本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . S b0 u% j# C6 D; \/ A7 N0 C) e9 U4 o' U! ~ 转帖' Y' |% N( R R6 Q) B: f
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 Z2 Q- `' u/ j5 }; X
- p' ~4 c7 e- }- u5 A) M例如: / _# m* V% T/ G$ C; T8 \1 Q' b7 }( h! S/ }
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' u7 x | t6 \. I
- G+ e; S& c" t T+ r, c( b
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % z& Y1 O( z- Z, h0 L9 u& s" N! ^! ]7 h( o" {1 W
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ k) F8 v( K0 s! b- i ) s! F' s; Y9 _7 zThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) V g, i7 {1 F7 V
% N( D5 L+ Z G9 D3 w% Q+ a4 j4 d zI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 W# H6 o0 f$ O* c# j2 i5 @( e3 T9 F/ b( J+ m4 c
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( y; Q# Y6 w% A1 A" n) `: d5 d
% v# L5 b' C0 Z R: R: X6 mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) @. `! N! O! s( a9 h2 \. b
4 J. W( `! `! [& R+ E# ZThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 d7 ]3 |5 I+ w- z$ G+ m H
& x& E3 E4 F ^. c1 T
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 m) P7 f' C- w" M7 y, ?- r
, \: J2 k8 D4 L
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' t* R4 ?. z" q( Q3 K' u6 ^) D# `' G1 ^" p2 |6 E
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 e$ R4 O$ v/ j, F5 h% S 2 v* |* [, N1 G+ j0 f+ v+ N/ z/ I/ s% a. @( x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . U# l }2 L- _2 G0 h) E3 v% A3 |: j9 F( U& z" t% Y
例如: 3 [7 p% M' i$ f; j- _# b6 |7 `) P) e1 G6 H9 j
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# u2 {/ I; l: [( e
6 F. W) I8 c" z% R* d8 r2 HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* ^/ _8 q$ w. S* M! \ e5 k
% m4 `7 \6 C' K" s
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % Z7 c* f# c. A! t R" r $ k: F9 h( d" L9 h- v1 s1 uHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 Z5 q/ V) `# s% l( c/ z0 V9 ?$ C- n
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 s: L9 x a! G9 v+ V8 t5 e2 ?5 F+ x: [
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 m) P- \ Y! j. |7 F" ^( c( M9 [" C/ \
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 x( s6 i4 h) A2 A+ X/ W
/ E9 _! M) O8 b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 Y0 C( o" \0 m( j; `# R" C5 W
0 a- l0 w5 V4 F+ kThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 e. K, P9 b6 Y4 k% J1 V" ~2 d5 `
6 _, [ x$ G+ _) ^
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + Y2 E0 B J E, R S+ r2 s# C L6 X+ v- S& M
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& u7 A; T4 n& D4 ]( U) e( H2 Z
$ U& D+ p( b# z* _: hHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 K- s L# y+ P4 `- f) F% e
& U! a! \1 o! |+ u# V( o$ w( b
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 r! n+ s; B! Q9 j, |3 a2 ^# z8 A9 Y5 {
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- X" n. r2 @4 |1 z0 S0 l) X
& [4 W3 l, Y% ~6 Q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* m2 Z4 g' [9 J0 Y. C% L- j
/ i3 ^ u5 P6 K此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; X z1 R8 b @ M& }9 ^% L
7 M/ S& h8 d$ n: x/ l/ E
! F* G7 g$ E" s# q( ]3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' @) a: H& K: s- f, U, n' q$ E, P2 R* a
例如:/ i" u! Q( m b; h3 e& \* V
6 I6 j. J" i# q. _: k" gMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : B, h) g! C' ]4 i, O% Z- ]1 _% J# J# @+ e8 x6 x
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): T' z4 G. j8 ?, }5 S, R
9 b% I0 V0 z( L* v) k$ K
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! Z. L% H. [% g) P' @4 D: P+ V) R& Z* F1 M3 b/ m P
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& x! V! r9 n- k# A
2 Z/ e2 H$ }, z+ AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 d; c8 H* }, D9 I2 n
8 Y% f) K; a/ G/ YPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 }, z5 A: C" |' t1 M8 C% H$ V2 M! G- w$ m
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % o3 y! j( U( A+ _ ; P% Y) K; h6 IStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 |2 r# Y8 m, R$ F) G6 X4 \9 s
1 R( d. O; O4 _$ h ^' d( X% p同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 E) ~6 k) v) h$ }4 M7 i$ r: b 9 G8 I/ J6 m+ _- \% f3 y/ u当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; D2 k' Z2 T; R * G/ | C! _& ]- O, o3 ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 h: j8 B Z+ J3 _6 g. |: S5 _. k' u1 }; j
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 G7 x% h2 ~ v6 z5 z2 ^ 3 M- Z. C8 Q; D% A对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " {2 T! ]. G1 S) j0 i5 J) M0 b8 I, r) h6 y
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 z" H1 P1 `6 J3 V0 ]9 ~& t E1 }: G# D. a' `" U
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) t) J/ D& v' F; X6 @
: w) q* N& b$ P
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 N4 g7 I1 b6 e
# Z2 F; l& A& u6 ~/ K有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( l( q" V% p) F9 _- C