本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 ~4 m0 ~8 K# Z/ q( g
" b6 m4 l3 D' V9 T 转帖 * Y& f: a) C3 I: i+ f& T* H8 x# |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' E, f4 I+ U8 o: ~ i/ y4 y: _/ F) d1 i8 u, z8 Y& g
例如: + o4 k0 C0 P" [ + K) y( e- z7 T) L# E* fMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) w8 ?- u: d& L& a5 K4 `; m7 [ ; s1 |, B8 ]& t0 L: [5 r7 WThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ r$ s, q) }7 _2 N2 }
+ o! A) G- X, j; Q! k% _3 ~# jThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% L8 z5 o O% w) n8 n
4 ~' L4 f" }3 d3 m A7 LThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 e- P# O) E0 n& X/ l1 ~ # }9 a- y6 A% J9 h9 ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 c. U" B, H- l0 R1 D: F: a( L' k5 n4 S4 @$ i# W
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) y! ^; q2 e F. j5 T* _
- a/ E: z+ i7 M7 D# c; b5 ?We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; z- a( M3 o" K+ a6 C1 p4 N3 ~) {+ }5 b8 f
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 R! E$ s$ l$ Q9 T+ e' y8 a: `3 t/ j7 e) T1 Y2 _ w3 C' j
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " O# W, N1 b2 ], Z$ C. F8 w4 ~" j% z
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 ^: s% X8 m4 G' a6 d' F* h9 r
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ y- F: I& n9 I f1 P& H- E+ l
/ o* N# i" d) k8 T; V% k. O. t7 H4 r5 L; Z& J 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: R* X/ ~& y" Q0 U7 T
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例如:: p" U3 U1 K. m
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 `7 E8 G' L# d8 m0 \2 n4 ~2 }7 d K; i5 k
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' V+ b" j5 t" S$ u
% `# ^& w j" K. KI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% b- B' G7 O0 G3 J2 A
7 F, ~, t" ?# `+ W) J2 cHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! o2 z( e$ b w' O0 b3 H 8 w* }9 @( f6 Q8 P; FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 q8 m) T7 ^7 V) r/ [
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & S3 c* w6 y# n/ [) b$ c4 t( v+ Z3 I O) q5 Z+ |# }6 i; B1 H& @
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) q; q x! j4 @6 V( \' Z: h; |1 i& i7 y: }+ [2 }
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; r! L- o/ Z* C9 d& c; f* y8 p/ z- d6 k# n1 s
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / K- F7 ~# i- B. m! V9 \7 L3 u ( y. L# Y3 E7 t4 e$ L! rThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 j9 x. I4 ]7 b6 R+ R& C
) `, K6 ]1 N1 M. N/ e. _5 [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ y! p4 [+ X% N
: w5 W2 ?3 V6 ^% ]0 WHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 X+ I+ M5 e1 t$ f' Z0 p1 X0 ~ # |# J) W# Q! w; i& [We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ f/ A. L5 o2 o( n e* S- l- u) X/ D. P# H' K" ]
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # {7 k7 F2 @- K2 f$ q ( d1 L+ ]! ]/ Y' P写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 s7 |$ |6 N" _6 n/ V$ J ^" j# c $ T: Q f9 p: h4 }此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 G. a7 ^* H. z1 N4 ?" g* Q0 i# R6 H5 H: n0 Y/ m
, e ] c+ C0 a7 p k 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' i" k1 e+ k$ O4 P$ d O% D; o+ r
8 ~. T" h( g0 m, ]5 V例如:: e6 C& b4 q6 l/ d% O
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 G6 V; {5 s0 c $ V' [2 m3 }; B8 F4 o0 e0 BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- s/ e6 X" Z. x, H& i! b
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 C& K, |$ a$ Z" N, C7 n. u8 ^# ^7 k9 r& H
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 }9 o+ r* ^! Q0 m! Z9 P. N# Y) N, N- Q2 _7 ]7 s
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) J( ~- K8 {& O6 k
* _! h- o0 F9 g8 R+ _Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 z; L6 M: w, n0 ]6 k l # a' N3 c! U. g% E3 |7 F) j0 e+ PCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! @( b( ?: k) h$ g7 d+ q8 Y$ c8 `
+ d. y: B) [. [. wStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 f) F! x# y8 [2 Y t& T. @+ J) K, m) i
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 F2 k. W- H2 j" i, G
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ V& w/ w1 O% l" ?. E; K3 d; K/ I8 J# X
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 M+ o& @4 o; P( U4 z2 \ a2 X `0 W
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 _) m/ F, m g: L/ k) \# p: L: @
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . {+ m' V" w3 g% K! [3 O- d4 F1 [# g7 [/ {) V5 W
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * h) v7 b3 D5 Q% c5 D. r) h# b) q) O: N _ ]. C+ n+ ?$ y: k
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 R" _2 W% G6 z( ` G' k* X/ p) X7 @% r" h. q
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( B( |7 |3 o3 f
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 - F# e$ Q! |' U