本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 o+ M& a. Z3 n$ F
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' N" Z2 v! u) ^2 ?/ D1 w9 ] 0 E5 v2 N$ Q ] M4 T5 N例如:) ~3 c; U0 {9 ^) r7 v* o
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) J/ q, z$ w! o# r. V s
X0 J1 Y1 c6 [& N( \( xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - {# K* q7 ~2 S 5 M* X2 U3 Y8 A: I) {This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' P* ?" f8 l/ Y3 R \ / Y4 w; H- K% d4 L- Z0 Z: GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . [/ ?2 p2 T5 H" B8 F2 I H3 |+ V4 w2 u+ s# i
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ b* Q8 J6 z4 d# Z- F
3 R* K: x2 g% W" ]- w3 I" pMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' k4 h$ T$ {+ g8 V8 v5 V
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : @ Y5 `+ Q Q" u: n* a( ^ 1 J- ^, h' M1 U9 ]9 fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): m4 P4 B a# [- Q" V
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! @9 G' ^) D! i - C1 }: t' T5 w* jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 K0 J2 ^7 X) e1 ^
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 F7 C2 f! Z2 U
7 y! q9 m7 ^; ^3 J6 l4 ]0 t3 |4 q4 a4 Q6 i, R3 s3 E: } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ p* h; g6 d- `
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例如:$ }/ e* H+ h" h1 W" \
) m+ H2 I% g& X, dAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 \2 ~9 @# u8 Z# E: f3 @( B2 c2 @, b# ?8 _
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; O" x, c& {, u/ s; I ` 3 \4 P6 @+ ^9 s- RI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- g) {: @9 U, u
& ]" d$ p% J6 wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 [" ^0 C, C2 B T7 |/ [6 Y; c4 @
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 b4 G. U8 M$ l! ]8 n5 l2 N% I4 x% E! \
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 c! J+ Y |* \6 k! N
, m0 o( v0 X* a/ @I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' C/ E) K3 ~# H* ?0 ~1 t
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: {2 Q+ G* v) F# j3 u2 E ) M5 K/ b4 b' I/ SThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ M/ `6 i1 V2 a) X/ d* n : L1 A8 _. b3 s6 x& A6 Q5 bThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 C6 b. X8 z a2 J7 {/ q( B
4 R$ Q0 _% t* A3 w; o2 zHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' a) e4 j; ]# d+ {; m6 t M
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 \6 \5 M5 F5 @" y9 [. L6 b5 X& U; M/ o
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 N2 w" V2 ~8 g3 s 0 c O- O0 c- K' s# v6 @* MEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & G8 r m$ z1 ]2 ~* W* J. N Q, D4 B% q( B, V
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): ?) O; X( G4 P: G+ R. U( f
$ @2 e) ]. ?" x' l0 M7 q" i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 W; N9 Q1 _) v J " U* O; S7 p6 @ E- H6 g 9 j. `! K( u+ B( }& }2 i# T# D3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 s" _* Z: } a. t7 _5 f3 e
# u. ] O Y, _7 p5 A3 d例如:; p- c, @$ c6 v8 u' o6 e
+ m; p0 E1 [0 @+ t' @; `Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' l' Q+ E" P, G( U9 M; S
4 F$ u) H `9 E, O/ uManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" L* H4 v6 O! {. k; \! g
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* J& l0 X1 u* \# ~" L$ K u
) S% W) g, i D" c) RHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 A9 G7 G y& m( ^
7 I, u i6 \% L5 x8 gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 j1 i. _" f! f- G# a, l
$ H& x5 j' v+ D% A7 C9 q; ~Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 L7 k7 M( f. k& V4 W
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 p. _& _) _2 A% x8 \5 a
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), C3 D( ? ]% O$ e* `
. o6 X6 F3 t& R0 P4 H' x$ U6 S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . A+ y& Z7 r1 R 8 W( V" W9 r9 f( X当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; n X9 o5 W) i8 J: Z
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 Y' j6 s; a! Q" p) W 3 p8 n) o0 d) o0 @对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 M" X" _$ r, E/ i6 g* Q2 |% G
; P+ [8 g. V6 D Q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " E b/ c# ?4 u( r; z' W. s/ o4 M, T. @+ u
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 T5 m' S6 y& C' o0 @) I# | 7 ^- a; l" C* Q7 v+ Q8 Z4 h1 k至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 ^" l1 ]: k8 R7 n' d5 D
2 T' c/ A. j3 s0 M; P还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 Q4 F7 i, m9 C5 u X- l 5 Q4 M9 w4 _5 m, _/ H有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% {, O6 _& |9 ]" [6 s. S8 K8 p