本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 S0 U6 Q8 `4 Y( E/ F
( `# `* x4 I! M& U" c( J转帖 9 H! Y) l1 k9 |3 _: o; C- P+ [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). a$ B6 J( I$ F
; v4 `" E) h; K& Z9 `% F
例如: / p t: u8 w0 x3 l* Y& F2 Q- z1 F& n+ M8 |- D( j0 Z# }
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 l0 [- c5 G2 @ x! Y; `- h0 F& h8 G% q; B3 K: q# H, F4 p7 _
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# u: T9 R8 f) v0 Z! N5 J
* }+ M' V$ b% o7 JThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; Z& @- L( `5 B+ a+ a) l! }9 Q : y9 g5 y' w) Q' g# L9 r- u% FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- |5 p* J( i. ^; s( O
; N# N1 ^! i; i) g+ ~8 a$ wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), J% G6 r6 A+ N
6 ?3 j2 G* D& n2 ?+ vMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 u2 C. U: \* R" J. v& i5 j# b8 |, Z' l. B! w
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 F) C3 Q. e1 o2 m' @1 l$ V$ ~
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ k2 @ b. Q: e* v0 \+ W- X+ f( s! a) z9 b3 Z0 f
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , s9 E f8 i! i% z " ^& ^8 k& [" ?. V I. KPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; ] n5 f0 h" G8 a( h/ O# B5 u$ G' y 6 B& u( i7 ?1 A这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! ?. M$ m( y6 Y! @: v 4 K1 N7 o! M" \# p # N) A% \. _6 Y2 A- m# O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & g) R8 x2 m; Q/ w1 h0 `- ^! Z& k0 J7 n1 w P2 S% m
例如:. n* j/ \. P$ _+ E" r. j2 d
- t4 `1 p; o7 w- e- P8 vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ e) F# K# ]" [ L
4 o: s9 g/ X& q, x4 _/ k
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 o$ b2 c7 _0 y1 P# r% i7 C0 O R7 _; R
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). m7 W6 r6 K% C* e, U z
4 h7 s0 B' Y5 H
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 \+ R6 F/ P5 j( ^ * q- i. G% Q5 y2 F; V l4 |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + r4 ? H9 M1 i8 B* w% d6 p6 A4 W* b
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( T. l7 `5 b. i' a p D1 s : d0 V9 n6 w0 D% f. EI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , R" P8 Y; `5 A: B! l' i. C5 D/ i0 w+ ^& ]. D1 H4 C
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% m* b4 N4 _+ X2 R
! R1 w% ^# u# O3 k$ VThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 a4 v2 {; U x2 v% {7 ~/ E9 P, w
% y {, e; F( ]- T2 b% b+ [
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). K) V9 {8 s7 _1 ?) _
. Z$ U4 U! v: `4 X2 H$ Q$ f% zHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . b% i* U' k6 Y9 [7 _% Q ' ?' E5 y1 J, o% m6 x/ z7 n4 qHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * C2 s% {4 n; }% ^1 c* w G4 _ b8 `* ]; f' L% m; o: j5 _* vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 \, B1 g: O: ^ R # h+ v5 F. n5 h# }: S% V. Z5 s% hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! ]0 a+ [4 z( }
% F7 ]$ N V$ E8 T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " z) c6 K* }! X! f- ~: |" N/ l/ v; z# c 6 C8 \5 ^- i; X- I( D, S" [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 U4 l4 l7 O6 w" `" b( J& y 8 e1 H0 N" z7 E" j4 K1 ]: N2 C! o* H X' o1 B 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, d1 W' i2 F! ?2 Z7 j2 q
9 F- U( i* k: v( J( H例如: + y8 d9 {: `! }2 A3 d0 G9 @: o4 u- l' {& B5 d8 U) Y" a& T0 C2 r3 @) E
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). ^9 K) K1 M9 `: I
, x( W" C2 a7 D# l) dManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ p% a- E7 w! J- o) K- z $ S, _5 @. i H/ E- E; |This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 H5 G8 B# H+ c1 d: j0 Z( a6 V
' P- m% P# T* Q- R
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 \% p- F6 v' m* v* ]* u5 F
# |) l. }; B% V0 J- P
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 d8 o9 n( O: M# c! D; A : a* a+ ^! @5 f: ^2 rPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), ^3 [$ W, P* Y+ I9 B
) m- C3 ]1 _ X: S) C3 Q7 T, A
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& r/ T% ?* I6 }0 I# L, m8 @
% ?% n8 f# }/ T, r/ }0 lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , N5 ~% B. s1 C) ?, i9 r- Q# T% m
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; b$ j2 j# z* e( @
, H3 M, }$ y8 D- X/ t$ O% D
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 J$ [" x" O; j; P! n$ [ / }5 D6 j. _; W9 Y& x; f对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' b, b" w+ d* {: i& h, I
8 F* @6 O+ v9 `& k对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ w: Y* ]7 h, p6 E! a( n3 S
' _. ]: ^: e( Q9 F0 Z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / O* h* |; P7 \" c. U0 u+ m8 P
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 V" p0 E! A) z3 ^+ g7 ] ) Y* {0 |# k0 M0 M" C至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , @, g/ [$ A( k8 }; } * g _! M# L$ z$ L2 L \; W还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : ]. t$ h% V/ [: R8 Y: P & _! ]: P( w: c' L1 r有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- [7 I, D+ C6 m6 ?1 e) t& |$ C) [