本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ~/ p- y4 J* w, S) D( F* e) D3 p' B" s! O. _2 z' k 转帖 5 D/ s* Y2 {: k, z# V# x1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# k1 B/ o6 M+ E5 n* C
: }5 t }! o- j5 v, j+ b例如: N" L; P$ z" o2 o9 v. y0 v' z
/ n8 ] r& |: @7 @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / F9 W6 ~; E }$ ?7 I * i' k4 @4 q3 W' q# n5 L1 w+ b4 \; NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! B8 Z" c* w' I0 c/ t' q' b: f8 E; p5 g" A" z( b5 I+ \6 ]
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 h: ?, l' ~' ~. @. }$ M) o3 f
5 f0 a7 B7 k( F4 V% p1 F1 `0 u' y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' @; d" O) p! l' r/ j2 p ( Z; h; U- s& Q0 V) ]3 X( @I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): T/ h" @ Q5 W& C1 X( P$ S) J( b
5 X7 G3 h, x$ j$ s6 h3 tMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * Y& Y6 H! F% O, e: n) ? - R2 n; H9 u! `We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 a( D( V1 b4 @: {3 |
. O, n0 j* o0 N! m \( c: }; q. B
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ ?+ F, H9 ?) ~7 i1 `6 X, A
$ ^* g% a+ y5 kWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 `- Y5 o: F3 z8 B. p; h* g3 D% l" O8 }" I# Q9 ?
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / f& d( d1 U c v+ x) m! l5 p5 w
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 k, b+ Y1 }9 b" U( E / \1 s" k5 W4 |2 @$ [* r; r. L/ N 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) b9 K6 t5 g2 \4 c7 r4 J# V6 ?# l3 v. K' T7 Y$ c* S% k
例如:) e8 Z3 q0 L' K& q& v" j: M
! r$ q" B5 i1 JAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 e; ` t, \5 R/ M
5 `$ B" d. f" c* H. o
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); d- F8 w' `( t& J& \2 U: w! e
2 ^& ^" G; f/ }
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* |0 N9 \2 _1 i& V& n' h* d
4 q/ y' S' d9 {* JHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 f, O7 }& e; X1 a& x& ^& W) R# A: n
5 J! v3 J' T' Y' { o) nIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), e& Q) P" e! \9 a
7 E8 }0 z- Z, A2 x& S, p8 x( k+ e0 xShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 b7 U6 `; F! ]$ D& E+ x $ @( O1 K5 B7 B8 T* cI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) A0 n# @ Y8 j' @" C
2 d) G6 Y. @! a- o+ S: n如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" f$ Q: f/ R3 [7 l& T% h
5 T- e; z# H g% ~4 H! w; dThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- M- v6 I( R7 I
9 a+ [; S2 V: B; ?6 ^6 G
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + c/ K5 c, b1 L# V5 A 8 `6 E) V; O, D" Y8 |6 w2 w) @He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 x+ k/ `5 c. w2 H3 V 6 A: ~7 {% I% }6 h% hHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! p) ~ y" Y/ g
! f( I! x- U! ^, f' ?" H7 S
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % i# p, W) S& P' B0 [" ] / o3 S: s' Y) ~% C/ F7 f! B. ~: G- m/ yEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' [9 o: |7 f6 `& B: p3 ?! C0 ^+ m6 ?5 z. P+ z- D7 l
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' ~9 X% J3 c( ^9 m$ c+ j
& Q% k$ p+ z: H; {8 j
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( t- T+ ?0 D. F [6 A' X7 _3 X
" ^/ V5 ]- Q" D& ]! i K6 y 6 G2 ]0 y1 d; G+ z2 F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + f9 H& m3 y& N2 `& j% v6 Q( L F7 r( E5 p- g: m
例如:8 Y" z, o. c2 W4 b1 g; ]
- a! [' ^. l( d* m/ G# z2 V
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% v, H* o& |: U, ^7 w$ [
% D; h5 |, I% I0 {" e5 E4 y0 H
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 ~& L q1 _- ^5 y. K+ Z, E9 g
% @( {( E: q/ o7 T+ z, c0 HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): ?& Z6 Q, X1 {7 I9 d- S& ^
7 h9 U" x% y E) A! p
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( |) ]2 F$ m/ s
, J# m& ?% x% S7 |% H0 F
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) Y/ V6 i+ }( r6 r
2 t+ O& ]7 b8 ]5 o1 M+ wPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : {$ S8 ?% p" D6 U, k7 S+ q. f" c% t- M. J$ G
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) |8 k! G0 |, V) v& N g
) P( p5 S" M8 T$ m$ S
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " U4 m. ?: e9 |2 T ) i) X5 D2 S1 s; k0 ?& w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 g% O9 ?; E& y; q/ e& G, u7 l, p/ M % D6 r3 M R) U当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % {) T2 z/ [+ {% J$ S* b $ h! w- i5 M/ J; ~9 g$ h9 O; P对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 w2 J' L5 D S3 E u( j9 d+ Q3 X2 C
& }- R) S! b! J3 y6 T X对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 K' F: {% J5 Q5 w' H( f% k4 z; i6 I, x9 ~: a
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' E/ z0 u% c8 u) C/ q4 a/ \+ g {: `0 {' ?) d2 `
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' n6 v, t4 ^3 M* Q2 F2 I% f & U. c, G9 X/ z& T至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 |7 ?( R" T+ f) g1 V, s3 g8 A- i X0 B4 }2 u( Q7 `& Z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ r" g n, A$ _ a
7 a, L b5 T% O; p9 v! S7 o" J
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" l3 ?2 y. S$ _$ P/ U- k M# y( e