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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! T8 h( U# n$ R( r$ n6 a+ t e% F s/ U y& \ E- z例如: / `# h- ?" M6 c) o& Y1 t9 z9 U3 \0 R) L5 X) u8 l# \7 Z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ I. K& Y! U0 Z
4 a+ l* v, G! f0 \5 q6 g1 `Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 _$ s0 P( t1 X1 z/ v. r2 T( S - }7 J" v9 k: V9 m8 W( TThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! e% k+ c$ b0 ~( P
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " B# G2 t. `* y: o6 p/ i4 b& g/ t& t3 t& a5 `# ?9 ]! u2 t
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( O- D$ M4 W8 P/ Z8 V. C
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . C# m; ] n! P2 }3 H- s5 u. r* Y5 `# D' l, v- e4 i9 I+ {
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* Z# R# {4 N9 ?" j+ o( H( O- n
/ J' u& i( ~5 ?" EThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 0 R- g$ S+ |, h( {9 c. \ * j# ~& g- j& X9 Q- C4 tWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; W( ?2 F# P" W6 [' } 9 X$ r8 g" W* k) rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ o% i/ Q& D4 j3 e8 B% T6 T, a
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 B8 z1 h# E8 ~2 G: M8 O* H. ?: z+ t- X! X6 M% k
! m" a! J P$ y, a+ [; q' p0 T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & i- |+ c) t. r3 }) ^0 L: y$ l5 g , {$ h# C- N9 E6 b8 p' f$ g( k3 O7 ^例如: # l. V3 o9 I) M; b8 {+ c) F0 M: C8 F: W. T3 R( ^% V, U) z4 ?+ E* [
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * d" M' r9 O1 k4 S. T9 P; D - R& N1 B& C( r1 i9 XDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' A/ E% K4 ]: a" {. G
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% R6 F+ O. z5 X0 J
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ x; @: Z: x! Y; Q3 i, S5 q! t, u4 a P0 b! y6 ?) V2 k" _. n2 vIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 h/ W7 T/ j5 L, T* u8 }. j# E
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) c4 D+ B8 K. N9 T' F( ~7 V; D/ O: S3 O2 q5 W' W W
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 P3 n5 h& ?" a* j4 W! ^8 T* c/ u* A+ z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! Y5 G1 V! m4 W$ J& G : i3 _* N4 [) x8 v QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) `( e( j5 {% ]3 o: q- R
8 m! g, t4 b8 i( l7 ^2 rThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ J3 L; r3 V, P. z- p
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + }+ ?; S, _: W5 x& e7 W# S 1 C5 H7 ~6 {$ EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 L6 B: |$ A3 ]4 f6 A - u6 {8 k0 ^* a/ c2 o+ c/ F* \: tWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 K0 @ R/ @, ^8 W+ l2 a4 d$ y, {
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 _ [' }9 x3 Z( x0 |
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : G0 R7 B' w6 q5 Z % L: F+ _: `$ D: J4 B* d; v# k此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# F& R+ s# p D: y9 s
! j$ z- Y0 V& ?& u; ]9 |0 U5 E ; v0 |+ X" \; _/ g( p8 u& c3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ |2 d; W3 m: F' y l7 u. @: h( z9 |6 U" f& e& R% t3 d1 ^
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 s# j; i, R: G1 c% W1 d: l/ r! A; u5 \4 c. w1 q. V7 z2 M) y
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 k* T! k( X A. g' e& d 5 C* m, D; I7 {; L. QThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ `0 p3 L; |% c* `
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " Q, I, c' M' c9 n @+ A& E 9 \1 X2 M5 b" f6 [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' L2 l7 q- _# S# d; {! c% L% g: b% v
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 M5 V) F5 {& p: T- ?9 d! k' [4 o
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ {/ W" U' H9 z7 B+ P: e4 [3 d( b/ C& i# H8 W9 B8 ]
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 F- X# H( A/ Q- x, A3 L( | }/ w+ \) m
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, r. W! X$ H. f2 {6 U) T