本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " w5 I" ?& Y; u7 x F1 N7 ~( X* l9 k+ G4 w$ j 转帖 4 `! h( t8 O r4 A7 p1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . h# U2 Y" G7 e$ K, V) i1 O 1 F( y+ v0 m3 m0 q8 h例如: % ^- e: J. k9 f2 s 8 d9 i% |7 t* W7 Q/ QMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 y4 l/ Z( T, t# I- o8 ]1 v3 ?7 k
7 `4 l" F& S# e
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : L; o S$ m5 Y& @& P! a9 M* x, w5 \9 j O7 C \# u B
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ J6 i' M6 e, Z: k4 r, q" y( m. K" S; j+ P5 P
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) K7 Y( g S! W1 m ) S% [; m6 G7 r% _* S, I/ D. JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : i* x& |) Q" S% q# T: P! z! i0 N9 ~& w# H, W
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 R1 s4 i' J: N& k% ?+ o4 { " j5 N0 l3 C6 g7 GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 b6 m$ v# \* O- r/ X 4 j, S+ l' z4 U0 ~The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ ?- N v2 w# V2 c/ D9 Q5 Q& H& @, ]1 T) [/ {1 w2 U$ b: _8 \4 }
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 }1 S' D! H6 v 2 @5 A, e" U4 [9 M2 ^6 |+ G# dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 E( G" Y3 i- d+ x+ Q. H! I) I" [7 u3 l 2 }$ Z/ ^/ m3 L7 X2 ]" o0 l; _' Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * Y' k+ N5 i& M' `$ p$ ^ 2 N6 U/ {' \! Z6 q; {# A. K5 [/ R$ ^5 v0 W" b' O 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - {/ i1 ?% n, v" N ~) S 4 m' w3 b# X' z. K( `2 v例如: # B% y* n0 n$ m" C; z" @7 O+ _0 u/ l1 ~" A, O M5 }. M( z: M
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 V! E; [5 p6 h8 ?0 j X
5 F3 @3 s* h, b4 TDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- E1 W* x- U; b; Z: x
3 G# q# S" @6 W4 C: a( G, wI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; y: A6 D9 y: z ; d4 s. X! ?3 R) S: J3 }. K ?He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 Z, G d4 h5 T0 R; D
) P4 a7 t9 X! A/ l3 V! QIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 ? {; @( P; \+ ?5 s) K- ]8 Q" I
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) v5 E" G( s7 a6 U6 F0 K # F6 G+ v. G7 I5 p# XI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ c( ^ E4 q4 {5 b' t 8 e! ]; v! \5 x6 i( I如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 L4 d! ?9 v) _8 s& g' F3 j, r" p6 v
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ F. N7 u$ I5 [% ^
9 M" s2 L) M7 |- ~- Q' E; NThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ O6 |3 ]7 \1 [" J) l% a
& d% v4 T. u4 n, q# m$ z& P {
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + { d" }8 o( o& e) o4 g ~% S - S" C* W; k1 q9 o5 `2 e2 y; l# fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! T& c6 P2 j, N* }! M0 @3 A4 r3 m u4 g7 z2 } V) H; I
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) h$ f" w" ^* y, {
, G) R% g0 \5 w, Z: G5 yEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). |3 ~2 ^# U T- _- ^4 n
+ w" p- a( q+ U4 |3 h
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 c3 E' I o" l R+ i3 q$ _ 9 g& q+ O+ ]' [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! S5 _+ o+ Z0 u& J 0 Y$ e! t8 P2 d$ \4 B% j* B; T7 c( A3 p: `/ V- G% E/ O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 C& m" q/ R5 k+ B
1 R7 w$ _1 F$ @2 i8 v2 Y% F例如: / a Y, J1 Z x. \" C 1 f. P) h; j) s2 L9 }2 n' aMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 X: f$ y( u" R; B+ c* n
( b, I* d7 y6 u, _5 x
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( o+ m5 I6 X, c0 E" p3 L6 B* k3 q5 b
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ t* Y+ u3 t, z, c
+ x) ^1 N5 u, d8 m/ `
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # U5 ?4 i; \( G( z7 ~+ z8 \( A" k+ ~ : D# b7 q% c+ n- G. J) D6 o/ {1 ^Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / }) \1 u2 q! v. ], T0 l0 z7 B- n" l5 k# @$ {9 M
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 v% W8 g W' Q; ^
3 d! m- ]. \ ~( o3 K5 f( _Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ d! _- \$ x+ Z/ e; R; Y5 ?$ m
. S7 X5 t! c7 zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 ^( P3 w/ u8 ^2 i* E8 e& {
3 v0 `) T6 J/ \) c& m
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( T& p, H+ J$ @: g% [" }8 W
5 s+ v- W9 ?. n当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- v& S" h; l6 w: ?
" l+ p3 Z2 V8 L5 c/ X, }2 r
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + W- O4 z: Z3 a8 @4 p) U e% i# Y" F+ T! g' r
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& q" I3 ?- D# _0 k
; ^4 N* k4 ^9 d. _1 b
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 o- [9 s: Y% _* r! N, M) N
' p! C6 U7 @. v9 a. p3 ~对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# V7 t/ P5 B( B, p l( X. d4 W) f1 q
# `: G, T$ ^; g4 B' H1 }" {7 k0 ]& s
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 c% s; D) q+ U" h
: I+ A7 b$ z3 W4 U3 V- Q4 o
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # m0 P1 t) }1 e/ }6 D% x! F/ b/ W( X0 f3 }4 P9 i7 L
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / Q/ y/ B; g) w: G6 k: a; P