本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) V7 d, S, x& @
& o, A: P) M9 a5 {' H, W9 h0 T8 c 转帖 . x+ T) q0 s: l9 l& z5 Z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 K4 `4 g ?$ F" K/ {5 ?
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: R# c0 [2 O I h0 K3 l+ H) a& KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ Z: Q k$ h+ Q0 l. Y( [9 \0 I
+ H( e# n4 T& aThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ~% r2 Q# q$ F* a9 i6 X0 @+ \& a) m4 w- a4 t; v8 j& X
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" s' n' b+ z6 @. q; h2 y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 o3 ]1 Q3 @2 F/ \) N/ g# d$ h$ ?' b& U/ i+ U) e8 o0 v
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ i8 o2 K! N; i: j8 ? ; T; |# j4 P" `Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" E* ~' p* a) A8 C- E7 G. ?" J
, {1 P0 ]6 x( H1 k) W/ CWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 x8 C k/ d, A' z4 U/ w& f6 V/ A* I/ k* }+ H0 }2 W2 `
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% m' F2 B; G/ H. K. j6 [
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . j" ^1 H! |9 @3 K, y8 Q; P4 S , D. j7 U) ` _Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 L" c6 p! ~9 u4 D7 i
' C: A( w9 z# I- T6 _ q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % v' V4 Q3 G5 F1 Q! H$ }7 @% ]+ C: Z F; c `% `9 U8 L. l9 j
8 c% M" d8 V. T, m# P5 l$ O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- [. w$ `' n$ k% S( f# s
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例如: / |- d6 W. l1 C) i @7 c# s7 z3 B$ r8 \7 m& j
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / s/ m( }' T& E$ @8 A: J! N, z2 S7 x& W. F7 g; X( E2 v
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# O z2 T- ]8 o) w% [
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( Z7 |0 U" l3 P7 d! @ ]# w, P8 G% Q; V! CHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 O4 f/ y, t/ ~1 d; d' I! H% ~' P! H: U' M, A0 r9 u3 w& i; _' \* B
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), e# d! g0 J" S
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) y* g3 _* l8 ^, m) F0 s8 C
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% F B" U& y, i( \
# _$ X0 x: d4 u! w如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! X0 x3 X. P) D# T: v7 H, B; n . s3 P9 q1 {, V0 D6 T! vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % V% g8 c: ?6 Y3 P + @0 a2 D) u" N, L: N( T4 p) A o% H7 IThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# _" K, b; r2 f
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 d0 y, e5 I. h3 e . [+ c; u. s! d' v$ c: FHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 |% M% ], N; L5 r
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 d5 a4 ]5 y2 s; S% a: t
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! Y2 D9 a9 J8 B" q3 |
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 ^# S4 V9 h h, }; G& C4 q6 ~ 9 ^0 k& a$ M( A- f. ?1 F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 x: o+ f' D5 @; Z! G + Y! O# D* M! ^2 ~2 u( \ * m9 ^& d: b, v# x! Q# J! A8 O9 L4 X$ b+ a3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。1 C8 d' C* m9 Y' {; l
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), @' ]0 ]) n! j- q% A+ u X& g
1 {# x. x0 {2 a$ e3 O% BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' w6 Y# K- x! B( ~3 d 2 I% P- q' f1 e" \1 e% aThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 y& w F x* G" E0 y. ] . }' p1 C9 I* ZHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 \5 D2 h) r; [& O' s
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , l* R4 @& d. o" v: G1 B: v7 e' Y. O; X3 @
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): e8 }" Q; x" U* H' _/ F
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 m" s' G1 V/ P& j' n9 C: \ / p9 m2 [; r) B, mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& N; G# q e8 |
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 p2 g9 F" l3 P! H
! v; P* |9 [: t" G4 g/ Y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 c7 _: A) C F1 \6 a) a # B9 e3 P- Y# S0 m) i( t对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 R* r5 b% @, ~" s- i3 ?; q $ P9 X9 f2 B$ X4 g; `' \/ i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 O$ j2 w. C& z$ S
7 {; I+ g$ A, e) ]; e对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" e) ~6 T- K- s. r
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # s6 {# _$ p) u5 \9 E4 | & i! Z6 L# Y$ b2 S至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * d ]" Z1 S6 s* f9 Q- ?; x7 f0 n( Z/ @% J6 g ) j" d( {8 S. a% E5 R0 k( ]7 L还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 {- I; N: ^. }2 l/ ]' ]3 Y J0 S: p$ N
2 V4 d6 t g0 X+ l: g) K8 u有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 m: s' k& k9 S$ I