本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " C- _5 c, l& @' j# W; \4 V
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : ^) V, ^* L+ K. s ! F) ^3 P9 }( Y* o9 \/ x9 H, ?& Q例如: Q. _" u% X* f# O0 I* J' w
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 A- e: R& L; H9 m 3 M6 Q5 M/ _+ i& l/ E0 J6 f3 j4 }Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 v! n" T1 \: i: p8 J% R3 x; \; c" z8 ]5 B
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ Y4 h+ p0 A, J& C0 a7 \
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * O$ E3 G- F! R9 W5 @, _0 M X# t7 r' K- J' K/ W" h
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 `8 N* j7 |9 J. Q8 \5 p0 D8 V( t, m+ q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 c" _9 ^! {5 r* {: r# S
3 O& ]1 t2 r; K. M8 w9 GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / w, E+ ~9 o0 f/ K" S+ ~ - K. r; _% v+ Q6 ? a4 cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 \9 Q, `3 t1 I7 r, x! M# V/ }/ |& m6 ^1 {" T
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & ?, ^- [/ ^8 ~: c G& o 4 Z9 {4 u2 [* |- w" J/ g1 NPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 S6 [9 {! B7 H+ N6 X4 ~5 h5 p
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! v! `) n: M* r0 G `1 h- F# \ 4 j+ o* D, u6 |0 L+ |2 \! |* w3 _1 d. A9 g: P. T- G% r 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 ~" W' x+ Y, @ B) A
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X: `0 `& b# \3 A+ ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ R/ v( n+ f6 q z
3 O9 K: E8 V5 ?Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & r$ ~3 H7 j; v, P& U 7 M6 o3 a6 C# E. a" V! t U8 ZI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' C1 G, D% H+ S& x W9 a) Q& B5 j* E. D; e/ o
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * L9 S1 M+ X% k6 x) e# |! L" c" i2 W' e1 n
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # ~# j: H4 Q: [. o9 B# p- g" i/ L5 S% {6 _5 |
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 f% ]' }& ~( h
$ e C8 P& @& U9 S5 n2 Y/ sI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 D$ ], f6 p) N+ @# A- ? Y: i$ x1 D; I4 N+ B3 \
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 r9 L5 t) P8 S+ j/ M0 @/ {
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). p0 Q5 X7 u# j4 s* p, b- h$ R
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! J" x9 p( u6 l: Z
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , ^6 N7 J/ j5 }& e$ Q3 F5 i1 @* _/ @1 H& |2 W. G
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* N- P+ m# y2 b
! u: `8 A+ J+ d$ ~4 ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " ~; ^+ {# O- ^8 u T: L5 v. B: k! ^6 J/ y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 \8 m+ Y) A" D9 l6 S3 ], o
% f4 s5 A3 |7 @7 A写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! U. I7 {6 \" M
: I9 \7 [. e6 m2 e$ D2 S3 z z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 z% j. ~9 A5 O
: L w+ l( s" ?, Q3 V+ O) r% l. H 2 M+ K- X. ~# v2 C( ~3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " ~4 p5 z) s0 T8 A2 M* C( p 3 }8 x$ h# E0 |; W3 Q7 T) u例如:7 F' @/ e5 c# E
" u( L1 s, j" W9 f9 _+ C5 IMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & U0 h8 m6 g( r( E" e2 G. K1 e/ g% L0 D
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), x5 ]: z% a! h3 N/ N. p6 S! l D
- D$ \4 a: k V9 G! FThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 O4 Y# E. \) I+ I7 d% A8 T% q( V/ L+ ^ 6 A$ X# g0 ?+ @ B9 A PHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( r0 q) [* C5 a* Z
8 F/ Y; O6 z5 W- s r* q/ O) EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ p, ~$ z/ ^5 O. c% o3 n9 |4 `1 {5 W5 q1 K1 b; U* D4 n- t. V0 j1 j
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) l6 K& R. o% X% L+ u+ N5 `
4 W d2 W) z4 r0 B; ~4 K$ S BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 v2 R9 H7 [4 {7 m% e, u6 p3 g" l8 S8 J: B- x
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # W3 y& h3 O$ T8 o- G8 ]4 m $ j2 s# H0 V& Y: _; A F) y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 w: V/ g' H4 O
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! G1 q6 j2 K8 [) G6 F2 k' I2 ]
- W) m1 F [, b: h- K3 C9 P! y1 t# V对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * s3 E3 x r& t \9 J$ U, V! X 8 w6 l* c- O0 W" X- t3 A; B I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 h" O- ?+ v% E7 P* o4 ^ 3 E% j6 c! Y2 }# @9 u0 |' x1 H至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 |/ w4 b* L5 H0 j# Q 8 ~2 A1 d) S9 Z: o$ I! |还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 G \ Q) c/ K
" y3 R- q$ }- g有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* V2 l. [1 [! n3 _