本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 H1 G ?# c* o7 P6 R) B* K9 P0 U; |% L! @8 L4 K 转帖 8 q* \9 t0 q" Y# S+ Q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . r' O0 G# f7 Y1 W# u+ j- X. e- U( K- f$ N9 G
例如: ' q5 `8 m! c3 s5 X( n% ` " c5 N0 H% ^# B- c/ @+ {: k: M* U: xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 v' T: Y% [7 \8 | ! Y( g. h: w& U; @: d. d! ]/ \Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # S, D1 N. m I6 ~, g4 T/ c' r( A& A! v5 Y- ]+ D1 E8 p
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 O6 q; d8 M* c2 V4 a$ [0 J; s* K6 m 7 I0 E# |; p2 v6 @$ h5 CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 s- l" U, f) ]9 _4 T6 C" _
0 g1 t: t; G5 P1 ]( \2 mI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) P, ~- @! ]2 t# P& V+ `2 h( t
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 V9 O" Q3 L6 }, K& N- G( `1 G% {9 M1 l, C9 N/ N
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). p6 m j% F ~
, u- ]2 j+ T( [" b4 Y, L0 K9 f$ lThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) |) Q7 |& O0 Z% h H% L
8 V( b, s# s& z# K2 k) {) MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 b* \# [8 ~6 V$ i! p3 s: c
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ x2 d: t/ G- \9 g( t 8 R6 f+ |" t5 \) c* y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- c, ~4 i% R+ A* Q8 y( U8 s$ \2 k
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4 w$ m3 D; a1 I2 H( M8 { 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 B2 f4 ?' l) R+ P
1 e1 a1 z4 F9 K8 ?" X x; F3 L例如: 4 A; m, `- l$ q% l3 F5 J* Y* @3 D A# ?. l' a w
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! j/ T+ ?* K, `2 ~1 k/ r9 ]5 ?) @% k" H* v1 U
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 l& _! V( i7 t# A. A3 v5 X; c% j2 W$ }
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . I$ k1 c; M/ N6 H7 G/ ]2 X $ I/ J( `+ W# OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - l2 Y* q) x4 H# v3 B ' H6 {( C, S8 t' P+ TIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 r3 X8 L1 v" G + H0 w+ A6 I4 A% ~1 ]She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - _/ q6 G$ F$ f1 S ! i/ W5 a! u' N5 O, O' mI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; P9 E& I4 B/ e! D# m2 c6 h0 i ( X+ q0 ?; G. n3 t如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- _6 u9 ]( H7 @% k' f; m' g1 P' w
# q( |7 Q. I$ \0 lThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % E2 P5 t, w3 N7 }# a& X % {+ L& [" D8 d3 |8 F; uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 M, g4 F( y5 N+ |# r ; U" g* a! T: w1 o& w3 F2 fHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); L: p+ a2 ~1 U- }- L# p
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 f( N8 O+ O. }/ _5 V) d6 Z7 S* l2 k4 Z: |
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / p! r. N* Y0 N! A! ^5 g : y& c4 G" E! o2 L4 s' C0 P6 [% ]! eEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! V7 f* U* s' Y0 ?
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ M/ ]7 F+ D7 _. \1 E
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 p% ^1 G% i8 T7 k9 i, h& x
( W9 S' L# q8 V: b h) O% [* w# g: L& K7 k; C1 r 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! n( p+ F. D2 }1 I
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例如:5 K# W% R% K; O2 M }
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 l7 j) }7 A5 a ! E0 M6 H4 C% O/ k3 Y6 V& ?# [/ m' nManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); c4 ^3 U$ n" b* g" p2 o$ e9 c& ]
% c+ @. D0 N2 _+ ?# J8 UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 e- q1 c3 }! M: [7 X" `1 B, s5 r* ~" w6 b, x3 R' P$ R
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 J7 E: y4 P3 }3 H0 L) n% ?
$ X+ n e# c% a& n4 [) g3 T, AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 J5 P! F: Z: x% K; g& k; b
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 B; o* p/ B6 C) n
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): g2 {0 F+ H' E, g2 a5 p
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' O- O# S$ f$ o
* c2 W9 t2 C% ~+ S# [9 |6 e同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 p' G/ b0 G$ l4 X
0 a E! b2 |4 a$ @; _% d. F+ X, _0 L当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . n0 r! a# f9 o n 5 C5 _, X* {0 {- U {7 t5 D对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. j }3 }0 B! h0 G0 u( _
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# \, S) Z2 s" u" M$ D