本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 u2 f9 n( L1 G' [# z/ m1 s [7 v5 b* ~4 `+ V' y 转帖; Z$ E& g7 \; b h M7 K
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 L& N% G: i. j( @. C2 d# N% o O
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . Q& J7 N" l. |/ ?- T* V e6 b: g; i5 N {) F/ U
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * s3 o. t2 v9 d; |% U8 p6 {( S3 V* G. k3 d! {0 d
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& d6 a. _/ c4 E2 O7 |6 I
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 |2 ?6 [3 C7 A
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) I* R1 B! L0 P9 s1 A# q / ?; T8 x: O9 b$ F4 PMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- i4 z8 C5 e( Y6 d2 s+ ], d9 }+ q
h. d) L: H# i. [; lWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), U4 G. N) l9 ]0 @( I# j
' L, X6 A6 A( A8 EThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 K0 d. W6 X4 [. A0 T# C
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ F9 f3 {5 ?. p2 g$ W$ I) G6 ^% U- s& S
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) ?. w3 ]2 T& C8 g
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 G8 ]+ Y2 M/ L {. m: U( @
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[* ^ Q% c& \& b. l* H& Y2 U) i' f2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 g3 q* O) ^! W: m% e : i3 K& M7 s' Z# _, f( Z2 a例如:# Z4 l/ A) X$ |2 ^/ D; x& g
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( ~$ Y- a' n) l% h! o
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' ? {4 Q, Q8 ]$ D+ Z* h* x, U4 n7 P( }% L( f2 N
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ F* D* K$ a4 |+ |# i; }
1 N+ p8 E! `3 \- RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- |! Q6 D6 u9 G# X4 O
& _: |+ M7 \1 g; qIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 p* Z% [6 E7 [6 T P8 `! U( t
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; ], f7 B; f( `% X6 H; c( x) |4 }' H/ O4 `2 y. ]
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 X' v# N5 e3 @3 L8 ~) d* E% P/ y+ G. s6 h
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 |( q. D7 @2 z+ ?& F& x
7 E' {* E9 [+ m( z( \, tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 c. a; Y5 o8 |3 h6 n7 r# E0 {# n! E4 x7 |
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); T$ s( |8 ]5 P1 l) D/ K3 ^/ p3 f) z
8 Y6 G2 L- N: h8 ~' z7 fHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 U. T1 i t5 d- b
/ b7 }" U1 f6 e1 h* ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % K8 y! A5 h: }. k/ U# ~4 u* D' @! K: f, N6 s! t1 F" @% k& S
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 A" P: d3 ~9 {) u- E1 `! V# A: c( X# j- i8 i D. f
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) Z. r# a0 P) v( x8 q" b! M. B7 @/ z
: P: y# K% c' t a* R9 f! h写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & f b' C2 o/ ^5 Q4 {5 s) ~. W. ]# D7 w$ G% d
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) M, [1 o2 Q2 O% Z# z" G& o& g: ^& p2 ~! _, v; |4 v
# w+ r. ~0 T9 w9 U: L$ w) } 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % ^ B0 O7 ~: `& [3 |. l3 h/ [) M/ X; l' t. C/ s2 ]
例如: 7 g: `: U0 L+ b9 Q) @2 H" M$ M$ S3 \+ g
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 s& A6 o' z$ Z# l
8 Z; p8 x/ r; o2 [Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' M. b' L2 n; c2 C1 K- [) E1 b0 J " Y# ]. H5 b6 B$ S1 I4 d$ mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 J, }5 h( M) G7 G# w $ o7 }( B% J3 S- fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( o* C! m+ {! z5 f8 g3 x, [2 t - g9 m L e! V* y5 p( }8 ^ I. sMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 H" T( u" K, S* b
* q9 x7 C2 P; W1 W$ tPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ Z8 Y8 ]* m. {; P8 G 4 E/ X% r% `( |9 v& Y' sCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 X/ T5 r3 ^) I$ F& C3 w& ^ 9 I7 z2 O! M3 N! h: VStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). c( b, S7 X- n. y' K
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . |9 b6 ?8 i7 a" z/ N% `- m @6 u( G1 R, D2 d' K
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, S. D4 X6 i& N) g: O
. m$ ]) S* Q0 C对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, e% z ?' h# P3 Q/ V5 D
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 k6 u, r2 Y( M) i! s( }
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 q( b# X' |2 W" {7 X0 V+ S7 Q$ f7 }& H! g9 K% t7 x% d
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & N2 G) V& r1 Z 5 f% p; w+ z3 U5 N3 K至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 Z& ^+ n9 }7 @
( ^9 I: W; r1 A5 C( |还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ k& m5 @! g$ J3 e0 p& [" U6 E1 J* |8 Q. C+ b ~3 a( M0 e
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ B. E4 _, w3 D! m