! u$ T% U. N; d5 |7 K' ?7 X- f例如:0 w) Y$ F. {7 A! i5 Z% Y
. P2 P4 y- G* n% g1 }/ U' _Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 E0 h5 u/ E( @+ v* O
; z# P. k0 ]/ O* }# m7 x8 nThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 L' u( q8 j, f! n/ Z- p . ^$ L' Y! P* { m4 t4 kThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 I% i, k. t( V7 O2 s! T, j6 u; m7 [3 T2 K2 [) O- C+ C6 ]
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 s/ l( i6 H7 X# _( K( t' e1 z; W/ p0 Z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' S" v# R8 @( B
$ s5 a/ N6 o( U/ h4 wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ P- x# w7 |) U
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( L2 Y( }2 ?0 W" B
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 j. w6 j4 C6 [& g M3 y* |9 [- s# G , G+ ?4 J k4 P0 {We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# A3 W: f: _( K9 l7 X; \+ O" h7 V: `# C
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% t9 Q8 F8 S. Y0 V9 L
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 K4 h2 I- v5 n; c. ^3 x9 }: m# T+ l, @
6 w7 s) K) \# ]/ ?8 T9 ?/ K8 c: I( e2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # u# m- O) V+ V: i3 h# x/ N! i/ ]$ Y% K: U- ]) \8 }
例如: ! o6 _7 j; N. z+ d& m* [0 Y7 d8 A+ T$ I' y
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): N5 y0 s' p/ f/ m- y
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 M6 [& v6 H1 }( {4 Y8 v, w
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 r. z2 Z4 o5 D$ q
0 h- O" v' ?1 I; L* x# _( uHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : n, c' d. }( |4 Q( q+ k : ]) O& L2 |; e; U. eIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), e! j& _+ @+ P* j7 g/ j! G
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 X+ E: a! M& s; F& T) k1 g
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! C X( r* L/ z
6 f: l1 Q, I/ @# ^( [ V如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 U3 w' d/ Q ~9 b( _* ~+ n$ i$ U' E9 t
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # u$ y$ A7 v$ S$ A% A# x, Q% t9 I5 Y9 X$ @5 U/ D4 u
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) p! | c9 s) p/ a: P& V6 J2 m) H1 e& H$ w. m
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ s- F0 \# S3 {. ]9 E; z, h; K# h* R
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 w; K5 Y9 U" W
/ v5 l+ R# K* [ ?: u9 A5 ^We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + [/ V4 x. X6 ]+ C8 u. s. A6 b m7 h4 Z3 v; A+ c) d3 T; ~& REnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 L6 ^ t5 n5 \- b* q5 j0 \2 L9 d4 K 5 q, n2 e M+ p* F; I6 G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 V) }4 T! Y3 \4 e0 {' g
) l+ ~' p% c* T此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. p" t& _" @, }& Y7 ?5 ~) U
; _' H5 V$ \; o) U+ u( [* h6 n: G8 d: @5 x 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) C8 F& {# h& a% x: S$ Z 7 N0 N" p* w( D例如: 7 _+ D2 ?) {( V k : K# h; y% h0 IMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 h, f+ s$ d: o/ B/ ^ G1 [+ T z8 }( w+ q& `: L
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); R1 D4 k, v( K2 |
9 ]& d! n. Y1 B( A9 P+ ~4 _. oThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; p; q- `# E, C- p' G# q# V i " v+ H/ e+ U k( E5 IHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & k/ i. b3 }* E+ M' V, k* H# v ) X. s) p0 |9 X4 u( K G6 ^Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' f7 q0 k; N/ [; d* X2 W9 R+ Q# H4 h1 R: a/ b/ @* g$ Y+ f
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 V. Z; s; ]! q% X4 `" C/ V & c* s8 K: w' lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) |7 V4 K/ C! a7 |4 Y# d7 e9 \8 P7 i
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 @# k! X0 k- ?! `
5 Z6 q/ F) x6 A S& c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 T+ j/ r- U! K/ Q$ r9 o0 ~ 0 \4 ^! }2 V. P8 }2 T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% i5 A# U3 |0 C" n( `. j E9 W6 I
4 C7 d- D+ e7 Y$ G对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ _4 ^2 _" j0 a, ^: D
; n8 b5 E- o- O2 v9 q* }+ q& O' N1 f对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; F" p6 {1 u" A' o
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 o; k# C& k& A; [# A3 N. N9 N; m* {. ?6 Y
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( c& Z. g$ w$ |8 ~8 X/ g1 Z! n F+ ]7 S& A; U" A7 @
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 h, M; D; q+ o! e& | * ~3 T1 f2 [+ }0 h4 n还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + p3 |9 A- ~% H, d 5 D! G4 q; V8 y/ k5 ]有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 P' l# }. z5 q% j" e" w