本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + i2 m) S! s7 g+ ^) a2 ]4 f
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 p# m: p$ ?% D% |+ Y 2 P" v9 u- ^& I1 i& ?' y6 r! b例如:3 G+ p- R5 |( }, P/ n
& k) f. X) d+ W8 T3 W& H! T, qMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) l: j# X) Y5 j$ A
/ M5 g \ j$ zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : }1 e4 i9 N5 u/ l6 u1 R9 q, H. v0 c- K# E
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 J( X, V& k m( s$ q3 z4 ]* J2 J4 w0 w. X: _/ D/ R
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 [; S7 P) ^' X/ u q2 x
' r1 b; s# E$ [ HI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' Z7 G4 B- T1 O! b
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); K, o6 U9 K; x$ ^/ Z7 ~0 _$ g' z
# b" C0 L: o \$ o2 e; X3 oWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- d3 g5 D8 ]5 z, R" d' j! T* S
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) P5 P* ~& u) H1 v+ t- s* e, F9 k \7 j3 X( \ X F
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 |. i6 F# D7 N/ {8 d2 M" e' l: c' ~/ B' ]0 v$ C
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); J4 n/ M) D* Q: O( p, l1 D+ p
* N+ e8 i3 z7 D/ o, s这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * N7 z( E- L4 b9 n2 C X. { ; V; R2 k* V+ F' |. v5 X ; E Q( u1 U u8 r4 T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。6 i* z& X# |9 l: L6 V6 ?
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例如: & E; v1 ^3 u( k0 p# x # k2 ]+ _8 s, ~At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , q3 R* k+ x- z* `8 G" i ; c. t* @4 _" S) M# J# l7 S; u8 H7 N& jDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 v4 |9 |+ Y+ M
8 M' Y' U: @' L( zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 l& q3 ^- n4 J8 S9 V! C 2 P7 ^3 U3 Y8 }' H* I6 F, MHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" n) \2 P- s9 N3 e
2 M- u% _4 b1 n, [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % v2 V! h6 r) A! k& w+ X0 }; W0 W. {; O0 g- X% C4 ^
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 @( ^+ u" @ f: T
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' Y% Y1 h/ Z* G( ?# w/ k# p h1 n: @2 t7 ^: }
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& n, X/ Z% a/ X+ h/ p
u/ l9 \3 b6 d3 C( C, ^5 `' Y) AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " z$ R) l) Y/ o5 p1 @7 p0 h % {- z$ D$ F% A- V- Y; jThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 P7 Z) y6 o8 Z$ C+ J
! K) E1 G6 S; }' p+ ]4 @: [4 YHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ ~0 R9 L& \! Q8 E' k2 c
9 T @# |. v6 s0 C# t0 a, X6 AHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# j6 y n. u. g( U
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* F6 [) E; S" n. v. O) W
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 F" ^& _4 r* w- W: L - ]) M$ H7 ?) h U. J' W( S+ y( I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% O3 r7 W/ T1 `6 a* ]
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : Z ]# X" P* a5 v, l7 F & I2 A" t+ N1 h& x" {6 `* U# R0 ?; J 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 p* e2 |$ E) O
0 R2 Y2 ^2 e6 O0 ?7 o! T# h6 p例如:* i/ K9 |/ P" f
- h+ M' p- t3 ^$ z- e3 a4 S$ I0 l. }0 ]Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 F9 h) K8 T2 A
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) q" V) u9 x, c( |7 m" R+ S+ ^( f9 M O, w* L- l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # S) I& h, o, c& q. ?; }, S0 } . i' G5 b$ g) U1 F. GHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ U/ F% w0 E# [! w2 {. g* Q1 s' A7 L Q# U$ M* y) c
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( ^. F6 E2 k; {6 b; m, g8 Q3 ^ 0 u$ ^. R6 U. G1 ^$ S& q. K0 WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 ~, c4 p! i+ Q, \3 b$ \( e
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 t1 R( J/ Q0 A/ Y+ ?# E- C/ h
0 w/ Y$ M, T- XStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- S% V0 y, {* k6 k3 K, [2 k' q1 y
, W# ^; a) e2 k: ~. U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . O" d, D- p6 Z " D8 Q" U& G' A6 K1 Q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; g: X& A0 O& V+ X) M4 T% @
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : s5 l! g* ~- b. H8 t0 m) J. O n, W& k3 g) |
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 r$ `( f8 N- t0 X + _% g' w4 h* {3 O对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 @5 k: Z8 \3 O/ k
) t. D# }7 V/ X对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, ?6 H4 N$ `+ s0 V5 s
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:( l3 T& j$ k6 V( `) h. e" @2 a% z
+ n( k3 ~2 `0 D7 ^! U& b5 c还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 c" S. m) U A9 w, p+ ~
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 r1 z: Q: U. e/ `3 x' M; [