本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 F2 ^0 C: L; D' r3 s* Y
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* Y, V: L' ?. {* v4 R& i, V
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例如: # T- M$ ] S( S5 [1 k 0 C# K! B& s6 Q1 sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * S4 g" Z# Z8 Y% s! ^# O2 H! r0 r1 ^; D9 W$ q3 K* {8 w) n% Y. G
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 n7 n* [9 b; j5 J3 X6 q/ x" I# n9 O
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : [8 P ?2 i% p3 P& a2 `* I 7 ?* ?* G- ~ D" Q. NThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% U) A: A) Y3 K$ I
$ ]: p) }0 x' D% q6 _ I: u/ x% RI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 V3 _6 x3 f5 `5 _& j3 G7 |3 _! j- R" d7 |
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 B* K( x- C5 C3 U9 A6 z ) o( ?6 D J8 JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 S! p/ U' Y5 K4 F6 ]! ^. }8 E5 L H& ~# ^
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 0 v+ r$ n0 A; F8 z6 W: A6 M/ B( q7 _5 |7 ^/ N
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 O+ _( E: Q a* v' t; Q, U$ b4 ?* _3 J. y- v/ u7 b8 D( {* B2 U
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) m- e; Q6 {# a+ M% d7 ~$ k& [8 ^
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( w5 K7 P( I" W6 @& V; @* B6 f( [3 {+ d( g p7 z$ b- R% P. a
/ M! E. e8 r: H) l& h0 i& f2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / p7 E( w! k& i7 {7 u7 w6 L- ~) u$ `3 I2 z
例如:( ^$ J6 Y# P& i: F# @5 _+ M% S
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); V+ B$ S1 v# ^, `
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 b. m5 @0 e& o) s8 Y
" Z8 f$ `: U2 W1 Q) e9 eI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' q2 `( ?, X1 q8 y& p- I% W u
* ^5 h1 q% Q9 A/ Z: O7 n) D1 jHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 O# X$ q% }1 U: _6 G$ x
4 E, s0 l1 f) Y2 U, _6 bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), o5 `' W0 j2 \$ [) f
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) v h' }, Q7 c 3 ]$ Y- k7 P5 v1 D- X' iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( `4 k& ?5 m+ i0 R/ r 6 P3 C7 j0 Y. q$ F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # c* ]/ j% k: {5 T% P$ K* B- g5 e* z! v4 X5 I9 y. l$ k8 x$ }- H
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); r* F- x$ ~" Q& P: m
# Y, L; N/ D; L4 ?9 fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' y# C( y8 e- Y- x1 O ' a- T; V6 X- ^He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): C3 Q9 {/ J8 c/ q
, U; F4 Z1 _% t& DHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) A7 K9 ?; e6 b' T. O: f5 R. B1 n3 O' D3 ^1 N4 r
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + `( K: Y; Y- n( C 7 e9 y; g7 S" I5 pEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 p& H& R: F* `+ y J
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 ~) d$ ^* B; t2 W4 m; T: D # @9 m: k* _6 U+ z: B此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. ~3 ^. z6 e" w. ~* ~, G
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& H9 @0 l( y+ Z# ]2 M- n3 | 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 H2 z6 ~/ |: O: a) }! \4 R + `& W2 c( g+ F+ L8 W8 O: b例如: e+ h( d. \8 k* X; q + g l* j& g1 o5 B7 P9 |9 pMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 R5 t$ E" t# G8 D* \2 V$ b1 h: R3 L; } C6 _9 q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! d d! w7 E& P7 o% ^. p4 c' h9 S& m: t; x3 Z
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* |9 F5 ~1 z! i- e" p8 f
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& v+ g- ^/ g; A
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 C+ [. E% `! o" _* d7 y2 s, X
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ X- J) C, t5 m- {2 C" e/ e' `" I: _3 [+ y! ] j& Z0 B+ M1 V$ S
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # e- |# h* r3 h: p+ g- f F: m# w0 T $ s0 a4 j- l/ `* `* ^# Y xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 g6 ^9 G0 t& z I) Q# c * v) d J6 U. B7 a: b同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 m' @# @* F Z+ J/ r( s2 M
2 @4 c8 n0 t$ o7 Q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! y' |7 d) Z: R# t' m ! k& T+ `& i0 ?' p1 v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 B$ A' C" n7 T- O
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 A% l: H* s* f7 ~) f: ~( H9 Q0 u. S5 D& Q3 H+ j" `% j b, h- j/ y' ]
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 a' A! r% ?4 h: O9 A# W" u e& Z" X* l
6 j+ _% A' o! n# S对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; h5 W d/ t. N. O/ K( V- e9 S
! i% g' f. X! G7 _- q+ @至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 Y+ u: N6 N. p& u
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ) p) L9 ~$ r e0 z' ^# Q) g, a- Z R7 j2 o% ], {7 a" k) m8 k. e/ o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 E a4 @% f2 n0 i