本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . h0 K9 q' @; w3 c) L- g% x+ ?1 C5 Y3 q4 R/ `& ~( H1 g2 c3 e" R0 t 转帖 ' T& i9 {% X7 [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). _& z$ w$ t2 p9 D8 _+ i
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) U* E7 f5 C' @% {6 ^7 `5 d* X' F& fMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 X$ F8 i1 E: m: E4 p& t) y+ {4 w
; y# ?1 p% E7 c1 I7 [* wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): n; c9 h7 M3 W* ^/ D; } ^& l
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : s1 o3 j# r& x* w/ T 6 K, K6 j* r8 D- LThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 u: D$ E) Y) F# U
, m& Z6 j) r) @I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 t7 i1 @0 \0 D( @5 q & \- h, O0 q* y6 n& V- v$ k1 |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 o7 L* t W# e% r $ u8 ]: Y( m6 `/ t( k5 OWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 z q+ b6 q: y9 |7 X 2 a& j: S7 S1 ~: CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 E5 I+ u& |4 ~) o) y ~ " O$ N3 z" k" L9 y. iWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " ^" F4 g( U' y7 u1 J; R / r0 N: v6 E' u: b @0 E; [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# ~3 b8 B7 A. i8 {3 w. _' f7 Q' k: L
# @+ p; Q( M0 E' P% \2 O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: g/ I. D5 j5 a" a' t
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' o7 Y# S5 r3 [9 j2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, V* F7 u3 j0 V) M0 Z; Z
) s1 o+ n3 R1 J. V4 Z, a" a& U例如: " F C7 z- ?2 {4 g ( z" I. U1 Q1 A) cAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , l j6 K6 o5 x) y, o+ U! d7 x$ `. i' G) C+ ], |
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 [' q* h7 Q* }2 `
" R; [+ i8 O; N$ R; dI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% h% r# o( y& v, k V
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): Q7 J6 `3 t E- T" O" |, a
& m2 E0 ?! ^- {) G. z, |; m0 C6 ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 u0 l/ p& Z* G) D- r 0 x% M4 |$ Q* } {7 rShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). D# t( n$ I' r$ g
! l1 |- G, m7 {3 fI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ e4 U J9 p& s9 D$ R% Y
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* @$ ^9 H- ^: |# ^& ?0 o
- Q! B! n+ A. A/ p+ O6 ^ TThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + s( l6 I P+ ?! Z) X( `& ?1 b9 Z* V& u
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + j8 @, T; o K9 X; N7 c - x6 ]3 w3 r& _9 z( j" C! f" pHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 ^* @& Y2 Q* @" Z, F6 z* Y5 A$ S L1 F! A- N1 V1 xHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! x9 |% g' L+ `. \0 m9 C5 L : u- F% d1 F) f' C; [+ ]: |We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 v1 J& L1 E6 g+ a# S: M1 L' F6 ` 5 I' T, \" f- P8 P, d% s) L' T+ A- r/ \/ FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) E3 s% A- ]+ q9 u
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): y. k& `/ T% u) |8 q. f, L- l4 K
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, g) ?; F5 S- d5 `/ g8 V
4 r9 J9 Y( a; ^) E$ L 4 W9 t6 L; o6 Z3 v& {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ N" i" G# I) |& O) a
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . h2 r! Y! H3 e3 O7 b4 b6 z9 J9 _' S# T2 L8 ?/ ~3 V* w! z9 M
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) D. }: C% n Q: u & h n5 c0 F1 A: A5 J6 EThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) N9 {5 x- t! V- v! c2 |
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( ~5 M& {0 q' O( h- p; A" U
) t/ r. E6 i* f/ u _7 gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # M# ]: u7 o# h- q7 K" Z) M7 Y& m: X( |: ~7 A
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 G2 w, }( o/ J
& \3 S4 M' K) F& eCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" R+ O, c- b+ Z# U) v
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! a" _3 S' j. _: u9 e4 Z! s
5 v2 q' F u" A& z; q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % ^9 L. a' l1 Z1 Y5 Y0 y1 M1 y/ E* P9 o/ m8 a
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % w6 ]% g- g J* _ # u6 z! c& J9 D3 ?# C) u! B. @6 f& H对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 D7 A6 D5 D4 P* P8 ~! D
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ R6 L4 y- b( [6 M" f
& T$ H8 e) N& ~ t" W* _2 S对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& A0 s& `7 x: l2 y. F+ c( p5 L
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; Y1 o, t2 P% C9 R8 O) L1 ? 4 G$ M3 s/ @5 B8 z; V3 Q* r5 x8 r至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: h( }/ z7 k8 n' I/ c7 t
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ i3 [- |) n- }. ^( Y- J5 ~; g5 X5 g# x' W6 \) p& w
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 \7 g X/ o8 `; V