( W, f3 d0 L `8 G转帖 : b: o4 z' [4 X1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- [2 }, p2 `2 [# K$ _4 b- O
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例如: / d# j, i4 i' t6 y/ Y+ F S& a s# c, M5 R& _* l
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): u& o8 v& @5 q S0 C, e8 j
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) W8 H' m0 N ]$ E$ \: w( I; b
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % [# h1 ~0 r) q+ N # \( m, N7 B1 z4 i& {5 C) ~0 |: ^0 FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 i2 ^6 a2 {1 k" r: O! G9 S + i" K" |. g: V) j- |I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% }7 |/ i, P* T/ Q
0 H, J+ u/ i/ k) C) u5 K, [4 `Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / Y5 R7 Y' W; r# ]3 R! d6 I4 O& r% a) B. W' T/ T
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); D8 a+ ~# z* F- ?1 T& o3 o
4 I, Y- Y, ~, q3 t: N& ~7 ^The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 _( d. f2 L, l* ^' n4 b& U" Q; V# I; i+ H, P
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 T ?2 |. b. K" l9 [! P/ q! _+ _+ j% s% a
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) W; }5 P1 F8 Z: D
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 k6 ]4 g0 V# y1 G* O& e T/ T / G$ X" D' W% N) f% P & S- R M8 k/ {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 U& t) ~, Z+ K3 ^( G# W6 B4 O/ O# y3 U, X" ^. Z: A
例如: + z( d$ r0 T( h4 }2 w # F$ r1 r" L/ u: M$ qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 u7 n$ Z. D7 b: q+ `; u2 C
( T- |. R0 l6 H" K' bDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( `! o1 Y% O& ?7 } 2 w7 D2 a* L" U: j) ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 q. ^8 X( ?+ E* R7 ]! E8 P& I& ]2 T( B% ^6 @1 o5 ?
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; p2 H) F7 e% @1 _2 w9 b. Z2 x/ t$ Z& p * p0 H3 j l* c% y+ WIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + M- Z6 M, g3 | X- J" g6 |% u, F- ?8 K" y- D* D% `& _' P- l
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" Q: L4 _& H1 T5 J4 {* h/ L8 h: l3 h
% u4 Z4 R4 O% t; U( E- oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! r/ z3 x( r+ y: E
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! }% C8 r, ~* O6 u; F. Z2 c8 B5 t: b: F; X z: [
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 W& Z* b y& ^/ p/ g! {
* \! f+ I4 N0 c t0 E' x7 Y5 PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 Z0 ~, |$ }6 }4 t% Q
% C+ X3 Q p! h: [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 q; F" ~+ `8 L: q- S$ \+ |8 w' C" l: j# H3 f
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& Z% z7 A4 q# |* q9 x5 h/ k
( T+ s4 b. V' v0 R. TWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" q3 c0 |5 s! M) S9 ]% r" _2 {9 i/ V
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) r/ p: @2 i/ m7 r/ p7 V
( i+ t- N/ {* A写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 p. N+ q+ v. @1 N9 w" T$ @7 e
7 `4 v7 O M7 y6 \+ q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! W4 I0 M* k. ] O! ]% I# D7 I7 q7 ]8 z* P6 ^
9 v1 ^7 T1 A+ Z+ s% K 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 O7 n$ P3 F8 t9 H- ~# `$ O3 ?- }; _; f
例如: 4 @% L) |9 Z' N . w8 N" v, @/ b/ _% C$ SMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 |4 Q4 Y* W8 y % f9 H, O/ T' |2 y6 T. a- qManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' t/ W, g) H2 O" j$ i . t" j: J6 Z. a: qThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) q3 k" `9 i" M1 y. m$ q4 q# \& J L3 j3 M" K
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)3 S$ J% ]- q4 ~# u- x
f8 w. q, \$ H/ b7 vMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 o, t' u, s$ k! }& A& ]' Y+ Z8 e- G8 e# e E. D
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 Z5 W; R/ P t8 {( C
6 ]7 _* U3 d2 y& \5 _Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 F: T, E0 Y8 ]. Y9 g, j ( T* o7 b3 C1 o9 j5 HStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - k( x$ Z4 |' o2 t% ]) H* Y) ]) ]+ W5 @3 p" P) J! | L( j/ l" L
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 w- E: B" i/ f9 J0 [4 x; i
# t% p: g4 P! ?: C4 f当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 T3 G' B9 U6 |. {
/ d% B, ^+ G+ e对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 |# x+ a: S# z" z, E+ g- f8 n" _ , V* F' Z5 p \5 U对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ K) z% }/ A9 L' ^, A5 U 2 ^9 d, @( J0 `0 [# z0 z/ b对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& g% }$ v& t9 C1 k2 h @' T$ _
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% R# ?% ?+ f' Y) O3 M7 G
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . \. [ \/ C4 o' } 8 e7 D" c& j/ Q8 s还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 L6 ?* Z: _9 ~# x* o2 S1 Q 0 ?# e8 w1 \/ J) k& i有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 D" A% ? R9 p) s, A5 ^& g/ ^