本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / s N9 @" J) w3 K; C. B6 G6 R$ R6 \5 J. K. m, X 转帖 " o2 i" x* b7 L) Q% ?9 l1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* D# D$ d. i! V5 R, F: ]* G f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)* q) a5 J9 ~% P( N7 }" o2 g
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; T J$ {7 \/ d( L; X 4 r7 }$ M0 j [' OThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 H, |2 l$ M: I) `) c5 S
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 A5 d/ ? U, v U. Y9 ?! n; C9 K u4 ] r( ]7 ^! ~' r) y" B0 C
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " N9 c- o" ?: j1 ?6 n- ^! E ; ^# r" C7 _1 G! kMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- n2 O: U% d* M1 c1 r) B/ ?
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 n& T! v0 |2 f% v* U3 d1 u9 e' C6 v4 T
$ W& n; T/ ]+ `1 K1 eThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : ], I! V) |6 a+ p' k# Z& a G! ?8 C5 v2 B5 s0 U" c) XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 r, E* y& Y" A5 j& X/ C) d, ^: S" c4 Z- N+ S
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . j0 m$ r9 T3 C) C; I: E 5 b4 y! H; k: a, w+ [4 G这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 v/ E- @2 j1 Y. |4 j% M) B
9 `' G+ A( P* W& b. } \# {. M1 k! Y' ]: M# ^# j, Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 w& M7 n& b# i2 F% p4 N2 ?
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例如: ( p. C6 R' ^) u8 q$ C8 E # z; c9 f9 `% R: d% ?) ]0 }; @. {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! _3 p2 {# o% E6 y0 @- T4 p+ Z5 C! G
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 a5 e5 Y L, \# B+ { $ J8 n; i( h+ o1 R5 E3 XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 a, b8 d8 |; J" z& P & w: D* n2 t' x1 k# `' H+ |) C* eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 m# Q8 L# h/ t' s$ o- o
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) g+ l1 [$ m% O8 P Z# F0 s N+ ?: I8 W# `+ z# \ S3 I7 B
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): r4 |) D$ s; T- t
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( Y+ E6 W5 ~* l! u' Y6 B; S Z2 i8 X" P5 B0 U1 R0 `: y
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 N' E2 ~+ h9 A2 J% a7 Y6 D1 E' s1 P: J; |' T- {
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + {) _# x- C$ z1 n% Z y$ K# x/ u) X8 t7 b+ S4 ?0 j2 Q
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ W' I1 Y' N k( Q3 u, d! g B4 o
, O/ a, @4 d; RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! I; b0 w& C* p9 w; x" |2 v2 H( g8 o; P( s6 w0 a Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 ~0 [9 b6 s) y, G$ L" P3 I( R: M$ ]8 N s6 M* o4 a: P2 f6 v3 C2 f
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 D; c0 K2 U& x( s* m# k, [
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 p( {. R! a$ r4 Q! s( y
. J+ R( {+ N! K0 F* i1 q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - S) z% j% o: a U) V; m2 R, A9 }6 D
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % X% i7 T0 V. C W- r# c) ]2 ]/ R( \/ B; P; J6 r- Y( v) ]
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: I% _, ^: h& }, XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 r# n3 X4 ~' z9 ?& s/ F# _ E, e, ?) Z " V: [$ m, l% P% M3 |) G) h4 H- pManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) h- w$ V9 t* a8 n + g- h) ^0 ~4 L( n! jThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); y" f3 y! y( R
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / @. N3 _1 L6 z5 O4 G* |( g# P% F1 q0 v. @+ E
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& H/ }2 P, u4 n) I; m
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) J% T% X# Q; t$ v. E
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 X2 q0 k6 E6 x
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 e) [' \0 @9 k# H. S/ h : ]! V4 Y; R" B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 A- M; H; t) n3 R) T# V $ z9 H* f+ q1 E H2 {/ C" R9 l1 H2 \当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) {' N1 O( a4 {6 d 4 W. Y3 ^" M/ g! Q4 X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - w: f* m& e, W6 F* F" _% a$ I( m; K8 i" Y! y; J8 n: B
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# P7 \& t% O2 ~
% }) g/ T/ ?: O( y5 N8 k对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ W5 N# X* j- d; Q& j% _
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 {/ H: M! m' `. [! ?; x" r" o, P! w. [
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " q7 t' C9 J$ {2 ]9 p \3 s: K2 ~2 F9 v$ C
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 ~2 r+ E; |5 {5 \
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + E- E4 T. v3 @4 B. h* a! S