本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 g# ?2 G* i, J1 y) |% f! V; { G, s/ D* ? 转帖 }) E) H/ F; {) {8 w+ G
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) I& U8 Y+ t. Z- m [5 v. G: P 8 j5 b! E+ m, A" Q; }例如:6 U( j9 m* }' J; z e* J# a
" P6 x* G% `6 L6 HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % [' b$ ?9 `. K d3 w3 c$ \+ H1 f( H+ Y7 E3 x; P5 R4 A0 D4 |) e
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' ~) ?2 J `( ?3 y" N% S0 g; v& q# k( A# L6 k
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) A& Z. X s: v) h, n+ A: x, z 8 e. E8 R5 G: l! _The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ ~5 q L6 w' f; [# I- u: S
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 k ~& z4 V$ N+ }! L. P 4 ~, K0 A0 U3 y. EMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( P4 V0 j/ R8 a3 T6 F
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); m- q7 G+ ?% t' `6 z* U
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # v1 C! n3 }3 A- T5 ]7 Q# S$ H7 d5 _4 ~; ?
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ i1 u6 P' p0 d x" h- m6 @( d
: n) @8 ^) @: j( [* K. _7 CPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 o+ t& r+ i0 a' \0 B6 a7 P3 d2 t6 j" g6 ^+ r* A
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . m7 H: g# D# w( `6 m8 l4 m \3 _) N! o
* C% N/ e7 b0 q$ T; G K( Z' N% p4 W7 QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - h9 C q$ ]6 ^7 C) u, I" Q8 h8 Q3 y1 T
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( r ~1 Q) L0 L; s. j9 o# ~
# E% P5 d9 |) AI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' W# S$ i' C' r . p3 I% V8 \* D1 T% p8 s6 kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); U U. ^! ?5 a! H$ K8 }' B
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& @' G( x# Z1 {: a: o
2 t7 q# V3 u6 n' _/ \She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# q) T4 Q# @3 ?9 x9 p: w
( p% j- p. T6 o1 _; z. H# @I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 e" \( N$ ^9 E4 w
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 m2 h* ^6 M6 Z( j# [/ A% ~6 h
2 ^1 d6 h2 C+ Y- F# L6 rThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & e% q( {6 O: O; I8 S: r! p / O2 Y/ |% e: R2 k, Z4 Z2 bThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( I! Z/ u. b1 U. }) s
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - [) j+ P7 I% F2 ^- }& Q) x % y0 B& w8 ]( [- F7 ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 H J2 ^: a, w" }6 p
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 s3 m5 d- r2 Y) w
2 x- y" c0 I7 O! w; `, \, H3 [9 ^& f+ ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + J( |; S7 ^% z% D+ H, N& K' |$ x8 ]7 W; n6 O. K
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' c6 ^: S2 n# B+ {' t' a0 J$ E$ s3 |0 v! ^* Q
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . D& ]) U! V F/ ]8 m' ]% p3 T, C2 F4 Q( o3 e$ `# X
3 g: E, L% R' T9 J9 K! Y3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) O9 [1 w/ q3 Z/ k7 _0 r" n9 b" n8 x3 s$ p, ~) _( f$ T, T. T: U
例如: 4 j% y( ?1 L" i, T3 L/ Z Y/ Y" \6 W7 f" E
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 p! o' w; j9 \- N: L- A; g& k9 F& l3 F5 a1 [" a( q. T
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / E% D0 c& N" h' L5 S% j- V# o" ?; `/ J3 b q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; t- [8 G/ e+ l+ ^/ x) H( l: `1 ~% ?7 a$ {. ~8 r$ a' Y% K
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* L, [+ m$ C: e
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): U9 A2 c$ l. R# _# t1 P) Z
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) o- J6 o6 ]# o$ s7 l
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) [/ q& N: p1 z1 v( O2 ?8 `
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 p/ S3 V8 k) R+ o# X* w8 c ; k9 c) d9 G' c0 A# e2 S2 y) a同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! b- l4 H0 l. r# ~ % H* g1 e+ B. x: J当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 y9 ]% p0 Q' n9 H" c- U \ 1 { ?& g% @/ X) y8 \0 ~7 F对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- \* F2 T: }0 K; [* `: @% I
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # N: Y, Y" p4 C" o& S) y: m% Z; g3 W) M, {( m
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 ^6 x, ]2 |2 B4 D! V) q, Q G. j' m$ z
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ R: ^7 x5 H& P5 m& j; `! d ~
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 ^% c. D- t0 x- Z% G
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 O0 D5 J% Q: a5 p3 J
0 M8 L, Y Q3 i5 v0 S/ p; b+ S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , X& b8 C+ @$ M# N( }+ i5 F