& W/ i6 o: @/ {& ~* x4 r* Q \* Q- A1 I5 N4 T
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 K* e, l) x9 s* C 5 {# `8 ~9 R( u. G4 `写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + q4 E. p% M3 q4 ^, k& m8 F' o; c* T1 _9 s+ Q6 z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# X. |$ H3 d5 @
; e- n1 R' e" G; s% S ] 4 i4 X. C) g' m* F. H" {3 o3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, T3 s2 T5 f }& i( E+ C% K( Y+ f
) X1 c& k+ O9 F; K2 h5 Y4 J1 }例如: ' u. j! e' E! K3 M) X. P+ E- f Q8 G( ]. s
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). I( m. H$ ]+ Q' M
5 Q8 n# U& T0 d2 lManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 C7 x8 i! r: Y# b ! X: m: L3 {( e: L4 ?( s3 WThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 n! K' H) i* C: c- i+ S ! {. m0 b. N9 P5 z1 CHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); E& I( e8 s5 w. m" ~
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + v* U" _; z# u3 Z: Q1 `2 J0 J# z# \( t/ Q8 q: A3 P
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), R% Z! H. O2 l9 v" R: b
$ Q4 s8 O4 k! T7 [* s% |Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 d0 R, Z) ~' j& p9 k& \
8 ?# m" R, ]; j8 t, P) ~Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ A$ I; U/ {) k' z" ?7 ^
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 r) I& w; @2 b; { # s+ O. l. ?0 ~当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) W5 {+ |9 }0 {: S- |# q5 r" @: p. L6 l/ t
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 o0 b, d0 K( F& R V g: O% {! L T5 U/ M" ]
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: x" v) b+ L' Y2 w9 Q3 w9 ~2 T9 _0 h
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* l7 Y" h6 A* Z# @$ T# J
* G) Z3 b) `% _+ B. Z; C对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" a4 |+ | r$ t# I! o w$ i) t6 H5 c
, z% S4 |4 o ]# [( a. C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 o! M0 K9 `: S! |