本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ v; S# e% B6 `2 s1 o
+ ?1 Z s8 Z b0 N. y# @0 o) E转帖8 x, y; v2 K Y7 V' t
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) \ y4 p9 A% b9 \ D% c / ?9 L5 W- }0 k2 I4 f例如: 6 R* s" ?+ t- w- x0 ]3 I6 ~ . a' u. D+ U/ u: E: N5 {& ^) B+ D: h3 KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 U! A3 ]9 I( V# R2 W9 `" }3 O' F
% P& e$ ^$ N1 c" E" E B
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - X7 I4 v% ~: u, d% M & s3 g2 y/ s/ b2 f$ l1 I. HThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 l/ a3 n: h& y2 w( l 0 A7 ]. F# ?1 v5 [% p0 I1 v& zThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( V1 y# i- L5 A2 y! s+ w 0 a- }! f5 M& H) W4 C1 q( tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - t: a" h& N$ }9 n/ Y& Q j9 a2 V$ W5 H2 HMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " `4 R9 s# C& Y5 m $ p a) j9 }1 ^3 p: g. Z2 E3 Z, gWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 ^$ P& ^: P' w2 k. V' F* m/ P" V6 |* }9 |( P( J, x4 j5 h+ ~
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) s3 U2 e) z. \1 {$ F/ e
, `8 @# Y5 y- r" W( |, ^4 z- |
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( P7 N' \6 i4 f6 _
9 N: `2 a# [* I# j ~) ~ G! x% \
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* }; w B5 \5 ?: ~% g1 W1 @4 {% x" P
; [9 ]8 l# e2 D p2 Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( W% \% r( t. Z/ i0 k & P2 w* O) q, C% E - J9 n% U3 E- x) t! O. a2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 V% R9 N# K0 v" R4 c4 g / }- r" H5 @& |: L; W: n例如:' o/ {' o1 \! V1 h0 H* D1 X
5 i; E* {) @! I. Z5 k& o" \At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : @0 v" ]& N9 d1 }4 } - \6 [& V) V, p, cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 w; U! V6 E# M* M- Q 4 U/ T6 A" @% W, o2 q; a$ bI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 `2 v: r- J w
& F4 J5 z8 e: y1 T, E( l/ pHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ y" ~/ a/ w# W: u0 b9 W% [! B5 g" x
% l& g2 G; K; D
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 X( K1 }5 _/ I, _ v" _6 e
8 E8 }0 M) J: A5 Q; z2 T: \She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' E) ~1 T6 N# \* S
6 H4 H6 [! C& NI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & ] H( C. [: @ ; y6 C o7 M, Q' q+ B! @如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 n1 d5 t0 b' t& e7 R5 r% M% r , X# a* L5 Q i; M) D3 ^- zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 |& }/ g2 H- s- q7 v7 }0 r: R7 w4 K. a& Z9 ]) K3 |' d8 v
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( _) y; R* Z8 C1 k3 Q/ e( o+ T) y$ b- [
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 k) f$ d1 n: I& x. G) ^( x' ]/ `
% s9 b) U2 W5 O1 C! _/ q0 U: }
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# e b$ }' i1 Z: C' L9 y
/ T8 ~& y% Y `% {/ R. w+ D
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' I2 a% t( q1 X; S! p: K 4 x- k( |! r5 ?) V: F% n) z! K9 b" hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 u! |% ~ X5 t$ p
( r/ l. q$ S1 _
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" J; P0 e6 l* Z( X2 |: M0 c
, M+ R8 [4 q& {
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 L; o$ @$ m* R9 }
$ p) j# ^. d* ?5 G! R& j5 n- c, p C: w- f( y; m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 {8 G, v( X/ Z2 C& a2 J$ x+ s. E+ U# F+ N D' Q2 f4 J) D2 c
例如: % b. f* i+ Z% d7 g2 G& p9 `0 V ; O& [6 M0 o* m4 O# o2 `- l8 [3 _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 |/ c1 i3 ?1 B0 S' B( X+ G R* x# P% p5 y( v
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! q8 F# C, P3 E: `/ O, R7 x
0 Y* g" H. K. Y- t& r! W
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + W: G" W9 q2 d% H3 g* n% H2 B: J5 B$ e, j+ E- b
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! g. X1 Z, o2 U0 O3 n8 ?3 s6 E+ m
; M- h4 O* F# l" u! K- w
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - t5 w3 ?/ C" e9 L/ J5 ~) @! k# M% ~8 h* Y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , A e5 @( l# w/ J. U+ a& ~; B" m/ K3 S% Q! ~8 M
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + h! B+ b6 D1 R+ R+ T* R! _ # H. E, j! j: l9 n4 k+ bStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / B# V5 y! w0 |& v 7 r. p- h* w/ Q# S# ^$ t同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + K3 R% |" T9 R3 G1 M' |% B+ v1 l) v! y. ^
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! B4 a6 Z; E2 R+ Y; P , i' d& P1 f8 r. O0 ]( f对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ p. I" C% L& ^( ]2 T* s: ?% B 9 P5 a+ I0 F: K对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" ]6 R; f4 m# ~
% J6 c* u" V4 J" ?; U; h
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' ?; o4 U5 R* N6 S 4 M3 D5 C/ C1 S+ K" S4 \对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;5 u+ A0 m& x$ |% c z
. N. D. I' \0 O0 j
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 k5 n( h8 l. B" e* h) W8 g' f& Y( ^; B
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! Z1 }' A, d. J* F& X$ c. f$ h' L
5 e3 j; t! t4 e" x- \4 \# n有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) B" Z0 {; p. T5 D8 T5 q