本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : _$ f; K2 M2 X3 M5 \4 L' K 6 T9 L/ D: i0 `* ~转帖, D+ y1 V! K# y O8 H
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% V8 _5 D2 j' {8 q9 d, J1 G0 G
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / D/ J: i/ R8 l, e, w! t ' O0 e. }/ ?2 G( i9 F& {Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 P# D* i1 \: x) H# ?; E' m' v) Y9 t( l, A- e( d# P; y$ K
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 S/ M) k$ K. f9 g3 g4 x3 u) V( |. V0 D. J& e' F
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * s8 D( j5 r& f2 X% ~: n8 e8 I# H4 m. N8 C
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' ^" {+ X- v. g6 A- M7 X' w* I. ?+ I2 M1 }, m+ H
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 p. M, C- v2 s1 [
% i5 S, z: J, w u4 eWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 H0 p9 C9 y: d6 q( F
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); c. Y; G" Y2 @
5 G- s: ^: c; `! k; aWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): ^5 H9 w! P7 }5 e5 I- C8 o
; v# t/ A8 ?) Z# w) Y( XPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ H q) }2 I, o' B
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# V2 p0 S- Q' k" l$ P
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% N7 X. h* p% p+ q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# k& H [# W# S/ \0 J( }+ b* k
2 Z8 M) I# H6 b8 O例如: 9 N& t3 J; }1 T' S. W5 X6 }$ z$ G * R* Q! u9 K% S4 ]7 qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 W- @8 T6 e( p9 }& [( R
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 \8 q: T! k; p- m+ d* S
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( l0 t0 k0 v, l2 J
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * Z9 i" I" b) a$ N& a4 |+ ]) ]- q, K" s# X
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' ~# N2 ?6 `5 e& w4 m
4 z9 z. Z9 a# m* c, Q$ v7 tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 c0 S* ?: S8 R/ @) O
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ H1 y c3 @9 t6 |# d* D' @
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: U% k4 m2 |/ h, {, e c& ]* A# T B" `+ o: b) b/ c; b
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 K6 e% c% c8 v4 v/ _/ [9 \ g0 i6 h0 ?7 g7 i; ?
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % }5 `5 `' ]0 w 5 o5 t/ y9 B2 q) \0 }( JHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" [( u5 P" G( ?+ F1 c9 Z( _2 o4 I( Q
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & y# q4 x3 x& F, `3 x Y5 c) t% Z4 ^/ B2 gWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). v' N2 m1 P, b
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( R( x5 v% ?% M& l9 [ ' B! v5 q' ^0 m$ o写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ B2 d4 B3 j* k, ~9 j& B7 g6 `
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 Y8 ^: t4 D: a" @: _2 I- t: N/ t0 ^; a$ R& f% r; u
* |' ]0 E4 O! L- h; [Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ _; |; w" O( k7 C' Q f/ z- P
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' P' y) |9 C* {; f6 N
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ b$ |/ G: R: v+ _% z8 E/ {1 A 0 a) C; S4 i) p `( sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" k$ T( ]# M0 A5 Q- {
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # }& a, `4 l& U& i5 e 5 L* m: f. Z- r4 y% S0 C2 ?Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# _' b1 `1 ^! N6 X% b
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 W6 E& Z& {4 Q& B) m8 ?' }* ?5 }
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); }( z. f, W: n; f
i% \; c2 V# ~: T* Q4 {9 M3 |; z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 a N7 J8 U0 e* S5 U
8 @$ Z8 a- o% ` _# ^6 v当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 {8 r" k2 C& Y" D+ h/ A. ~* x% e
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, H1 p" U# s4 o ?8 ]! d1 ?, k
: y, B5 O) D+ u4 P- j1 w& ]对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( Z0 A3 u" h, I7 n* P
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ U# C/ O n! `) o8 R% P
6 Y6 ^ k6 k. V" g, F对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ a( ^" m- l; o4 R' O _- ?6 T* f- ^) D9 m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 a; h1 K6 R% `7 `; }, u" Q
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , U3 {4 M& U( r! }' B; P4 L * K. B# }# m' f* j有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 ~" m2 X7 B& W D