本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 h, Y F) y1 r# i, C& a6 K" [+ p; u 转帖8 N1 `8 |6 A8 e; x. T
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! t, e9 @9 G5 Q
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: T9 ^0 K$ R- d6 D0 T: A" uMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ D/ N7 s( o& `* M4 z8 H, t. ^! q. B r4 Y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 h: Q% K9 x; W/ L9 F1 U7 y. ^' D! X3 a- O( N4 r
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) R3 A" N, f5 ^% p; m$ h9 A$ B) X/ X" x4 F; O& G' F9 i
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ \5 U6 [0 |4 h* _- K! @/ }+ r
( X# U/ u5 Q1 E' e7 KI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! L$ M# W; ~8 g, Z- d
7 t; E% _3 ]- k/ J- @; n% rMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - N, C: j( G, x& Y% D 3 M# r0 L: y% _! [7 fWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# h1 |0 K ]. W8 L
4 z6 N9 E' ]1 J6 a, D7 aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) \ y# j2 x9 D 2 w5 T. D* H7 P" N/ l7 ]0 p5 ^We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # c% Z$ x8 Z5 T" x7 g - z& t- O# N* y% MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 _# E- u) V: t9 j- j$ K9 O g0 v: F# Z8 O+ O" ]. L& x% I这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 \: F) |: [0 }! K* ^% n 3 `9 m2 a7 I i' d ! ^! y8 ^2 x1 p! r) x% g8 J% [! O7 {6 Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 k6 \2 p. H7 H b# P% G* Y/ J" c* p8 @' {
例如: 5 X0 W7 l) a1 Q. y3 ?# F' z2 ?; W* Q; V$ Q; t2 Q/ s- P
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 p ]6 a" `2 ]6 L/ {5 t1 I, v " v; u) j$ Q. }6 f: P4 Z; E iDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). F0 @ N7 U; e6 F+ Q
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( Q' [/ v1 e* a% X x w
, h2 Q4 p0 `* f* L# C! xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 S. h* o2 j: `4 x/ q8 p) ~/ _
, y- w0 d( z2 ~( O7 f4 YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 M" X" c& r' X6 ?9 W" D9 r/ q- I. D1 T: F. X3 A
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): Q& c+ ^# T" s9 Q* o& |
- s w& ~* L! d* `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ {8 x9 {% @) j* r/ \" ^" j
% V: U. Q- i R如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 N. j3 L5 q( {! y$ e. b; X. h2 H" T' {
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); ]: I& q# e x7 Y5 ]% J
' n" \; G$ [' }( w: EThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : o' Y3 K( _! q+ o8 M$ U+ X7 E O1 ]- B, v: l/ D1 a+ e5 g
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# J q2 c" F. g1 h) T
) u6 m: D5 n+ x: e$ oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( b0 K* ?8 P/ d) L( x; @
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - L: e! N, u; l; }) t8 c( q8 i+ u% b5 M! K
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 u1 W. ], Y$ E" U, z6 G( @ ( v$ ~4 k2 y4 S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " [, o) j% y' I % V% u I1 J3 Z$ a) d& s( ^' j4 ]此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 G, i. J: Z4 ~' \* \
) V5 J+ l9 H3 ^7 {) P/ X! I) A ' d g$ D) B/ w3 E7 B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 Z% h/ x# |" l' H# A3 N% k: k
( F6 }5 B* k" J7 F9 O5 R例如: 1 e ~; a- J( i0 g5 J9 j) @ 0 ~9 C5 ~) _/ s. c7 }7 a6 P8 oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / Y$ S" W) r9 r( x: _$ t 8 x0 [0 y$ ]7 f# x; Y2 \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 M) q, A2 l* O: a, i4 C/ n
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" h: F! w! Q: j- _! \, M n& }1 A) q
9 P. {, a9 W8 l) ?1 K6 S8 ^# BHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 H4 |: U5 b+ G E0 u
* ^- y) G& R9 \) d M+ n uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 R7 v# O3 `* O- {
. ~- H+ D2 J0 c, d5 mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): n; t% J1 n+ q5 ]7 d0 H
" n5 ^: E' c0 n. y/ ]: lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + }# o$ l( d% K" ?5 a& f# K/ K+ E& E; @
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + R$ x" r- j6 Y- K# ~* k3 n& c' O% O4 G9 ^; R
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 z) ~9 h9 t" T" N* O 4 x0 p* g5 t$ i! e& A当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 I7 ]) s: |6 M1 N( p$ c4 `8 N; F
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; u5 q. ^: X- x3 g
& k. l; x C! l7 o还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; |" U4 ]9 `! S9 C
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: J; O% W3 t# p/ r$ ^9 Z# D