本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' c+ H' M% J0 O) Z6 a
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ }- z% @& ^7 `( l" J
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' a; ?. m d' m. }3 U$ h
# P# t- C% _" b6 X# ~) m$ e/ I7 q/ zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& D0 L5 s9 q4 Z7 r' Q$ n0 {
! R4 c$ \ b* a2 \* Y C0 n" SThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 O0 U R( [: Y' _$ o
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / M/ h) K$ \* e, s9 n( v4 G3 E8 a j& l' }0 @
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " E+ j. T3 h+ R8 Y6 w2 j: n1 P2 t3 i V# Z5 K' l" D
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * _: _& M9 O4 N& {; j/ @1 k! i7 b8 T9 ?; ^7 i
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( a b( f4 c! N* d, [" b
$ g2 v4 W: e2 n6 I U; U+ |9 IThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , @! T4 e4 E C+ l. w& k 3 {1 ~) _8 M: o0 J7 TWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! M) R' j1 m/ w$ |% R1 n% W7 h : ?8 T/ c) n+ `* J5 KPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 ?+ d, w. q. Z; H5 l8 j/ e" }' o
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & Z4 [+ P2 m Z7 L* l 0 g( |* B) Q! Z ! r2 M' o# \% A* {# y. a$ `+ E1 x2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 V, q& {) x9 l5 {9 d
2 j: C; Q4 C1 _. U3 g' Y例如:2 U" C' m% N- g+ z- }
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 S" V P1 o# N2 l( u3 ~0 I4 q% L
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 g: ^, S" N" P% O3 q! N: @
+ S6 a9 D/ U: ]+ h# l3 q$ @I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 {: b% V+ t5 I6 |6 l, t# @ $ p" m" M# i% {+ I+ gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 ]3 v2 |- z8 [# c8 R" i
" Y. g+ i% G5 ?; X( t" YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 r0 A3 {) x" G# b! I' c6 a' F' e7 Z, w9 ^, |( t2 f
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 s. E O# x$ S- ^/ B6 `
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 T( u0 M" J: h, M- P8 L M9 s2 L! ?8 m [) C: s
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 P% z+ w4 h ?; A' d' I* V8 Q' |: V
6 M: t4 N- n# R3 w' LThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); K3 c0 ?8 e" J. g( |, d
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), J, D3 M* U/ I3 E3 f& y. r- ^. z9 J
' C( Y8 R, m. T0 NHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( H) z# P6 t ?0 S u+ L
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): C4 B5 O4 O3 Y8 M* {9 z
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 `! _& ^0 b: ~7 |6 Y # c" Q) y0 I G1 o6 oEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), E' l0 Z z9 h- G' E
! W$ U$ D4 b1 m4 L& d5 l写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 Q6 [/ h2 s5 u0 S1 b' ^5 p
6 G& u. W3 m8 t此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 Q2 [$ n$ M) z( W/ w+ n8 R
2 _$ z( F3 t6 C, p. R) n2 i/ f- p" Q5 g0 D& B 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * g" g. Q4 D$ {- \ 9 o; P; s; h. ?+ M. h例如: ' @" p- n" i' h7 V3 ^ M% w % L* u, j1 a3 p) u1 H$ p8 uMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & p! H& y3 I+ Q6 Q7 ~- V; q' K6 F5 s& R/ c/ B7 B4 s
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ G4 i9 x; [2 V2 I7 y
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 f) U9 ^) C/ W2 p) g3 ~/ z! b! J# o5 T5 Y- G
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 M1 X, W! H3 v0 f _ ; j8 v! O* H8 X$ k9 r- l: F6 @Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 s; o0 H, q7 ]6 F' F4 U2 A; D
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 n* L" i4 p$ A: N ' j9 k' v& C( WCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ p% P; s E$ g8 ^! t
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ b$ w: R6 w/ B
' r! ]6 D7 J+ _! T$ P8 X% w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. P6 s' e# a/ S) D2 E
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % }2 G; w7 O( A5 }$ E0 F 4 n& A0 g. @8 E9 F* R: L: W1 @对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' x2 }; `$ \: g+ w3 C- F) v0 A
6 o. _1 g t8 ^4 J+ N对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 ?1 O9 K. D' x6 q1 }+ g# [) ~% E7 I; O/ Y3 ^$ D
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;7 H' C. u" H7 @
, j8 `; p# i+ I6 H8 A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) p) E: r1 C1 W* G7 C1 d$ s. V8 q. u0 |
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 `3 Y! _5 k e* d+ h $ b; y0 ?7 T# U9 X) Z* x" q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' V0 Y; K" n% B& V4 U k, a/ G : B! T7 x. ~5 b% _5 e0 i有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + z4 p, g! l. k: K; @