本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 c1 I' V, |2 h) b7 N4 @) d$ W: w/ Q6 i) {" ^; _ 转帖 + I9 a# K1 R4 o1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)" M6 z/ G6 u1 c) C4 ]
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, k9 G8 x- [. ^- eMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& c" x% T- M# p* r2 p
: M8 x. Z# O1 ?+ XThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' U9 G+ \5 |) [! @
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ h) M; @$ S! z/ m" ~9 b4 T8 v8 G1 N5 W: R, |% u f
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 \9 ^5 `- _) D7 `7 [: @* |5 j ' @3 f! S5 A3 i, ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 Y/ R7 u8 L: L( b# q' i% a8 w S+ F. T+ B, h$ P% m
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 Q% g0 ~3 e( ^2 D# w + T" O* Z& y+ S4 ^+ |0 j8 \We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ j6 H7 ]- z4 W' d
4 H, u4 S" t7 I6 _$ X1 [- |# O& j* Q! }The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # V4 u6 x7 L: m% F) @$ l# M- X: G0 a g( K: w/ ^) y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . v( s9 S; a" z4 U1 b( }* L4 f, {* x! o 0 x+ r% Y8 U I, p2 ~Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 o' Q1 g+ E. ?% y/ N# g% m+ X3 f
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% z w$ Q) q$ P' i0 o" K8 \3 H
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) }# d9 s! q) X( r; o4 c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 x; G& L4 }" n7 h% g, d- [& h6 m; M6 ?7 r, X0 X* m
例如:' |' t% n6 m$ @5 n. }; \
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 [' u4 r! f0 c8 g9 R3 y2 h( ]8 L. g- Q5 Z. u" \" P
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 Q, q/ H( I! \2 }
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), X5 l: j* T8 H$ \$ u
$ a( Q# i" A7 J' F! c/ dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 _5 a7 E0 E) x1 @& l' k- M
6 y: R* Z4 C2 d' {! |! vIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ T7 P6 Q6 H: } * N" ^. c, D. S' ^* F. m8 HShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 v/ X$ C7 q% D1 b4 X4 `6 [0 G
# a$ U; e L9 o4 fI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 V6 s( f: U: Y, l; X% E4 e) v2 I+ X6 }
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % ^9 A% V8 D7 M, I/ F$ T) K, w $ E/ N2 {, l) ~The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : r& x% ~# H/ {4 v u- S( j 1 C; q( w2 }3 N$ e1 CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* g8 ]0 |+ K. H. W2 g$ s8 D
( r$ V0 F1 N* X [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 v" S! H& P$ {+ G5 {4 y" @- C/ u( {* D7 V) A- K# m/ V% Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' ?8 C# R& J: m" v3 ]. d9 D+ Y
- i8 n% r: g5 l. X+ h. m) XWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 @' R, b8 \# R; o$ | # P! Q! R' {. W, A# y' `Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 F) k/ W4 u/ D5 A/ x
! n8 z% z. x4 f5 I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' O1 Z3 Q: b: f 5 b( z2 }7 R. b3 W7 Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; O8 E* {& i& J
+ L, t1 L1 ^$ w! ^6 \9 g* c+ g8 Q5 N2 M4 h 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : I9 v* t4 |' T# Z* m. L" b 7 R; ^+ b: Z5 N; K. P# t* ]& w; P例如:1 O, |$ B( ~/ ?9 P
: I0 E0 r' y' j- FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( _( s7 \* q) r4 J! Q8 A8 {
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): H% L9 L% S! F0 `+ x& {2 d
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ R; ~& G. M5 U# N
1 C' S) ]( H6 _0 W! A6 _6 `He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 w! }; S) ]( _' x2 ?3 n
! t p+ g7 P4 \8 RMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! U9 A. [2 C2 Q( ], k$ b9 s
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 T2 i) K3 {6 j) S9 k * A+ F# g7 W' rCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & D, E# x& `7 L ) Q( B. z) b MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 z5 @5 C/ T) `! K0 ~: V9 c! ]0 ]- L2 K- K
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ L: Z/ p4 y: E! n4 R5 O
) `( s, M. n. y% j& F2 @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : t- P. E) v: r) j s5 R, Q6 |0 r- n C/ \5 f. K
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: v V, @6 _5 U' {7 [% ^
! {. X! a" J! }$ C+ t: X) L# i9 J对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 w5 ` c3 N9 c$ r) {# s- E Z/ ~3 g
' j8 ~7 V$ C" u' a0 O对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; U; r( | H1 l; |/ h: p: p+ D; |; o* r5 ?8 t5 g$ h% W$ C
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! f4 N3 A0 O: h4 A9 ~) j( e6 Z, h5 c3 A! r7 A, l n
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& ? O; u( u3 P5 N3 K8 O( P/ b
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 t- y+ g0 v- n, \& ^
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 v( X9 O* W0 m# W9 K$ j( I