本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 q: G, [! p+ K5 W7 n
8 H' M# P" K+ `; [ A7 x+ n5 E5 F转帖7 L3 l H3 d9 r
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ f: k* E' Y9 b 3 k" n5 w5 {) `! O例如:* [9 P! f9 y5 L/ ?" e& q; B& d( F: ]: P
; E X: c: s, G1 m0 A
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) I/ ^; J4 E3 D2 Q5 H : a1 N: L3 R9 A, k" J: X4 }Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : Q0 }0 Q1 v+ l* ^8 d. B3 i7 p" u7 S- Q$ o; j- r
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 L6 V J$ B9 C# |4 N6 Z! V3 g$ W6 m5 M j
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( `* n# p! @0 ~$ C( K3 v8 j- G- u
0 \% R8 l& b8 a- Y
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 E/ p3 Z: }- i2 y, `# Y 9 y$ ~# d9 @( p1 I" sMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 N; b8 W6 Z. i M. W' B% u' I8 O
: r1 E H" i" \. p/ Q& |1 b
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 F) ^. y3 u; u' @% U C3 A5 e; _# Q( y& [. ~- R
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ X1 i3 P) \3 b3 b* Y! y5 K1 b , ]6 H* I# i6 L- @# t% jWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : M7 }2 ^/ J/ F0 k8 V6 q& U 9 |8 ?1 g( d, W' y! z% _7 E- hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 d% L# `4 ~/ B; N7 `3 D* W( X5 t/ o
4 G. g/ L# M; T# ^ U
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 x9 j( I8 W. O1 K) E4 S8 m# |" V / b/ _, e2 I, W8 e4 _ " O4 h% ?5 g; s7 e0 u. Q6 X: u2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. G6 }( h: ^4 }# \
# Z8 [ [0 a* ~/ `1 R# ~2 V
例如: ! z5 q5 a; G `# e+ `+ i 8 q/ Z/ D( s& b* X. E* D( p, XAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 A/ k0 H; t+ T7 Z
/ _' _7 k$ ?" q. b0 Q% R# q# n- U* }
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) o/ ?% p7 U0 l# e! n
. c7 n" M6 K" c# w4 A& C; QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - K2 D' {+ u2 g. V' Q5 s 0 y8 O0 Y( S# ~9 x- Q, }He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 l" J& L, z' M- I/ d ^! \( K! |+ X+ x( s
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) E z; o4 ?9 K8 A+ a; N6 M
! q V( {7 a0 F# G, Z. n
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + r5 j9 V, R9 J& A) ? ) g8 N& t3 m+ Z1 BI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + m3 _. C0 {" v% n( z, t3 Q" ~5 C; A% Y4 x6 k* H6 N# Y6 H
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 A( h8 g3 {- N5 g5 S3 f
& N; |8 W# s, d. R" {The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 I0 w; P6 _& H5 r. d* |$ p
; u# s1 H+ Z* k8 B+ M, P9 B
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : G" T2 z* H7 d8 L3 ^6 B7 F" [; ~7 T: s. W& f. K. I2 l* ~
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): l" ^$ V7 n9 X( V5 c: \
* S: L7 f/ l' L
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 f5 q' [9 A* Y+ p+ r& f
. D/ k' `' q7 E$ d* w( I* I
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* ?; Z0 _$ O. k5 v" y6 A2 L9 ?
! k0 t% k3 b+ s8 B& a
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , I5 j9 @& M; z$ f; D ( y$ g% C2 Q0 ~* P8 I [写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " m8 p$ q$ B8 U8 N% M9 Q* e3 U2 X) p. q) i' B( z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . m0 W$ @% a" M$ H3 a- }# G, K* S3 [/ e* U: ^
6 F, Y. \: x* ^, \. W 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : k; B4 [# t' S; ~/ T. ` 4 b: X" o" G7 c. @* v1 j例如: 3 g0 v1 |4 F8 K4 [6 z6 O: \- K# F% F1 d1 Z* l
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * P9 T! P( H. \% c6 |9 p5 P: @, o
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 d. j1 N# }6 i2 n
; V, d8 Q A3 x2 H* V* pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 u* D% Y8 s9 F7 q" m& t0 W$ M0 F! n3 ~% U( M% p
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 D5 t- R3 V$ Q* j ' V% ?( r/ b0 j7 {1 uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( F* u5 {2 U1 ?. v; E; e0 F4 Z& y2 S
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ U9 K9 V8 E; ^* D x9 U$ u9 q' v: n5 R
; \ A' e6 [8 A9 m8 h* i* ~Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 J$ i9 m5 d# ]+ O$ x D
1 u# }% |" W- M$ A# J5 N1 TStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - s3 f4 M3 Q: k7 a4 B( p - S. Q$ ?* ]9 J. {/ w: U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + ^6 ~ R6 @, @* H, l ' r+ b/ w% [# ? ^当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & r( |% X6 X: d3 J& d. x 0 p' c) r% o( R& c$ Y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( r# }6 l# ^- T4 @. q) L k$ F) L, L) i; C7 c3 k, _6 Q) A
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( c# |" y9 R$ R9 \/ A# n- A2 a( _: B/ x. s9 T* ?, w/ k" Y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. z6 g2 l2 E( N B4 H. K
5 Z5 [( M) u4 p. W) U; v
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ N" S* r2 ]! l/ d
. \: C J% e/ M还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 V" v5 K0 C8 H! O( s% ?( B' R T+ E' ?0 C$ J6 h3 F
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; U6 d1 Z" X& J. P, T