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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# w; i' O$ J# r' S6 \. X" j
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例如: ; x. S2 @7 G' \/ Q l( P8 N U4 G4 j. o" B4 U# [* V( wMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' D: H3 t/ g$ H* K! S
! a: G# v5 d7 L, ~7 mThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 R. ^$ }, J7 W/ s# d; S% [8 X
% c. _/ f a+ YThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); I( K# m- n' E! f
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 |* [6 S/ f# l( _9 \3 D% ^# `) q9 v8 g
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 f) v, S; S; ?! Z, g3 U) S ) S- g+ M7 U) Q7 Y4 wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ \8 T ^/ F" f# X. L" V+ t
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 Z7 C, u* V: D , {+ q, w! o8 T! I. A; cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 y ~4 Q: E- {! P- E
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 o% a! Z8 ?2 f0 _% I$ ~* c( B
$ O# k6 d- }3 ]6 D6 T% B: c- KPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 s4 ~( E5 v& m6 T5 X
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / P5 S; `! \4 U# b: f( s( l8 X1 _/ W% D+ c0 B0 q
, U7 Y: Z w" R8 [7 E: l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 C9 g9 Z; c# { . k% B$ o- S$ ?/ b3 F7 _" B' `例如:4 d7 \- m, q- R3 Y3 g; ]
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % E+ H" k$ s, v) } y! A ) x2 D$ ^% ?" F0 hDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 o, `) j. I; c. \$ A) R ( H7 ~$ x1 O0 F6 |9 sI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 e* f2 s2 L$ Z9 L: {* ^1 J0 `# x' r/ c& M: R9 ?
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ o/ J6 ~' l1 z+ X6 t, c" K6 o
# l# `% o2 Z3 ~, _! uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 h3 u% R- }! S, ?6 H. @1 Q- ?5 \% W
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): e3 g; `# B- |
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " \( C% F$ x' _: A- s) g, u9 r4 p' Y/ ~5 I: a$ B
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# ?3 ]! q$ H L( j5 b* T
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# ]" D8 l" E. ]6 e
, G4 q& \( V8 AThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / }8 U# Z$ @" Z" N% a( E 6 Y4 z. _) W9 N* \0 PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) L- y* ~8 w. s* x' t! y7 p1 ?3 x ; v" m% L7 _; G7 F2 R9 ^6 ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) B* v# J) ~6 b G5 v/ J3 a O9 d' U( e% ~( {4 PWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * D1 Z) r% v' J1 A0 N, Y" q- M, b$ K! _
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ ^" Y( \# i2 @! f
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 _) Y$ ~" ^' G; }) O4 j9 H* t; f
) F6 k- s- _- X* v) v此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) E: I3 n2 l. h# E$ W, A ) \; q; ]+ n2 n F% v2 \" J, f7 W% \* J/ Y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" J* B: O. T+ G4 U
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ R5 G# f1 ~6 Y0 b# T5 D- [. C
% Q& L' X; S- z5 {! x5 y+ g" `4 XManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 T, S: J3 D9 g8 x/ A+ x
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , `* f9 G" {; `% z* `# P / ]& X; t) J7 p' y' ]: ~He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 j. p) a+ Q6 i% ~0 P7 C% ?4 I6 W
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! g" I% J# @$ ? X+ Z1 _
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) f' \; B; Q, g% G$ N
, t% Z) q( Y0 [; e% aCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 ` g+ a5 U% r- ~7 ^* R
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) d3 {7 C. f2 F/ v" _
/ b' [- J6 `7 s2 Y" R" U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % i( _. m+ @7 ` : K0 E1 N( ~ s6 R8 ]" E; F- \当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # W7 O. e4 O& P" ?+ ~" D . W+ |8 ^% E% Z9 m" d对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ `% k! D4 |% m. Q
u8 M3 k8 s4 }4 E' l1 |, t3 Q/ E对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 M- g7 C0 _: }+ p7 }
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, w4 j9 U" `- R# o
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! t2 O+ s& w& l5 g 8 @9 t0 O, n! A5 E' j至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 g. F g" F* b! z' E
8 S2 y# J$ u9 v- D还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 U( e1 H7 ]2 M7 y7 Y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # h4 Z. N6 k( Z2 W& q9 m" o