本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 H7 F1 ]) u8 o# ^, { - h* k1 g& x8 q9 l转帖( y" r9 A) n. W8 q7 W1 \
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 d* z, o& `% c# y% t- C1 q& ~8 M) I, h& i X* I+ {1 Q7 G0 @
例如:# M0 `7 I' N3 {; V; z* R
! S# k. `+ p8 L6 m& D' ]9 m9 q
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 k% k7 m8 ~4 T- z- @1 R9 s2 b, [% z6 a
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). O3 d1 A1 C; u4 \. z) `2 z
! {5 N: d0 i! K% c- l
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- i3 G( M6 M1 O2 [4 I6 V1 ?" g
" i6 |0 m" h9 s2 o/ m8 K1 tThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 ?4 H5 Z& e+ \- D' H+ O ; b9 h& ~1 e1 }* h2 X0 J7 eI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) D# b$ \9 p5 m7 ~! x7 Z ! [7 r4 w# g3 ]' K, zMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 V% k) d& ^6 ^1 E4 I
+ z, e7 i# k/ Q; R6 y/ P3 c* N
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / ^+ a' h+ j: } j4 a6 x$ n; B+ y3 y: o/ S7 W& `; y) ?
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) x' X5 I0 i, Y' ~* B3 W6 i7 E) U
( H4 y$ g* Y$ j/ D+ M& j) s0 C
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 s2 I6 T$ L8 U4 g) j
/ S: l% v/ H8 o+ [5 n& z& y1 nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # G! r" Y- G% E9 t% o: N+ S$ E7 I $ \# ]2 u! C) z* E1 P这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% {0 e' k: K6 f& W3 I" G
% X6 p* ?" H3 R$ h
( Y" u4 ~7 [* O) q! j2 }例如: % w. s8 E0 V3 w; \9 j+ s" U/ R( w- |8 `. a0 D
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : w/ n1 p# u( |6 A9 s; j6 A, Z7 R. v- m. _; r& X( C
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 U4 }- Z7 R g0 c$ i, A! q) Y/ ~) k' Z7 `' }& g' _
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / Z9 c8 m8 e* K3 {) o5 Y& u9 j- ]$ |" _! k
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) U: K! h) j9 f: y' N3 v7 F2 l) c3 A% c2 G
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 k0 g: L3 u+ X/ j: m
7 F& a8 I8 R( B; H9 XShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : s4 ?! [3 j. B) n- j. D& ^1 u, T4 s7 B* ~3 \
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + T+ N- T! y- a: n, j. @ $ E0 K5 Z. @* k* a- h/ k& k% n如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + ?9 p1 \# C3 k$ w, [8 @' @/ u; } 3 }$ a% g! Y: D4 qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 k: R9 B& g3 o$ H ' Y. A9 `9 q) u4 Q: U, PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / H1 b, t; A" C% G / Y4 u! y; G ~He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 h& u5 G/ ~5 P o# v
& `: ^, Y! Z; x: _. x0 c8 }1 H
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ N# w& r8 _" v* @! v
7 h$ E7 W4 s5 U1 ^ f
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * V& ?3 z3 F% [+ c# y d 7 y" x* Z; P C1 M& gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 t/ P7 { E5 {
6 f, ^ A; y, O9 X- n
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) W) J( v" f8 Z* X5 o. y
, o9 V$ G0 ?5 h2 X* X
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 R3 Q9 c+ \& H, ~% h
: w( C; K3 J' t1 o- B2 Z ; \5 f$ f `( M( r3 Y. }) `3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # w. X2 T4 O( J' G! b" ` . r0 z8 z+ e9 l) x" s; V; G例如: . I6 S6 |. o1 m& _" t! F7 w* N% h8 E: O! E$ }# ~) Q" ?3 ~
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 ]) ]7 ?, ]' F& C3 U 4 o. h# ~0 m/ c8 Z9 fManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 ]: s4 v. g9 q' F2 b, x
; R* H0 f1 A3 l6 J/ p" L4 ?; }6 ]5 {
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 J5 x" q( C9 w5 Q7 A& Y# W/ q- _4 y0 U$ p Z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% Y. { y+ x1 T; D. l9 l7 @$ q
( f3 [0 `. Y! R# QMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 x# h# e8 ^6 ~+ P* G. R
3 H8 [/ ^8 V. ?
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / |+ }9 U8 |6 ?# @% q( }5 e$ o8 a; \
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 Y5 y4 W0 E" o8 n( T; D
; {2 [8 Q7 x3 U" e; K
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 g( E6 [3 @3 i+ h
5 y( k# T4 F5 t# I# s h; r! X/ g7 _同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& d' j/ Q4 l" m
! D, y4 z5 |+ h- {; S$ q; w
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 C" ^( _! s2 U6 [$ t
2 w2 j/ Z. b) K9 ?5 i& @对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - A- m7 }6 i, b5 c 4 K$ S2 n' ~: A4 Q6 J$ Y- `, n对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; h7 ?5 t1 x$ Y2 f 0 _& @5 y0 ]" [; F9 |* N' u对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% M! k+ A$ L o" n6 n" x0 M9 p. Z& C
" |- f: j- H. e% V0 A; h
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 a( z6 d4 [" l0 H
6 F# {6 i. \9 H* z* w1 f1 y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 T8 [4 S* K, U" b5 p& o7 {2 U+ X: w& E+ [7 P- X9 H
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( i$ }1 l7 h) _6 u1 v, Z* z2 D, E0 w ' x2 a J. ]1 M; W8 [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 - S h, _; f9 P+ x