本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 X V; c/ i( U; @4 ?9 f7 o# o
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! y" U6 P, ]) ]" b- B
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例如:4 M, ]4 Q! w, Q6 A. ]" r
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * D* `( F0 P! S4 K' c $ C) p G3 c8 q5 H7 EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * x" e; i, F( G( k; s. q , _6 z. N0 Z$ e! SThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; o; C* ]" I7 u0 j |& z! I. y' L* V) t. h5 B
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) G+ ]+ h7 e v, A9 s" Q0 ~1 b6 o1 m! T$ v4 A7 C. O
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , ?8 R' C9 q j+ O6 P8 m6 C* T % s* W) g- U$ Y @* z: r. pMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 U3 [8 ?# f9 j* ]7 G, B5 R ! |& f, C. ]. t* G! Y2 l, X1 n xWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # Q, _2 }4 c2 K' W7 d6 F' ]0 t7 _& p6 e' y# b" p, _2 Q
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; u+ _& I8 {5 w! k& S: e5 d$ b4 l7 _* K. z7 b6 p4 X% E; Z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 V ~$ a+ G7 d9 D+ d/ W' w4 s* O$ x F( Y5 }. ]- \
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( u5 w( K1 f/ A/ ?
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 T* V- L1 U' T1 [' @6 ?4 r
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. M# V$ C; i" T) |, v( R2 W y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ V! I D" _, l9 u" f6 Y; L j4 c
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例如:* G& @) o4 j) V* ?: E
# z1 Z. G/ p* e4 S3 ?At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 P1 I; i0 p/ A. Q e( ~, J* m
" z3 C3 `" W9 _) vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! N% n! Q! v! u
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ z; j5 z }; ?. v4 U7 p4 V
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 h6 {7 Q% B. }- w+ `3 h7 b
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 [, T# W5 h H7 r- | ; j/ D9 i- Z8 cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* N( c9 i' P4 H1 g. k; d& p; m
' L; s! K$ a( X' f& @I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& y: ~ D: {$ z j x
* O, v% r' R1 @4 E! l& k如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 b: N( `8 _& x! f: A! H- { 8 u: ?0 t: _8 h4 o$ O; HThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , W: s1 c3 ^2 g& P3 S. H1 X& E5 ?- \: x/ N
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) \# ]' [: i, K9 Q( e" o3 ~3 d9 w
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 }# A& ?) w' @& {( q' y' ^6 A! A4 w+ Z j3 w: {4 z7 j# y6 O
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); ^( \% _+ ~6 ]1 ]- `7 u
$ ~; x2 n4 T4 ~$ F" R: l) L0 g- y; ZWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) O' ?% i$ C1 @3 j - g# d- I3 W# h. q- A9 }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 P0 p" _/ C; ?. j 8 ~ M8 y. P$ s8 D6 e2 J3 ^写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : k2 Q& @6 j' Y' ~: F: | * V: I* X1 \ s( |' v8 A. b( R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 q H) }+ [: D7 K7 k1 ?# S# b5 u( e; S$ ?
, b5 P ?% o- v2 l, Y; S3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 M3 i, T5 ` i4 H( g. \/ u" F4 }2 s) [' K5 b9 A
例如: # o$ ~, ?& s0 t: n3 R ' z$ }9 e; D' _% BMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! H( t) I& z! g0 a9 D
2 A2 j# O* [3 QManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 n$ d z1 t6 M8 W
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , l- e1 S; R/ [ |; S' q 5 j( |( e( _0 C$ T* F jHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% Z# x9 X1 H( I& R" q3 r( \
* [- `+ c% `) A9 W$ t1 Q7 T' l. KMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 K9 R# _4 ~ y9 F4 o. e: |5 j : w/ u2 R4 k' WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & M& E3 t1 A# ^) B5 e+ ^& C1 S; L G+ r
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 C" ^8 @& _% [, m* s8 P0 R
& a0 C& \- g# vStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 y6 B1 L/ w6 ~# t! J# Q- w 6 P. X: {/ c. h" N# Y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : B" r! P- o% O/ B& u - m) R) `, l% p# x当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& |- b6 y; z) p; j
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 P' b) {3 ?, C U8 O$ O5 p
9 P3 I) o* [" g- S" L2 r# |* d) u对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; + K5 [; Q; {7 ^7 v0 b) ], Q" f1 V) V 3 F( d( k- J& C对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 H* v5 O: z G6 T1 h7 z j 9 @8 T8 H9 W# q1 B, \对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;$ Y/ h. q8 `9 B
. ~5 L- I9 Q6 \1 V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' q3 j) i, H4 I" e 3 A4 T- b$ ]; S5 _还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" ]' u0 y* W# T' T, p: e' v3 }1 `. T, f
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 m" l' D/ ?$ t- C$ n