本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 W5 i( W" Z6 W6 g6 |5 I% C
& T F( z$ U- f* r7 [+ o转帖 8 s1 y. U5 ^: E1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)5 W/ F: s1 p! z9 ?" U$ D! T( g
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . y, d3 q1 {' f# ^% H! L+ o* \ $ t/ N. `% U: @( W8 `1 g; fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 G/ p; }1 | [3 X% f4 d5 S o+ i( J. Y' L3 Z
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 W6 _/ x o4 r, P6 z! e' ~2 O8 Z7 |7 O9 x( r
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' O, \! R6 u* l% ]0 F% Y9 ^) M3 }0 l. s& X9 S* B5 H! k
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 W5 L9 V7 |! s) j# v7 U/ I# A1 `, j/ d. ?
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 ~8 G4 Z! S; s6 @; U/ j/ J6 R 4 \3 }8 X% B( ^/ @1 yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) G. a6 |% ~7 l + _& B6 u' ~* R( I8 w! VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 Z3 b9 h$ Q* |: u 7 w: c0 P5 _1 tWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) }) B0 m# U! }! E
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 @4 A- f, h5 Q9 W3 X
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & R' M& N3 V9 A" d f! R5 G1 w+ M " i0 t2 X6 B, ^( S% B, Z3 I0 L5 ]4 H8 [# R' t9 n/ S 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * P2 p, `" n' A4 i. s1 _/ ~: H9 l
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% U; s" r; c0 P; K" r
$ L7 P0 m( i: }Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 n: ^2 N% X O: P! P* j7 f* K6 }% ]& }# [: c) H' V0 F
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 ]% M2 @. k& g0 g. J+ {5 U ) Z, G2 O' o1 {8 ^. M6 u1 \. M8 R8 M; {- \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 ~) t9 T7 {4 H( u6 ^7 z" V, ^
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / e2 {7 e, E4 |2 _4 i 5 C, Z- [+ T3 F* R, gShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 v. r' T: ^/ _5 B. @& M
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : H% p5 D3 A s- {9 M# e) T. @: u( x5 W1 j
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % r8 @' q7 g4 T0 N9 b( ]* H0 b1 @3 L# i
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " P: K7 D. y) F! r- G7 D' c , G( H2 `. n" [, q5 u. OThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( |+ |2 z1 E/ X% r; \' I3 ` 6 _+ q$ t. ]- c( D+ J# U1 W' [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # ~+ s, j) a2 a5 Q4 g " R% s; L) r& h8 Z3 t# p! l3 uHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( g% L# [) Q7 ?$ y$ W: N+ U% t
" S/ v, @8 q8 X/ m# o9 x5 f vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 ^: e ^5 t2 o8 j
. u6 }/ `% Y( J1 GEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * _" a/ ]" ]$ C, V% V0 N' r& P# j+ i$ r7 ^1 y4 I+ o/ }1 I Y: ^6 i* c8 z" k
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 z6 ?/ F* ?3 ?- `6 A
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 @7 r6 D3 M) B0 _; D 0 H- ?, r5 x* j$ u8 ]7 v % |: j% P O$ k. J2 @9 [2 C3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # d1 F7 K" T- k j/ X$ ^7 q( S2 l 2 q ^2 F5 ?& K( U例如:. X3 N* |5 \) ?3 S D" n& w
! l: z# T+ V3 ~* b2 TMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / t! K$ N; ]/ g; G 2 m6 w9 q: p. R' V1 d* U7 L7 q- mManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 n* {$ _! H1 S0 L9 f4 l6 G
4 x% a% Q" \2 [# S' hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). R* O4 e4 K, f' m7 b
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ G& R7 b9 J3 M% A* n
6 E* m3 ]( P2 G1 r& ~! AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) e4 w' e# \9 n
8 N# ]3 F0 i: m. GPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): L4 S. L* i( k4 {! p
+ Z( Z7 D$ G) ?0 y0 }5 [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; T* n! E' k7 h, P5 m* K & Z+ P6 |5 K$ x( v% I' fStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , ^. }, f. E, f* _" j8 S0 l: g6 { M& ^8 P
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! B- Z, j# z( Q; J, K - ?- M+ E# i" J' l& z. H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) k/ x# k* z: ~/ Q. B+ K9 K5 v+ o) }- o1 Y3 x' l. Z+ O- ]9 s; X, E# C0 H
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 h! n! f2 a* c# \) ~
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" b1 i: D, _' S# |: f% f/ W
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" w- T& Z' G8 b+ [' [4 C
: x: d5 {7 w4 d$ n- V. a8 r/ ]1 M对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 O+ L& \) Z7 q+ H5 p: g# Y* _
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : l& I, Q1 s6 s# e; X/ }) E" O8 v5 c4 ^; N( {# x
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . Q9 C* ~# m: ?0 m' m9 @& k/ j: H: C K2 r% F- k1 G" `
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' R& ]1 D6 o, U, i7 C