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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 a+ Y3 g/ z/ T% S
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 {; R4 I9 Q; ~0 r* G+ C# j9 x/ s# ^
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - Q& w& p9 i5 B. O9 C0 B! Q( m. g! D/ K# C$ A
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) N+ e6 k6 ]+ [ {' U $ z" t. K' {: fThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" i/ [* r6 P1 X! P" y
: b- L6 S' s! P s* [/ WI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! O+ s0 y$ d5 I- ~* A7 O 4 n( Z$ X* @' nMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 G* E/ G. L. q* } " \* u1 f! P+ P8 N& NWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " P# R" [8 h7 U( U% L9 t , G5 b! X; N: e8 P Q, s: jThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / v& e/ U* h+ M+ u! B$ M 0 P+ J$ }7 U' cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), {4 x7 x% q0 Q& L% D( k P( H8 s; C
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 [, X$ F- m, L; Y' j
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# Z0 F3 x+ ^. u @9 ~
5 ]8 m: _1 I4 \6 \! C: ~; u1 V 0 Q6 \4 c* r. {1 l! U2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. X3 z5 `# p. W( Q
0 j+ U1 o. p$ t q例如: ! }# N1 m6 E' V/ x( a# O/ G+ ] 8 e6 a; _/ o) Y6 d6 l; @3 @- vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 e0 n( ^$ o. _/ N8 } 7 S/ g" ~1 t ~Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! w, @* ]- T2 I
7 h: D* F! L" r& {. {5 Y6 zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& ~2 \: O. a5 D+ z- L- i
. p! a( L, v' |, JHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + q6 K' X- s( P& D9 C; ~. M5 O* ~ ) R& J! F, {6 {7 F% z; i% |7 R% }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " H4 U. k. L+ }' N 1 d* g7 o1 n1 h7 r! q6 A. kShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! V1 [( Y) Y/ d W4 _
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 m1 K6 b+ i8 j# ?; H0 Y) v
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% X) u2 Q* a8 c1 c- D
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' Y9 e' O" F. _2 a% S4 p 3 ^* \( W7 m! L( wThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& @- {$ u6 m3 H2 P
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* F6 v! k/ c; H. a. i7 Y0 g* e
# H3 l2 k$ O0 _8 K: MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) n9 N& \" b: v- c6 R
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % v9 V1 w0 T5 ^8 I% ^7 }# \$ a T. X6 E9 D
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ N! Z! w0 a' h6 O0 A* A6 |
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! V0 s/ o; e8 Q+ i1 m9 }, x9 U q! { r0 }) H1 C4 V$ v4 [/ w) B
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% a" E2 w# w" r7 d" X; Y- ?3 f
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2 j- [: ^: K0 l* @; ~* S4 P3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) D! k6 t9 ~9 F: R
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. G' Y0 r) i9 f8 q, r+ h2 i/ @! J/ AMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 F' a/ g9 t W) y 1 y9 g( K# P: N5 H b: }. X% HManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( I" f' h6 i" ^4 O5 k2 i+ c* K Z* @# U8 \+ v$ y3 m* X
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 `: n% e: b4 o5 `( `( F9 K 8 E' H, P9 d% C, A) R% hHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 n, r0 w% {& R* k
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ @! r0 b0 T8 k) P
: ~( Z5 v6 ^3 v0 @3 K4 CPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . j' `; ~. h) B0 J7 m0 ?! q7 q 9 n1 H3 U$ t! H8 x, ]2 Q6 R: J6 ^8 lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " e, C$ Y" C$ N3 m8 x5 Y, I$ @4 [3 d% T& T6 h y& I( Y
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / G: v5 T' ? _: l" @/ D 0 d. K9 O' S' K8 J2 i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 P7 a( D0 O- y) }/ e ) E) x+ W2 q/ T4 E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : y! I1 \9 \* t3 L ^+ Q0 Y 1 y, H# V. t( n; s* h% a/ }对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! c: A3 K( }3 t L! @/ R) p4 c: K& O对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: ~1 v0 M1 F& b0 w6 |$ P; T
1 f; R. a( g9 G! f% H3 f$ X对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 \9 w$ @" U9 W' H( Y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 P) \4 P; W2 `9 J" a
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:! L' H/ I: P8 n! e8 I1 z
2 }3 o- ~) ^- x: s( m2 o6 m# r还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" c5 P9 j. n; b4 P
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: b' _$ R/ l# w+ J3 O