本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - b. Y' n. i8 {; X( e# R
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 ^6 Z$ u+ U% Y 8 J& F. H8 o2 r例如: 9 R3 R9 o* ]1 m2 r# ^ $ m" f. P, L9 e5 U% U& d! j+ Z% PMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 v2 Y& L% |& S' o7 ?6 ~; v
0 u$ H' }7 o7 ]% J; i: q# CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % P q& r8 b1 a4 ~) C ; e8 r% S. _# t! i. MThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 q! q( {9 B/ U: u. D. g( U9 [( Q9 _- A* H
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ o1 A; \- c4 A* R* m- O
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) L d% F3 T9 ~) x# g @) z* s5 ]! x2 T# T+ i
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ Y( S) X4 L* k# X8 _$ J/ {
7 J/ s) W1 h) V6 ^' ]1 J) UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 g5 X0 o) I# t# k4 r* @! b+ `8 V6 K7 \
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 f; A; t$ `+ V0 x9 l9 ?
+ \0 n7 I! b3 @+ ^/ F8 n5 p: DWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 T; ?# w5 k7 A* Q& ]- q5 c
6 I( ]1 ]6 B- d. Z% rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / D: f4 T- ]" w+ } c& h; O8 I0 g$ Z7 Y0 Z2 O% M: _; t8 F
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 ~0 |) V9 J! x' f' T/ S% |
L+ r5 ^4 X/ a/ M6 {; m& l/ k6 x5 W& G1 O 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. n3 q+ c# ?0 Y
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例如:' Y( P* z% J4 T
6 {1 j+ k |/ e# qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( \0 K7 h/ }- c 1 T+ D9 K2 ]2 O: K6 [Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 ` u- }3 I" U" d. H. W: N( e6 l0 l4 X1 }& `( b
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" q l& E8 L4 {
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 o+ ~% v2 f- L8 F+ z
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' F7 ?% `. e) t. u6 Q
: c- n7 V1 T2 h2 O$ P9 _ ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' p) G3 z$ Q$ w4 e) K1 e# T
1 M3 m/ P( h* W, ?: v1 |I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 H( b0 B: \6 y3 Q' L! ^
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! j* j, a+ `. ?, r7 ~5 p% N+ A. q 3 E. S/ G- ~, c* h8 c1 ~The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); T6 W- ?# k2 p$ b; c
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* a& N4 q" X/ P8 ~# M7 V
6 \7 P4 m9 n' C5 Z( U& T! UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( K: W5 p- q1 n& O; G- u% S* {& v
! m) i+ v0 j( P8 wHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! g4 [. Q9 s4 _# n6 X7 N% p 1 ^0 |7 `$ n, w7 O/ _/ I, S/ U* O6 JWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) t8 ?5 O. a2 q9 f3 J
) c/ [0 K3 Y$ {( ~6 m/ m zEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) p7 X7 q0 s0 K! n8 l$ A
. T1 i( E2 b1 ~' }写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # z5 R0 p+ r9 W. l; H% \ Z1 T# @. e* }. @# ]
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 Z' c. e+ h* ?! A& ?. I& L # _# {5 @' k- C4 v& y0 i; `2 m+ k. l2 p. e) f2 L 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 E' ^: N; L9 R2 }
/ p Y. h5 N7 ~9 b" G X3 s6 E例如:, Y; p+ E6 x" @ ^6 [7 i7 {" {
4 ]: `1 Y) C: A) _8 m' z2 ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), F) W& V! e/ q' w$ ?; Q
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 I- V$ K0 [% B% Q) o! G" g$ U! |) y6 ` @9 U; f6 w8 }; x
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 [. g- Q, J8 E6 t7 u' \* w5 d0 C. i2 r8 z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); m( U2 G) [; ?8 D% P
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- k y% w2 S. p4 Y4 H
+ x; x" }0 H" R- o; I8 ZPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% j( ~1 y/ y( c% W
7 H4 t! e) d* A& \( jCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' `5 W+ _! L. n; S$ @
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) t* s6 r' b8 C8 n; B' |9 o7 T9 S: @( `+ L# {3 Z) n
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! f0 t& r9 G- K6 H
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; r% d( D* B7 E
! p* j6 ?* S+ A( E# w至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 l% O3 R# x. A% V! q% | _6 N* \4 f4 _) _1 c* T0 C
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ Q. a1 e" ?& D0 S: q
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。$ S. M5 p, s. o N5 a% s2 C