本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " n2 j" M' V7 U% w# w% y y( y& ^1 A+ d1 e: _" v 转帖, w/ e M6 z* s3 @- a4 d( I
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% O6 I% y% |# S( |* _' T C6 Z+ N
! z* D/ k5 L3 f. y4 f7 g3 v' i例如: ( g7 \6 z% U, G; H9 ?; k4 r 9 l$ b+ @# t9 w/ M8 s/ }Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 A2 X1 s, V" z$ h8 o
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; D R7 d7 N5 S1 D7 b, X% \ W% T3 {( V% e; o; u) b# _$ a7 i
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # H, W5 x! b; ?9 M3 {9 w3 Q: s) f9 n: ~& B% E/ |9 j
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 a8 `, I0 n+ E F# }) l3 a$ o
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + M: J3 r9 o9 b) _4 l) T# E- i% H 7 ~# Q4 V9 J5 e6 RMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - U& z3 p& n) G! m' ^9 I0 R. w' @% W
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 @# R/ s% z4 O. L6 B4 {; G
: K2 J; J8 t8 [7 \: O; \# b' vThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' Z1 f' {7 b: d7 P6 \ ) Z' B5 `: I% `% d" @. T# {' IWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) ?& W- q$ l: t# ?4 F 3 j" Z9 [; y. I2 Q( {6 oPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* d$ K( Y2 x6 w; _" @/ Q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 {7 c) e6 r/ i/ ]) M , w" k8 j) l2 M* c) c; D5 G6 N' n; J, Y% ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 s/ O: m- P8 W) Y7 e7 s/ E9 m- e1 c4 D H+ S6 k" v6 |4 R" _
例如:. r0 L1 Q8 p% X1 B7 U A
; D* z# }( B5 f, N$ V; u/ KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). n' J0 |0 _. y0 w: Y
1 g2 U4 u# ~% z4 G1 ?: PDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , t* Y+ s) p% w1 K/ `. I+ [ , p! ^3 l5 C& l- k- ~/ vI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), `( v [7 u. D. t4 }! M
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) A( h! s( Q* Q ? v9 h" w! ^
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): _' m4 p0 ^" d9 j+ b- [; v
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" k9 B7 c- W, @ v. q U
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). `8 u. C8 K, \7 `9 r# F8 \
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- A. t! x" n- t" s! W6 R
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 n9 H5 u8 V, ~1 x- J) v: O4 a
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): H3 u& @/ i3 k8 m% }3 x
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * M2 @ P- u* k( [4 m $ ]" T" K9 ~* |% ~# uHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); q% s6 O3 G) y, _
9 q3 `6 Z8 k# j; r) L' L, vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 p& O$ R T) E" M6 P7 y2 u8 A+ f* z8 u. A- H
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ n# Q& f9 ?5 m2 U
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): o! ^2 \8 J" @2 }$ }! u* |
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' O5 t$ x5 v* A, C" m8 N5 b2 w* |' |& q
( R9 P7 j$ g0 j$ |; e) V- ~- a& ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( F @: r/ c3 X; l
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例如: b! Y8 @2 _! T" X4 J " v* D' j* ]1 D8 h- @! |Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / Z/ i% A5 v8 t8 w' I1 G5 R* _* J/ Y# D0 \) E6 B& _
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 d3 c9 {, n( w- x% W, c
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 }8 W% n8 u3 J9 ? + M; a, P7 o* G* C3 }4 m2 I6 y$ ^He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ e9 R) M# k8 d; f# n) m5 v# s' X1 V% Q8 U
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 U7 q r" ?. f , K% D8 K4 Z# I) t* M7 L6 r7 s/ hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % s# [9 l: T) x5 j. b) b; z. W) O( Y p8 n% C9 f) _5 S2 J$ f
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . I( ]9 [4 ?4 t6 f2 l7 M6 q# ]: S( q6 K- @, D
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), \7 u8 r% a( L( ?' N
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 v4 v3 ]& n8 W( I$ Z7 t0 A! M8 e; ? g( y
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 @4 z4 |7 C& }. f+ g
0 J, @3 w9 q4 X! T, w( [: o8 v" B+ m对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" g, H1 l, A. ?- O( R
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " K- g2 t' Y( m7 y2 v& U7 |' W( L3 o! a; J9 w2 o5 d4 e" ~( a' p
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% u$ }( g7 G7 h* h* U& L/ ?# J3 @% M
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + @4 |- _. \ W$ v2 ~! L6 } : {* V( ]' y* Z1 L) w v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 o# v* }( r' |/ S4 F& p$ b Z+ e; J/ J3 A* c
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ r& q T. j* I) V0 @6 P+ s% U
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( I( e$ E7 |1 Q( K