本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , L ^) W. |. } E* J9 z5 x8 H% ^2 o* r5 j6 @% g& I, ~9 C 转帖 ; R" K3 w! K& N. E1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 G6 B1 E4 b0 R
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); `, @0 B: l% W: T
$ T! Y3 U0 B: v0 lThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : j* ~9 r0 `6 f* U. s3 S, u. q4 G1 g2 ]
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 d- y5 |$ Y$ C5 j. d' c + i J+ v( Z2 `0 y+ ~* g/ gThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 K5 B; }1 g; o# T# m) O
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' ~8 v* {4 f% J2 _0 D) m7 R . Q& }& Z* H" mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . W3 c$ ^9 S( S1 J. c$ V) N* l6 x
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) R5 f+ H" |0 b; z ) J( }. x! W8 L( O# c2 j) h( NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% \$ \: O1 U! e# c0 M+ ], v
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - u1 X8 V) C5 z. F8 @2 f! {+ Q7 }. t
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ g E E" O' e, L8 R; y* }
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ Y# h4 d" Q# O# I
/ d/ T# J" Y) _7 A d& L, v& N% t9 [: [% s2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 " t# V) `, n: Z. D& X6 u2 _7 i: ?$ U4 B m+ N4 O7 b6 o6 P/ z: E2 [+ r
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* B T) ~( b& u7 U+ w: q: O
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * v7 F& s6 M$ `- p9 ^1 _7 M) f( Z6 H) q: w4 }- ]8 {' ^; p% X' H& D7 B" G
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 S. k% K$ N1 J' v
5 k2 \$ X% {. n% U9 KHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 e; x2 C9 X: l, R
; C" Z. X) H' J L" k) yIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 k$ b! g2 W; H8 t$ q9 O- ~ ! Y. w h4 ?. {8 w* y. TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 w( [$ |3 i5 n U/ P+ ] I+ Y! T) M3 y( [
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 o5 @6 ~- \% z% @% @" Q; G" p8 }8 \% A P: O/ z, H
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 S: o2 F6 W6 ~3 h1 F
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 g" g' V9 P! m% B1 C) b
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 D& ^- f; X) K! D
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# c7 T; g+ R- v. W6 I
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % ^, P% V4 d N! G. O& {- e# V9 s1 Y & a m0 M( O( O- x5 n/ mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # [" p* |/ m$ B% F, J7 V; m8 E1 q3 A+ g6 k, B( p$ J
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( C) @3 ?9 D* H2 G
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) @2 }' M; G+ m, G" r
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % u- @/ T7 @9 i( _6 ] c2 \7 X" M" W/ u" d% m( m% ?
* W5 C/ T. S: O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 _6 ^5 S7 ?9 U0 r- z( }! p
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! B4 x, h* n: ~. h6 c* o$ t+ I" y, _/ s: Y. T9 N7 b
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 n" s3 W+ a9 E9 B& a+ ]) D6 f
. u# P& P- u0 hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " o4 q F# _0 H$ ` h$ M% N. O" H+ I7 p3 F0 ]& M; D' ]
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) o$ t' x1 r! L) m3 T2 L) |+ m. T- s) |9 t8 N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & S, c/ q7 V" x t3 M* v & D2 _6 `3 o7 |- SPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . d' T! O! n2 W3 {" Y! k0 K. f8 E3 v4 l% P7 |
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , ?4 w; j. Y) B/ P- c. C0 [; W2 Z2 w, X7 V
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" g$ |" a: A. @& ]
9 O0 U, _3 l6 \) b$ @同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ w6 r0 H t: E: g
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: |$ V k: f3 h0 Q/ X! f
; q% @- v9 P. D对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 O& E" c' n7 b1 y1 T
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! u0 n) q9 F, X( S) h! E; a2 C) ?; f0 X! Y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . E6 t( R0 E' I6 O ' d2 A, `& S |0 n; i对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ z) ~6 ?; E' ^! P . q& V& l2 R; Y$ d6 U( F至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, _/ M1 D" ~5 t k, q: n* ~
. n4 d3 \, G# \8 v6 m* V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; [' W3 o" ^2 G: K: t