本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 {% n7 {$ k* B; f6 @' u# j! y6 P( O( a0 k4 K 转帖 I7 E, f# u; H. B t1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! }: J4 o0 Y2 o/ d# t
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' X- }* Q& [8 I- I: H( _' X1 M3 B$ A* v2 K
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 Q- M, \# O) v" ]! q
6 B5 N! s. H1 k; XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) [& |+ r5 v4 F7 ` 4 V7 H4 @2 D B7 W! R7 TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). X; b* \0 Z, z6 v' y/ W
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ P* Y2 z, w7 |. J9 r3 A$ @& N$ s 7 L7 L+ c# d" y! J7 FMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), A4 m4 ^$ E& b6 X8 R7 p$ P
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) j$ ~; F& T& |9 o/ f) f& _9 Y" v8 {9 ~
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 R$ G2 b, y9 a# \+ u2 \ h2 X) T) ]) j: d* P7 u( F7 Q2 D* j
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) t) l" {1 ?) t6 Y% n
$ D4 [% k! H# y9 y3 d7 F, S6 u( cPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ N: } |. Z& z/ H1 @$ _
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ Y. K/ i: r! g; \( m
6 n, n; S+ ~7 l. P# ]; a% \% Q+ a" E3 ^# U8 p" } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* L( D5 S5 B0 j( e
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例如:2 x3 Y! B+ s. _. c7 x, F( N* s
# y7 u/ h) _, ~3 v8 A$ B1 @At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) u* M' n: l& u & O$ X) {6 p0 {, H1 b& NDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" O+ M9 \" L0 N9 o" L6 q
1 `$ N. ~, @" l3 WI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " e8 v: D. s, ^! [$ w! q3 e* l. J1 z1 ]' ?+ |- b( M
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 e# P; s3 N; m# Y5 A2 Y( o6 s+ Z- k- `: K* J/ X; K0 k# w
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 s# E$ U/ A4 O6 U3 a6 Z4 g/ s
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' G. c3 K; P& j$ y( j
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; c+ `8 i' f; ` w( I6 C" m2 g! ?* G7 m如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, h; M$ e: W! J! i% k
% Y1 M5 S' w( t+ t0 ^The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): G' u& s- t, {7 H5 W
* }* l2 S, z: @The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 {5 Z4 d$ l4 E& @2 w7 P& a8 d, _; e5 c& }
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! e1 U( B( G/ H% a( v! e" @
/ d5 w+ g- f- MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 A1 t6 W4 O( K. I . g, D; T. S4 h, } |+ `. c+ t; wWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % [2 U4 I+ z5 V, A, @7 K% v K( `
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( x0 T4 X) O& e8 l" h2 `. ~# F! d( c9 I; Y6 I
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( s( c8 }, {. a/ p8 P ' d" d4 x3 C! l$ j" F% l6 L/ L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- F* ^$ J* f1 M- q5 u5 |
2 p: h. Z* O9 x- U2 { , v& Z; U6 k% U' M: }5 W3 x3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. V. M+ v: Y4 e$ `" ]8 t+ {
! ?4 [/ {7 w" b0 [. }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( L8 r7 @" b- [: h1 z, {) B
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( f# `7 ^8 Q& O5 K6 p1 `' N' M2 }
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 i7 K4 n6 V+ W7 l% Y! X 3 O6 c0 c3 C, D9 {5 JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( R7 Q! Y1 j3 w# L$ y! X) n2 \2 N0 }- H' \0 B. T! x1 z
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 G3 S* q" v5 V- K3 R$ n
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ d @4 H0 x Z9 N O
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 ^4 }( z" Y; _4 i* K
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : n' k1 _0 u/ z/ O 8 }5 `, w* `/ e/ D' }6 @0 t同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 c9 p3 B2 Q( J6 @6 p* t5 d# Q: ^5 S, w
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 R3 N: ]( i* B6 t
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; J1 f+ ?$ Y! ^
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " y+ X; a4 V$ G% a* S( k! H 6 }! u6 ~3 F* A* T1 d& z2 W0 Y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 m# b, X: A; S. p1 F$ O1 y% l- W7 } Y- H8 a1 ` W% a0 C7 r$ }; o
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! ]3 b3 J" o. Y9 m7 F) a( c
# _8 s! m+ P9 y5 W) u/ g, L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 T3 R0 d, U+ _ U8 |8 ?* t+ y # ?2 h/ J0 @0 I4 L4 |& ]还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! u- \! q6 N; A o: x) r4 l2 ~% X/ L' d: g2 ], ]
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 I6 X% O K1 m6 @- o5 ?