本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - @# J3 J- k3 m
( f4 F' Y* n( P1 O9 w& J 转帖 1 }8 V* V) R, D9 Z% }/ K1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 G$ U- y+ n) q
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例如: 0 ~) J0 ]) D; [3 B , k5 c1 u6 C/ l( E: h& |: n& BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % [: R8 w( c& D' s% k1 l( O3 z e$ x- B
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% e9 B+ P6 J2 ?% f$ Q) R b
F' \8 Z. d0 r: J2 a) kThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 b; v4 @1 k. V! e: R1 C5 ~" d7 Z$ U* ?) B0 I! r8 f. f* K; e
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): b, w) M. E9 _3 L) e
5 V: W1 k* ^1 \3 j- l! o; R0 e& h' iI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % S8 `8 M- K( c3 R. s% i/ i5 n3 c5 [" j. r u3 Y' i$ g$ y
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 K& u! U! \( k8 J: x) _ 8 A1 H% D# J) G, f" d/ R! {; x/ XWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 H, n6 K; H( ?5 K" e7 I1 Q* g9 \2 i9 g/ y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 f4 [0 b1 @2 _2 ]/ L! | ~# {$ n+ s e- Y- F6 rWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 v! ^0 `: G& e
* E; y' _5 r$ ^1 L) BPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! r; E% S" g- V A! c( W) ?5 \/ x
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' N5 |$ W3 ]$ r2 w) Y \ y `8 b6 y; [5 C6 D3 ~1 @2 R) H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 z/ C3 a$ g7 N
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 O$ _! G% @/ l) T2 v9 n _' r( Q- s
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 Q8 k6 V* ?; W0 }# R1 A8 C- }# u5 E, Y& @* j) T' u' \9 H( `
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) ]* h' `! i$ R+ |3 c1 u0 ]
7 [# a! m) N. N4 ~; U( x) ~He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , _; e; _ F. f% |1 d0 U 1 s' P0 y$ ]+ I+ m! oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * m4 G) r( _. `+ Z2 S8 E ' V4 i; [0 ?. h/ O: Z# x+ `She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ T& h& ]4 @+ S* P0 J5 H8 u- P1 d
, B/ z& Z$ I! I7 q( RI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . X& U, L$ x# e0 n & X" [( m5 _9 ^9 v* j如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) }6 ?4 _, w- u* S Z4 [' U6 N5 {
7 Y$ |" t: d3 W, O1 Q" G- N) _The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 u v. @# E$ D! ?% q; p' I& t
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) S3 y7 G- z: O2 e! k
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 B' N2 k6 `: M" x* R. l 3 o9 A# x1 o& h8 }7 P' P% pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ o$ N; H# I5 V
2 b2 g* N) c" t1 U0 {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" l, [2 ~: c( k" o/ m
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 Y/ h( x l8 d+ H, n' G1 r
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), O0 g: m+ F, G( A( w
O* ~* S1 w1 G! S' x7 A此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 |- j& ^+ _7 u5 }8 M9 m- V
* ~$ V' b5 k9 V9 S5 a- g, ^. J# b- o; Q+ Q' h3 R 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # b" R6 N7 o; b# a7 f' n+ n( A" K& E* W6 r) Q9 U, e% U9 _
例如:! j0 _0 P: X7 K. d
* S/ ]4 m7 p& T: rMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( z# ^1 w! W1 F% p 3 O0 _+ N, j1 j* y" y% vManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " T" X7 e; u! j9 _) l6 R6 B8 |+ l ]$ j5 P
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ I+ d8 N8 R7 `8 A0 F7 g
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' n: n- _' P( p$ y . q6 P! d7 R# @5 |& v4 aMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 r4 x( @, g7 U$ ~5 Z% S
Y" J- h) C; S8 o) @5 cPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ e) j4 Y: A; s
* F* {! G% B) S3 D, n4 NCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) F# e/ }& Y1 g
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 k9 p3 B$ q& b
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # t2 \9 Q- M- a: B - M# D! K. p: n! P4 w当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - f8 m7 S+ f% c* V+ q ) q" e+ l' D6 N$ |: z! K, m对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & M* S+ A8 y* F& `$ [3 y0 F" V+ m2 t( ]! N7 h u
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) R5 X) J+ [7 _2 N
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / H p7 ]( @( }. P( ^* {8 V" d! S. f3 a; m8 y5 i
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 S' X( p& y& t) ]/ c9 e- k, L $ x4 [5 p( k, K9 v( W至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& ~/ H; `5 r! K
2 d2 c3 W" ?8 c, v3 @" W还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 h& Q& |# |/ l) x4 }% }
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ S( p" s8 `" T6 `