本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 V2 |+ j9 x8 e: B
- i& @- B$ Z) D N) h转帖 3 Y( W7 t# \ R: u1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 v' s! e; L8 A ~8 s4 z
' V6 ?3 f! U+ }: R4 F8 W' f例如: 3 H# G* I5 w) e7 q, D1 _- \3 c0 `5 v* r. Q
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); K6 z, I5 O* t0 E7 h
0 R* {& V8 [! b# C. W
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' b. M6 W" z! @; {
+ ] V3 n5 Y+ k+ `0 `
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . Z; @' q2 ^& Z8 q; w' @& q9 Y8 a9 l5 v+ g
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; d0 C y# x1 D H2 E / t; r1 e8 A7 R5 x' uI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 R% k8 S( f4 Y
* g; N% u- s. y4 {3 |6 I% p: d3 Q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # q* X+ g; m$ U ; W8 Q& _1 `" {9 t/ r/ \& cWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); f" C: ~- t9 U) z7 h3 a, j3 q
: B1 z, b; q8 `. ]- A) x" DThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 [ a2 e, s0 X+ L 5 {0 m. P8 ^3 m2 V4 i$ }We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 j0 x/ b* i c; b 0 O2 z, l6 i, E9 j0 A, | Z7 aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) |5 {- K9 a/ Q' {
- @! J9 `; @# U! G这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " h% n% F ?- |- P6 n+ ^ 9 N2 k: o; ~8 x2 _+ v1 M; R5 j; {" ?" N 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 T3 U8 |: X6 }
8 ]7 ?9 }( K6 ]/ j
例如:6 X1 @1 b0 d/ \
" H, B; e* c: d
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), R3 S4 i+ Y2 ?
& t6 J7 K1 j: W1 c$ u# {3 YDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! }9 ]7 c/ `8 ?1 f" V: K& H; I" x1 m2 b5 _5 x
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 K8 c( s! Z( K- V( u8 h1 H5 J# K `; E# d% \" [. p9 }
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 U& i% f6 A! O5 }# K
# A1 H6 J4 h+ k. A$ R; {* JIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# N' G. l4 `$ j1 B( a* C8 ]
, v! ]: s$ Z: r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / l) a! P) }+ _ ^: h6 B# x( d0 S* Z- m$ q9 A% n
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 n0 A- [& {4 y, P' N v
# D1 A% p$ B# O& |, H& O# O* ~! n如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) T# B% o! F, q! D' h' _' ~) p3 v1 b) n) |/ ^, P4 K! A6 T
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). |8 N. N# A$ u$ y4 O9 G
* n: q2 @9 d: J Q* S, E. kThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) i$ z f+ ]4 B! }1 J+ @/ m2 A, ^$ f+ o% P* _! X
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & T* A0 D- H" P+ Z# Q- Q% A4 e
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 x5 K1 |+ R4 ^ 0 X7 c+ _, b, C$ J' fWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ y( h$ u# A/ k2 G6 L" O- `. Z. t
) d8 J( R q7 |6 q4 I8 _# b$ r1 v' y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) j. K8 t% S* d, ^- q' A u, D% ?4 c- |; w2 a
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ s# d/ L# K% c
2 Z- v, z1 h- _" G* z1 @8 M% ?此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + |8 `9 M+ m( { ' I4 P2 M; X4 ~2 e" ` + ~( E, v! j0 z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) s% w0 m% z2 t7 E" |6 H4 V3 Y ( j6 \# J+ F3 [4 Y5 u例如: ! n% c9 W' P. W3 z# m1 k . t' m1 N+ m( s2 QMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% Q8 K' Z' M _
! c5 Q+ w% U7 ~: Z6 [5 x u+ _2 oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* j& q4 A5 l- F
; C8 r8 L$ U; S; S
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); }8 A* g* b' D9 o% {# b
, R- k1 A- ?( p( n3 n
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! z1 F- x* X9 _# ^ ?
3 S2 J( ]* {% X. K: y
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). s6 `0 J: x$ P
' S, t' r2 K# M& V( g R$ k
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : a- |3 _0 q; U& X' D- K3 b 5 u$ d. o( q" J7 @+ FCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! ^) n9 @8 N6 A3 c5 V# E4 V9 ^. X$ |$ u7 O# {3 u
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). }4 |& X( |7 m: u( M
; ]( x) o! n" c- B) d, q; Y
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& K6 F d6 F6 k+ x5 K) V
q( b; a+ {/ {& y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" H, O% a5 E, P+ S& ^% e
4 k; Q8 m" {) W1 n0 d/ r
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 g% U5 o) f) I : r8 ]1 i# t. m! V对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # y& ?$ _# u O+ {, M& B3 M# M - E1 A/ S3 l+ E对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # Z m5 b# ^ B! i; y" U: N8 [: R$ h5 L$ b* }
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& o h, f) R! o, `* v' e
" y, B0 K5 u( [: S
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 l2 W2 }5 C. d- I/ w! @% i
7 m4 Z) I( [4 X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ y/ p+ K& Z( p; t& R- X# ~6 g" p2 T6 s, w2 F+ j7 b# j- A
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ w: V9 C; C- j+ p/ w# s& t