本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 b& F p5 C; Q7 ]
; {: h5 |5 O3 R& A8 W! u% m 转帖 6 _6 a$ f4 X4 D. Q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word): {) ^0 [# m1 X7 X+ d3 h
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$ h# |! M. z) F0 Z& U9 J5 zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # v9 _, }* y) ~) \6 {% f4 `/ N' G; U7 T% H
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 b3 ^9 Q# v* C: V% L+ C- ?2 k, w& w$ h
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ C- A8 z9 X7 G) J1 q, V1 F0 |/ U$ n ; f, P2 b1 }$ L& [. I( ZThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% S7 U8 P- t3 H% J
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; A: x1 K. D+ H) n3 K1 D1 Y& W 3 |8 s) F4 D, T7 I9 \ _Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 L( S9 `# s u" K/ k H, X : O: F9 ^+ T* @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : G6 G, n8 Y: ?! _2 M( _2 V. M4 m/ m5 a1 @6 e
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 k( C3 _" ]( s7 N% l; } C, V0 q# K; Z* L& s
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- }, G# h& w' Y P5 j
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : ~2 Y7 ]+ u: F6 h) @! A3 z) K3 N
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% V! A5 D8 [+ @+ x$ j3 H) O2 P. g8 C
0 o. g3 l- `# A: M( N+ s/ y1 h8 J; i4 K N. u& v, h) [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) ], o4 q: |& k# o) d: I
0 a5 | G" i* z) U. v, l& m$ o/ b5 G1 v例如: 6 V. Q G1 ~9 d" [. N3 G. |* ? & U) Q; E5 @* C, g5 MAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 l( p+ M8 m: Y- V& k
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * y- I* n& A+ y5 R6 e% `' g' F 8 N' {- l, \1 \" TI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / M$ ]# D! B) Y : _( b0 q6 j! W+ c* \, S! M1 [He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % s- A4 ]( { p1 y0 Z. v' e7 |) ~4 ~+ u) N! V
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), o1 u6 S. `6 ^. n
8 n: P- S) }8 ~* B* l W0 @* CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " b- ?8 Q6 k) U1 q' k; R+ b$ T ; r& C8 h$ O9 c6 y& R( pI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ c. t; {# V2 R' \: e ' Z+ ]5 I* D6 |1 `6 o如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 q3 ^# L- `6 o y, K4 |& O
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 ~1 d" W& \: m ~" q: [/ \ 7 D6 B* j! a" C- ]9 V; i6 d9 sThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); W& t# v% t: Y3 N5 `
' T1 s" j! U$ }7 {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 D0 }2 K' M4 A3 u* _% ^ - |; B1 g# H$ K# A. M. [- ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- c9 \1 ]% h I d, q
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; c q+ ~: @# g- f, p) @( k # s; q% U" x0 R3 CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / H9 V0 K5 N4 p$ n; ]" S6 r* X/ k! q# F. f( m+ b2 T
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 W3 P0 e0 r4 X# T
' {% x1 B9 A: p, ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% Y' Z6 L; z3 k+ ]% G
0 i0 h1 J. o; N( ] 9 B( t& ]8 q+ `/ T- @& s9 r2 C3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 a/ h( c; V. ~8 {( x) A 1 \) P( t& t4 ~5 j. ]* L例如: ' b5 z5 b: w5 o% B6 J7 q 4 G/ i9 j1 G. ~+ e1 kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 V5 `/ u* K4 v4 Q W# _2 Q
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 Z( s3 i8 c& }/ w
+ V# H3 M! U3 k6 X7 b% c4 E; YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 U! S9 x x4 B6 s0 L" u; V/ x% d; t7 r. c9 }
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ }4 E/ K5 K( {" ~7 n/ n
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% |" L; i {. W2 R# A, p9 ?* F
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / z7 Q* C7 F/ X$ ]& Y! _9 b. E" U! N0 V
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( G/ m+ I1 W* w0 T, A: I8 w; L
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 q. j* m3 t0 S0 O& ~% R) E
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- C7 d% L8 `4 I- y+ G
; W' w/ H4 k0 e& I7 u/ z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 y O, H( b1 ~4 `2 }' u
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) F+ q, e3 g7 b/ ~! h* K" l) C7 f
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. \( G; W$ i( a
9 q4 N$ r5 P v# }# o/ L对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! J& D' q" H; z& @; {# T @# {" w
! i% x/ M. ~: `4 ~/ C对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- c! q6 I x G% z
8 [! `8 v1 W' t2 b s至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ) S& [. U* T& ^$ Z. y. U' _1 U 4 ^& ^/ v0 P, x7 e1 B$ d还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ) z! a4 z! d" X# T0 S# @6 z# L, [1 j- |) d
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" k$ M5 `6 f0 W8 C