本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! v1 a; S4 n+ v/ w; P) e3 g7 r% @- ~" _6 \( }9 x* ~2 x 转帖4 s1 x# q) X! t1 w3 D
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 ^( J- s& j$ g7 O8 t+ n( \ ; p/ t0 A9 H9 `1 Z6 ^# r6 k例如: h$ p- f1 z. Z& q* p F- l. X+ g3 S! D: d8 l2 T2 @: N
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * L# f v8 d4 ~5 W) n. S" t5 [9 U5 W8 T/ Z" i
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : \: z4 q) L9 q1 K# v( y/ G) p5 q) H7 v
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / F; Y1 @/ a# m- c & H% H* Z# r/ H, n# x' AThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 L( o- T; o3 r
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 B* U7 J0 k& P/ ]9 G% q# D6 w: i
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; K0 {" i$ ^- V. l 8 L4 F0 z' c: V* l( T; o& LWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- V R7 y7 g" U2 J& [' ?
4 g" q# V+ o, p5 CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), ~0 Y: B: v: O8 n" I9 Y
5 y Z v4 z" `4 @We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ k2 r" v E- {% m3 e
: P; L H2 {! @4 i3 E. DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( f& K- [! M. f$ j- F$ O$ e7 n, t0 j5 _ ?
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 F9 Z; u' A+ G( g+ u
4 R" G( k3 o5 b' i7 K' E$ @# X" \& v3 U+ s: \, `9 @' \ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! c9 j8 E9 B" k# k; m: L; G' J7 v+ r0 O0 g3 s2 Z# J7 U
例如: 0 S; g+ N- Q5 a' M : K0 ]4 y4 ~' [1 N5 oAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ ]6 k: ^; e1 t& ?) s
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' d/ n/ G) w+ h' j* b1 Z$ ?3 I( o
, X; S0 K$ ^* q, b" \) lI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 y* h) L7 y% m# `4 Q2 {0 | z
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) l6 }- n/ h6 f T, }/ S& `" |; K3 ]+ h& S8 P5 d9 v( F6 g
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" |. P! Y) L6 Q3 g# S7 u
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - ~ A4 o4 n0 p% a8 z6 G5 K2 ?: a; O- S2 N T) S2 i( J# A8 j
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 z% t2 ?4 r/ E$ `; R, h ) j* G6 n$ ~2 M+ Z: e2 {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # j2 S% F9 I/ [! Z8 O5 G/ _2 g2 M0 o# M
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 b8 J! _# o7 }8 e0 x # ~! ]7 g: N$ C9 z( G/ ~9 G5 eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). v$ ?# z$ k5 M6 p* y% c8 R
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ c# l4 q9 w4 x
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). p. q# Y4 f8 P0 ~( O& N5 i
9 G( L( l4 T. q1 f, @0 X+ e) iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( {3 d1 e, k' ^( A# r
" m7 D. P5 B0 ^+ R: ~9 L8 ~Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : \* c& ]( h# o$ G1 f/ S; G$ f% `( d3 P) w0 D) l% Z' R. t3 H
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , e, `$ S0 z; ^% b1 e# [! z+ ~
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) F; ^3 G7 a2 E6 y. n! D! j
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4 p3 v' o7 J1 b5 P5 t' n 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' J9 o- f3 ^! d; Y- }
, I% i6 X. v! g例如: 5 n3 r2 Y' L2 d 1 F; y Q4 Y9 z2 i" z& FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ @. B' t: h" ^) w$ L3 B$ H. Y, H2 {8 }. ~3 P$ e
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ t* p$ {7 j& e9 h$ \
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 M/ M* P! V4 |( w$ [# q3 @* ?1 L
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 u/ d$ k. e: G
: {* t3 W2 ?4 F/ P/ q) AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 ^# V K) c- K, n4 ]3 V5 R" F, o' {0 |& A; m4 B; g
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 _. b! N2 A' J, N+ @4 g' n ( @2 o, k9 d& ~' G' C4 u, wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); K& R* x1 p4 h+ v& f
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( A, K7 N+ I9 W7 @7 `9 a1 T4 X0 J) P# {
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 M3 D& o# e* Y# _2 n2 c6 J+ _ 7 a2 m$ e: b+ f3 q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- J: L' c, H, W2 L6 p8 N
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' ~/ Q& s+ e9 P- g1 y4 }
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, D+ t5 z0 X$ Y
4 [, ~5 q. `1 e, C1 i. q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * m/ m. K y6 h, Q" E1 b8 M8 D9 D8 [; I" E' n
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; j6 A: A/ G9 L0 j5 A
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & A8 w2 X- i1 G$ z4 ~+ C2 X. T# `% c ? _8 T9 W' {% s$ ~5 e
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 p& [2 j4 I2 ] _, [1 B
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; }! n5 `- \" c