本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : C% w2 I Z; Z: d# z: w E( t- `; @4 O' M! q% P 转帖& H6 B7 Q( s/ Z, f
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 z$ }2 B! y$ Y$ L: n. C , i& d% d( f( W6 ]7 c$ h" J例如: ' J) w; ?3 L1 I0 u1 J* @- @+ N ]7 A, ~* c& z3 x- W, e3 u4 C
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). G( M; K1 ^) h, I" ^! r9 h/ R
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 e" s+ J0 h% D1 k! B
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 y5 s$ I! p: X
9 b6 }4 g/ u* s5 J9 Q) b+ dThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 z! J5 Y3 o$ \* @; c; f
0 B: I( r3 U# bI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 F* I# W$ ]; Y: M9 O
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 H0 x& k. u: j3 }( C 7 v; C& o4 V0 ?We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + q. D$ i+ P" e$ B* a9 l0 e5 h: e. |
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! g8 Y5 a" [: v# F# k$ M7 p/ R: F4 u- D! |
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 S6 M& D* y+ _/ q; W6 Z( @$ s3 s" i1 x2 r
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 u2 r4 i4 b/ Z. z% E2 B# y! G- h, Z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 F; F4 f; z# v: h# g
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2 ~1 ^( |, {: U& Z# y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 G2 o+ U5 E' b* c+ U s( b
8 U6 a9 F7 u( E) P o" r例如:% w9 w3 }7 m* e* h: p9 O2 Y/ g
3 r0 W- h- B% t1 _0 gAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - ?' ?9 f, C7 w0 B0 R4 Z L" s* K
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; H: ^. Z4 [ c- U & D2 r: ~, P) k2 r5 v- iI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! B: p8 t0 [, }9 W4 B7 s z; F7 A% b' w b |
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! k& S6 K. q! J+ P ; d+ d0 S3 K: [. g- L+ g2 ^In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 L4 V' u `5 A6 H. T- D" \/ ? 1 |7 Y9 d3 o7 W" P+ R% r2 dShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 ^9 N' c: F& \8 u/ K) ]( e # I# m' D' l- n( }. }2 v* WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" m1 I% U1 n( [7 q u
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) ]0 r% Z# h7 q' T9 D
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); j2 d/ Z- U. J
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 c, G4 r, r) H- f2 |) Z `7 b- _ : h- K! i D$ l9 H' t$ sHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ C* A# ]2 s' l- g$ z
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" B* |9 q! Q1 V5 [% j5 i9 w- _* G
9 A& q1 e% a1 x1 {( ~- b. e3 vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) r4 ]3 b8 h. D6 k 2 m2 n# J5 Y# T1 T/ bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* y# h' c: Q( B6 \: S @6 m
4 n% Y1 {8 c+ j写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 `5 _# @# {: J( M
( I; D/ O( H& @' b4 Y! f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 N* `' f: c! T: g1 {4 ?; L . X6 D# \# E$ C7 K# t . o$ _% ]0 _+ k/ ^0 N" P3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 {2 B5 @8 q) E o" [# |' a4 p5 S/ m ~. S* X9 T
例如: * ^) A& C: W8 u8 A4 r: j* c , y5 p) s' s4 U! A, {* f1 m. R1 fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 U" ?0 D. |# ] 7 m( ~! X4 L8 NManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # e; T' T! o, {. K; P) p0 M; L; e$ \2 [
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 S+ n U9 l5 G! E3 _) X; J
: L6 z1 `0 g9 ?( y7 {' b, u7 SHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)3 K9 O* R0 K0 k' u
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); \ R. ]; b _8 p
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 B% u' |& h- p- N" L2 `8 w
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 O8 O. S z+ V* }
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 U& s% h: Y4 Z7 u# f' u