本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 }/ v, `2 d/ ~7 J+ D 9 }3 n0 K6 K1 d/ V1 c, d6 i% U) h转帖9 h( h; j& i! o
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * V: q& o; \5 m3 e7 }; t( O* U3 G7 x
例如: - @" f8 ^6 h9 _$ b3 C$ N 4 I" u7 `7 z6 gMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- C! y* J6 E+ X0 C
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% p8 y7 h9 r4 L
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ I! n2 N+ s: _& G: |6 i
! e4 ~5 Q- \$ e2 e- ?* Z( iThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 L' z! M( B- W, J; M! t 5 o4 x. V$ z- n; I, VI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 j6 O( c; D- y1 f: {/ _
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 B# C9 m. d! U 0 U9 t v6 l7 e* UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + U/ [$ p9 U. ?* Z' D, c ; }! m) H" j, n/ o: aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : p: w6 p D @; r% a2 H # H; i+ S4 g9 Z/ {9 @We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ N6 L. q* b4 l9 s# U' Y; w n
+ _3 n: R' X1 F3 `$ D4 H' S2 {) Z$ G! APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). j8 e8 |" x+ {0 d: C
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 U7 q8 {8 y) G- q
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& c8 y; ]3 J0 K4 B9 Y+ T x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' C+ T+ g R( l
E& @' d7 Q `* `& C例如: - Y. m. e# o3 K1 J; b$ Y& D0 |8 s4 n' v0 M
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , ?7 c1 ]# [, b' D . j* v8 T) [% _% c; c6 ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 l5 A( y4 M5 j. s+ d! M9 ]# ?$ l8 S' q8 I) n+ [4 g% ~
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 R/ f/ D' f7 l$ g+ a
8 a6 t d. q; t8 N# xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & z. f# l$ ^7 U9 y# L* G* q" V# \% K/ {! w9 e$ H
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ \8 s8 c1 L3 l1 a
, |: U0 M9 z2 d' t( PShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % D7 W7 T" r8 E! Q4 N0 A( ~5 I0 a/ u4 g
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) |8 K, q& V- r1 Z2 y, y% p7 W! o3 b# N2 z2 Z- x
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 t, L$ S: \1 ]* B9 D2 x+ x& {- b
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% r2 e& G# C' Y* W
# b/ O( l4 X+ F" L" R/ N9 [( KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* e/ X) g5 t" l8 g4 {. ^
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ ?% z% ~7 z) K& K H
3 A9 u+ @2 _# y8 U o6 GHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ j- L( I/ p2 q
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# i Y* G* Z3 U& a
- G8 w4 @! }) o7 I; c0 r5 T7 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) _+ m& P& H4 f n / `7 @& ?" S1 c2 @( {! Z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 g9 {% L2 [. [0 P8 _0 J. \
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& p. K/ f1 G6 E9 \5 }* r
5 w' S% ~- V! a% i 0 X5 u6 {! F6 ?3 w$ h4 T, h; m3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! p/ _& |! L% C' Q/ h- I; q 7 w, m8 f8 M9 k& @2 ^* V例如: 6 A$ t- J o& y( H* R5 X9 I: E2 K: {$ ]
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! G3 a: M* d, ^+ O+ l: F# F
4 T3 s' R- f7 uManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) A' G1 \: Q' F4 i6 D# }% F1 q 8 H7 `/ F( ~& q5 t' G) zThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& P: A1 {+ W y1 I( u# T3 I' B
% V! P9 Z8 ^6 X n n0 d8 } ]He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & M- E, w4 h* v$ n 5 ?9 p/ m. Q" T% h3 A: v% RMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 z1 G8 i# x+ H" V. W( m. [
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 {9 [1 o- B8 B# f2 ]" N( `9 n% x
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 z/ c* K4 W% G# |2 u7 H
& V0 D0 S/ L( J+ a( g+ \5 `9 ], i+ }Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 {' N5 J, p, S9 w
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- Y- h w! ?* {( `
! ~) J9 R' s. ?3 S还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% ~. [! O) n5 f6 G
3 R* G4 _3 E2 M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' \% B* R; N0 P7 m