本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 |5 _5 _. o6 i9 d$ Z' }! D
8 B7 ?1 s: H2 y$ [! \" z! m 转帖 - `1 J0 {$ L2 z9 ?; ?: }$ \& A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); I/ N. A: k3 E/ v
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & ^; E5 v8 ~) H7 v. _8 }- W* u: `- h, g ; _+ c1 n: m4 K: Q! C. V' }( dThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 Z' X% E6 L; h% l" f7 D
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 k1 j& N! r( B9 O# }3 W9 G
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 P/ W8 m6 S; p7 M
7 O, W) Y& H9 B& v1 z1 I& oI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), ?& t. n% K+ Q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 V" Y5 f" R: u: E9 f: p* W" k
, Z) t; u. Q5 x K3 bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 A5 F$ P* A* b' t- |6 u/ M ) B( C! s$ u5 x9 NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), `4 P! I' A1 G3 }% \5 [9 O
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); A; f S, t. t3 F+ y6 G7 v1 b
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). q* Y2 e, [: j t8 G q% S% R
6 k6 b* e# J* N* h这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 Z c. e3 |1 r* C7 @$ ^1 v" U
0 Q# ?# ~, Z6 z, ^3 w 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" q4 p5 N" x# l C
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例如: - o: D! e9 X o+ W * Q: @" ]. Y& ]. ]At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* Y9 n9 O( ?# T2 s; ?4 T
0 i: H8 r7 x% Q7 D! xDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # {5 L) g$ b$ s% \: t ) v ~8 j! N; j) Q# M3 `I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); L/ E! g3 P: s( l- U
) i6 C" T& A% t! {: U* l3 BHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 e% }4 @- |9 \; ~4 u8 @, d( s4 j5 _: l3 x; ]8 y
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); w* V4 [6 q5 q$ e
; s" |, A r$ ?$ Q. S) I3 hShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 Z4 M* l) e+ n$ k, q' L
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 g, @/ f9 |8 y6 P$ d h! ^ + [8 `3 Q4 g; O* H- [7 G如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + N8 O* {4 ~ P- N- z" Y7 r: L# i0 q, w' X# F; W/ L# G% m" J
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # ?4 S4 O' A9 g/ B 6 n) ?' S& ^% \5 `9 p1 h5 E" w# _) qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ v7 Y. q' X2 v+ \$ \
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : U8 O! P _4 y4 p1 z [ : X. Y9 b/ [4 {) w0 m. VHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & @* x. d, |9 @- H 9 d7 J1 F" s/ B$ G4 IWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 g) y- E) X+ N$ ]( l# L* B3 ?/ V" M' ?
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 x& Q, m' H$ M2 Y- y5 E5 ~! v ^6 x
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 k) i1 s0 J+ P0 z1 p$ E/ Y+ t ! m" a5 N2 a1 Y7 n6 ~+ T. A1 q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 t/ }$ V# n8 x2 j( { 6 v! k$ o, [+ x. `" @5 e% T9 e 7 _' p8 g% ]/ Y1 P+ S3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 |% i6 J! s: Q$ C7 e7 B
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); z+ a5 c+ f$ b, E
, r7 I' z$ t" C, w2 Q# g" NManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . d) c& z: G. a$ [+ Q3 p- k; g, L) Y8 H5 P
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 \7 N0 {: ~& M, l" I. y: k/ y
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). u F, |% c2 W9 V, a+ D: Y
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / g L6 f8 V2 h! V 9 [1 X! H, ?+ Z" a3 h, oPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# N6 i" C: o8 _; C2 N) F
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) |6 u- R7 |* k- F
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ X9 J" x2 {- P: j) @
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : D% ~1 N& ~* _5 z i- }0 I: C0 E D2 O" C! G8 N) t
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 Q. v) x- v. R. l- K7 ^! ~$ B! c; I0 a2 G
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! n7 r4 G o; H! O/ ^
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 x9 {: x, v8 D; ]% I: s& _" q& |" H$ _
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; h8 a7 L3 w# r7 E: {; h+ ?
/ V3 @& n7 S0 I5 K, q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / L" H! v9 R0 }$ t. b - D @3 A6 D4 V2 G4 h至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " \& a' s' Y/ z# {0 c$ H 9 _1 R1 A R$ y% e7 l! {. c还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ p8 t8 i. B5 ~( }+ x( K
! f! o: }- u }有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( M( V' `2 A: _6 H7 ^2 H" e! M