本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 z' G, k0 i* D/ t3 Z7 u4 Q, w+ c, z. J+ }) M7 E8 s/ j! [) B6 v/ G 转帖% K- y- V) A+ a4 r# t. O
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 S$ ^' b( \/ h' q- h 3 S6 S8 W# {8 E0 L: f( _, {例如: 1 p! W* n, A% ]' E$ e, m5 {! M3 Q6 b
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& ~# `+ Y# K$ K. h- n# m N+ d
/ q6 @- x- N, _3 b8 h3 ?Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . k4 ~$ \/ q( H: W* R. h 8 y J, ]( p h* ZThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) w! U6 w; l1 ~
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 c- E+ j' D' ~$ x Q+ d
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 E/ Z6 q _$ R% X& Z* B
1 m4 G3 k; V* K8 u" I/ kMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! n8 M& e2 G8 V8 p8 R9 E( L+ x
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 ]* g4 M; s6 Q+ {0 y! O 0 _+ O8 X1 ~" n; T# D4 R) ]' eThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) O6 @) d/ x5 A! T6 M# f3 g1 ? ]: Y! Y, ^6 M( j% A
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 R- G! s. O- b P; W0 n/ S8 K1 q1 I6 w' ~& @ `! i% C( N) _
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / k, O2 L& C4 r! ?4 z# i5 `4 u: G4 a5 d+ e: K8 C" K
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & G9 ~ _# ~" t2 l+ G+ f4 r2 h# H& g$ G. k1 T# T
3 [; R5 i# l- J+ d& e( A( v0 R2 V( CAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 A6 J. f. {/ h1 ~! n& o/ C4 ^
& z2 n5 q( M) `: CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* A" \* k& c, I& c$ U d2 C$ G
4 G; P, s4 Q6 c( U' |* o% vI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / T% E h) F* {% u/ m& P1 c. N0 i% }5 u% x8 {8 D
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), G; s2 E& _4 [# d4 X
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 j0 E' v( S" g+ M: s1 v) \8 X+ P ^7 r3 V. `5 A$ u% E- O* H9 M
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); B2 `0 K. m, W; G6 g( A8 R
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 d7 S5 z0 y, @! b7 q$ u+ B 2 S5 u1 K2 o6 s* u* v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: x2 z. g) n- T7 U9 M+ \
# b G9 ]! c, q! u. N) |: XThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 D3 B0 `' J6 I7 p. D. g0 v) f+ M" i& U6 d* W7 q' W
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 ?, j* ]3 _! Y3 c
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 r/ {1 m2 W4 O8 J5 o# e( h ; M; K1 X8 j) j; F; |6 A& QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ ?* c- J+ {1 o6 Y 4 E7 h6 g3 y0 w i- wWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* v# T1 m6 e1 |/ o/ A+ w
* x4 R: s% @' Q+ ]$ ]Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ i. q6 k6 S1 L, r5 P
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 B1 I% K+ a: _5 r8 q! j , z/ e8 e* @% z! H9 V此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) J# O9 S ~" p
4 j! t9 b8 M/ z1 b 3 D" O: Q% T; n V9 d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ @/ _* t3 l D+ [; _: V7 a1 }/ m6 y- j s9 d, V8 m* O5 x
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 T" k- O* a* D. u
v6 l2 ]0 h7 Q# f9 V; DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); k- {4 X& N! [$ D7 d
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - l \- |) J. ^, i, Y# s) x( c2 d' T& k j- Y# T
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)3 l+ p+ ~4 D8 N& ~- m k$ u
* j5 {' G. @" f/ I, e) hMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : u+ j# @. { [# E! | ; f; x7 f+ ]1 F, S: nPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ \7 i! z3 ]9 `; h! M) F
( [" c6 i( \3 W0 f5 gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : W2 P3 o, w* a9 G9 ~/ X " @# ?' @5 F2 j. `8 \+ e2 c- ?* [Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 @7 _* j1 Z7 a; x$ |
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" R6 v' _% W# F. n( i- k$ }
) P9 z7 p! A: y( u7 U当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: p2 r, L# ]. k- U
K" `' S- ~) i+ D1 c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& s& X& V2 j; a/ F. E+ F9 n2 p# W
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- D, [9 V' ?3 v X( V6 Q( c; l
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 O0 W: k7 M( p0 r
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , L" e' g# @# [/ {2 q8 Q8 ?5 }- m3 I6 ]2 k) W& A8 h
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , M; R R1 i2 T. H/ X; C, M% u4 K2 G: I, ~5 V/ N
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % \2 v5 r4 S4 q1 W \1 T. n8 Y+ e, V/ U4 e+ K4 W" O有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" P0 w+ o& ?. c- A3 P