本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * H" s7 H: c8 l4 V! k8 O& Q/ e, b' \0 R3 v6 e 转帖 * @1 r6 G! p; G. J1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : R/ \' o$ m, ?+ l4 [% a0 ]1 k 9 i0 N4 P$ W0 T例如:6 c" N' f( b0 d1 f
# ~- n. n, O+ ?# \) AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# e/ v& F" s2 y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 t% U0 K4 L6 ^* j7 R$ E, _& [5 v' }5 M& o
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + L0 \0 M+ m5 Y0 f) K7 F' R1 _+ t ; f' p2 @/ H( ~2 D' c. X; b+ vThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! m" d8 N1 Q& x. Z- D( z5 ?+ G8 o! M& D: `4 y/ z& a) Z" w$ ^- h! y
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 l: C. y( K7 J* B1 U! W0 z0 p+ l
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% w- k+ e8 [6 ?! {3 P" S" o
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! [0 x6 f7 O+ a3 b9 ]
) y( m; `( m0 J4 }5 Y9 RThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 F7 t# z8 p( p* _; _; @7 P - @/ ]0 K6 @7 @7 v0 yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! K. R3 C# }3 H) ` d9 E
9 u" m: @- Y; }4 @/ f D+ a O( APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ f% G( v% m# ~: x1 o r2 Q# Q9 _
# s# `8 }4 S, K% U这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & X) Y7 w1 m2 {$ `; s " e7 T1 @( {. w7 I+ t. P ) g! n* |7 X: Y0 c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 I, T" E5 }& p0 {, U
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例如: 0 [9 u" d- B: m8 L. \% Y. z0 e8 \ 1 Z( J, n0 J/ B* O$ [3 j: A/ I% JAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 i' m [: m7 m' j3 ~- |
- d. B) l3 z$ j! kDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) y2 O7 D. E A G) l
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# Y/ U; b! v8 S9 X3 H6 A
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 `8 [( l( v |$ g8 r& f; e% w2 e+ m6 D( U" ]
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) @& q7 g* c" I1 _5 y
7 \ }5 c! ^& f& YShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' u2 J l; P$ t1 X! R7 z- ]! S$ E2 w% H6 N* m# |
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). D$ P( U# j: y6 L7 i
$ f# m, |7 p3 i, |9 e如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 o' V* A: P4 |9 f2 H6 E# h! U+ Y
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* S& e9 a: F- E: k* D8 r- R/ N# {* Y' O' C
1 `) S( H+ u5 \* hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 r, N. [4 R" U4 q _( \ L7 b- [2 v; i( t2 ]# k% Q' b. a
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 i& D; N7 |$ J( ^. Q 7 U, _& p5 k5 M' n$ m3 y% i5 CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 Z( O/ f6 Z) v' w9 p/ K1 U1 z) I$ }: [: Q i# n, a0 O7 ]
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( h, G, l. }4 Q! e% ]/ g5 W/ @$ V1 f7 H0 P' K: @4 F
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" ^2 [, B( y- u, R4 z
* F/ ^" W: X q5 ?& P/ h( k写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; ~9 u9 J. @- p9 _4 p1 J1 s+ L" x2 D! N) ^% Q: b6 R
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # x- ~0 g9 B4 @ , g4 L, s" A3 d R8 Z8 x; M6 I5 \& ?/ `3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 J, p# w9 k# S* i+ F# W0 z$ N: ]
* h# ?! \/ Y- G* R3 g例如:0 N5 ^2 Z% w+ F7 P V( D# o
4 A2 ^8 D8 G7 w2 ^* f4 s: A) tMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 h5 Y7 x% K# h
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& m2 F/ v) M- r1 ^
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 n$ _0 k4 T& r# z: h , I+ C; y6 C6 Q+ B& @; jHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 B! e C+ U: ^* ^% T
4 v; [# ]* d @Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - W3 ]: z/ [5 L: y$ a7 X6 `& P6 h # S1 t' k! Z B1 oPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' \7 o: n: [% a+ F
/ ?- a* e1 x% S0 {: u" h' B5 XCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 k& v0 G* m. `/ s' o7 U% ?* _) C+ z+ C' u3 H7 `# ^5 _% Q. c
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* G; U# c% }6 S7 i
) J0 ?) h% B/ V/ D) e1 i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' z2 t' s J; {, v2 n0 a 0 Z- _+ T4 P) i! p1 z8 P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) l& X" {1 \9 _5 E) T( {
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + T. w3 v3 @9 A* ?" C7 `8 y ]" w }5 H6 X D- m. P, E
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 y% Q) J' A! Z( w& l & O! [; `/ c6 K* _对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" E8 F I% m2 r. o% r
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- L$ g7 h, D4 R5 g
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: R6 f( i( F S# q: f 1 {3 E3 s! K# o2 g2 C6 u' o; b9 D/ z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / _$ D0 r& @/ ?3 Q# _1 ~$ t6 ]; {( G" h- ~9 _9 o1 T2 [5 C
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 \+ E: F3 J$ t- A6 l. ]) Z }