本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 m/ U# W6 p' p4 B+ E7 L: T% U) z- D/ f E, T 转帖0 @: x5 _+ A. d6 t- o
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # L! K: {: J$ x# \& o1 i: m% V& {5 }# H( {' w+ }5 \5 B/ v( D
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , e7 m$ ~5 V; R1 T4 A$ I9 m % v7 [! `8 ~' ^ j% W! `3 zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ a" B7 J: H8 ^7 s) ?1 n Q3 q* @' k( \' @; ?This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * `, ]3 e& `& \" i2 S/ H! ?% F- s0 ^ - Q+ W6 L# }; ^% ~9 P+ \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ Z6 J8 E- A' @7 {: D
' k7 I/ O8 @- p5 [( A2 a0 ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) E6 S" `* C [8 p* C
+ B1 O+ b ^% i, F* ZMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ V0 \; |. d! A/ I; t
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 Q- L" z! h/ J$ @9 N& i: w
, q0 q! Z, s' Y2 ^7 ?6 _# aWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& a) V" U* i6 T( D
% ^/ `8 H* R( i, D$ p9 N. VPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) b9 p0 L: T& _2 ]
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % x% W- B7 r: h% E) [4 f: Y) q# P/ D+ X4 D
2 f4 |1 w |# L# a7 U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 ~2 K. G7 [) ?: T1 l* [
; e5 X; i3 \7 W5 r2 ^0 e例如: : {5 ~0 `7 ^2 F3 L2 q9 Q7 ~+ f% l: R* k
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 b5 }4 L. ]& A: g0 O- p h: k0 y8 r. K5 N- M
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 G% I i. ^$ ]3 b) } 1 o/ v) u% ?$ t: n- ^+ v4 GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ D7 O% x3 U! J6 h
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 a8 R* ~. i! q4 A0 @" p) L7 Z& ?
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). I* U! ^+ |6 G
/ Q D, i6 x) r# A! eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 C; j1 i2 P+ u8 C6 J: ?4 L
" G* v( B3 i: r3 N) PI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , ]: B# D6 V& h) R # N2 ^8 g5 ~9 h3 k' b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 M- ]2 B0 _+ d" F2 {6 n5 A, l1 m4 B
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 |" _% l! ?( x' ~4 h( M/ w2 ]: d( |' `: K8 ~
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 P2 O! C& X1 A6 k
1 M; c7 E# a; k# W0 w# Y7 wHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & T( g, H* a; w& R! y# d2 p* _! h& ~4 u3 T. z9 t; ~' }
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' d# `* b5 K4 K* h- W% x( }0 I3 `3 M6 P. h4 A
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 v& d9 ?* _6 b! A/ { - t8 Y% @+ L6 \6 r; ?% E, vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ k9 E8 w0 c, N) S7 B8 g3 V; |* a( g # f Q( D* q4 b9 Y* P) i写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 X' n/ P, {1 s6 N% j : T( L0 q# G) p X$ F) U6 w3 h3 ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * k( n0 w& L! |! q : z, {' `' J/ b _, a% ]- m* k* y" q& [' c4 I7 m: K1 G 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( R6 z* j7 I' C8 D1 @ D
' w9 I$ U9 D( c) D7 Z2 _* @% N例如: ) c. Y. _1 W$ T) D* x% u$ e7 S; J S- ?3 O/ i
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 X: p* T( i! @" o' v' k: C0 k2 s- p. x% b' S( Y! u% m, m) N
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 f7 n7 A0 K4 _3 Z) y% a
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + m) z0 ~/ ?" ?* X8 m' ]% e$ s 6 D! P4 W# D8 N* S0 sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / J) @& r/ Q0 S( k $ {% ~! @+ d& w4 r/ |; S6 n; gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 N6 G1 h) v4 s. d" M4 n2 _$ ~1 k+ B0 F
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 r$ m# [" f5 J2 u2 Z3 r) d, `6 f 1 a7 f4 g h6 p) I& G' c; HCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 q+ w5 _. ]: J0 z7 Q8 }# `6 _$ K+ v
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , `! S+ G" l* I* m- P4 F% u6 a) l0 o/ j7 U: a& E
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % S3 a n" a, ]$ Y' n( w: `! O0 L% a. U) z( q
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' L5 c$ A. N. u0 q# C$ U) O) M: C1 A |' S+ q; y E# B
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; M1 ]8 W' D1 N# z
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 k% F2 G( w0 ~0 S! r K
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 y% P. `* M3 v! E# `2 h) I# k, C$ M1 D0 z- L4 G
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . S4 K. V2 l) b+ J& Y( d) p) R- J( S$ X5 t( M/ H0 j2 `# y
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % {' J" I8 u. P% m. n8 f( b% b$ y4 r2 k. C- i. G
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 N( d ~8 E" G) Z6 R/ I
* x' Z5 A% D T8 D+ p0 j& S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" j6 S; M4 f- X( o& L9 k