本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 A$ K7 H" v3 Q0 j# K$ y
# @% `, y$ [* A# l 转帖* N0 k+ w! _. D) T
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) I8 }: K8 v. v+ j7 i4 Z$ _+ E5 J 9 I" g! g; ]( O例如: N! }4 ]# m J1 ^9 t
8 \0 m, M3 \; H
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; |4 ]% F+ g0 F% c* U# n4 U! }* u. X' e
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 E0 t5 j9 ?3 j% W+ L
; L+ C# k4 q6 e% R4 LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) c2 q9 {2 d8 H9 U9 A! k2 A3 a, j+ M, R b! ^" p4 B
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) H# \5 e, F, ^4 f+ S6 S$ \1 ]% M& ^% s- t7 ?
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 B% i1 o0 f# e: c; t ) K# r4 L9 K. L0 Y) GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : x& r7 R. \5 a# `5 w0 h ! ?6 h- P+ D& s* ?7 e! @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) @/ o2 d ~' Z6 I* ]7 D& X, y s
$ E/ r1 \5 ]$ I& ]: g) e. }9 ^
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % y9 A4 }- s* L8 @, @, q5 C) {# K( z. r$ d' n5 C8 Q
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - r5 O" y6 d& C0 o4 W1 i6 S ; h* P; o' z/ C8 r( c4 V4 zPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% i! Y% [) b6 Z3 ]
* |6 M' ^- X! C7 [, G3 c2 o这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , l/ d, O' P8 s+ k+ E* d: u ' h9 D8 `* A% L @1 E 4 x% Z2 `9 p$ c0 A/ i' d2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* P6 t& G4 j' q! Y/ l6 q5 z
+ h: T/ i( P( a1 A3 h例如:0 R1 r5 g% A) z1 i
" k0 d. q4 L/ x+ `
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " \9 n5 x8 a& P' t/ l' D! q5 K; `1 _1 b$ M2 C+ c' N- ?5 s* v! \" C
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 S0 ?% k4 ^- `/ d8 e . p; H5 _( j) Z; i5 R2 b: f6 W2 X3 YI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 b4 l# z- g) q6 E' a0 y) I p( F8 u5 e8 f, _3 [6 |
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 ~. ^* \+ t9 m' u6 X" v: \' W# K9 l; N" w" J
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& n3 `" |* h4 K- F: a. _( x
+ O8 l' N4 x2 i
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 Z6 W" \7 f6 ]/ l' E 8 ]8 F0 U+ A# e- qI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) G1 q: t7 h4 x% H7 _0 G: @* w' X* N
9 V6 I4 x) I+ U, n0 t
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 |+ y& g$ X. F0 y1 U; R m+ h/ f" X0 F D" B+ L5 s- E' vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " k! N+ ]# P8 x7 Y& w# W5 e/ Z! N2 `
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) q* U; a; k0 C, v9 G# G
0 X5 g6 q- i; R9 f% }+ M
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): }& A% ~/ o# K2 X# a, C ?" f+ m
0 V$ [; ^+ y/ n5 v+ {3 ?3 @6 a, ]He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , S/ W1 U$ z, m) e7 d4 A, c; @, f: c3 R( Z/ q
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 S9 v0 P3 O& z. i$ N# D, W
/ @$ a( `1 {% bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) g! t+ i8 _& H. E9 q9 ^4 ?) s% A
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 g- m% Y0 F& [! B' `# [ $ G$ L# z7 g3 X) L. f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 Z0 `5 Z: {/ o7 V s6 D" A5 k4 q# r0 G
- h2 |2 A2 g( K4 D, N# _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - ~# u3 y# S* o* @) W + W! g, J1 _8 E" e( @- [; v4 `/ N例如:5 j" B- U* `6 ]6 r0 X3 {8 d I
' {: M& w+ m2 s" n
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), I8 I& k9 v$ e' B) F: G L0 H
5 C' k8 L% W* |7 F( NManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ o* ~4 u2 U3 o0 D
; r6 H9 Y, O9 k
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ m P+ i& `! P6 K4 i: c3 `$ t" X
1 d5 [8 _+ s3 D; S* V* g
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ e4 F( ?7 c& ^: s {
% Y& _" J {. d+ P4 D2 KMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & n' e; m3 m- L5 c6 S9 m" ~ + p" {2 E1 C, p ]! |, E2 c: ?0 sPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 s; e8 c& r2 D; }$ R0 b& I: J
0 a! Y( \# P+ q F! m* N3 K
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 h# K/ m! ?1 [- j; f( c 2 Q# C( p$ ]5 t; J: RStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # U! }/ ^) h5 k5 s( ^# x* F% O . X) l; D4 F3 X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 N. P( e) V0 R1 B# R
# r/ x# i, m- L: m
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:2 r& Y& ~/ U3 h) ~% E; U8 Y
1 u8 p" L, n) V对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) |7 ]7 Q s6 c! B+ ]$ n! Y2 n2 i $ P0 s+ G- B7 U) |1 O9 ~( B3 i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & u0 x# _) J2 C8 Q" a* d5 q) G3 M0 D* }
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 l6 u" F1 T* } r; k, G& y o* v* w4 H' n+ f
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % @. _3 d+ Z: G' `$ R 4 l1 Y) L, {. Q, `# R m! [5 p' S- l至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 x5 Z$ v0 S% g: D0 i) w9 g5 b% K0 M/ d& x6 Z/ y$ R* m# K
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . l+ i9 x4 I1 Q6 ^" V# ^$ Y " }; G/ u4 i3 h2 ^/ {有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , M1 {) P3 o ?1 f