本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 Q5 f- D4 F; V$ Z6 K3 ~% h4 v* B; x
$ E7 P0 G. x: r6 e+ g j4 n 转帖 4 h* q* ?( \* u% J) B: f1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 Q9 _( S, t1 d+ y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & [0 S0 z; r3 W6 j5 M B. @0 f/ A) z7 [- r" mThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 u8 e$ ^+ C+ G/ ]
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 }" D" g1 B0 l* C1 G
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ A0 a5 h* h% Z. b" A# l
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! R- D9 W2 F' ~( b5 v! ~0 A$ v L
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% w0 J2 S; q8 L' K' Z
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) H# a g8 h" E. x3 f& V0 E
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); i% [) _, W# l. n) e5 C( |& c
% G: C4 i1 ` v" V& n7 Q7 V; p" [We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 _/ Z3 j/ a) R# I: t# Z
# J2 G* Q+ l: D d fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 @, L8 u. k B6 L9 i* B Y8 \
6 j: D" m- W3 @1 c+ \& ?这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 R3 O! S; n% v! N: H6 Y/ n 6 D: C# W4 s0 F ! @6 [* E v; B6 Z% Q1 j2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' i- t; `3 R3 @8 w ! V2 V8 K5 F2 }1 |例如: # Z0 l7 _: K! m/ O6 r' s : q0 |5 g! c) G) qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * ~) T2 [) x& U* I! A! h, P: G! c0 ?( p3 O& s
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) V7 @( }/ @/ \; e
, C$ o# q' S3 P0 x0 B& nI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % ^, f0 \2 Z( j, g / V# c, r: R$ m/ ? QHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 O+ k. R7 P6 E6 R1 W4 c% a
S$ R9 C0 p) Q. d! `5 aIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* R1 D; a; K1 J3 V
0 ?" U2 s% r. @8 N) OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % b5 ~, q/ U8 V " j* m& ?9 N" Y- }0 c5 d: k& G. gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - }" x9 a. j( \4 q6 g8 `# I6 j7 p: \+ E# L3 N, p
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! c# h2 g, P5 s" c1 y: @" ]" C/ y( N8 m1 B( p, z( `) ]7 F1 t
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 U+ G+ z* M9 S( D C9 L( P : d: L1 I" e& W0 K& w) S+ l! hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & _9 L# R) `- V9 H6 q 1 u0 _- z/ j# C' Z+ H- z; iHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 2 y3 e f" u6 d3 r; t ! Y, r% d% c4 ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) U) x. t& D7 W+ k2 q5 E! f6 k) [
9 v! ~3 t% ]. R* }" zWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; J X H/ p, \1 Q; a$ a % [9 L/ [8 K! w' m/ y, X* ?, wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) M* x1 H0 x: N1 } k* o9 h+ d; e 5 r& V7 g& g9 |! h2 `5 j写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! N% ^) I, |6 ?6 D0 e) O
9 G! h6 q* g8 G$ b! ?& g此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 S9 ^: d8 U2 d6 ?+ F; o ' `0 I, Q5 ^% M# Z ' x+ Q: r+ X2 u; Y: S8 F% @' E3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , H8 h& G9 a# i! f3 j9 O- B4 F2 J; b7 u6 l7 i+ H! _# ]
例如:5 e" r. K" L$ O
7 G; S# D8 D4 q) h5 yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : a0 n- [4 Z' h* G% z& x2 m3 P& K# c. b0 H9 U1 t, s4 R
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & ~3 [# N) |, y1 U0 g; p" s a # \9 C7 z' E, e0 W) O# W1 }9 tThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + f; E8 J8 w! _/ ^2 K+ ?6 v& z5 U, K3 X" @' R
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) p- a3 I/ Y) `
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) K" k; G k( o, D; r
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) [- j$ @3 t* y% W: Y
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" G/ d4 c& a A! t
+ i0 w% o# A) CStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), E* f5 C0 Z: Y$ N0 M
q* a, R1 t+ N. a$ l2 f同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% j% i7 O4 N& h: a, g) m l
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. [1 v- f# i7 t9 a" a) r5 c4 A
% l$ x y. m/ f6 v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" G: T7 d) z1 U6 M' D* ~
: m6 E9 J: j* J+ F* f' b5 G& z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / h1 Y, ^8 i* X) e- @# [ 2 j: j u8 R8 p) @9 v& p对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 d5 m) c! h3 x6 N3 w
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 e1 Z1 h# l8 P/ [) G/ e; C$ W7 c3 l& @1 S: @6 i
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' m3 }# j/ Y0 P( M* k8 A: G ( v, V* M6 Z9 H% H8 p$ M- a1 H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; g$ P+ v1 A! q6 C
( u- |+ b3 v. ~$ F+ V2 q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 z% P, \8 g* M% l$ t7 [" R3 v: m