本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' G2 A" Q+ x k) }( J2 |" Z " j) k! w7 c# d B" m$ X转帖6 o3 i+ X7 ]% x! @
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 k( |. f( n6 x4 i- M# O% a 4 Y3 P9 h3 M6 f1 {2 x例如:+ l: n8 c4 [$ m3 d
) m( t' i9 v* k b7 e( |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' f! L; w3 S6 y: a8 I" X; F8 K" y2 f( y D* Y7 h" y( u' Z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( I+ z0 W9 y; U
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% v- m1 {+ Z6 t* t7 s' ?4 O
1 U" Z1 C6 v) Y. X1 t" sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * v% Y+ q5 s+ j3 r: h- W/ y( x & N6 Q# V, R2 u; w5 BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& W1 j2 v) H- s% A# b
8 R( r; c/ u4 [2 V! ~6 F2 x2 @: uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , Q1 h. v/ ?" L# d) Y# Q" R0 S/ H. L0 n6 d
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( C m4 h% P% ^2 b
6 f: j% r5 m; h6 @) U* H& j( P# CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * k4 t8 ?, s1 c# E: H! {( s; k* S {6 g* W9 Z4 j
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- q$ `4 D" T( ^0 f0 m' Z- a$ K
; c; W/ E$ d3 }7 d' R: B& Q/ yPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" w6 m* [/ P* b: m
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! Y. d' u- Y0 Q1 W. r9 y5 M ; ~( _: H/ {% I& j0 w1 K( B) R" L% w# E6 x3 o$ e9 n 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * j7 i/ \9 F: ]" R7 C8 T 9 t6 X8 ^8 S1 r例如: 7 a5 j8 ]0 P h$ E! l2 P( ]$ a) E, h8 m, I* x- t
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 w- G5 D$ q: a4 o$ d2 _
; L: B$ s7 C# ], RDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 D1 J, `0 k% n3 e1 Y
3 F% N* s5 e, `6 V- f6 K# j; BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 R3 m$ ?) I1 _ 4 z! `" p. _+ c3 mHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), i4 g: s& b8 U; O/ x. E( k1 g
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & U8 A o- L, d- V6 _: F2 V* P8 c
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ C8 X5 G1 L! L! B% H* A$ k
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- ~. k4 g# S) r, |( d: c8 m! U
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . o8 D0 {* W5 Q( q, w+ X7 O3 A3 d/ K8 ~
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 [1 x9 G( F+ V5 W5 _* B
1 q# k# ? T2 N2 ?8 y9 b- v& HThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 x, c9 U! J: V
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): [% l# R. m9 u- w) @
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 M4 N! D+ ^4 C! E( f8 b2 Y. w 6 o" ^/ U4 W* B/ Q" w6 a5 ~We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* I/ M) ~1 L( [+ C j
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 p$ ]$ c8 G# j) P% b8 Y8 d( f8 w% r. {% @# i
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) c, V1 N0 N' P0 `1 V8 o5 V ! b1 q$ F4 {7 A3 @* q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 G) ^3 P( m& m9 t$ U# _" F
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/ d/ B$ k. l0 ]: B7 `- o2 A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 p$ g1 D- e, O% i- o! o0 i. B0 y @" u5 g5 e2 L! y
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8 N8 N! O+ ]' J% I& ~) jMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' _. V! Y- t: J( f$ Z + c4 d3 }+ a( R; F1 w# m! b# ^5 L$ jManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / A- H8 w' f- g7 E & s" M. Y: I" o: S8 ]7 b6 ?& i$ I$ xThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 ]8 t K" o# { J7 n5 L! v7 A7 s1 s% d8 k% _* S3 v
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . D' A, |" n# c' k6 p q0 x% J5 p4 h$ Y3 ]- I. b
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 j0 i9 ?, b! H, H: O6 P . X. J) p' d6 C S2 tPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . R: G6 y `! `+ |5 K# i1 @4 c% J2 b- ` : u5 g2 u' g- y r) z3 @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 J- Z: v0 }2 R6 a N e/ u [6 A6 ~# U* Z( v, KStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 B9 q$ t7 ^# z$ y
+ W3 c* H; e; J* L同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! e9 [7 B3 ~0 f
5 k; D' J( G) }# u, b当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # N6 N. l6 v9 ?% j& x* ~* S 9 q7 i0 C! f9 i/ F* p' X2 `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ j& S; }9 R3 a. h. z& f
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 ]3 ?: `, `# s/ F6 f3 v' n% B% b: `0 W9 c
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + `3 w, G$ D, S2 u- l+ K ( @3 y% _ X% ^+ e# A; i对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & D/ `7 \ L, {7 _$ s8 m & y4 `, G5 z$ V8 n: \# J: N M至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 ?5 P5 @ ]( U5 Z- J+ S( T( q, h4 Q * B+ u0 M2 k# C& r/ K3 m: \/ b还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 T% t3 i' Z1 {. G ! {/ k) q* q7 {. B0 o有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 a8 v6 P& M3 M; o5 {