本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 L' \2 S5 A+ E0 Z% Y5 a( i4 A
5 o a2 L! D) j) n. s 转帖 * M. V( o/ `* q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 x6 {0 N, L$ h
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例如:( W; s; s4 [. ?# C# j/ S
$ m9 D. }- k I2 g: F7 KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & p6 }4 P9 }( n/ ~" i5 D q6 U( |& `3 r- b9 [" K
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ D( n/ q. {, G- R- L3 ~* l1 ]1 O: s+ U& [
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 k: s) J$ B" F3 B$ `0 v 6 c7 {+ M! |( ~9 iThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- `( t: U8 V, H4 f+ |" p
& E& ?5 ~4 c' n# S9 j8 l, {. OI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) X; e3 D/ g+ d& r1 @( \$ n
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( p! ~6 D) F( H( z- T/ j3 s! D: k6 } ]$ s) K4 u6 l P
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : d' ?. N3 s4 E5 C1 `# @ $ V5 J, I3 V0 k. RThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' r9 `1 S* S& i v* D( P: d2 b- o# y$ U9 u7 C
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 s* B( T0 S1 e7 [0 K
7 z+ @1 p2 ^0 o; k s rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 C' g4 i) H8 y1 T2 J6 [
3 A5 `7 Z+ y0 W: x0 e5 _9 H这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 c$ X' ?9 X0 ^$ y# {, d! z7 G! n) V
, }# `1 R6 u5 B, G0 U4 O 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 p) J b3 C$ F% O+ s. q7 Q+ ^- f! |1 h( b# B* Q: |( V9 w4 f8 [4 T
例如: . h1 g, G- ?! X' F/ y ) A: g% q/ a- [At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 c& S- E' b, ]: w6 @% x+ \ N
! t3 e' s1 v/ b+ D0 h) p/ p( ~0 p. FDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * U1 m( Y! w2 J' o) a8 W( u: F" ~2 k9 d* W
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 ]. |* g: E9 U. |$ J7 ^3 Q2 @0 \% e' S8 U6 R: y" ~
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . E% [; o, C% O9 Q7 y M# S" U: U: A& \# V
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ?) W& {; p/ B& }6 o2 ]$ ]$ p7 J m0 ^% o7 x
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 j! p. w, ]% J a 2 I6 j' y \, j# L/ D- A$ O6 |I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): J) D9 e& D, |3 w# C e/ r
5 P; f, W( b/ [$ }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / U8 y+ X" ~# R; e- `0 Z7 m, F8 F5 I, P 5 b6 j7 h! R% j: s; i; t. E4 G, PThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 [' Z- ]% ~' o3 d9 p3 M# e" l' v
6 F3 K* s5 ]1 i- ^4 s& L+ rThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 v$ e8 `% r% Q- f J( J2 \* A * ~# T8 l* J$ CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 G2 P8 m% E( i4 C+ k7 p! E. x & g2 a& X( V, A4 n: THe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . W7 A* i( Z) K6 _3 x2 s/ y" [7 Y, F" \
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 i3 g4 M) K8 O: o
6 H7 @' ?# b2 U bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 G/ L) c6 Z8 ?1 `( }
: p$ e* d7 d8 g P( l写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 j( Q* k4 g4 R) q3 t! g6 f- ]1 H- U
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 P" J3 t$ x, L! _% h ^8 N
3 m7 j& j4 h( l" L! L% _+ ~+ M0 A- F) ]7 s @& m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, H2 \" Z+ ^8 c& e9 D
/ o5 v! l. d1 z0 k) r5 V/ u* p例如:$ }# O* h N8 u. U7 V- w w! u
) h# i$ ~- P+ W2 _/ _' j4 v* `Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) T0 z- }) f1 b0 v2 Y
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 f8 Q2 X# l9 B" ?8 W. N- h1 H
; f; b2 h* t6 t' C" Q& ]1 AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# t3 S4 ?' G; o; F" ^) h
4 a2 l5 w+ y1 k' b( T: EHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 T. |7 C* ]2 l/ n# h2 B
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 ~; n4 O- U& a* s" E- t: r7 m9 m7 G3 ^6 i9 e. V
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ n3 K6 p7 {" H- q) \9 i
, c1 \4 l* R/ A7 U( B$ d0 U. t% bCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). v/ l5 d* W. h3 i
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " Q8 d# d3 x4 O8 b0 X3 r3 G% U# r- b9 F! R$ a8 L' y7 c
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 F4 I9 {0 l- {0 u2 X1 q
0 L/ w9 U' L6 M; z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! d9 s2 s* i; b* V; K
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 c- [% G. M' }- Y! q
b3 }- F( d) d有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : p$ {& k5 s$ ?: e! Z7 _1 ]' I# r