本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 W3 M3 ?( R L: @% z, G8 j! f
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). p V7 E5 N% F) H
# e- q7 c/ r8 P例如: 3 s* B3 C. U2 Q' a7 I9 { 2 J6 T+ e7 y9 b* s' ?+ zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 z; ]5 B0 L8 T9 P: f7 T ' o I, o" Y) h* g K" q3 ^Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 z" x& Y2 a$ u' J9 c
; k7 N' E; P, _" ^" p% T3 {8 A4 h3 ^This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ b( p* k! A8 H a" M! _4 {3 |
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , I$ Q' \& B% J % @1 N7 a* }9 J# |0 t: iI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! t/ y, |( w0 X0 ^3 `' b$ O9 K# H$ g; y7 S& {
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - D( B2 Y# @) |" m2 V! B" C; h8 h- J7 d4 i# Z" @
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & O( w, j$ S$ ^& F 2 s% `. w9 X/ k n# wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - @7 C. j- G& N) p* H7 M, ?0 l7 x' ] M/ D1 l& ^
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 _: m' S5 H/ y; b
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 M% h; r) t- R# D- [- ~+ F! i% O+ b( E) i
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . V2 ~3 `; ] E0 d' r8 I$ j! `" |& n/ c u: }( o
y9 M3 r% @- `2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / i9 e% E) I8 }. q% a - ^9 M# g# f, V8 ~8 s例如: 3 t$ r6 Z5 ]9 q: c/ o0 t5 ~* r8 X4 _: d+ A9 p# F8 `6 d% E
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- A" T3 G9 o- l) R, @! g3 p9 Z: K
8 j- n5 x+ M4 yDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( d% D* p) k4 ?+ y5 L" B4 z
$ ?3 M( O" t3 p; kI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 Z* J8 _7 O- X. \1 G$ Y
K X5 g1 B) Y! jHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- y' v) {, P% X9 f
. {' m: S+ V5 M: Y4 lIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 m+ S/ q2 z" t2 g$ e: q6 } 1 z4 _' |4 F7 U" S( e J& H; ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ q4 E! H' T! D$ x
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 K, J8 ^7 D% I 9 N4 G8 E( r. P" ^# {+ r T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + D! a+ u5 w7 x. _/ D, L$ c) U # H9 X( j2 h4 V- W8 V1 u' YThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) {( k: g- F) Q) P- Q+ o
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' E$ F1 }$ n& }9 y; L: a& b. A- W2 n
5 l# W1 b* V! {4 S6 YHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& P9 v% Q( e) v u3 x
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 T2 c' O. M$ i4 s1 P$ k5 [ 2 @ v2 e- j/ r& R2 GWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 M3 Q' F4 c/ j. n& ]2 _0 E
& t# H! _+ y6 Z" T; {2 |3 B7 {Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) h$ D1 L/ p4 i4 J 1 b2 h! p7 e! w( G, @, w3 J X写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' L; Q- C3 l% D$ c0 u% z$ z9 T$ ] # Z" \0 n. q( e& `# m此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " L9 l2 A" z0 u4 ^& n ' Z" O2 r4 q$ ~7 a1 _9 z- y5 E8 t3 _" ^' v, c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / x0 r0 N( I. }. u) Z 6 K( X+ o# \/ g例如: - M, U+ z6 p' ^# l & \7 L/ u/ L% r# W* f' |- lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 G$ }( [+ ~2 r8 N9 m
% ^8 D& Z N: l. R& GManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / ^; j( B. u6 x: J: m; w! b+ U 8 P( ]$ H. H( R- f' j v3 ?This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 z2 K7 z( v- A
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & g6 s+ _, s9 H- n5 J `; `. t, p. n! X* }
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) x% ^, f- H1 A9 `4 ^; n' H/ h& D) n$ W
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 t( f& O) J7 M# G# h % N. l4 h9 i" S$ M$ f9 D1 NCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' j+ s1 b% s* |$ |# g, [
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 H6 K3 v. J. r * `* }& D/ d4 ?4 v1 x! t- L1 i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: [' Z# N+ m$ |
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( H; [1 n! n2 w/ R5 j3 M, U
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 W# \ U `* e) G2 Q4 P
$ A! _. q6 [. k对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * I' A P$ R0 }' R4 K+ ^ ( @' a/ b6 F. ]. a9 D) e5 i对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 @8 z; t4 q& D 7 n1 i | I6 f8 T0 k" R对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 |3 l. Z' r* i
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 ~5 R" @( l+ x0 ]6 A# k' |8 ` [9 r# \7 _8 H* u/ C4 c: D( Q
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & ^6 ^" f. _ B6 m+ A+ B, M6 f4 N' U1 N4 _- B
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' E: }' t2 O3 E( r1 a) C