& l( g( l) r& ^! VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) P4 H+ W, a' t% I! k. Y8 r ' ~' n* p+ h A& Y( W- B8 }8 {Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 b3 F2 A$ {* y( x/ c( B3 E
5 S5 v: g' d. H' C! s* jThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# u% g7 R; N' D( y+ h/ W
& h- i7 n; g/ G5 HThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! P* y8 V, S z; k/ z3 b) F# h/ _6 H( L3 }+ z9 N' z# @5 a
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 ^' _/ c. D) |2 ~- n, h. e 3 d1 `; R+ k& T4 YMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 I# ^3 ~+ b" ^( q1 N# E6 E7 A7 p, ^$ h y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 g& {$ [- j5 l8 K- i% r3 I
8 M3 b" H8 j1 v9 YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 W" N, V# I {' Z% g
. o2 [) }7 `: s0 s6 t3 V7 g7 KWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 a! Q0 ?; O* d9 J( O7 v; k7 T6 t5 [) N- M
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 D' @1 G3 _4 ]0 K) z; F 3 m- S2 q9 n5 P! M这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 B S* p5 H6 N# c4 j' j2 [& u! u- @1 |8 K, @
+ z' z" ~9 ^& X" _2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 }# q0 c" i6 l8 U
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例如:" e9 F% X( T- U- }( v- j5 q
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 N& H- S7 \7 _* T. C- X
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ {! c! i4 ~7 |
f. c* q" Y5 l7 W1 r. II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# [- }0 q1 _2 s# J# _' U9 ]
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( z6 Q: E( X$ l. L5 R" q% ?- l# c; i+ t* Q9 q& ~9 _
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 f0 Y G W6 y
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" O7 F3 Y( k) Q) O' z- \
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 o' y2 j5 g# M+ h& J8 F! a- e 5 r( h# V3 I( K$ v6 h5 X, z: O6 l如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: ~# e( }1 d5 Z; U' L
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 f2 W" A9 x- I $ h3 C1 R: r& d* SThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; R( m; C8 K, |( n2 @" j) O3 X `+ o& I2 y
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' H+ Q% H9 n$ R" d9 z
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : h' M8 B% x+ J + X9 z7 ]1 `" ?( j% d' e0 J- }& xWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 P5 Z, Q: P. U+ ?/ f" ?) |
7 n' a2 J( u. [! R: o7 e' zEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 `+ Z J2 `, @$ X& W' j7 [0 ~* ~0 R$ A# L6 x
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " K7 T0 M3 T( q3 ?7 @8 @2 r5 Z' _. X7 ^$ |, I+ E( c
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 J) j7 b' n3 `7 j2 d/ q $ [: _ Q0 G% o" b- a3 C 7 M3 |$ [0 P$ _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / r4 j- f4 b) {. v ; U8 v& ^3 n& Y例如: ) r x9 ~8 h x% w2 b5 D # ?$ C3 D9 {+ F" r, h/ U# F' o2 ]Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" f1 `; r2 T- R" p% C3 l5 a6 Y
) W9 S# X5 ~( `9 y6 ~Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( i1 c5 P2 Y! ?8 ?! c' }' Y+ ~4 E 8 Z. O% e' X2 ^- zThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), r% _* x5 S8 g! u" X
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 U+ ^% p( m! ? 9 v' n' [6 ]" C& F' r) p7 d7 |+ T! @Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), U3 ~; l7 q/ e% c- V) w
/ f: t1 ?( V! v- o! C" IPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 g% m8 V7 B0 ]/ j, X& l$ q
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 t' Z" @: R) H( b
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 U* S7 {% Z0 o9 G& L! m1 e. ?( r, K: K& G1 ^" t
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 o) E+ E" c6 n' @ l: n; X$ i0 _$ V* z5 y+ D
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 V$ K4 ]; s5 e7 B4 b! Q+ E
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" m6 g- j b$ X- k/ K+ k
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 ?9 s9 g0 w! w. y1 D1 l( k
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* `: \0 ]4 v4 [5 G
) A' f5 j7 X. _( h还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 c% U& e) r+ q: _5 i1 u5 \. I( R' L H) l' C: H
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% Y" x2 O) J: b& ~