本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 K2 S8 U8 i% [/ b
s y6 w, l6 Q, Z. j0 A 转帖 ' [3 X5 A. X3 x% z1 p9 d1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 d* N4 o" w4 s, \$ i0 J' v9 V
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) S# V+ m+ K( ~0 V* m+ Y! m( x 8 a4 Z# _/ D' t7 M. x% i4 EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) y$ y1 _/ r9 z0 |" K$ t+ T8 v# `: W, }. r1 N
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! Y: x( z) Y9 N/ U; L1 v5 D) a# {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & ? f1 C2 R; T& b3 c. Y( p/ ~* ~4 ~; C( n, n
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; J% t5 e4 q! v4 \& l# b. T- I( R4 t% @; p
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 O# T( k8 s2 c7 H6 M
" g9 Z. T1 ~$ C' F4 hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . c" q F( d: i1 n* C' E" j0 E% w9 d, d" D/ `
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' K* C2 @( |* \- A' ^
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' n+ d2 b" K& h6 X1 J% Z4 Q1 t
- {/ f: v `8 [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- P! T' |2 E: G/ E$ |. h4 |
' e* N' n6 b! U2 j( y- M' v这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % R1 n9 B: } P9 P ) f, Q* E% P9 E( q M$ p7 z$ w3 R% {& ~ k2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( [( b# n- ^2 K; v& l! b' O( E" M$ J: B- `- [/ X
例如: 7 d! I# i9 P5 H/ m4 g2 Y7 a . l' e! m' x6 R ] r6 ?7 AAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , ~$ W/ n6 K3 t2 V 4 i X1 z) }3 Q8 G2 iDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), \6 }% B: O9 v" x0 _4 G
1 M% M+ ]+ c& e* f8 iI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" A1 e8 n! }1 y7 W
+ Q0 E6 E: @& a# h5 ]0 }% ~: U$ AHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 m \6 U2 ~2 T$ Y* Q! S+ |$ r1 s6 u# D
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# j" e& q; t4 J- y. i3 C
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ R! i p# m. _2 E1 K
* D& |9 B' U2 K! WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" L3 G) U! @; {1 k6 |! u* ~
5 I# |# P* w" T1 M2 [如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 Q5 ]* {" [6 _9 A x1 |: t% O- w4 v' s {( ?1 W y( k
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ c- \9 W, W! K
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 k" z. u- `- C+ k% M% i( r% M
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 h& S, m5 @2 g' K3 t9 H( [
; |" Z: C6 T# z& Q! PHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% \+ z" {& f4 G
7 e( a' F1 }/ @ }" e# GWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 }: i& A$ \2 j% C
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# [& l# [9 c' ?6 U' n# q1 w
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " ~" ?# `3 |% N7 m, r$ e/ H- w/ \ & C n+ T$ z( N3 W6 q" Y, \此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ f) t5 d* s& @0 U9 N
& D, U, U9 w/ [+ x5 p/ o) W1 `+ ?9 [+ K, \, l2 n# e 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( G# S6 D) ^2 w9 V; _7 c3 I. K
6 i" N1 A c$ u9 j) c1 R* h' _例如: $ k* y! T% _+ t9 T6 z/ N% r 7 Y& [( ? S6 t* O$ }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! c$ j; V% `2 E2 s: q. n5 s% | 7 \7 j d9 P8 V$ V5 cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 j/ g: f4 W$ |% r8 U/ B
- o/ w+ X6 @! O$ _# ]This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 H5 q1 r6 o3 ^% T" M
4 {4 l1 ?) q5 H8 q; EHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / L2 q- x# Q/ C& b. ?* F, L9 n8 @5 b# n: m3 v
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! W( n/ S1 S' E/ I `
: e M T0 Q8 \ H8 TPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ I. U6 u5 E( S% Z
4 n7 ]- D: c1 @2 N; tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & e8 N2 K) h" E/ y2 V' M" G: N4 o3 [5 u) K' ?) L) Y6 h( z! D3 C
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 x/ z' `0 {% J* M" a
$ I3 K Z5 Q) P+ S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 ^5 c" f9 ^+ h9 u7 R( H% A& s$ }9 w: t: U; P% W& S% y
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; J C) S3 T: j- d" ^, S
& J0 G2 w) i( v( ?/ o( A9 N对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 @ g" y2 U. C, m; Z1 N# T