本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + |, h, ^0 p6 I5 a I: z
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), T, r! p! S. H" t$ T' v& X! O
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & z: W: p: ^3 W$ O' [* n+ U5 J, j# A E" W1 V( o
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / x2 S q' ?% w$ g& J3 Q" Z6 p0 V- e" _
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 L, d0 J/ H2 }2 `% F' S5 M
$ Z* F( A8 X. J# `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , ~7 _6 v( G8 n& Z! S# o, q$ J) W1 g' A8 v% H" j- q. p& E
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ Q, l5 `2 {% A# {+ K5 y( d- p2 a5 w Y' z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % \, r' v- a) A9 t+ _. ^( l: u, X0 u3 X1 Y- _! R8 r w$ K
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ U2 a# d& Z6 b% g- x% }* O* |
, y+ I/ [1 Y( C) g7 iThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * W& S, A u; ]) f/ J+ s* H( m5 F% d5 R4 a" w' v
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ _+ ~8 x: F4 b/ ?" |
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) e( e3 `/ m$ @ S- `) `
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. L, i d: G$ ?$ v7 o
3 [6 a W( ~( P: [9 o0 L% w9 p5 t9 T g& _. r6 e( f, z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- L9 j/ ~8 i7 \& H5 _ S7 L0 O
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例如:3 M% d/ ]& E: i' F3 S$ \
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 J2 T! E% K/ t: z) ^ @ P0 t
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" F' c' }! w6 |( h+ M6 Q" f
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 Y+ O+ M* F3 g7 h, q( I1 c, |. ?( e0 Q - c0 d& e( T) u3 jHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 n8 z( s+ T! Z0 |4 p- u' p/ C* E3 f$ c: ?" t# u
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* S# E- ^4 {6 F% U2 S' H
+ i. W) V j# q' x$ MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 X( [5 g* g9 f1 p" h
! N) o `: V: u% X# C6 y& AI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( T! n5 z' Z" ~' y V
6 a) p- U2 b+ [+ E i如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; B6 Y/ }; T" o6 Y6 P5 P2 f) b+ r0 {/ N2 i5 A! i( s. }' j. o5 L
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 ]+ Y: A+ L6 e! U9 i. g5 Q ' y' u3 w3 E! G, ], R+ B- N& uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 r# T9 m& s& g% \
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 u# H0 e$ e: ~, Q+ E5 ~8 J
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) m! R2 K3 Z5 p; r" y; C, d8 y* t6 ?/ i, d$ j
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + ?( c$ Q3 \7 D9 f0 z5 C2 }3 m" l
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). f1 s5 D! R5 z8 c; a$ g
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.). ]" @: x- A' Q& `3 j
; g/ u) f" T0 S$ _: ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ a5 ]# c) H8 v* z! c
$ m+ H* l! i! Y5 | k # x s. S% h7 C$ {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % U7 m# g' z7 `$ Q# i" f ) r* t: c6 V( K/ p例如:5 H9 j$ z ?* u. J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* ]& D1 b& i" g. L4 t2 a& q" X h" n1 m# }
* t" u9 P) k: t4 jManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! t, Z/ E5 m& b# B
2 z' J- G; c8 P1 h2 z3 HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' y+ D) G! U& L
5 L; `. Z- @: F# w! B( z/ SHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ a' B: W3 H8 \- s
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); P% e8 b! O3 A6 w- Y8 A; W. G5 H
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' q ^( j8 T6 {
9 E' N% X0 Y2 ~- C" N5 HCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 a+ X2 `+ i* T, U: K6 B1 ? 3 {; A: y t0 ?, a ^) C' {3 y% cStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 A( v/ z( r0 N- ^5 e2 A. V$ {
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 B4 J8 i6 g3 h2 `* b
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % t4 C/ ~% b R 7 g* j- F& q. ]9 @3 J+ Y+ q$ }6 a对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 k4 W [7 ~* n ^
* t9 G4 A. i# n" x对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 F& C% E& n; u, L& }' c, P; c5 r+ M" f
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 F" j- G6 e; v+ D% h v/ y8 ?. m
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( D- T6 p. t2 e1 }& X + x* h0 X. J) ^' I% @9 B至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ {3 j; A/ G7 n7 A8 {, E( \+ E1 E
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! ?0 B' H8 K5 ?( M& ]; [4 d
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # R9 T3 [1 A$ h1 i, Q