本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 y) j7 J( \: g% H, _; a( E: S
3 D+ w) O* k; v) e+ c/ a& v8 {转帖 4 C9 c2 i" U g6 P6 w1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& w3 P G7 i- p1 b$ W% S7 W* w4 H
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % b0 k4 q7 ^) I' Y. `5 |: k- O O% C9 [' t
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % {+ S- `3 o8 p, j" v- r R, b6 t6 e: H3 A/ wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & H9 t6 z4 P) M6 x$ b# {* } D8 \, h, Y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) M8 W8 T3 p9 R: ?* `; u+ [ ( R$ U) U* F: }& q% WI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ H: O. j# z) d& }# |* H: F6 [+ z) X
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ L7 I& x. p; H% m% H' W7 X) E
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), O4 p& n+ S6 o* s" A) ?
8 H! t7 F) n( d- q, V7 kWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' Z1 D: B( w' Q1 c' O! G
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 g: G3 Z) d: v/ K. e- q9 S
) Z4 _' E0 n2 p) x" X这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; c# ^9 a0 U3 H5 C2 d" o+ v
& |- W% O$ M% I; K7 l1 M9 l. C; Q' \: T8 e 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) d% [1 V Y) f, ^
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例如: 0 X( n0 A, g- N6 I+ s8 O $ z3 u8 w1 h: P: i5 b# vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 W! G& z5 U" Z2 q/ B
0 Y8 S+ r, y( H/ UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) K8 M: i+ A" e9 l |. p9 E
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % {+ D* L4 b2 u! q7 A + Y/ D$ \1 r5 y0 |& O5 _4 C1 kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % u8 q: T7 c9 Y3 A, ^: \% s 1 |1 S1 ?; g3 U% \# yIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 |4 K5 v" M: O' H6 i5 C , K4 A9 U( Z* K* c5 n2 uShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 p! d4 \3 W( a c+ {' b& r
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) a% t8 x! `: K% w0 d
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . b9 @, G! w0 y. p0 l( t* [" |5 U e) B8 _" m
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ w: s/ C6 ]# [' Z% i9 u! ~( E( I
1 h; f4 @7 r j0 N( Z# G! _$ w6 |4 [The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( r& ]4 B2 B: Z8 C8 G2 L3 C6 M- m8 o- `! y/ v
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + C# E7 v5 |2 f2 m) V( R; A: T4 Q2 @# D+ u5 G9 L9 t' M* ], {
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% h2 q3 E1 d, e: W" e
" K; u8 `% u1 t4 N% ]9 y; O9 zWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) ~8 _' w1 m5 ]" a8 h; z 9 Y l* M* l& YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- O( l6 X( t' n! z/ O
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & j- A; J4 P; e* D8 V/ \4 V 7 u9 P. U+ ]1 q* n9 C* Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % H! s* s/ ^6 D+ e0 H l& ~9 Y$ K( X8 n5 L F
5 z/ x. l9 p6 _9 H! d, Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( S, ~! w2 y9 g: m. k y, i2 G! y+ d2 Y例如: ! |+ d; T$ y5 P! ~! }& V1 @ J* c
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), z) s8 _0 W$ s f+ U7 o2 U
( l2 }/ c4 T3 E" }4 J6 n1 | @, D* `Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- A6 F4 f# L- a3 |' X! S
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) `& c" J, E' }; N$ l3 V" e% o+ u& |
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 b( {" X2 ^- J5 ?5 ^5 \( c- p- x$ t5 L, ?. C) U0 Q1 @0 A
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) ~$ l$ k! s4 D6 X: s3 Q# X! e% G0 l: S
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 w" U6 c# w+ T6 g: s) `) {5 `
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 T( M+ m5 s/ p4 T1 c" a / @4 E6 Z/ m( w7 GStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! I0 _* m. I$ ^3 I Y- I
0 U! ?/ v: s- e' a' R! g! u; d; N, `同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: D9 z+ F& ]5 H' g
% g" S' l) D8 q" l4 u( l8 b# [: H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 b" N, S9 s$ X! _- F5 N# P! M0 ?
7 o7 E9 o1 @ `) D) S* O! ^对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 }, c+ P4 k+ I* a' R$ r
% h2 }4 M2 X* V( l对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;; L: Z5 F9 b8 i- ]5 t+ j
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / o" U3 n" R' d' k5 a }$ J* F$ R2 E9 n3 m2 I
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;2 a4 o2 f2 S% x" n X& l. w
' a! {) I8 K Q9 ~/ E( Q9 z- z# v& U, f有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 z& B- x) _7 X$ o5 [' O: }5 F. M