/ b d6 s6 x& m例如:. _ c H( Q" G+ L) ~* u8 Y# z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 P. `; V+ b# m: f% h, r _6 B* s
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) v, V! x% n$ b% A9 a9 H# V9 g, u; @8 c6 U9 F' j) n' w
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); L Z$ J% R( t' d
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) |( T0 T+ {; k, i5 P3 [+ j. N, b; t 0 ^3 c% L" u8 B! k: `6 }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), a' Q/ t4 M% T! M
8 i+ Y+ h3 {1 {+ ?% U! BMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* u0 ?1 o; j0 L
& p6 `- B! b; o- L$ HWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); z, u$ a1 n/ f, I
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( \" Y/ B9 G( X& Q, a& R3 o& n7 | n1 A5 d6 y7 Z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( B( G7 K+ K' E1 y6 ~8 m 5 F, \$ w" @ T8 V+ \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# c( b. s2 v. f9 E! h
- Y2 H# S/ S9 V' s* W1 b! q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# C/ E- d" S) s
, G, p% ^" \# M7 B3 i Q 9 {* [3 I5 z7 S6 E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . E; M* ?% A/ `$ O! p ; {- z- P ]9 L" n N例如:, q; U; r3 |5 |
9 y: i5 G2 u: M" J3 |4 J9 o9 dAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - v; X' r! Y6 S% w : g9 n, q$ d4 `& |$ c$ Q7 k3 KDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 B& M5 @8 |% Q5 |( [/ \6 I5 V. H+ N+ i4 X0 r
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # H3 p: h8 k& K/ g, h8 S$ s3 p5 [' ^+ H8 I! ]1 h: Q! r3 s9 t
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! [, Q; d6 d7 B H4 r) ~: Y8 z3 @, j# ~
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 A# z; @0 K) w* O/ D; s$ x8 B2 a+ O* i1 D8 d. |
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& Q1 R: p7 j' c8 e
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 T+ R( Y, s; f7 S' X5 N$ D8 r/ _) C$ k4 G" T
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! j2 m2 M; F; }' p
t* e9 \' h8 h: SThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); a+ P, \9 ] d3 Q
3 \" y# x) Q* E$ zThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 W) ]/ g6 K/ S6 {7 X2 f0 R: l: D- y# \
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * c$ m* s1 S$ |; i" g2 {6 t; m4 z$ l- |# J3 ~3 K3 m! d( j
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " v. v0 n* N4 s( u+ M f1 m8 w x1 S; Q1 d, ^! q" s4 iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 `8 w! Y) e3 A( ~/ u7 j ! b) u1 e. @$ k( U2 f/ x3 h5 l jEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); \) `8 N* ]& P4 k$ J4 n5 l
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 D1 H+ l' v9 W: x# m1 m, b+ K' H0 P; m0 W( {% U( c' o
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 u2 y* |: c9 |6 F
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O4 v0 v, s: i% f |4 S# b 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & M& h$ _" H! Y* f% [9 V! o ) F& {2 n) G: w3 L; U例如:7 H: U" E$ m) a6 p/ ?
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . n0 v, {3 v4 s: [6 _. [7 q, o& X9 k# _2 I2 D0 c
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) Z( h0 a$ L$ [6 y& k& A6 K3 x' J& L$ ^7 P4 |& D4 i' O" ~
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ n! z) L& m- j5 [* }4 _
5 K' J0 K& `; N2 u( {: NHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)3 n& v! }5 G: C
3 J/ V% ~, O. A D4 a6 _! x# J3 ]Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 s- H; I* o/ M3 n( y 3 f6 G& y5 Q; I0 [' O3 B$ c( {6 B5 jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # q- r$ R, Y n8 @+ s, p; ?4 t Q! p. y8 J3 ?3 B
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 @$ @1 r5 n ~4 e 0 @ V1 Q3 b2 z: i9 {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): ~0 [* Q e( M4 A
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 B5 y. {; |+ [$ e# _. [) g$ e4 j$ z2 r' N* a
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: o0 m8 p4 t4 o2 f4 y0 i# Z- b
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; i$ B' j2 _3 E9 @, K# \$ Q1 V 8 G1 V, R6 c$ |9 W4 S! @$ |" g对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ G, {& ^% O, a( P" u8 I8 w
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 w0 A% t9 L+ M. \. H
/ m' i2 a j, S) Y对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 x _9 U% y( }* B; _0 N" Q+ e
' L1 u% r6 n! g, c- Y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 i" Z5 N: v. O& M+ s0 T$ ] 8 Q# B3 ^& [+ [& b. L: G) N" I还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; j+ ^: h, O$ c' A# }/ R" g3 u4 Z
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 F) }! R% [8 n: y4 r' _( F- H8 q! M