2 i# S9 ~; [, _Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 l2 E+ ?' _: v5 s/ e4 T, S' Y! n9 q* D k! R$ m9 q
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! V8 S/ [( s) w- T1 P
8 b: L) R- T |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " G' `) @* r$ G' I$ k2 O4 }, e9 x5 L& y. g& N% w
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ e: Y ?! U: k$ N
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% G& C: }' g/ q- n+ k; l
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 R$ F( h: M1 w8 M
, {+ `! ^3 {0 J1 h0 Q7 uWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 x$ B5 Z8 {" i9 O, }& G, P/ I, Y" D- n" f7 m) S/ c: o: w
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " g8 B$ v/ |8 I4 ?$ S/ | `" A | ~- l u
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 l) j4 a, |2 M/ y0 o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) g. L: o9 w$ C# M/ B( h( r5 \9 s; m 5 }: C# O# w% Y+ d这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % H# F1 A( u. v) B + ^5 k' {1 m, p- ~" b) M . e9 N& z3 r& w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% A0 }8 p2 ?' N
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例如:2 m0 g4 o9 n. k; c* |1 J: R3 M" o
- y% M1 m0 Q- U! W |+ uAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - E0 l3 ?( i8 V `$ C$ R6 d4 m
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 {3 c6 l. q; m0 z& z4 N
7 y$ o3 Q; R# `. t, GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ D: {" ?) c; g. r) R8 M& S
' y8 ~+ R2 s S" _He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): g7 D6 y2 ^" D: Z, a0 k
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 T3 { ] E6 m, E V- |9 B" b# U& O$ D7 Z" s; fShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 e8 E2 f: B. t' ` ?
9 R, B3 k+ L5 I& AI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + F: N9 |; i' b, j 8 u: ?: f" I: @( X' ^) I! I如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / f; `! |1 Y9 P X# X M 7 }9 K" @2 ~+ A$ v7 F- `The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% B- ?( q9 @3 {- C; q1 B6 j5 F8 q
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) D+ g% _# o) S3 W: w( J7 h8 {2 i: e8 V* S. C! j. ^1 Z
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& O+ G6 V e! s" \. M
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); p2 Y/ R* I/ [' ]7 v, \7 @
' k$ Y6 U3 m' E1 U( i4 K' @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); c; `% x5 x& Y+ ?
& t; i6 t- W6 c, _7 m8 y9 e, z* ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); T: X* v& I0 f: v5 K/ u
: N9 O1 h; C* B2 F6 g' I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! P* P) b3 {9 X& b0 p2 {. A: G9 M' l) d/ [! g# c, L
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" R6 I6 g; \) B" r: ]
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- x# F. `. C8 J* l* ^- _ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' i6 O( ~& o6 j ) ^3 W# d' X8 m7 F# u9 `. @例如: 3 M2 B! Z* Z: P5 o1 G: Z% U/ B2 F, b) G8 ?! a# \
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 `3 r; T# r2 {; C# M * v& _/ | ^2 [4 dManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / E& J" \0 b9 O" C 8 q1 Q/ m% @, ^; j' [/ ^This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 }9 Q) t, r3 K* _
. X0 b4 C2 U8 O: H5 f: E8 QHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! c9 q% w. v. l- W6 o7 r+ p1 Q3 C# X$ ]' q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) B( {, a; f s; X+ P' K' L+ `' G1 s) B. b7 l
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 {' p* J0 V' t+ v4 ]3 O$ v7 K* P8 G2 J* m1 U2 c; a; y
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " ? T; R8 v( X" ` 9 L+ _6 B" V4 E5 ^+ O) @Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' m) Q8 W4 K. K3 \
; W5 J# b2 ^' `: ?* I同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* Z5 c. i+ f/ F7 i' C
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 I. V; n' V' {2 k
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( w. P5 V( `: {7 q
. c1 Y8 S3 b1 O4 H Z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; [6 a# q8 D& l4 t( L: r3 T8 O2 Y5 w5 Q2 V* F8 y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, [! u9 r$ ^1 _; e6 L) H8 B
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 [$ T" V8 K8 t; R [5 \9 W: V. i; P. `& P
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! \, U" N% S J& q5 B) s2 S+ y% V. l / Q. N) u# W7 k- r6 N1 E3 V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, D3 E0 M% D, f1 L' p; [) ?' e2 X
% m( e: F& g4 q( ~有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 E: s# T2 f( b: {! h$ Z