本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - ~1 [. x) T$ o- W) g. K$ Z1 q
( c' s$ i; ]- {( L. T' n转帖 + A% P1 z6 X. h1 ?0 I8 N, W1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 |! F# j$ @! f* V/ h9 O: f& B
! o! _, k& s4 a: O例如: & ]. ?" g# o! d( {' M& K , n/ }% N% l: s2 H- A" sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" V9 ] V' e7 Q% D
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 V& V" e! g% q4 R* b( l9 y1 Q6 O/ g: U* p
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " ^+ ^8 J' M! ^9 @& W; z1 S; [ ; `) \; \: V/ P3 c: zThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : X6 d8 V& w) K9 M, d9 _ ( H* H- K( U5 L5 [: LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), u# S \$ P- Z7 T
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 b0 `- T" K( ^% Y2 U1 u2 J5 b- j2 e+ `! h# a( V" R# G# W
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' D& S: c# f/ \7 {+ L ( \( r Y3 T( xThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 j2 E, H. H) }7 Z0 @3 G' D
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' g1 r) V6 f" e: {( F2 V0 i9 s" Z0 P7 J
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); {- b& u. a: m' t
) K0 e! W. ^+ A* s* {3 ]这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- s8 f: K6 y$ h! l4 ~- @8 K1 Z8 s4 d5 y
1 v# a! |/ `8 N8 C/ { + a j3 {2 T- P4 Y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; O$ W8 L. i8 s, E# m/ t' l9 u @" L) \4 r
例如: # Y5 k0 x, [* T: e$ L* l2 {& E. z( V5 B) g2 v7 {
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); Z8 j# w; O( U
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 c$ z8 f8 I9 G% R" ]8 M a2 b$ d0 Y( J5 p8 z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 y- D* z1 h0 J. x, Q9 p7 ^& F2 u. F/ \/ }& J
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): u) a/ j# w/ K7 V) n
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* }4 g7 b* @+ @) d3 f. \" ^
4 n# q- D* g; q% Q. J' |" l7 k# |- bShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% i `* X& v9 K# k! h. |# z4 f
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 x. m9 l6 Y/ {8 F& E @: E: L3 |3 U8 ]2 z4 p0 X3 ~2 h) L6 E
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 C& t: U& d1 Z8 V: Y$ U/ p9 i. o: n! w
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) |. J& g, f1 v( r0 h; ?
* f5 N% T V m* m, A- SThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): U+ O' o# u" m
- l1 T/ [% |' ]' J0 q2 kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 q% g3 F2 l0 H7 f5 x# M
; p- R4 u J( tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' Q" f1 f# D1 i8 I
; I& V+ j1 B- [& _) O' \We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 Z9 [$ ~9 ~9 U( t
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- K# n, c G, l0 E. ^2 U& y6 V" T
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ z( [8 E. M& ]% i2 T. p# [
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 ^7 ?: f0 ~* b- M" w8 n- h& ^$ i1 S. v$ k I
9 G6 ~9 i* r2 h f* R5 Q S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + d$ v! _" g! N: R9 s. f ; I6 @1 J* J1 [例如:, g4 a, g/ n' {4 V4 k: V
. C1 j6 r+ N- ZMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), G" T, A2 a) U9 e0 S; X
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* ?& p4 e- A( s
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). {: p# \ p4 j8 i
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ W% f6 Q- y. Y) P, S3 c
! r1 E; ~& R" J4 e, RMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' e' S% ~: d0 R; h5 ]
- y' O+ X: ]6 P3 O- D4 ZPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 [! ~8 R2 T0 c7 J; @! W ; B' v* X, W) N1 t) F3 y/ KCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* g) |& n0 {3 j( H
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + V# u5 |, B' {* I9 P9 C, Z & Z. k8 d# A$ ]2 c$ ^6 }% Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " b! K$ ~9 S% h5 G% a9 a- l0 i5 }$ }2 v8 X% [" H) x0 Y0 C: H* _
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " u4 |+ J: y7 E7 n! J2 ~3 M/ R2 D/ T. X. v
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' X, P" ], d2 \, e) a
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' E1 w: Z; U8 h% M; n# _9 F# `* y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% j' I- X- Y& n9 `- K9 O
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 U3 A, X7 I2 G* r' g$ x
$ _3 |! f" J5 h% P+ M至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ ?5 c5 o% {3 ]! Y% I. O* X: V$ c
7 f1 g6 Y0 F/ C5 V2 M还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* }9 N0 L5 d, Y. {4 [3 A
; i w" z: F) _9 {( x3 j2 ~+ U7 j有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 f0 a5 l, ~$ c- v7 x. t