本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 q. M7 E7 D* U2 Y
) e% v5 l2 b! e$ |" A& r 转帖 - C% j" m# c9 H0 z" v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 \1 c2 R/ Q- U2 K7 F ( S0 y9 h% \3 ?3 P7 ]例如:! _# q) ]2 W) V k6 r* A
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). K) a; L$ F7 d
3 O$ A3 Y; W3 C& M0 [- {Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 N v1 c( Q0 n8 L8 D# T9 a$ @9 Y P+ H5 p) T# ]0 K6 W6 j8 g
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& f" w3 o8 k$ ?( c
* n X# a* m5 j. bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ V& V' \% ?- {% }, e* v" v
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 V$ B9 H! I+ w. R' ^0 m
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - W& x9 _, u* R3 W i; i: h. n$ s/ {' A# E' NWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ l+ _; y' W$ K' S$ b2 R1 w; `0 @0 d" s' t0 K4 C; G
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % ]; C! D! z# l* s- L+ h$ C + u$ h" M5 o9 i' r4 ` CWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 g# ] B; Q: p& N
; @' D- s3 b* ~) e# g! pPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 c( H0 {: I f' r) B) h) F1 K2 [% C
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . G6 \) V* o6 g2 Y1 v0 ]) r8 w$ R' b- v' \
: G' C: y4 V1 A/ p2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 J! y# \: o! f, H( p# I
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例如: ) z; q( n, }) k' c) I, |6 V) c% ]$ \. `0 j" e; q7 y, e. P
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): k9 q( C. r$ c0 p( P2 S( d3 i
6 O& C$ w+ u1 W' R* B. tDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 b1 b* \9 I2 E% }# } 0 L( a2 T3 p, h OI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! n" j. d3 c& c, G7 g8 }
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 S+ o% N" |. R3 P C9 Q8 a : O$ ]. g% D( O2 @In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). V6 v3 V4 k/ O6 x; W/ \ K; t
( q# I- {) T! M' _She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ?& P2 D3 {2 V+ x# `! O! ]* X5 e4 ], b: S$ X9 |" r
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 O6 f5 A' N% b/ a' w, I2 S* t9 `2 O; @6 z+ e' j8 a4 k$ A) _
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: F& B8 V- p+ O8 \! h3 k. b2 x. M
8 G& A. T; P+ Y( [The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); [( v N: ~5 s: P- y3 c. ]+ `7 N& e
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- `1 t9 w, D. {, W* X& D" t
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' \/ V1 S- z" Z4 _* M9 \- u2 s9 p/ ]! l& N. R- K
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! @- P; R4 {8 e) u
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& Z$ |( M% O" L4 e
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 A# W9 M+ I4 o) n7 C5 t
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); U0 i& o7 L' B k+ g
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 X# H2 o& r3 ? ]) c& v2 p ( V& d& h- M. N! e% e) H% c' z& V5 q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & M/ l. G' p" e! p7 T# p/ M! |) K& C" L' w
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & i$ e* _9 s2 c# q, C \1 }' K7 j( j3 b* bManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " ^9 M, T0 Y4 @& V3 h7 T$ a) ^6 N( M
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) H5 a8 J: E. d) G% M
- G( t: _% @, d- WHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 H) @) ^. V6 }
8 S, S( F' H6 MMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , m) f0 m1 I5 o! Z* \1 X- |: x7 @/ N 5 w. n/ H. M7 ]4 GPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! s" C$ f6 p7 T: z* P. B9 O! B \; U7 X: e9 x* m [
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # p* j% Z- P. f2 }: j2 J2 M: v# K7 [ v5 M2 r& t
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 B! p1 m: ? _# F - E. E; m: {3 i ?同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % I8 ]- P1 d; p: C, y- z( Q2 a& J, `: N4 x/ p0 l1 D
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . F) D3 h" f6 P/ ]) N0 R* v 0 m2 n' i7 b% U" V; y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 Z/ c$ | S# o* {2 i1 O8 x + _ P' u( l; ~, u% S. c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" L( S+ P( H/ D1 B X& a! c
/ X7 Z1 R3 ?% m6 ~6 d. o! W有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; P) y* Q2 u: L# ?6 j% F