本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . Q) |6 Y5 c6 y- c# e' u$ M
% F; y6 Y: X! s5 ]; [ 转帖 - ?/ \* a+ _9 ?2 c+ T1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , O3 G% Z7 ]4 `! z1 b z! g( }( w# I" t4 k( ]例如: 0 u8 L- G+ f( g $ _+ a* Y- v( AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - v. i" e4 v# }" i$ B5 q: R5 ?. m# e* J: s
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % _& W6 L! g. m* O9 i( ? $ O Y" g2 [$ p) n3 G3 N: tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) \ N7 n6 k* r+ d0 w6 u3 E" X7 d& O
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 s8 F1 c9 T& \7 ?0 e+ y( D5 ~. t; r u5 Z; \' A7 N9 @" }& e
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + B% J6 G5 q& d. H" n2 Y0 v4 p# f& W4 I) ?8 q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 P0 y5 {& _4 a/ Z8 `
& U$ M1 g: P& _: N6 JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - v% c* E: e4 X( j% |& @, V2 o3 L8 C* A. X
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " Q" D4 X2 ?0 K* N: i; w0 Z* d+ I" @; g0 R7 V; r
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 z% U; `$ \! K( a
! E: R! f: [ FPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 Q+ @- u$ I" n0 e/ Y: T+ @& _
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 G8 B; I) w( J6 ]* T
0 c0 w7 \% T( n' w/ H& p" S 7 s2 \/ f; c' s8 ?2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 @ n) ^8 N3 n 1 l' N/ n: n3 [, }! R5 S3 ~例如: 6 }8 \+ W3 D+ `, a - r2 D" z( d+ x7 RAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) _$ K4 C! O' K% W: `
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( U$ x- X$ r* z+ ]: q: i( ~4 e! ^9 h' M! o% x1 H
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 }, }2 Z8 _( Z u; N3 i
$ g6 A1 P0 C! C( cHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + k5 i M; g7 ^% f5 F& ` p4 W6 C' B8 I; {# [/ t+ o
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 \2 P) ^2 w) F* D$ Q s: g0 m1 u
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , U$ L) ]5 t+ p6 i( k M( Y1 ? y: _& F8 d+ D/ T
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 J% f0 v' _4 r2 u' l$ a! d1 _2 r; J+ r
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . ?: V' `3 E0 U3 B9 S$ O, n: X c) }! o# `( I) ]
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( p2 m) T5 e9 z# x% W& T1 A$ l6 M0 C# m
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# P9 H. d0 V* i' c G. V* s* B
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 U# K$ l, O. {) h2 | j5 P, z 1 q4 H8 \4 h$ c- G' OHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 d3 a, V* E8 o" O) |; n
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ t+ g/ w, W0 }' W& z0 ]; D
+ i% L' F' c9 U* w8 k5 c; ^Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) m8 M" z, j# @! Q/ M& M- I4 ` 1 E7 j+ _3 o" G M写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* E& {; ~ G' u* T+ @; } I
" n; l" i+ B2 z8 C4 L- y a7 f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" R$ X6 x( i! R7 k; T
& n ~6 `1 E7 ?! w5 C/ s O! L! g ! J* i _. S7 Y' H3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , X) W9 V; o$ J* o0 }& z" _6 N
例如: 6 n2 q% `! y; h: q8 H% l8 |% B & ]% O0 S: L6 {' ]* @7 ]Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 |! B3 L' r9 T P# K' I% C: s) b: A8 M, }
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" L# D2 n- S* J; q5 N2 Q$ d) n
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - j6 g& b& s( b0 ~) I" T+ |. z" i( G8 j
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 Z8 E0 l3 W5 t- ^& j9 M
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " @9 b5 Q7 u! b$ P/ r% z( `+ a2 [: u
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 `7 Y% y# a4 F3 l0 C7 u1 |8 I( {- M0 d5 a& \
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 h& F. k B6 G+ i7 \! O' e& D6 X5 a3 _
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); k9 R3 g3 w6 U5 P0 l
" _% P z0 I5 O! \. S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , w0 K# P) O/ d5 ]# L% |2 A 8 X8 `5 g7 S% @7 @7 y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 6 L$ n) b% ]' {9 j: I/ P# p6 Y& C* C" ]6 x" E, Q; C( V% k
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; A) m* ]8 I- C) B7 |! ^6 ~; l0 s8 M
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 C" K( D1 a& I( B ' s' b& y8 ]/ P6 [对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , B( n5 U0 l! T& S: m8 h# m6 `& @! S7 W
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ ?& Y) x0 S: `8 D% h" C6 j m. g; L3 `* X+ J5 N
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 s3 O* @( A& Q$ m Q+ @* v- D* u- Q2 i: a8 o+ ?; T# p2 |1 M7 a4 C
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ) d$ T9 m9 M$ R; m8 X; {0 z; h2 E5 ]/ `1 ?% q& p0 l( K
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 E7 E0 ]2 W. H2 p