本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 m4 v/ N6 `( b ~
, D, o5 e! V1 i0 N 转帖 ) r; p) C1 }% x W# `, s0 B1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 }4 Z9 ~8 ]% w1 D5 Z( Y2 k$ m9 s/ e. U/ ^5 f: t
例如: % L4 W# T5 N3 z; y( c8 N" G( `4 M8 }! U; P
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # a; ?9 f1 ?/ q% u& A2 c9 {6 V4 p/ d. a. r. e6 M
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 H) l) v; _7 \+ X
7 I4 n' v) E- O: W5 G( r
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 K0 ?+ c0 P1 K7 x) h
) y: Q' q5 }4 H7 L4 ^& C
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 V7 ~( E" T {/ |! f 7 G! H1 x9 e6 nI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 \5 e- M9 K: ~/ i2 Z/ H- P3 I) u1 n+ ?8 H
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 p1 [# ?9 Y& z. }# C9 y! I \; i3 l! o; ^ YWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' s8 B2 r9 F7 U' D7 ^- Y 8 ?, T- B+ ^% f2 z; \" vThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), T! m! [1 E3 S! l1 c
1 Q2 K$ o2 b# Z; vWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' ~$ I# Z8 c9 x6 K. j 5 `/ N! X% i/ Z; N: }Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # E ?/ a/ S; }- ?3 A% b9 T! {5 F0 J6 m& N, V
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 F; i, M2 q( E0 c8 L
! F; M2 [% }5 q, V5 B8 v0 ` R6 m, A/ z8 Z+ G7 h1 z! M 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 n3 z. m% Z; o9 Y% @/ T
( S1 {8 W+ J' l7 u& z( x0 l4 m* m例如: * H2 `; O$ [% V6 r$ R9 Q( W9 Q) Z 0 D# r( b: ~1 E) WAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# b- ]; `( l% n7 j \. A
& P4 I9 g, d. A0 P5 c
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 D! P6 U A9 R6 O! x7 c4 z" r/ Y, m$ `: K5 u! b# m- x0 [
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' D$ f, X7 J p7 k( l' M 0 O# R1 A H& o/ v( I0 \* a* X0 mHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + [, s' _: X* k$ ?! W$ N8 h7 Z ! ^: N, I( u$ P+ BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 }$ d& ?4 n2 @4 ?
# J1 _3 H6 c) x4 v3 T
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 B, u! Z$ A/ D1 ?* p
! A9 V: x' w( [' J1 vI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , t! p/ q# d6 b3 k ! E& Z- {0 L! D: K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 m9 z( r8 t- ^9 \5 v
; z- b- P3 h2 R9 ^The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) M$ V$ O: w) M, ~/ D+ V4 a2 {8 x' S% l G8 x# v
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 U6 O) h" O5 U7 U' V, V 4 k3 W1 z' d) [: ~He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& o0 \. z. x( ~$ v. f# T' c" F
( \7 L9 a0 Z8 w5 X( Z2 L) M: l' S4 }7 U
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 X& a$ l/ P0 ?. ~$ i) E9 P$ j( A) g, h" p4 U6 [
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 b) {0 i, ], ^0 N" R$ \. e+ @' ?/ e* s1 w* s8 j) G, E. L
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; Z) n g5 {" L% y5 v7 j0 m# C3 Z _/ p! E$ [) S1 ]' |* l1 Z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( o% Q0 z1 ]7 r4 s& B5 E/ ^% z
. ?, z0 b" f" `/ E
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& Z, c- R, t5 }
8 X- V) S5 z+ \4 K; t! {! D; j, ^2 @4 V1 F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 m% C1 t- o) q& B9 O0 O) F; [
0 n$ I# ?- F9 L; y+ h
例如:/ \% W l: b1 g$ B! p6 ~- d4 N
' ^# H$ b6 x- [ M
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) K+ B \1 r+ c* ^# Y3 g
; p5 X6 K8 F- |
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : g7 ? `. L. I9 r \2 Q% b( F2 @1 @: Y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 l8 ^ f. w5 i. ~6 K( R. W% V
. t8 j0 x) r8 _
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) Q" n! p: W+ y% X ) Q+ Z+ D7 K0 g6 b5 }Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 {$ O( i' j% k# i" i( K5 T% S- ?9 }. ~* w( R! ?
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % R9 o8 {% Z- s$ v9 ? 1 \) P$ ^8 `2 e4 z* i$ kCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 L6 \" l+ J. S4 n* ~
+ z% b* W% V: o9 T8 M) {1 k0 bStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 `+ G+ o( P5 T1 J1 g 8 y, T# Y; n0 a( h同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! ^* g, D2 e# w6 ?$ h
7 Z( [- n' Q1 ?0 t5 a5 k# L2 d. @
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# z* n+ i/ i& u
# a1 m+ }' f% N( t2 y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! u4 K. N2 S) B- W & N" R' Z3 D2 i/ d8 g" A对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ R! {* H5 j* V5 {. }+ y9 F9 Q+ H' ?" L
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 ?0 j! g* I* @
1 p: E) [! d! B
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) J1 B3 `' X* R
- m( I4 Y$ r- E
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 z7 W8 Y4 t+ Q7 W5 c; W$ k6 U& T9 C8 d& z% ]( O- U
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ [. T9 \1 g( ^" e2 t $ m+ Y, n) @/ E: b/ _& h/ ~有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! @4 E4 ]$ |3 g2 a H( I