本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; x! v7 s5 n% ^" n6 W8 {0 ~9 H
% u! v( ?. r8 Y' e" M6 ^ o0 \ 转帖 4 H* i9 |0 E. S: O! L0 Z3 f1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 E8 g2 t" q; {8 s, l' E [- G8 i" x% \7 q. \& y
例如:9 f; X& y! |$ e0 S9 S, k' E8 f
: c& B5 M5 A6 s. C7 I0 x$ v6 I/ f
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 T5 Q! Z7 s. m- k3 }" M
% {; y. s5 d: }" x( v# RThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) a+ D' a! o1 b9 l0 m " M9 H! _1 R0 O9 U: C( ~* iThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* c9 O6 r* [, l8 A
0 x! {* W8 Q2 W
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# K# C0 Q9 u3 S" ~: {
+ U( V# z. \* V+ pI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * n8 c q4 U7 w. O0 @$ V7 a) u# s1 z. V+ |- G4 o
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , f' p& S. [- K# Q2 {0 T2 |, c* ?$ ^& x. x" m J
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 _+ j4 z( m1 w) c( V: R 8 Q9 O9 V, W* ^) I2 tThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * p9 d0 d, |2 p s 6 J& [$ j3 t! O" a2 KWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 P: l7 F o' d
5 K# s( w/ K& V3 p$ j
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ G+ |6 c$ L) l8 [( V5 j
2 L' \: r. U$ n) y7 R% h) S
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + F9 D2 [3 _( p U/ P G $ l" k. w5 |" h* d* s3 v" P' f, V) a8 ~+ ^- h, ?6 A1 }; R( U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ k# j+ s+ w+ W" f6 _
8 l/ E+ `3 r" r. v6 v$ o9 dAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# g0 E: A: v7 s2 X) e1 @& d
& C r( h5 |7 o/ w% Q+ CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + v* Y2 O; F: q2 H) e: T" Q; U1 C* w! s1 w+ n; w2 M
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ r, s. e( b9 l
1 w; h/ {8 S3 ^6 g: m0 o
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + k1 H5 h, F, q; S( B' T3 }: {! {" j$ G8 D- H, @3 k5 w) z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , E& v5 N* f5 |- ^4 E, M! `: A# [0 `5 _$ T4 T9 ^
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 ?3 [* y; F0 ~' t( J7 v
0 N) G3 R I- I; u
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). ~! j+ D( [, u& E* N
' G, h5 l+ a: O* k+ k: t2 j6 t如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * J; m3 N8 y, v7 J - p9 r# z. c) M* w, t! `The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). v7 F1 M. j* j, f7 v* i' q- A
! ~3 u% {+ @; p* R; _
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) I$ M. f2 F9 C# u6 `8 r) X
! y/ b! S! b/ j. k" ?" YHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * ?* j2 e; F1 L* Y4 h! r1 I" U; N( r9 h p
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' J+ J* J% r$ [- p' f1 t 6 b f9 C. G( lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): Q G5 h- D' k* r# h0 E2 l
) n: T2 N, d0 x# I. l! H
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! o. M- I* U8 y O
, m( z- f- @% Q6 z: l$ K+ ?/ U1 i写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 Q# c: i( \: `# \! t& u9 R! e
( X4 Z4 T% x( r( D
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; v% X: W; I1 V9 C9 ~. U
- e6 b1 A- M. N) ~. l0 D9 \4 O. q, e
0 o1 m/ Y% n7 s3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 |6 x5 f; J3 }) V. `1 T- q
7 `0 q# `1 V" K. D% ^3 t; U$ W4 T# n6 x
例如:- O: `- b* o- l! B: N1 Y1 m
4 ^. H+ l! ~8 C' [ B
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ m3 O% ?7 X" R0 k/ C- v Y
! ?1 E9 d! R" |% U
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' v! I* t( h3 w( l
% Z8 H j2 q' o3 q. O* OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 c4 n/ C, A6 c! h8 m! n- S8 `) g: f: [3 v; o/ c
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 }' g5 {' R+ u3 L) q
, q5 Q! p+ ?3 L0 d) ^; a3 y) ^
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# u4 v# `1 V, d7 L2 a6 B( g
( c2 r; f. I8 ]8 {1 |5 a$ w$ @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' x" t0 `. ^: K- d1 ^% b2 u: _
/ z3 A: N( ~& [( T5 D
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 Y+ u" X+ z6 C: B- ?+ z7 Q 5 I% j5 q1 w) ?1 EStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # _, W% q* d2 R8 @7 h7 x* j" Q7 N6 v6 e2 P/ L! p1 l
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( L1 _1 m% p: d4 ~0 V$ F& ?# `8 w1 H& q: }' s2 Z
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) {( s G! W. t2 G3 ^
/ a& ?$ G# Q6 z* E8 v5 [# J对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 x5 C6 N8 A! g" O4 R& I" Z1 z8 S# n: I! S
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 u. _* @7 ]( E
' H2 A3 J4 ~* x( c" N! y$ O
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* w' k3 w* N2 l+ P4 `8 P3 `. H
) {4 m5 N: ^( [, V$ W, w' e对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . H: ^& U; b* i# t) I/ \$ \2 N5 i1 K5 {7 h0 m/ Q! b
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / W8 l# V1 v; ^) R$ j1 { * P" }7 j+ N" X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' L0 H p. H/ R, A 4 v2 E4 |) u o- {0 ?- [0 }& X! R! C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 A( v1 y6 F6 k& k* D