本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 Z; A+ E# f" v! y! d: t+ z$ B9 Q J* e2 u9 V' h8 C3 ]9 V& o 转帖 ! n2 B) t \2 [. ] `& G. `1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * b2 b3 |" N0 Y7 [ 3 B( W4 O5 a2 m例如: 1 y- ?& v* Y3 H + v5 K ^' k0 y- a) xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 k- ~, }" ^2 P* L& \ D
$ K( P- }1 n$ ~
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 l( q9 @7 Q) o, ~, A+ D* y2 D( c. a0 s, o
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : e. N3 q8 `. U- ]; \; w" @8 S- |- P
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " s6 I. C8 ?9 F% o+ I( T, D( y; e, p7 _" W, N6 D
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 {4 k' P6 Q' }+ l0 _' O
+ ?; b3 [* h y# P$ o. LMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 }4 G; E5 u5 ?4 I; \
1 n3 D5 f& Z5 L# y5 A
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! t/ V. [7 z' {0 Z3 Q. H+ \
) O8 W8 O5 x$ g
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" c" @- I) R5 l# Z, M
. s, W( g/ n' F/ v; U
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 S+ H* e$ U: r' i7 C" g) r2 Z& i3 z* e9 C
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# y) ~/ Q" \ Q
" B4 M, u& R" H* q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: j5 l! d8 S$ H/ l; x4 }
$ G) \% h! Z) P6 G6 c E* S7 \! h) }1 J+ x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : u+ y0 ^6 I) H2 Q3 b8 }3 p7 r$ E2 Z+ n3 ^1 Z- D2 Q
例如: " F& a1 W- s" P% \2 s6 w# U- y, p! T& M+ b+ G0 G/ W# W
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 E( L: B1 G7 C9 O4 F I 9 X" o$ ~% N- w* k( d( i6 ?/ mDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ V+ @& j* L7 C3 B ) ~: ~# c3 F) o( jI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 n" ~( L7 Z$ j1 g * P2 L n3 P+ t0 [He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 ~4 E, ?3 k& l) v' J6 W) w9 H
( K& I4 ]& ]2 s3 \$ z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 P3 M0 h: o, ^& H Y! N) z3 b6 K; B) l
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 H! f1 T- Q d3 a9 _4 P% a! b2 C! F, Z5 K; W- G
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . s* l$ O& K: h8 }7 }& Y+ {0 N+ ^- b. o, q( g" b4 ^: D
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 O1 }5 p# g1 u, ]6 ~
* h' A/ B) m4 L( _2 Y
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; Z1 S7 k2 w$ E# q4 z( F+ k5 S. a4 x$ [: l' b1 A
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 j0 z" k1 f; C) J5 N/ M4 h7 ?
. i0 Y D& p$ A* b! q Q- f0 \
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), t1 G" ~5 Z! ]* N% w
9 m% {* ~6 R7 b) E1 X. M% ]
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; ^# }+ [0 j, `% {+ ^6 ?1 d: O; U2 K0 q0 w
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 q4 ^, q8 F! v3 m5 r3 r' D9 k: l; H, ~# E" @
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) n0 A8 S, E1 p: U% R( I6 Q- \ I" L' o
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 [0 F% F. C3 ^) q3 i 7 E$ R+ `1 M" e+ w" a此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 L. O* ?# `! b. c7 j ! a9 q g- j4 j0 d. j# z& {5 X- T A1 S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 E; e* U3 Y3 ~5 X2 X: {, b# m$ o! ~0 ~% `
例如: + y# X% }6 w) E. n; z1 R* W 3 r1 M2 o% K. y) t4 ]4 K' JMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 e6 k- |6 R2 p* y 4 n0 a! d, Q, }' I+ z2 |Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! S B6 N& L0 _; D9 N! K0 Z& F5 O" t5 R3 L8 U- X7 L9 T
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " e; \/ Y! h. z1 h' p& z. S+ R
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 ]* V& F" a+ J# B& m- {8 u U' U Y, T
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + s# c% X5 |0 S* [1 p s# ?. \7 i6 k 6 Z* k) ^+ t h$ y) {, ]Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , S- i' f/ E) d O9 V! l6 g% b3 p5 O- ~' K
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & X( ~; j. n1 l , q6 c+ p! m# j) {& t. sStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 O, U( w# `; k. P9 A$ u& R " H- P$ `6 ]/ O9 F; v* A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" ?; E6 ?* L# ]3 q8 D/ I" {
! y# I2 X z7 x& S o: ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 W) c# ~. i4 d s, i9 z/ V. @! V& d) I# V
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; c, p! n' R5 @- K& J; g , M( a/ P- \" ?6 t/ e( }& f对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % l y( u: G% k% h( r4 y+ N ~/ r: |5 y( c T( h9 Z: q3 O
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 {7 N: t, ]" S: _4 K% {# F6 B1 S" A, |/ q! @& x" `: a
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; `) I4 M3 E- i f
8 z7 _1 F, Q* B2 z" X6 A; j至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 ~7 l) L# |, g- ^2 B9 t ! u% l( m3 Y8 |! U. O; Y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # u* R9 ~0 L7 a; j; ^4 m1 j6 t2 D7 j# @3 Q1 |1 h
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- ]" ?3 k& z4 E8 p- l* N* v