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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 X+ m$ M9 u+ u8 l5 j& @ 3 t5 G4 r, F; VThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); \8 M; }2 _- P0 ` b
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 a/ [/ t8 q7 Q; j$ R( x 1 z. h% G0 v/ D& Z& \/ v( JThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 ]6 s: U3 u; d6 `- I+ Y& D
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): g" p! b# A4 c4 i( x" `- Q
6 f5 `! I/ i" c2 r( k& ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . b' q, W& R, L+ Q5 D 7 o7 B0 H: ?: G5 Q& _8 L0 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; p/ ?; N; {; x% U9 \ " q2 N# s' f9 Q, T- mThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " _7 c/ u" N \9 K4 k) S' a) A4 C h9 a% G
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 b: K8 Z0 e* [5 ?4 s* C. k
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* w1 d" Y$ u# g0 S/ }& p- R- b
; g- i" y# _' _2 `7 T, c! k$ n这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ R2 Z2 H2 d7 @- [: H! g0 X
" v0 j4 d, i0 c; A( v; u; ]* i9 Q9 J- u1 u# G. Y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) Q$ _5 l( |4 j0 K' v' f
' }9 i( M" M# l例如: b! p8 ^% N; |1 c S6 f/ Q6 K) f b9 f U/ L6 k
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 G( W+ _: y1 h* E$ m) d
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 I0 u/ x: y# p7 ?2 k6 Y) p7 {
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # Z1 a) {/ f; s. a9 Z4 m2 H ! e9 Y* v8 i4 h7 z- `# [He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 _6 m4 P' t6 z: E8 d; J 9 K7 F2 m' d! f7 A3 yIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), A* ]2 b& `% b, n0 Q+ ?& _, p
' @: V7 f* V% ]( gShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - w6 N) x8 n2 ?6 |% b$ }* s6 [$ ?# L0 w1 w( r
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 \) Z2 e6 c9 u) a2 u* R. @: s
W6 C! E2 q4 g! H9 ]& T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 E5 X! \4 i2 @* V! D7 z
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- s7 o& A, f* |9 U
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; \- T, X3 J; V4 c* l' Q! e w; A% r6 }( e5 H4 _! a4 L
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 t) W# @: W, q2 k, i
. {/ \ x8 S& OHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( _- ?/ ?' n( {
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ h6 r9 z: C/ u- `, y
: [& b$ \1 J* ]: a; F( ^Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : J4 _' v B) [ : b6 B+ P% t m1 c. c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 y+ q& ~ d; v2 A2 D5 m2 e, ]) R, `7 N, s
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 O7 L( _7 A2 s; |
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6 s( f# O3 I; P* _: d1 r7 d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 U. U: q4 C' i! ^3 t+ H) P" n; C* A & ]& ]6 U4 U" }* x例如:$ V) G$ V; k% G/ m+ O
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; v1 D8 Z& @. ^2 s " ?! F9 n, T/ l" g0 O3 {* c5 O" jManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) @4 w& ]" u S& d3 v; p# Y
% b7 u# @% F8 ]& X& u3 T. KThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). j* n9 w& I7 L
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ r$ i v5 z. H* A- r9 N) E ( E* D3 `. d) H( i* s% I$ [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . e4 U) k$ H- x1 A2 Y % i7 Y5 R+ v& d/ o9 I9 ~3 [9 }7 PPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & K2 y3 ]2 U& A; R% [" r7 W " x" G8 S. P: t* ^9 K9 @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ |; z) f7 }7 X& H& x- E& P* S
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ c& P( s1 a% P; ~4 [$ t
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 a" S. y( q' ~7 I& y+ q 2 \3 g* F J4 X/ D0 |当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:7 {1 F) R- e" h
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( y0 c4 @+ W& ]7 J V1 g5 f g! [( N* t, R
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # U7 M. \4 g2 g6 X% W' |! g5 Y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. f8 U0 C1 `4 y, U2 o7 b
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 O9 K! u; x5 w0 K" Q( d# f! w \( k3 Y! C
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) R: [7 O4 ~& n) _4 s& N. x: L
2 I5 f; r/ e9 F' ]还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & |. t( h+ i3 z/ @1 W6 J, L6 A1 r& l! E; C1 J- Q4 T+ I/ ~4 G) r
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- W* i8 a6 R7 _8 I( m, w/ i+ S( |