本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 `: F7 \% g/ r0 J$ N
. d0 V4 Y3 w6 I. B) @0 H转帖 ( h' |& b7 A! H: V+ u) R7 H7 R1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 I8 i6 m3 c; X9 q( A6 g: d
/ j8 ?7 S [9 f# u+ r2 d
例如: " Z. V! [) E1 V$ D& {: Z Y) c3 o3 K
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): q8 x K8 K6 k: j8 B! Z) S
) L* E3 s) C4 ^2 G0 N
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * C3 z. j# V6 [! c7 y6 r2 L& Y, W1 T6 V) _/ x; f4 w
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 b- w: W8 W3 n8 c
8 x8 [2 I' z5 e7 g# H; K
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 w+ }! k( [: ?% ?2 D3 W, P
0 `( b0 `" Q4 r+ b! U, g1 i
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 m3 M3 ?- C! J; p# [1 K# P! C# Z& F7 J% T
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) L- m6 Q1 y1 `- J
' [) X; W. s* z: C7 N- w% { U
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; g5 D' L+ D/ f; G! p ^. C3 e, r# V1 H
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). L, `/ V: V/ r8 u2 V& N, z' ^/ c
4 t C0 { o* V7 Z1 XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' L% x+ v0 u x2 Y' @& ^7 H1 X' R- ]$ y: R6 E! U
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ R7 L! Y S# |
, `' l8 ^ p0 y, O/ c' E这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 L: }; Q$ I$ U$ T J' Q6 j. u9 C$ g- e0 c6 v
/ O# h$ y1 K) M* d0 C! c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( ~2 h2 O' l# D) o; g" y
; \2 l4 j1 k2 }( O$ A& i! N7 e例如:- R# e$ g% A0 m: u2 g: Q9 I" i, z
3 ?9 o4 w' u+ m3 t; Z! p) }8 |! ^At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& |0 g5 z) {9 K# j/ l7 ]
( X" ?4 M" G+ b3 q7 J/ p$ N
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " b, Z/ D! E; q, _ ( K, ^3 A, J% m8 g, l: yI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! Q- A" y: z7 |8 M; a: m j6 O# j$ D' R4 D {
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 A3 w! v( ?& Y! g8 [8 I- `# j2 H7 _2 Y
& @0 ~5 e( _" v/ F+ @% J
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 [3 t2 @* h% Q Z
5 E- @) |9 s4 ?* |$ r& X& B- e
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & I7 a; n g+ E% a# ~, \$ p4 C' S8 H/ A: o" Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* j4 z- m" i0 U. ^8 ]3 X
( f: T1 a5 ^" N6 q' i0 F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; z8 y( L" f' c4 h; h$ ?3 P: f) B6 N( F; ?! i: J
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% X, P( O6 y3 X" c( e
+ u" z% [5 [$ d- O+ ?# }
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) ^: n9 C/ z$ j
) Q( Y$ d2 d5 O' j5 S! v% i yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) A: D4 J M e3 V6 Q" |
% O8 y' ^/ P' H+ ~
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ u! x& I ?& J' {& B2 V5 v
; X- e, h" T* S
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) G- E$ a, z1 x" H3 R/ X* ]# J G m
% D P N' ]$ l8 \, I
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( z. k* l- P- ?, b8 ]
6 V! j7 ]# i$ g" J2 q j
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + E% S. i& d) K$ J , ^$ d% Z% E8 f. s. P此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : p. ]' b2 ^1 t* {( Q. W8 y- L. z' w7 H, n# Q2 t& T' l$ V2 f
1 r/ A- `2 J- |4 I, S5 f 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' Q: r/ a0 l! T* ^& O0 ~
6 m y& R6 B" b @例如: z$ H* l! v5 \, H7 r* B7 G! j$ H- w2 O& N I5 E s5 `
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , h2 {6 h* l8 A3 {/ F- }* A J( t2 @# {# o+ Z
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 U5 R3 B- n8 l6 P( ?, Z
# x) a1 _& h1 O, }$ gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 D( t O; H' o$ }
* y4 O( B7 Q. I6 z. ?
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ f8 i" F# d, s- q, G9 v$ k1 z+ Y, \' S6 y% g9 w5 U
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 s. B# P2 V; Q$ v% M8 `
1 Q' F/ g( ]9 @% u0 _" x' FPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' y, P8 [+ j. ?; B- N ' J7 w) y6 u" M: `Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , Z& b3 \4 X6 K: ?7 P( Q0 H; D. s/ T5 v) W5 G0 {( k
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), @% I3 N& \1 |0 P9 h9 V4 N) d5 ?
. ^1 q. z5 K/ W7 w+ K同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 B: n' G7 y2 K% C% B1 H: V2 F/ x6 o* Q4 U: @: A
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- K2 M, g8 h( h) O
' B; q' H8 U/ Y s4 {% v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 n1 y, |, E( p; Y* B! I 5 B9 c: [: d* |* D2 _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # K# @, v# \8 Q* ~. G: w% b, z, L
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! h9 Q& a: G5 M- e
8 f6 t9 F# S. N- P6 G% x1 Z
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. t, T2 p2 o% M/ r
4 e+ q, p4 F) b. }有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& R3 A7 i2 V. B