本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - r z) U8 D- M0 ]# Y& @ \* i! e1 [9 P2 B) q4 B! ^+ b) C 转帖 : Z! J5 k& O* z, d) E( M3 F1 H$ u1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) y* {7 p+ H7 q " `. {- f. z$ E0 N% q例如: 9 }6 `6 D7 u, m+ @( U( l * Q0 d% Q( T7 {3 `7 zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 W; d1 T- w+ q3 M6 _. @, A7 D3 ]
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . V( _; s7 G- y! r% I! b3 j' e & i. Y0 x6 ?/ W& K/ LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . @# I' D7 [' k% }: v+ L: A5 p' ]# @8 T2 v
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 B3 V' z8 {5 u- D% |8 \( a! p8 F 3 [1 X* N( U+ Z$ F7 L( V: s4 hI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 H- P+ n0 I: |) y: P4 q
( M; j# H O9 X0 eMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 r; N' R1 K9 q( n$ k: r" B' Q( p - R8 `7 T& s0 A) S9 n. KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* ^+ A- L/ e& U) \ w8 k9 t; |* |
) P4 Z+ ~5 e9 x5 _( q! p* f2 Y. t/ U6 oThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 J3 X: r- G K9 E `; B- ~6 N' ^; Y' IWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) A3 N$ u/ L" b3 S$ E
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 W2 X* F+ O. _3 O+ W
2 [! D$ @+ f4 g; u* ]这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 ?" s5 K1 f f0 t' { 7 |" q! r2 _) K1 ?) Z: i6 @ W) b 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % d$ M/ ?/ m, y5 M* v _; D ; X+ |* d) Y( s- e1 a例如:: z0 Y( T. g1 @: J0 P
+ Q" X& {& [0 r n1 xAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) F! R* P; H }7 L
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " D) b8 h2 D6 F0 Y 4 M+ i% p$ K" I1 hI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! k6 }: Q; \' t0 Q- f
/ R, y3 u$ j. b6 g% |+ c& B) o" UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 d' d2 K: F( n' {0 e0 S5 B8 E$ Z
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) }7 K. c& ~) s* V4 ~. Q) k" l# E' N1 i8 d; s; m" u
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ r6 ?( m, S* k6 _5 y$ \
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% ?, ]4 o; J( {' ~
+ A) E* n3 u5 }" z- d1 R+ B# q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: z6 n4 r3 `# X! f6 s9 N2 N. [ ; g8 c: i0 |, E X, }1 t4 Z3 A. HThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" Z3 d$ g- T+ O4 H) K
9 [4 q$ K( G: P l1 ?* e. CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" E/ q1 m- a4 H3 r6 q0 n
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 B. i' ], ^( m/ r: W" U# Y
3 g5 G% ^3 E# {& G: N/ X1 YHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) w% S! m7 `- q+ X. x& ~# d7 I) T$ Z# F; `9 q
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& P8 p1 w' i" j7 y( x4 K
; @# `9 q* G2 O" Q2 mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - y6 \1 A- Q0 d( r8 P; q( U 8 G/ E' W, I0 I! u) l: _写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ M/ F& l* @- i4 ?
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 Y# @- E9 i% _ g7 ^# Q: k u
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 c1 L, e' E* ~/ |! s2 g7 N3 E & {! C; U% b5 @2 b2 P% A, p# ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 m5 C2 \" N. I( |, h- |8 G/ U% Q/ P- p+ ]3 j C K
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' I: n% s& T( G! F7 }) ]( r. N% O
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 A* Z+ K8 E* j7 G/ b
# Z1 }9 E: N, b( D% W: [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 U& E& D Z v/ [ + g( t8 Z0 F$ gPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) @% ~$ f+ @1 ^! }' S7 @% q ! |$ S/ z/ Q3 cCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 s) Y" T9 c9 Y$ Y' u
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % W8 y# y- d; `; p4 l' ~0 L: m: w) Y9 `; X3 @
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; j' v4 v( P) k" e( g9 l0 A Q
5 F2 m) R7 H8 t# a3 g+ J& P* o3 g当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % \7 o% i* f, z. y & |1 {3 W) U5 c- Q0 X. T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. M/ c1 n- q1 h0 t8 T9 N; a4 p
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " I" y* d0 ~4 g4 G t! T; P 6 D j, Q& P! Y! x5 e* L0 P对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! g6 w; |1 _8 K+ i& W9 ^1 ^4 u) i* g6 e# q2 y1 O) D4 v/ f
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ Z! X0 e; g# g( h; ?
4 _! D l$ r5 H( U% o至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. V$ m& R" d2 _2 i( P2 }% }& i
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 T0 i7 h/ c x4 @1 _ 6 M& x: {9 t4 O0 N# \0 ?* v/ b有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 I" G/ x8 `. m