本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 }( P; w. G) @& I, m" B& Q
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* F# v- S% n* E8 D5 L# M
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' w9 \1 ^7 g1 h* r# Q8 @0 H _% L8 b1 U$ A' s/ Z; F7 }Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % u9 A. T- c2 i# `$ U: G ? # e* l7 |9 c% D7 w6 y, X1 s$ ?4 QThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 G6 x, K% [2 t* {8 }: k' M" k9 |) @* q) Z: p
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 f1 J$ N5 R0 @! G2 r' w- X
. o2 p1 V! x+ k9 f. oI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 t* M& a9 ^' t$ p. e) `9 ?4 G( y2 q* x& ?" |( ?% x
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : W3 K5 B4 C8 [) d- `% k7 l; G' V, M1 N6 j% W, Y! Q2 t( z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( k5 ]* ~% L; k H8 |7 h
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 p. i7 O8 A" D$ h; I( v5 z
$ S. t2 K4 t9 d6 n; A. Y- g4 z" AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) M/ I5 Z" k4 d. O+ W6 J/ k6 \ {: H7 X$ V+ t
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( w" l) x7 ]) Q, u* a
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' b& {) ~# ]5 E# K+ M 1 K0 O, @7 k) n H7 H; r8 \3 Z6 u 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! w2 n* y! u& J7 Q5 ]* F7 ?! b3 s- ~ 4 ]% {# X( |0 d1 {/ u v# J* T例如: 1 y8 p9 F: C( V& _ ! q: y$ e1 d( }5 G/ Z7 L: NAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- w8 m# H8 m2 @, F6 W
8 g& K" q7 M5 y$ U' t! NDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 j; d% r: l0 L2 O6 x( n) x$ i) c& @) Z. k" P' ]
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 j% N( g3 `" M$ Z
! ^8 L) ?. w: B9 q; hHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ [2 @0 p9 ]. c5 M5 P" T+ U" W# Q6 G- a& v, E/ i
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 X3 [% x5 J6 ^6 }- c3 i2 c# A ) ~3 _, p9 ]6 I: g$ L) D* QShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; |0 r3 E; G$ \6 x; | 9 p1 f6 h* T3 E! H8 M3 TI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' u/ j% u1 o% W! R
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ E8 j; Y$ [6 M X3 S: n6 m3 L
, H$ H$ _! L! k" w& a+ O4 a/ rThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( O7 K% H0 g/ |( x' {( R/ h4 Z4 O, _
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 e- Z2 U v" H( d6 v
( ]+ F( q( d2 t7 k# g' L* d" Y& m6 dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , e+ v- m$ P# n* z % n3 O" V$ V! i/ l5 M8 R3 [% H7 ~0 lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' e0 t( y" L# j% l" i 3 d5 X" X7 f! {7 q( z2 `. p" a3 ]- {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 f% a* ?( s( q2 i
$ C, F& y+ F; [8 T; E2 pEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ e; W: u# Y/ f" S9 U9 L
6 `6 K2 N& j1 ^: [, B4 i$ Q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 M, ~/ Q U O, d, D
% w/ s& K, I2 D0 Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 ^1 |6 B' Q" U2 z% y
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$ j+ Q- O+ J" Q! D 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 |$ B( C* N' \1 @
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" X+ P* `8 a$ ^1 B" N% G
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). {7 D* e. _$ t( F x- _; w% Y
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 ~, {8 m, U+ H. Z( t6 L4 @$ [, i- f( k* O. b$ K# {+ s9 z- b
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - q+ _8 o' p, N* h+ q 1 d1 U# y9 u; C6 R6 L2 |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! d2 I/ Z' E1 c3 f0 F) E+ t! _5 @, U1 E: X7 i
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 q/ O0 j. j" U5 P- k8 R " }* z6 g5 l/ N9 J/ i, |( f e3 GCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- k! U5 P, g. f/ P6 o
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / H1 k4 M" O" ]# G9 w! e9 k+ i; q0 ]3 R8 c. H, [ Q
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* I; E- t; r8 K$ P* w- W) h! `
s+ f" i5 K, {当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ {$ ?. f& F* A$ S+ M" D5 U
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 f! a# [9 i/ o6 D X: l3 [$ _/ ]
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / m: p$ t7 }0 u0 c9 u% ~: P5 K9 v
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 p5 y3 h0 }5 D) Y [& G* p; l% z {; z+ F, ~3 m5 y: }
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ @& N# p+ c: w
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 ~$ U1 s3 _. C0 }
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* g H% o9 c" U/ j1 |: s6 l- ^; C# H
! d3 p+ U! `3 s" ]有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 ?2 A# `! m; N! D+ {7 t2 `