本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) k# B0 A" b4 x# W) E& z. \# }; ?3 W% i 转帖 3 F% }! M8 T5 {% D1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ T, @! {1 o. l0 P0 k
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例如:6 s+ D1 E8 G. l) C1 `0 y* t
! O! n! V( c9 A. g* {. U+ TMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) H9 A2 M0 t2 {7 x3 R" }( b" V3 Y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* X9 ~% ?! e+ }% H! q2 ^9 o
" {" l4 @9 B) @7 j2 eThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ e8 e4 N6 ]" q# ^, `
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# i/ b) _$ D+ E
0 }/ H8 [7 b$ B0 @+ c% FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ ~! _' t8 F# I! f6 n+ A4 O; i) o
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 E4 L4 } G) s5 f* Z- e) G) G
. h, n, J3 W9 O& I$ g+ Z! g" w6 LWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 D6 l: J8 P! ^* H
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , }+ `: m8 ]8 z7 j) H1 W . ]( |/ |( r" I9 U7 Z& ]7 ^We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); g4 k2 ?( H: G
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # s8 k8 E7 J7 C9 O7 F3 o$ u3 c9 D+ S" b7 {: k( R0 _
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " o! L0 p/ K2 b2 h) E. `' D. n4 M# L6 y5 p4 l
l/ \( J) C: Q( f3 h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。6 m8 \* H e# u$ Z( _+ g
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例如: " e; i( X) \- ?1 j! b. K5 f0 \- Y; U9 E% }
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 ?1 @) f$ f; \
9 w$ i" _/ f% v3 cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + S. O6 T( H, I% T J4 Q, m# O! w( H) f; Z/ Y; T
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : @, [7 }0 M% K) _4 d 0 y# ^; V9 r, N+ x5 mHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 s$ ]9 [! s* ^8 n: m6 i! ^7 [; h
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - R! l( E$ i9 T$ x0 {- Q) b8 [: I! n
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 E3 l0 c1 f9 c) D" l
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 E+ M, C1 ?# M( R" a/ R8 p$ X: r. Z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 I6 l/ P( V2 g Q3 p . Y- G5 c- {; p( Q2 j5 @8 @The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 V# a; |* r: c5 Y & _; @; w9 D( A" oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 X, e7 o8 ?: ~9 L6 \, T. Q& D* U2 v' G9 y& U7 q6 z
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 x) B" m: g0 K8 P& {, F
& q1 g* x- ^8 w1 ZHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 b; ~! \3 }$ u- N* c4 Y
1 C ?% i' Y9 w! B7 RWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + e* N3 e9 O; L$ m% w/ F5 m + K0 q, R+ A2 i% I7 w b7 Y2 ~5 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( B/ G7 b5 K/ C ( Q; M' W; |. ^" b( }* Q. j写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ X! G* y; g7 @7 N
9 O+ g" R# I; U9 b. m% L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) L. j6 R; H& w% J. l8 J8 v! K4 m5 S" J
/ T& A0 X! L: m$ `( t3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % T' u8 R6 o8 ?& t7 Q, G7 ]. Q: ?- B* c. }; x
例如: ' _7 g3 r9 i) D& v' i 3 k8 l( w9 C; tMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( O$ ~: x2 c7 G: R# X4 @8 ?* |$ z4 l$ [, i* i
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 F8 K$ \- C6 i5 l6 e3 }$ O8 O; r+ P2 a+ {3 w: l/ K. i0 ]$ g
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 `4 n4 N1 K% y/ ` $ Z. V ^- h. X+ fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ f6 a5 B4 P8 B. v: ] | ]2 m% B9 d6 b9 O6 j. | D
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 i6 C0 J! c: O9 F, [% g% [& A 5 Y8 A9 J' p h4 |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! N5 x# P( o6 y5 J3 F. C& G- V" c9 |7 i- Y
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & z; |/ q3 @" A: @& F( H/ U m - r/ Q" g( j! rStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) z) w* ?8 C# ?% x) @# q3 Z1 Y/ P' ` y8 c5 N9 L2 N# Y
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 J4 e. o* `8 x6 U4 j
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' _' `, G. Z- _( e1 L
5 w: u9 |+ r, v9 ^9 z- u$ }对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: J8 T/ B" v) z& u0 v
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 ~- I/ [7 q3 U/ S
( c) r' `' B4 P对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; w4 h; D" B2 H, m9 n9 K6 d' v/ k& B
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 u+ W$ I& m4 O' [4 X: j $ R# |2 C9 R/ H1 V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 e8 H0 Q: w y" L, L5 X $ q# l! u4 _9 S- }2 p/ C% c9 ^还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; p x" Z% a! g3 f2 H3 x& z # r) Y ^$ m& [ a8 `. v$ M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 z% p( Q) K1 `1 _9 F2 ~* a