本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' S; n! p. S; A
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ W3 ]. l0 t" c) F
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: @' s0 ?& J- l+ t+ J1 X2 |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( [ \. R+ y( A% W6 g K
" z& b* a; s7 E6 eThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& G( g/ f1 @5 m7 i
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* |, h- B9 [6 ?' q
' U- G( j' a: P+ b5 [) tThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 A( d0 d. S" z6 w
! z7 P. g" h3 f% r4 L6 DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' ?5 K' b: r8 K+ C
8 u5 N+ a2 L1 ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( Z u: B3 u5 b, A. Q# Y
7 H9 q) C' `+ p' O( d _We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ H- A6 w# b4 ]5 c( H3 G & u* H8 y6 e; f, K& C% ZThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # Z" c# ]( E- k) q/ D$ |( g3 j2 x, {; \( \0 Q U+ L1 B7 `
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 R# a( P- |; y9 @% L# b% y& g1 y $ z* B/ N# y& J- n+ Z d- X3 dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & q; w" `5 ?, E6 B8 k, H & t% ^8 T, F( i& R这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; g% X: ^) n' j, R$ H4 }( P
- `' b2 `& T3 W t' i! L; p9 M1 i2 F; V/ ~1 v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * E1 [0 A+ B3 {6 y3 C# j- t# K& D9 m3 ]+ X; ^. `
例如:5 r) v: s# w0 f
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), i1 z. a5 G: X/ c) K
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 b9 v! c: u' C- O7 e' q3 b: a' e
% \8 T6 D' Y8 N; X) [% x& b' l1 \I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , G0 e1 v7 v( Q6 e. _6 t3 J" g: i" {! i* s0 ]% I7 i
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( P4 ^4 s2 D8 U* V1 |) \2 `* ?1 W* A k9 c0 k, K
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ T& r3 Y E% n* \
6 U/ r4 a4 O% r% `* y; F! Q! _" kShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% U2 k/ j% A' c7 U0 M# r
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& \' ^7 x- O! C8 b5 z
- L# Z0 {1 c) }; h如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 _6 q- D* j& t! k5 i3 @3 X
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 U* v( o8 c! g& }8 k: c1 X
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; Y! \! w P: I4 c) x. o " D1 I# R" @0 d z0 [; A6 m. y' SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # m8 K5 ?$ @, p ! U& U' X7 l' I/ M' zHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 O: ~% Q2 p$ o# G) h) h% N
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) M3 a- e! k) x7 ?6 n, q+ F& c8 q/ C4 ?- k+ B: o
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ A! U9 d- s# _3 \6 N- @
2 h; U' E; O F' h! I" ?写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# F/ g0 b5 N) n1 L
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: ~2 s! X* ~$ R" M7 s
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; G: d' E+ Z1 T) F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 u( ~, v; r; Y2 f
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& L" c. m: E5 L# Q( `, ?) |. [/ }8 DMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) i2 K0 [: F B( i& G
( X: U- o% G% j8 ` jManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 u1 g: n, t- r$ J9 } + [6 w( R+ ~! {This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ d: C$ e4 b6 ?- p. E6 c2 n Y
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' w- n: E5 b/ i$ Y7 X " p' o `' W9 gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 K/ E3 w! z' k, a l9 o3 Y: T# ?
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " ]# n! G$ C. t$ t7 U ! @9 C. @! G5 l' h$ g9 MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ A" H" T8 k+ F }( f$ R/ p
6 \+ `* l4 S' V! t* X0 s4 AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ I! X, D) x+ r# N& o6 `1 _
- M& H0 ]/ B/ E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 U$ [5 R, R$ I$ ^
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 C3 A" |1 a* M1 q+ R+ a
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 J6 E1 x' \& U6 S+ ^' K D. r3 R$ U+ c8 m. T) i W
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 5 q1 u; `0 N" P+ i6 _- O$ `0 f0 q3 {7 N# N" c/ U
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; W! F( M0 R7 |# Q' M