. t6 Z8 o e! ]例如: 0 z( {' u: s0 _7 s5 m ! `8 e( J8 G" f4 @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). {3 U& ~4 W) x. T4 _9 ~
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) o2 J, { Z. ?3 e$ L. L * ~. }" l+ t. S! KThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % v- {, a/ b: _8 ]" L% n1 Y8 E8 X4 Y! D
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + }) r7 s9 y; Q ' i* b5 C9 E3 A b8 o% s; T- NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; B5 d; K1 _, `4 U% H% K 7 u5 p1 m7 h, D+ _9 {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 H. S. M6 G, G9 s$ Z) P$ V8 ~2 n) M4 d+ M$ U, w3 k$ `0 y6 \
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 G/ p* w p$ h a% S9 v3 {% v$ N
, {4 _+ n% J, kThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 h. E! Q) ]8 X% F" a1 O6 D' _0 I
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 E: Q/ ]9 h4 N# b$ a ! `% N" r0 \, t: ] ~Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" C, ^0 W5 X$ j4 D+ K
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 s$ Q2 C$ W) ^7 v5 x- @, f ( |* S$ o( o( i6 o' x* n/ W 4 f6 u. `7 S6 V2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % S' T4 y+ ?& C: V( n2 g 4 e# t+ s k$ ^; y例如:5 {% M+ ?: ] z, O: S0 K5 B
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & ^, o; I! S/ V# c5 @" c- H% W$ X
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 U* I+ P2 X* x' p( S% Q
& u' e' j0 E* z9 k% ]# XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) k6 H6 }' C$ I& y3 L1 C1 w( E; `' P7 X% b* k
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 s" E# U# l. D7 }
/ ?' X+ X2 y( t+ V$ a9 fIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; X9 h& d/ x8 M) t2 x6 u% p" `' L+ N* l3 P. Q$ i. t- W; i
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 v, R( [% a: H D2 E2 Z2 V; Y8 n% K; zI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 A/ j0 K8 Z* Q! s
3 |& d; c8 D9 @" B e如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 V8 j8 ^* A( u3 I% \ % H; p r; ~9 ~ uThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 q, S w4 ~1 m
, r) Y6 H: x; R/ ^& ?! z! f+ QThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 E. a2 J. J6 E& Z! v$ H$ Z " k, U5 y5 R1 Y- R$ `; R8 uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . V. z4 R3 }9 J5 \1 ~) }. j q B $ Z# S! J$ ~6 ~& s$ l3 F/ iHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ t: {8 F3 Y7 b- x q3 X0 c% @6 e: H
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- ]9 |- S. n |6 v" E0 G/ c. L
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 i! i. O; _- A6 Y0 u" O6 v; b / `8 {! e& ^% K% F, s写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& ]" G4 s' f( e$ t6 [+ u# P' h3 v+ o
3 `4 ` E8 P/ V+ I& ?此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " I. o& L3 f, ?1 O; q 6 g) P' u% F W! _$ R+ U5 f/ R8 [ F$ a. Q. I 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 o* {# y3 \+ l2 }4 ]& I" h- E" W. C
例如: 8 @( E; K( C5 O2 A2 A$ E ! ]) M5 Q4 Q! q: l/ }3 h0 w( nMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 i5 j# |6 p+ n5 b( d( e % J& ?2 U% Q% HManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ h- o' X5 @- M: [8 J' n+ R+ n( J8 k
! Y2 z9 I. M% o. r) F/ bThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 M( a. C: P1 ? h0 [! k
# e4 ?4 S8 ^/ N5 ^4 v$ z6 c) |! NHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) F k! z9 V2 S
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 O# N( P$ e% x& f
! e! \9 z# u: p4 |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 L+ b! V% D- S; g7 t5 p ' g) t9 q5 j" _& ]+ M# y: ECongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 ~3 U$ K8 e, X: Y6 c3 K: J9 \' l% h) S
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * W2 t- O" O) k, N) s / c0 w6 E, d- B8 g同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% D9 V* k+ w8 n4 Z3 z
9 h& \6 K5 g* p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 C# _9 u Z) x* X2 O" { `" [4 [; Q4 O i t- x3 k
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ e- ]/ ]3 ~2 F( D; O" g
) |' H6 M, {, @3 s+ Q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( d! B* B# }7 w2 l- r ( k% c: t9 L I( o$ m$ s: s' G对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . k" V! a% w7 K9 t; g2 T5 m: t* M0 j5 \2 @- M/ l
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 R/ w' r6 @2 Q0 ^* r+ M , i( S3 C% ?" N; Y" z7 E- ~至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 x7 v3 Q: q7 ?/ _/ g7 D
; R$ X# {# C) F( y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / k& E& ]% y w8 m- F, E# J6 A9 G
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 n* b0 e- }; o6 y z4 t