本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' B/ A7 L. O9 e: z- ? L
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# a) x( M7 _8 n/ h; t2 B- [
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例如: 6 F/ n8 H+ J6 m / H Q7 ]# I3 [/ s, RMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 H% A* e2 I$ x, j. E+ E
$ U2 G7 ` B2 {# q0 F- e7 YThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # i8 C7 l# k6 z+ U( J% c, ~. [% q1 z/ o0 ~4 P. ? {
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : A5 u& L2 T, W7 T 3 ^% B+ C- D) O4 U. k' H$ V- HThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ t$ D- o* W! N$ Y; Q
% M% X8 K% L" l; AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); m4 |) R+ q. @ X. s; q
; L1 s, R, a* J$ b. [1 D: c: WMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 H o- B) Z) \
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( O) L- x8 ?+ I v
1 p# p, ^+ z+ e% qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' u. j% c# j4 D; E: v" X3 j8 R2 {( J
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); z6 e& q5 }. ^
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% ^5 ]: G% X& B0 g6 n
~: `4 l# H# {8 z$ z0 q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ P7 {7 I6 c5 |
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/ ~9 T8 X) m2 X- h1 [8 V 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 L5 u9 D) }3 {- A* ^8 d `
8 O' A- V$ M; [. L. l例如: 5 _4 u) x9 M/ ~3 i! l& ^0 p( a8 W3 E3 D6 `) r# ~$ n" u5 W
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): g) P. e c3 E) c
8 S7 k9 m; u- m+ H: Y$ J; h8 G% ?Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & v- p( H& F* c0 F, p9 Q! }9 R1 X3 t
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ j0 ^3 z; x1 z" `
. m, D, L, u& B6 c" w3 _$ t( \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 t# m9 L3 `0 q8 {" L 8 J) s8 e2 v5 y, uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; `7 S5 ^7 ?- _* M3 D8 U, Z + r" F1 }( q5 V4 @She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). U) @$ \, } F( @
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). V+ D$ J! p' r8 x3 |# v; Q
6 K8 a+ N- J; t; V0 i如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 A! _% \1 n. }8 N" g- G! `' j8 D$ c# J0 I/ \- E
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); B5 m3 A" O2 w
1 T8 R% \( v; u# L4 e; z/ ZThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) x; ]* X i; n' ^4 B; w% J' D. H- Z. Y; [6 ?* B
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % M% D7 X; m$ L( A5 ~' ~- T- Y: ^ ' u* a: z5 u1 _3 |& B0 v, G. IHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* ~$ |2 l! a* `0 T, G6 c
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 |9 P- u' m P6 y- a
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( I6 y: h& i" u- ~" p
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) t% I; W' ^5 F
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) [( I6 Y/ G3 J0 x1 S
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4 a s3 C# ~; M$ ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % R1 {. M; v. e( G/ F& F " U* o& ~$ F; D; T" B; F M例如:# W8 f, R4 u# K
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 d" J4 K7 W+ o- ]; B
* D2 K; N8 N9 {: z* `Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 w+ s* e4 S5 s/ f W. n5 A ' z5 G) R6 o4 C& g, |* HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - [* w8 Z3 @) P, x) ?. X5 B' ~8 d, y: g% p, o2 ]) w0 ]
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& ?- _, V5 ~9 H7 D6 {% h
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' H; b- m1 L) [( I! w
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% P X5 L2 a0 s" r
( N5 i* i" D$ a, X; OCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , D2 [/ q- w, r G/ ^4 Q$ P0 K4 a7 B; d. U' W+ l
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # {# S" F. a" J# f9 E/ u/ G! P) Q% |7 h8 A1 a
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' G, p( [9 v9 V, A- ^; C& m8 ?
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 p* K9 P. T' o+ [/ y3 |0 M' w- K; }5 v0 g
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 X7 d7 S6 W: ]6 h: T
7 ?! I4 n" X; V- r6 N对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 e2 Q, U5 O( n; N/ C: C : ]) h- o" I F* y) L F' K' y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ E: Q) v/ d1 e4 ] T6 p 1 I3 ^# E5 N3 i$ N1 D对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) b4 L" s/ {4 J& S# [
! V% X$ T& T5 o9 T8 z/ }) S至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: x a0 ^0 G& s7 J0 u8 X- L
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 J1 a' H& K+ \) @7 j* Y * `4 R/ w H( Z6 ~有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . ~- r2 y! }# H! `: {