本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ v; A O- a/ `7 S
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 r8 H6 g" ], M, F; f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 ^# s7 K) y1 [' b" D
6 Q: l+ r1 z1 N0 NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( ?9 J0 b" p( Y; O! \+ s* R
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)5 g @( y4 M ^- @$ |; P* `- ]
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 T8 a: h$ l; X! p
; ]% \5 K7 t+ Z/ h8 N8 b4 WI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 m. a; O5 h U) W c 9 t$ a* _+ a! ^, BMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 L5 a$ m1 R7 E9 k8 N. h# ^ i5 g8 X
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): R: M0 U1 z8 |) p, |
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( V9 U( k- _5 r g# L0 H" u: }' ]. Q T- m. @
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 U1 Y0 w) }; x# e 6 {6 H% l7 w) ^3 `2 hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 M7 O2 Z2 C/ M
& Y9 m# o# ^6 r" A) x9 q9 D: M这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * s% k. v5 L( [ P c- E& w0 W2 k, c
" k0 v9 T0 h/ m6 W* c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 n- l' Q3 |- ~# `
1 K+ t: f0 V8 y8 }) d+ f例如:2 p0 Q8 {5 O/ j' ~& z
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) {0 X7 k: V& N ! V* ^9 N& o! T4 Q5 ?Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 w2 f+ D4 J7 i, ^9 {
2 {7 x: m4 r: Z7 ?' II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & s8 P5 B; c) S, N- I 1 ]9 R; ~: j- O' q5 Z! T2 HHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " h P" r( u. j8 {3 Q, q% ^5 p! y% N1 g/ k. N! @
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 p6 Y5 O0 ^" q0 `& Z
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) L4 o" B5 G# V2 Z# L: \7 i' k
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- c1 y4 I I, w1 w3 a, B* m/ ^
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: `4 M( e# ^* q* J; s( M9 Q
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), J+ h0 L, p1 b# z3 p/ u
4 n7 K6 c# d4 c7 r: C5 D* IThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 J3 I# X$ n" l# u \# A
# n6 V, @( q: D. f& \6 U! \He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 _4 @# \' Q! ?1 I' _4 ^3 W1 Y 8 \. `% t& Q9 _' j3 D# AHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 b1 h3 n# d5 g
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), d, H7 L& C- T8 o' c; z
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); J7 o5 @5 {9 l- G4 V5 v
6 A* T* D/ o+ \; ~: U写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! A7 E* U# I# V" f ' [3 p# X& ^/ o# M# D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , m5 u+ d& Z% o - h- G' r# z \1 t Z. L7 o; A/ ]4 T. N" I$ b7 d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " d+ H8 g) @7 Z, G" |1 Q$ Y ' D) x8 _0 h- u例如: 4 E# @" H8 Y$ }( ?" }; G6 ~9 I1 c, |- s2 V( Y: K5 R# Z
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 y: C& |3 j9 i1 s! q q; }$ w/ {! \. n$ ]3 L2 yManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 _8 y; N8 c2 O% N8 }0 P) j
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) T1 k9 ]% R/ n4 ]4 I
$ q" q$ ~( M S/ S1 U' nHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * u* w; t4 ^/ C2 ^ J+ X ; b! E: Y9 ] Q( h, f* }Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " C* ?6 x7 L" o" ?+ P' r/ B0 M% I8 B/ Z8 {
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& g; T( k/ d8 n0 J
( p) a) T. J3 k- x0 jCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 @" m6 c2 A* {* I' [" P6 ?6 m& n; g7 C3 y* @
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 t6 n) B3 S5 m' ~: L
7 g( H1 @% ? X/ |! P同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 I3 j9 o+ F/ c P: S
( i# l8 K$ U( D% h. C当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 [- V) s+ [) L6 p; [0 r8 y; H7 L% e
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ j$ B+ d$ `6 N 2 Y! V% ?; M) m5 v+ x对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 f: V, W5 l% i' `+ `
9 i8 S, n4 v F9 i; b% ]. d对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ ^, S! Z) T) `
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ J0 ?9 T% X. l7 D+ y p$ L
" d0 [, i9 e+ w9 x至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* ?1 `' o' D: L( [
1 Y6 @2 b$ O% w! k7 h# x有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 f- U7 R- l8 D2 J$ N( ~