本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . {& S2 Q8 O3 _, p( c; j# ]5 O2 C 转帖 , w+ x9 @% H5 |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), O, F& d2 [0 h: F
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) N# ~4 N2 o4 m6 R K# Z* w$ `Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & I( D8 N0 v1 Z3 R. y! p6 V: _( b7 p' W7 @4 M7 N: j( P. Z& a0 H
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( E% {6 G& P) X1 L3 r; S 4 g# L& l3 X7 k6 }/ H0 sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & O; X0 x# r1 p5 T( D- \ ) o' Y( Y: X+ }" V9 Y! R0 IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 h- Q' ^1 H6 b3 b! P! P, q6 K
. x5 M' y: v W5 E+ N' Y8 XI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 O7 l8 O z- g: ~$ c1 w- n
, G% L! i9 o% ]; `: w L; nMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ i; F4 ^. ?8 {3 l% V' c
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & C9 |4 j/ Z; R: w0 }& r2 e8 E& n$ g( u
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 d1 @, t6 @6 E) o
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " `4 u( C4 U: h1 E- K$ B, g( ]0 t* `$ C) l0 `- V! t) L
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): t' g* Y- {- o( v
$ n- |/ R: G7 `/ d这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) K* c! S0 B; D7 @5 G3 [5 ]* J: S" Q, F
, f1 o9 F- O* s 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & a& X. I% S. f$ i" u8 [' w( D& ~ + p7 J; \; R: c$ s( K9 g例如: ) _* Z% a+ G/ J; h, \( m) I8 E4 M2 j3 F) y
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( u4 x7 _4 @0 `. j0 i% g! i$ {' x. c; G7 n7 ~. V
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + u& A7 N/ ?1 @. x4 H6 k1 P3 S8 i( [1 f9 B' N; Q" D
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): E; K4 \. c- b8 y3 i
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) ~( d. Y) H1 ^" \( y; B7 W, c' x q2 t( I1 H5 V5 N8 x4 _In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) b9 z+ F6 K% E2 a 5 l- m9 ^( h; c7 A9 w. `She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" b3 g3 n- o* b- E9 t: @
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 }' E/ m, _) K) Y6 g
K+ n" U% q' l9 l# x4 ]9 L6 ?1 `如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( A/ Y) T. z+ Z. y: S' _1 @9 m
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ c) {, E! g4 B: U& u2 i% x
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 v3 R; p) ~5 a1 e! Y
" n' F* B* F5 z7 H* CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' T7 h* i0 ]& g; Z3 n* E3 D* c / f7 K1 ]7 {* O. h2 {: THe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 v$ O' i* |( p; E * G/ P! M- [* _0 g; IWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 H: L. l. _- s a' W$ ?( l% u9 a' h9 p+ u
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); F' z; J2 ^5 d+ w z1 N4 h( T
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 Q9 A8 y8 k6 W1 a
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 w& U( B- o7 O4 p- n! I: v
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* M s$ {9 R. m* @, t3 u7 U, X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ \4 Q: ^6 g9 S/ o d , Y S: k [" R" a2 M, p例如: " l0 P: N6 d* i+ H- S! W4 Z, y+ G H8 ^% r& x( j
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# S- \1 K+ n0 `0 _- ^) E
9 M& s( c/ X7 o* q' s% gManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' U t& P( x1 r5 u! @$ U7 i5 \* n1 }0 m) _
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ O, y, M, e! L0 U
, Z" f# v/ a% `4 h+ gHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ c6 v3 q. ?5 a7 |3 _
$ b! T) S6 S% _: T( }9 B1 cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# \ J2 y; E- z( z2 S2 o) l' M
: S, Q' w7 A5 u2 q: R, E+ G2 TPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : z/ U$ q7 S( s' s2 e) }6 H+ X8 N0 @& i" T8 c# E6 l! M
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 u/ M( q, v. T5 C
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . k9 o9 C3 m) z; o# z% \+ d, s ! a; E+ a1 y r5 B) v5 q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: P$ \3 v) v: g$ E: S. t/ T
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) l6 M, b2 t( F5 {) O+ `4 ?
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" L M9 \8 B; j5 m& g2 G
! |- `, X: b# z% y/ H对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. |- I! q0 I* l
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ t2 N G( D1 K9 \8 m
' @ C0 K& N9 e7 \9 W3 {对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 \* h. E& G9 ~* B1 G: k& t. s! k# W& c: j5 j
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 u6 R/ L v$ h* Q! p+ F$ Z
( r9 G" i7 q$ A! N' U6 M0 V3 U2 @$ \( |还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# V& B1 W+ Z, P) b' a1 `2 _7 i) F
" s) y4 q* i8 Y, S' f* ^. z) l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 N8 R! x6 I: Y @2 [( h2 I8 {) U! s- r