本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 x* y7 @5 Z. s2 X b* P, l8 R: i! c3 s 转帖 9 u. b) z4 m+ T1 I1 C+ A$ ?8 [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* ]+ _% F; @ P5 i# n
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, B2 `9 `- e. X9 J5 d! \; N4 C/ QMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" R9 ], i4 S5 C( z' Y/ c! `6 C, C+ _
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " p" t8 C2 Q* q2 G/ r1 t" ~) q* W
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) V3 `0 w7 ^* s% G3 a% Z
% h: m( ~5 [( y$ ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' C9 q8 J1 ^: ?' I7 ?
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - i/ ^( o/ ^1 \1 y# k8 `* y & s$ T$ f, E8 ]# { W: ]$ C. TMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 u2 x; O: v( l' h8 L
$ m: `2 q7 S" P% e# J4 X# zWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" M* F% V, F3 y; c, E/ s2 m
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 Y8 {! W7 F0 F, R. p
+ n6 V, h$ R0 yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 P& s3 R4 \5 z% w3 V$ ~4 R, r8 c- q0 ^) P- p! J
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " e6 v" L6 K. b+ M; |$ D1 G' m% q b& b7 Q1 A3 D
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : r6 p6 P' N- S0 P 2 f1 j2 ~$ _0 k: i' D8 {, u. n/ H: }& a 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ [2 p @, v' p
" Z( [/ K0 a% F% i' P+ v例如: ; ^# K" d8 M6 B" f; _+ p" [1 o! e
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 ^3 d. U( e5 L/ l " M, f4 B" B0 y( m# [# qDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- ?0 b( R1 x, y' n+ @
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). B6 c* A0 r) ~, f/ M" ~# [# L
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 m6 q" Q! x9 }! p" Z' q; K8 n* t! j: l* K( Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; ~3 m! K- H$ G1 d" ?3 Z8 o# h: M; J/ ]2 t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" |5 V) V4 o) V$ W5 ~% r3 R+ k& l
, S# C) s7 A# ^8 TI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ G- p8 Z$ U# e4 { o% n8 ]+ S
# I% C7 f, R$ i' B0 n$ e p a如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , X- n' s5 W- b" L8 h' U 8 A! o, @* }, o' H" X7 q9 HThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 ~ o5 E( d, S b C: ~ - b; v7 B" `9 c/ I- o- d! eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( T, @# y' v y4 i7 |3 o1 h3 E/ L( p
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " C8 \; H+ p) `1 f: H' ^& Y" Y& C! @& ~. B& y+ S6 O
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) C8 w4 q) F) A* v, h. ?7 t" m1 f; y 8 k2 a- w( `8 l9 E7 ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & E2 q9 h: v" K, E . h$ e; e0 D8 U- [ JEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). M2 x, p D, F6 p
/ E9 A& k3 K4 P8 n# n7 b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 s8 r/ h9 w; f3 x . G+ ~9 ?5 c! ?! B此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ m+ s4 Z/ b0 I) X0 R
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9 u) Q$ a2 y- N# _0 B: ]3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% g0 h7 @, M: Z6 q# Z {- r
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t9 @* s' H! AMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * [$ j& C3 C! y1 u8 |% g * [2 W, q- [3 ^+ n4 s" k; m$ F; QManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' ^) g. |& i; B7 m- e, a/ a % e/ ]( G$ _' D: Q( rThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 {$ O- R% Q. P# u& e M ) U x, J1 x( }- d7 C# x, [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 G; n N3 [* b, `, p
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! P3 m& m& |- ^ ! X% q0 ?( H; E! b1 d8 ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! k8 O8 N3 t1 A" [' _# L , I- X: R+ T) i, [% k* tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& u1 k. ~1 F0 \7 E2 W
, X5 B/ D) K' FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" d# I' D9 Q: ]! U" J
1 u+ b/ t% z# R6 F同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ |3 [1 b' f5 N$ f, v- q( |
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 E' O/ J0 P g1 e% Z
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' b! M- O: I( F$ M7 d0 b. Z+ Z( c/ G! w' E
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 C/ a4 @3 N+ x0 X! S+ v
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 i# x# \- P3 Z2 U9 D# i& b) O( P0 l" [* U; M k
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 A7 ]3 }8 F( v' n" U7 f$ V, g) _+ n a N
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:+ R1 D* J" n9 I3 `4 w* x
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . V, G/ x* b! _4 R g3 k# y3 b9 [" N& ^9 q1 k# g6 v* Y
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . V( ?. {; B0 e+ z& _" L. }' H5 i ]- b