) E" p, z& } I- s7 AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 \& W4 L: n R9 d) o, O& ?$ O5 s8 Y8 h8 L4 ?' K, B$ l
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - S. r5 j' D" Y a( D: B/ p- T' ^9 {( s7 D( nThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 p& _% G$ Q1 U0 P8 k8 `: | - h) p3 U/ F# H' ]( O% y" G8 K/ M0 VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 l4 H* [' V8 J/ R
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 t8 W7 e0 c! Y: F' r1 g3 b4 k8 J
3 C, }! e3 Z( C' ]% HMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ F [! e6 l% }0 g. {! @/ F
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 Q+ A* U* M# Q4 L, G/ ~ / O/ x" d/ W( G& i* }The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 B7 h! t: o. u; }' Y. \9 I: K
+ F0 G2 L5 B3 C' D1 n% ?% {6 pWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ r8 `+ z( k; c7 R
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" a5 L7 i* P# z0 J5 y3 S) @! l* n
4 D7 Y/ d# d+ Y) l+ F这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' N: u% _) ~# N! J- U* r* p3 `6 C- n, E1 Z9 e8 K6 m8 ?
2 z) f& M: U2 l 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 ?0 j' h* J( ^
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例如: : q$ O* ]* `) [( a2 t2 C" X* {& E. c; F# X6 u
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 Y# c: Z R2 ~8 P; I; n$ h4 n8 g5 U% L; g5 W( d2 p3 Q; C, `
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ ?4 t& a9 V7 Q" ~
3 i7 ?- v9 U- ^; \1 ~. NI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * E0 s6 c8 h% e- J9 F/ L9 V # z* W$ n3 c* f6 `# }+ l- {& {He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' [5 X/ V& s4 X% ^
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& \3 P6 O+ M2 |
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 ?7 D+ `4 {# c+ H' H
' P0 p8 U5 I$ L$ S3 W6 i: oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 i8 v$ L7 ~) @* c* Z. ]+ b
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 h3 S6 D6 G j0 U$ ?/ j) |" S) L* ?9 C# L2 \ Z; w. q
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + R: J$ G5 l3 f3 o& p; M$ o) G1 B. w1 M
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* ^: d+ D. {: G' a9 @3 v
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 u8 u$ G, E" ^# a k ?
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- T. {: h5 A7 [& o$ s" e
5 R) Q. R( t" `' m. tWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 a1 Z0 J' i# n6 Y
5 X! w* T% E7 [- K+ L3 h# l7 X% U' {" sEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 j7 q/ r/ y/ P7 K4 w
' d" p' a+ J! |) X& H% W* t- [- V6 @写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . [6 b3 t% @7 {4 G8 S) y, v; c6 D U9 `) p' b6 j
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % D# B( z" T) z6 u9 \; F1 Z# x+ P6 {* s
& j0 V, F6 {) U2 q* q( @/ v3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) Q1 y5 p& c* ~% @9 Q * `5 w9 F5 y- A$ W+ y4 n' Q例如:1 D6 l+ r; K6 d W0 s9 Y
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 Y: t! }! O9 g
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' q" Y6 H4 }6 |
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) U c8 a, F+ s$ J5 M # N# V. f, P* b/ o( eHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) E4 H. r7 m q# E& o, [$ _& s. t& w7 l2 l# ]& [0 `# \6 g& M7 ~
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). z3 C, r( F' e) b3 \& R3 Y9 |* ]8 Y$ Z
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% {! H5 Z6 R2 t0 @4 T* ~
: Z6 {% _7 }+ wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' D$ S F$ I/ }. k+ A' N# c( `0 k) P6 w/ z
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - ^& |- U2 G7 |. t + F% d( _' o+ ]* T0 y& i9 A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 c/ t5 K% ]5 Z/ y
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' J, l4 Z7 i5 e i |4 h' d$ _
, k2 r( F. N/ q; L7 C7 B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 \( `6 Z8 x2 j7 M1 f0 A1 S. d6 ^2 b7 n! G$ L# w- ?! T
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 e0 R; g; n3 o1 p. X! u$ R1 x u; l! H9 u O1 F2 {对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ A% o; R' x3 ~# ^' @
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) Y7 \8 R2 y& f% F# G& k" \. S
G( S) z2 y1 @1 _2 r( [# \至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: t) G% o7 B7 K. w9 B" U- D. {: M6 E; q) x
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( I3 L: c l D$ T+ h4 s% f" [& x
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) e& ~) N c; p; w9 i, f