本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - h1 _4 w# }% j" B4 R% w* ] 0 I7 I* K' u( U" W3 s4 I$ K, U3 E转帖 & z7 }5 d& `9 F5 F* P1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 Q! k/ F8 c4 q; A! n
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! `' E! ]# c2 r' u
! x# x y% h. t3 j/ c* b+ KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! x4 W3 C7 D& J3 Z; h$ ]8 ?; u
' N, I% g' k) i6 X/ DThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % }6 a! s7 w6 c! _) w$ ]$ ^" g' G " S) [6 x4 n( Q6 e1 t) OThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 Q$ I s- D4 o$ S
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + z( F# L8 S3 h9 u4 `+ ^- F+ |3 f4 j4 T3 a
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( m9 S) s( h" Y 8 a- ^& J: u0 I" Y1 b; Q8 rWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 o+ x% _* o8 [$ [- m) e
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 g+ r$ z: l: E# }+ `3 `( r/ z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 }% L j0 V0 K: P1 I& X+ x8 Y6 f/ J( ]6 b8 V9 \+ L
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , O4 G" ~. ?! o/ v& D7 }, M3 v8 r' P+ O) R1 ^) n
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : P ?) K0 \( f2 W4 ?+ y" z% ~' M4 I" I3 j( p( p" K4 o4 l
4 l- f$ T4 Q# }8 ]; x3 } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ ]. s) @9 x) W7 z( D1 W- T8 [5 a' j; a4 q3 @8 v A. V
例如:( s* p% i: p2 q4 _" t. _7 c# F
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : m, _) }+ ]) V1 }* s ( J+ ^1 ]( P# V& G/ D9 GDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 F: x4 R, T: x* r1 h8 l; `/ v ; m5 `, Z+ f" N/ `& _; z( OI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 C9 C: g. t: `0 g- Z! a* R9 k8 n! E6 G# R6 D$ V* I
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + k0 [) t& Z; _7 Z; M0 E: S% W- G5 P# W( D# `
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / r* a5 e/ N* c2 W ! y4 @3 a& V* H7 m3 I# n7 B1 i* eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ x6 c. C# D) l" B6 s) C
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 Y% Y' T D) f; \8 F; y8 h( x/ | 0 @: m( Z& H: S6 {4 E6 L6 g如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ O4 n0 J; P0 O- b8 B # r& r- x; Z+ l5 q SThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 ?4 E) V+ w$ u+ c' L+ b F- B! _3 ?; x
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( s! |7 {; t2 J: a, d# Z/ X3 x, P2 I& o
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 f. b# O) F! Z. Z0 Z" U9 Z* c4 q% @+ J5 ~
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 f$ f+ d, j0 {( T3 k/ x
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : F; m% E8 @. s) |2 d. E9 {7 F+ w7 w( h
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 c8 ~1 s% Z: H! T * R1 ]) T; H% l1 H写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # B0 v; g% q: l# e& G4 G) c( F* r( c/ q+ ] x4 M' a& D
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 U' |/ L9 M5 t4 B
; w6 \1 c" G9 ]/ T( j& S9 d1 q4 h+ L8 L: F: D! Y8 \/ L 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ ~# F% x- k: ^: |! a; L5 N2 O1 w2 q4 @+ y0 B
例如: . q3 p/ d& W" X. t# f" H" m+ T 4 _- t ~1 B& j2 o( Q/ SMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; L4 Y5 w# ?) i0 W5 p6 r( o8 {- i+ ^' P/ b
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), b5 g) c. o9 A- t" p
4 j- r$ i. r: }3 DThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" L* ~; Y, ]; y% r& {% D
+ J6 n& ?8 p2 pHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), @( V1 n c) L$ d3 D
2 A# t! ^- }' ^' v; f8 s' oMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ n: |7 ?. h0 l: ?& x
2 p. w5 @+ c7 {% z8 {3 Y3 S. jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) k( x4 \- v* [! W
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 P: E3 B0 ?, u3 F& |
& q2 C: ?' Z- E% n) ^7 ? WStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , c9 d4 O) ^% j1 X: c5 i; Q( F2 _" {
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( u' d& T% d( i: C
$ m+ H) A0 M6 i( q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 K$ X7 i3 p& P+ x % F Q' W% k6 o对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ q8 b7 n7 U+ }3 U7 z 9 e# ]3 ?" l$ g4 O+ ^" U/ S k) ^* \对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ [8 q& m% W( _3 G0 i5 B
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / s8 @5 g- {8 z& l7 X0 r+ w( o' m' M$ ^, T) B5 V" z
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; B3 s! ^9 }& c; `* {9 }9 `9 S$ F
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; u& i. i L, x/ R
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! b. E4 o4 ]" K1 k( B& ?
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 W+ o7 A4 L( `# j