本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! A+ w9 s* T0 r) I4 V: O, J7 l ; s% p' t% _; q; i& K" t转帖$ d# T: b3 Q8 }& Q. s* w
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& J$ A: L% a8 Q5 w
- K' K2 ~2 q7 c! J) P. I4 m( G) M例如: ) R) r+ l$ _2 u2 K' a ( [: i- [8 |! }: I% L, f3 JMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 U* }6 d! m( V. {) [9 D ) k4 `5 W/ S" t( { I/ l5 |: DThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' u4 V2 H8 S( L! } A! J# ]
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , [) n8 C4 Y8 h. x5 I4 ^5 H5 ~9 [' O: |( U, v
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), d8 }; G3 R+ o/ X2 Z3 J
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): w! `; H! V1 y9 z$ a; \
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 {0 P' w5 n7 a" G2 u
2 O+ q# ^: C# M5 X& v% T3 oWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) Z' }0 e1 v* P8 u, c0 P+ z, q
- ]9 @: F' R# Y9 a# P# hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! u1 L6 K; O* V" t! r( S+ ?+ n. ]) [% @7 ~ j! M
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " a8 v: l7 I: F! W- U7 H4 }* _% r" A9 h: \# U
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / ?: t5 X0 g# i, k. z$ n ' y; `+ y" y6 W- P/ l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 E! S8 G% E8 S
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6 v5 j) s) Q, q( E4 r, f 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 k- L) O- i; P% [4 F+ L. P
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例如: 5 f6 l2 g& k: K6 O ) Z2 u% |% Y& {. zAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 ^, q7 p8 v$ K# H7 l4 } 2 s3 L3 q) M; [# D2 d+ TDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 l' x% Y# R/ o& l1 \3 N7 m; Q
: U8 |. ~% S5 y# b5 R2 x# |I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' J: x; E2 ~: W, L
# J9 Q. U8 }2 b. A/ C; x: |He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) c4 l" `9 k3 o% g- h& c* |9 {5 N) U: Y0 }. L6 |, `$ i" C3 R; u/ C
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 p! N8 j# Z& j- G& t& T! }* U" H9 v R- s5 g* A
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 X# b: M% v" t# v ) p x& a1 L6 }" PI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 u {, v6 ~# O) ^5 b2 C! [ ) y; ?2 Q% v3 |! w如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) T7 U9 \7 \* P$ ^( o
' B: G+ P: T$ F' IThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) b2 L3 B: g" U K! ^
( u8 m# s1 H5 B( I6 oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) n, n' k$ {$ R0 b/ E8 z7 k2 u3 h
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 s6 ^1 M! {- t2 O! j v) c% R1 x3 z$ ] o. B% F
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / ], r; `3 g+ } 2 ?* H, F1 u/ Q' U9 e- L& LWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). C' A5 n$ u2 Q) s. h
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - n0 a3 n- c, g" i/ X, ]% m& i% P9 ~. X
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 t* V {1 ~* F% v$ |$ L+ d
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& R& H/ ?/ b+ r- C5 S; h
6 ? A( h6 u" t1 U: L# b2 Z' a$ b6 W* ]# w! g 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( k0 y0 V' b% \( d) D+ f3 f, a1 b4 M, n; z i* e5 f: Q" u+ | A
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# C. V& x$ s2 X3 C: t* qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ N/ l' `$ z* G, |
; _! M- h; I1 r, b5 M1 q0 OManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % \7 |2 l# ~3 s$ j, \! y8 i: H! F6 E. X3 m* k1 `0 i3 E
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' a$ T1 j. n# R8 P) Z* \6 i0 S" i( d0 x3 H6 h3 l3 B: G* r/ C* V' E7 _ q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 S* k) {" H U( \% m5 E
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : e% W4 J$ O, z/ V; I/ D0 ~8 V* J8 ` k+ e; \
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - o7 x7 Z8 @8 a+ p) l2 y ' _5 c# }1 p! I2 r rCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- \/ n1 i a3 |3 N( _- b4 q3 W
0 x) W% b8 C: X& FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& {: P+ u# X/ M& o- D* F4 l/ b, \
3 D+ ^* \5 x/ L4 D E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 `2 K! C, Z- V% p8 H: f
# M2 _& A+ l0 m, k4 ~' K3 g s当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ S/ P, O9 `! ?# {5 ^9 \& \7 \0 \, K & E' Z' N, \0 M* ]& R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' X* x. p6 T! q8 T8 V3 b7 C4 s; T2 ~. ^
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 o8 X7 J% O; J9 l! a; U l, y# Z2 J: {# r5 h
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ Y0 @7 V: h' N g9 b$ O: K 2 X: t+ c6 K! q( I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " N l" m6 |" E0 j) K+ O. h- C5 T 3 X# C+ f9 t' r, O( R" T至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . F9 V" M% D& O ; L6 J, T. H- ?# L/ H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 c6 s0 p. T- A) V9 s9 j8 l1 F7 M4 w
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 o9 j, @' f2 L9 Y) n; J2 k+ }+ s! K