本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 Q. g% p7 n3 f) A/ r# z1 ~( |8 M 4 I: [& R: X7 g$ e- `# `0 N5 O/ E转帖/ W! P; G+ j3 w$ i# H* |: q5 D
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- N/ a" E9 X @( z3 E( s
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例如: # _: ]% p3 k7 o8 k, r4 j, Q# |) k# |* i
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) ?0 y( P8 Q! ~9 r; r6 L' L. U" A4 {/ \4 p1 u' a6 q5 x
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 S, b2 E2 A7 ~* I0 Y 6 M# v3 `: F& gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ y. L* e* E, m: [; r, D
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( S# P7 B$ I/ o4 j# ]
$ I% J. J) C) |1 v& l0 aI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 d3 }. }" s) _; X
$ V. F7 w, Y) qMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 m+ h: s# s! y+ {# K0 Q 8 ]: z- G7 R5 lWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + Y/ Q/ W7 ?0 e% p3 i' J , C) e! Y3 ]- w# k( C, gThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 d" D2 D8 ~4 p; a9 T# }: V1 _5 J " M! B7 q: m+ n' XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 O$ }$ S5 q9 Y& {0 Z
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - J6 u+ X" |2 ]% T* D% B# j! B4 i4 z8 F1 b2 |, S
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - B6 s9 e+ z) l" P8 @ b6 t9 `' X" c, K2 c: A4 i4 m2 V C3 a
3 T7 \9 _1 V9 S) ]+ U' e" X, u' | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. R7 V }9 q0 D* t8 z
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例如:, T; ~4 n# F& ?- z% p( B
8 q8 K2 h1 c; jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# X9 l' y/ b" J' A( x4 v
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) S, J1 A; }+ P1 P* b
) [( P" W8 j7 M0 l/ w: n4 jI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' P% E- v5 g" w, T2 Y6 N! a+ ]8 e2 f2 A& T/ M, h
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 }; {. x+ ]% w) r ! b+ j; ]$ }# z1 @! I* vIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 [% X2 m$ C1 W9 b3 m5 j5 B; U4 l+ L# L* E" Y2 n( ]
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- @. h" a' e1 }6 m4 a% P& n
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # T7 ^1 S! }. H" v$ E+ e& v0 b : p& O1 P% c0 j1 c/ i如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) h" [4 o( F4 T* Y
) p4 T/ x) [9 E6 m$ X1 L7 AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) M% `; O, r" U6 Q b r( I$ x3 v9 ~8 Q: u# X0 w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , S. F7 h: S. c2 T # _9 v; P+ J+ X3 Y: d" T4 y+ E+ KHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 [& e S, l; k L9 d4 D: _7 {+ T$ m% W7 m' y, f8 [
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 S7 f; q8 w: {3 }+ E6 S
8 q& e6 x0 ^' r% nWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ @5 |) c* L2 b1 {; Q0 s1 J! y x
; W8 }5 u0 ~" m2 I) Z2 V" {- G0 kEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - r4 O- R* U, d A9 F( ~2 j * ?+ P% S, {7 r. o写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 H# V, k7 c6 c c% C R- X; }' { v
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 I1 e5 }8 N' z8 ?- i 2 a; m$ U3 {" G: X9 G + ]6 n Z% f) Z- _; w6 v$ ^5 L) L3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 M+ i, A- F( P& t2 X
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例如: / g$ K4 T% F2 O' |1 g & U- v1 K7 Z$ d* U( b$ q$ F$ pMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ R# ]+ v7 X" j) D7 I' X' t' ]2 r2 j3 s0 Y+ N* G7 A# ?
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 H8 I6 o/ x/ u2 w ! w$ m$ n/ ~3 ]5 L, sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# A9 O0 b& a6 N1 M* Z
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 F2 ~ `5 S+ `
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - k; n! P) B8 Y X2 B5 W) t6 h% p# S( `# v6 r" p6 ~
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ ?( X( _8 y3 y1 {" O
) f. P4 K: @: z0 `) o4 H$ c' g0 @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % {3 d: s7 s; t/ h6 ]- a2 X2 q' g7 }$ j! K2 j: o4 ]
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : {( \. d) X- O+ }; t& v) m M- A , C! E4 W+ x, M- O% o: q9 G同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 I; o7 f+ P8 n0 r. Y. R9 R 8 S- x, g8 R* \. Y/ g& e+ n当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + A5 e1 {1 o7 C& ^! [ 2 S" V' X8 u7 l; K. f: b9 \对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 u) H @. t& Q8 H3 N. D3 S- I , {( c; _! u( N5 O! j9 N# }2 u对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" G& F6 A3 q1 o% x
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * M6 O8 i5 B: n. H. d! ^ * }' J' W% b: ~. b对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . q" g* F/ M7 v" j: j$ p 8 L. V2 o6 W: [! S; K. b _至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 k8 R& U5 t- e
) n3 T7 |- o2 [# d9 h6 [还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , c6 Y% p% @4 l$ t7 _! T p, W 6 H2 c! B$ h& A8 c2 j6 l" U. P有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% l1 _% p3 o$ p K( @9 p