本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; s s) `* E D+ N, A
2 k, a8 [; j8 }8 W! W, x& x2 r转帖 " t+ c' r8 ?4 `+ \& Y( V, m3 F2 \1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ C# M- Z- t- U2 A& r2 i. L# H5 T/ g+ m4 |
例如: 4 l m: d4 o* e9 A% j ) ?' J! F7 ?. Y3 T1 ~Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 I1 a/ C. k" L: h* k/ t% K! r# `8 b$ Y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( h: c: x# b; o( n3 }2 I( f $ ]7 _6 k5 P! P; GThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" v& h/ h" i! w1 o& c1 L
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 |. p$ w+ B" ?
( f4 L( ]% ]8 b! X! x% T/ w3 [+ ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 v' K& j, P- @4 d 6 K5 {; e# [# m. g7 S5 f4 f2 b" j' vMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . P4 w4 q$ X. d8 s1 s & ]+ R7 n, V1 |* N% j& aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . T8 B7 A8 d1 a* b7 O+ c; ~3 J & n3 B5 f' i% d; ~! j; HThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' h) Q: e8 Z: n ( [: \' |& o* P3 D/ k) |We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) K$ {0 J- S, g0 d% D
4 a9 x. t4 r% ?/ \# X. X' OPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . u. g) Y2 r/ u! m# M( e/ u7 ?' L; @+ G, n. L! d
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" r' P* ^. f* n+ t8 c
5 s. V! c9 D7 t2 Z7 Y& D. G4 q) k Q5 }- v3 [6 J 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% _, ^$ v6 O5 Z5 o
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例如:7 `1 l5 Y) m' Y' M- j
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , s* }5 x/ @( U* s- I( i4 J4 { G6 B- V" \
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* H# X4 u) _4 ^/ O7 L/ }9 s# a4 n5 w' J
. j$ H/ w/ i3 b& K1 qI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ v9 Z, a) N6 g! i
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); _4 T6 L! J' h
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) a5 C& E Q7 U& s3 ?, ` # K! T! E0 s5 ?! i' _: V# U! ?0 h- AShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' E9 b @& a( L& b % m9 V7 E. A6 ^3 J8 EI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( Z+ ]3 j0 s; I, ^7 j - d6 Q# V/ M9 W" Q0 _如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 I; ]1 i8 F' K7 C
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 y0 I* L: J: {9 U! r% g
, r2 T# I9 r/ R/ Y, UThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). Q( V: B/ Q6 ~1 w! j+ y5 Y- {
. J- ~. a: V3 D- DHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) g0 j% A4 A/ b0 R- I4 ?5 s* O3 K9 F6 Q; n
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # L1 W8 T& H+ [ : `/ X8 H% w, r9 BWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 }6 b# k& S5 q* Y G$ \4 }
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% D3 D4 ^3 t; {) V! j) W* k# V
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 A3 ^& k0 l$ G5 R 1 Z. _4 @; W9 j _6 w4 k; l G3 ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) _" z* m. j* S0 T; ~6 H2 E% W+ x3 a6 h1 H2 @/ P( L, P' l3 i
4 @, n7 e; S0 l' J* b4 y# K& b/ B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! C, g4 ^# G0 u1 y2 e2 T + e# g/ O* @9 ?8 B1 b例如: 7 M3 l0 h' ^# o$ {) L# a8 v5 Z) Y% V: z8 W5 h: X: O$ e
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 l) ~ t9 h V. d: g5 h* n
" F x& u$ p6 @( r! `1 oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% i- w$ D- i. e. ]; P
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% b( @5 |8 q5 L5 X# S# p' F, k
9 b/ F% ^- Q- ~3 U# b; ]He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & b! z" z3 m6 B3 s4 u' T- g- |$ r4 J7 e
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * Y, n9 u' R/ `6 o! e2 I6 M" q; S& e7 ^% z% {
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); u ]! L! b5 k4 G
/ B8 d$ A/ z. @4 Q! d8 {0 kCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " i Z7 w C8 B- q& l2 k 2 x' m4 O: p0 c* YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' d8 M8 C0 [3 N3 n+ W 5 L3 K {1 r4 s% @4 A! F1 C同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 x5 S3 z' Q9 V2 X' q* b
4 ] h) f( i4 [8 x) j) K2 i4 M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 @5 Q0 F3 D/ O2 C4 P, F. Y& E' Q! y: t8 B8 r% z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 u+ A$ w' P$ @( q! [6 z$ B+ X9 \; x% ]
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 ?- w0 Y4 l* G8 X+ E: Z: {" w; L5 C1 a- L( \0 i- ^# V0 y9 l
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & N, E" O+ @# G. B v- A # e! _' J' y- Q( i对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 ~( P p% j) V/ [! B ~* b J' _
/ G6 p9 t5 H7 y& N5 f' L. g至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + P4 E3 U r1 ^& D1 }% c3 @ h6 F- L: z/ d
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * u8 a; `* u h" { / U1 U$ N3 o7 v/ o' o有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. o" t" O, R) v1 w$ e: ^