本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / O# w2 `: x0 l. a& {% y3 f& y ) a% a8 \0 Y% ?" Z/ e% G, k5 E转帖 / d2 w) }% d0 k/ {4 E; ? c1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 w7 R5 |6 _' E/ B
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例如: - R& Q. n6 w7 Q- i4 w, J0 k: l# p) r6 I+ N3 w* X C j4 C
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ W4 `( G0 Z# ?2 [
/ b0 U2 H2 ~% kThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + s' b1 {' H2 r6 r6 Y; g+ M* f0 S& r5 B/ M$ I$ \! P
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # E9 I" v" t5 q% e6 R* r- k: n3 A 3 b* j4 Z/ } a* a$ h; n5 k; yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # B9 M5 H1 _4 w* F0 c 7 F0 v$ B/ J2 W/ a$ CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) `! \# n5 K4 Q, k
3 O* m+ k M6 d Z2 S/ o6 `* KMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' W- P% s6 Y; c7 {. A$ C$ o) M + v. s2 K) C& X, }" qWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; C: v" R' O2 o7 k0 r: T( O5 F/ L1 Q. O; g% d, @" J: m* D" `
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" g/ q; B6 Y! R7 z- B0 m
0 `9 W/ J2 X. {* O0 @We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 p+ J. j* Y5 o( e I9 X
; M* _1 Q5 [2 v6 ]% lPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) q; V& Q7 B( s' J$ d' j
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; J. Y) Z1 Y8 p2 {, V( u
- G- z( E5 Y- K, j# e( l/ s7 l% e" P0 p L9 S! M4 ?0 e$ Q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * _4 }! Q" l" n0 `9 a ; A; d5 X8 m3 [3 ^1 [例如: ; Y0 S9 Z: M4 \5 ^+ K2 ` & g, ?& F- J2 v8 R5 x6 E9 H3 U, {0 GAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # r" Q4 K) g. L9 ]: {5 J# V! I# [5 z; L/ B9 x& y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 |& M0 X% w& y- [) Z5 Q
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 J! v/ B% A' l+ x) R/ X( G" F" Y' k) ~4 A) G
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); o" C/ U9 _- [$ \3 l, U# }
( x* A$ Q" L4 x% U9 mIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* R1 e5 h" x2 \9 F ]3 e6 O
% _0 w- Q: _) G1 GShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ X7 Z- k, I8 q1 h
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 r j: X6 O1 j
8 [& ?3 x# c, f4 r0 i! ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 i. }: h$ F% b: E- b9 z% W
, E4 v( ^& V: ?$ ]The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . L5 f* o- r/ } }0 f! W3 `; b j( a& Q& R
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 \ ^1 B4 \. a* C3 x) R4 N
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 E$ W* C; ^/ W, `: r$ e
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 ?7 K g/ d: m4 u. t
! u! b" N8 n, ^9 j& bWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " I+ s0 c5 B0 y2 `8 M+ t& p# K8 i + ]! c4 r/ R' L3 D4 l/ \3 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 R+ E2 Y$ j N" `8 J$ l; e+ A
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( {+ s% @+ L+ Z8 {0 d
4 W. r) W; y0 U2 d此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + l* z$ d- _1 y: e: g: r % N& k/ D6 D, t, Q! }8 I1 G& N( E& E3 A& u4 d# q# { 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: I: @3 A; M+ a) c9 S
/ X6 F7 a) A0 x例如: 8 l! O, ~9 C/ l/ Y$ U( [ M6 s2 N& Q- ~% I" u0 e; a3 ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 S' @5 ]# k/ Q n
$ f1 L3 t* g4 u3 YManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 O7 d/ s* o6 f
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- S! d$ R/ u9 @ B
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * `+ r4 o' Y: j$ T" c( X, b3 G. j. R. Z
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 e) ?7 r& n" y, x$ v3 M( ?5 M* B! O1 l% u9 z; q' y8 _" O
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . z) ^/ t% h; {7 i4 A1 }: L, Z7 q/ ]0 ]* T$ v
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 Y9 p/ E. x$ N. r3 F2 a& m+ y/ s, R5 a# b$ r6 ?6 y( C
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) g4 L/ ^2 ^% u! w% O
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, W: p, X) I0 G7 j+ y/ X
$ d4 o0 }" I+ v当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' R. E# m a0 z3 r: m# c
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; r# Q3 K: h$ N: j6 y4 x: N8 C6 ^ ' o: S1 q( {+ v对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& v H8 A1 [7 t2 A- i2 l9 L: \
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 R P6 I! d2 P2 Z5 z # i( k/ C4 \. Y2 Z! B2 g$ k对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;5 L" [$ f% r; k
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: }/ l: l# a; r/ U7 Z& F/ R6 U+ M& d
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 Q6 F7 a& E# Y( Z7 t
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 v6 ?- x5 A2 L9 `& e$ ~