本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( [) c' J: H/ v9 m5 r, n4 g " z& I. \+ q) G; o1 l转帖+ b0 T" C+ N/ p6 y( }
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* R1 b, K7 Q, Y$ D+ r
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ A! i4 W& l7 o$ ?: ?& s* f
2 Y8 M2 p1 d+ H( r. [! w8 m% M' WThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / q, R% y* z+ X% F D% G6 t % @/ }% S7 |" p8 p; l2 `This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! @; k! m% C9 o$ X8 X 0 w. [3 p# e- v/ ?+ F8 yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" G. P. v4 G7 C5 v. h
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 }6 f9 ?: M9 X3 J- R6 e
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# s u- b/ }( Y
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 v- j) R) h/ ~7 I: O * T. G8 v9 t, w6 I/ x& |1 ?' e: TThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & S7 @6 Q9 ^3 [# z& I $ I9 Y# O. s7 a: r9 dWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " G$ Z3 R% s/ c- }2 j% q% m ; _- o! M: Y$ J9 g4 MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & ^! _0 k- G! y2 x* C # A8 I: |/ A% N! M这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ L/ b2 ]) q( ]% r3 ~& b
, S5 }6 K6 u" ?$ E, a6 g8 j+ d$ F6 _- U& |% C1 `3 P2 I4 L$ E 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* Z6 n) W* c# |+ m2 M# `5 `; t
" W0 B% Y# {4 c; C1 u5 k; G+ y例如:# w7 C" f1 t: l
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 o: v1 X. n7 O% m& A' k2 _ & z' m. L: n9 n( e" pDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 j( u! Y5 z2 d& @4 A
|+ x" G- b3 K; rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : S/ y) R5 F; M4 T1 M/ w) H 8 Y4 x3 q$ T+ W r1 THe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 c' R0 h) t2 f2 W- s9 e% {- [
' W9 _9 q' T0 ]! s# v1 D6 |6 `( CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 X; ^; o1 o- X9 X, `4 x" ^2 J. P$ O
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % e) {, q0 a$ C8 A, a2 Y$ {6 M4 L% }' O K1 a1 u
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! J# y) y% Q5 q, c/ d8 u8 I9 x5 M
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 m: ^; ~2 b+ X4 m
$ @1 H" D) Q- K3 lThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 {4 [$ g8 s* a* v% i6 `1 V R h
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( C! T- b3 D, h* d$ f: u: j) H9 n8 ^/ [' g$ ~ o: b& O4 u# w& M
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # Y( o: I0 x& I, w$ t8 s" y9 s9 b( N5 u9 D6 X9 Q1 b
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 j3 @+ y& z. I* u( s. C: w: Z3 I( z5 T! ?8 y9 z1 I( s
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ g6 Z8 K6 n/ R$ k7 G! H
: S, L) W4 ]0 C- dEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ H2 } P# }9 I- p( G
: O/ |# R" P* P8 k/ T5 I1 ?+ g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 P7 h" x3 e1 S) z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * s- n7 x- ^$ g4 [% y ' j# m+ S% T' L 3 {5 ^$ M2 I3 L4 U M3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" ~+ Y9 w1 P S
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例如:; R5 g! n$ |+ [% y9 ]. }( w
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 R, C: L/ A7 Z
/ a0 q0 k! ?( j' ]7 @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), d7 i0 H# L& C1 a
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 k9 _/ y. {8 t. l* Y
' b8 s; i/ K( ^: A( x6 G9 o6 PHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 x8 S* O) R( _# U; m" a3 W! W' d$ \
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 a. t2 ^$ t9 N) k& {/ I) S/ T " T( T) e: J0 C0 aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % I6 R. w' U" o( f, s3 h3 q6 l2 _2 f; x. M
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ s; Z/ g" t7 J2 n2 i
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* o' G& X4 L2 d: m; R
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % E! ]6 A5 Z; W/ H4 n1 L ; O; r4 [3 S" m G当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 K/ }& `6 T. Q! U" a& y 4 {& F8 ?6 {) }6 S0 x" W对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 z# ? D/ | E) x% Y . D# A7 T) a9 o' Q" {9 s1 N对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: R3 F# p" Z e* p2 Q7 ~9 }1 B
]4 M. I* R R* j0 o2 H对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# N. u* h1 [5 m2 c- E