本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . L6 k* K6 b. y/ E7 d+ W; U, Z( Y& {( |+ D7 N, V 转帖7 [$ W2 s7 \% [% R
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 s6 ?; u, s( K( h9 M$ i4 N& b! B' R( g* X4 [4 m8 Q8 k* }. c
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 K8 \6 i; }5 \
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ @8 t ?7 K, l: e' q" `8 G2 r
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 |; h: N- j6 O5 k) G3 Q0 h * j3 r8 \5 O, a, r9 {" h/ bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 }, X1 v8 T8 ^ H$ o _: y' c9 D& t4 {
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; P# F/ ~3 w$ }. b8 d( f ; x0 n# g5 k e8 c6 \- f% k' h! {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 x7 z- J, g+ p! j
0 m1 U" g/ t) ^$ v& Y( RWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# v. k( d }4 _9 j. e
# E: j, K6 p9 PThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 k' L& U$ ]; I/ j7 z0 d* q% V' u1 e, j7 c! l1 u# ]' c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 @: h" W1 }/ b8 ~+ Y3 X6 o; v
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 Z$ {( V8 _+ M- L9 J
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" M6 ^# Q1 s5 T+ I/ C
1 t7 i0 W8 g& h. G; H7 v; g, w' c; h4 j |2 q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 L/ F7 m! ^1 ]1 @
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例如: 0 j& S9 @) e+ H ' |# S5 W8 a4 K" m# V* V5 V, J6 MAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( R% o. q3 J2 s3 m( V5 h" \
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 T [$ d: z! }1 ?+ P/ g/ s, d* Z2 Y0 P! d
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 ?, L. E: J1 j+ U, k- k & Y8 O# B. Z* d/ ?9 F) ?3 @He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' u& P1 W+ @8 \4 g# D' V$ q0 Q3 x, |* H; C v* Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & P Y1 G! S, z " M& k! |, Y4 W- tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) B6 g( H; I5 l- H/ q" k/ d; W% l/ T9 L
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' X( u* h, a2 C7 [$ _
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ v9 b2 C( Z& L6 ~% c& R( j
: j, i4 w% l1 |. ?The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- g0 w. u* f' x3 [: N) }
8 ]6 s% r+ g( hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 ]6 j2 k1 E0 Z" v
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) r3 R1 M8 d/ [0 r0 ~* m/ \! b& b* G2 c9 t, v6 E" R
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 D% I6 D1 z7 L. j. l
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 T- ]( R K! J. ~/ i' B
: Z( ?9 O% q- H6 Y* H' k8 qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . V: @6 h; B- y: V. g7 U* O5 _1 A4 w2 H# v3 g3 l% e& @
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 I/ n+ X. R! m8 w3 z5 ^9 y9 d- p & P3 O: F( i/ ?此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) J/ M" b3 W9 y
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& I& @, l% u* U; r5 E
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * r8 S. S9 J* u. a) @: X3 ]) p * Y% @1 h1 h$ ^0 w% J% KThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 |4 V& L# b7 O( \: W
% q" w/ ]+ J5 z! B n( V% eHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( K$ N# c/ R p* D- O; u
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : }5 X- d2 p9 ^( n $ M2 }3 X& l, K/ qPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 Y7 q( B" k- }$ \- c* o: i. N \
! h' H1 i) v+ f6 E7 G& MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + v, T; B8 Q4 x m& o& x V8 Y 8 x" P; `$ v6 p/ V$ QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) y; a" @: ?0 Z ~) l g I6 C# O 4 c- M$ j: q3 |+ u4 v3 d) H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 s* x4 z! ?7 B% |6 J
8 s0 Y7 z# U5 G: ?2 u当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % O. F3 j" i3 P: e* O+ l7 W9 ^; [$ [0 I6 z3 R& ^' I% h' B# X
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 T2 x, u& E( `# q! r0 l8 \- Y, S4 F" ]1 v' S0 l3 h$ l4 W
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ H( N9 g4 w' {* K
- D/ t* l3 P% p7 s1 T. c3 O对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; \ J* ?$ N* Z3 v0 ^7 L/ x3 K( F( d
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: g" _. f; f' e; ^0 h* K y
+ p2 ?- `+ A& U, c6 D2 H/ G: b至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / \- Q3 Y* W* k9 v$ N" z3 m3 z" s6 i1 X # R& f+ E; e9 _* q h$ t/ I9 c2 P还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & _5 w( `1 S/ K- j8 O, c+ Z- M, @9 B
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 `7 u+ x5 H8 K K4 E