; ?8 d) ^ {# R/ ^Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ [( {+ q- k5 d# }6 @, V
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + \/ I( b9 x e. I; N* ], M' z" r% ^1 }" {1 [& T/ O# E1 ]1 D! g
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 i8 n4 R* w v( W* G# x2 d) g( ]
' ~( l2 d* m! n4 @2 YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( `, \; j4 W) H! p5 r, _+ T# } L8 S# W$ b8 Y; l
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & a' N2 I( \! N ( S0 e# J; |- ~- y% bMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* D; s* q) W5 U" I* w7 c( y4 L
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 G. N2 ?! a; g$ K. g+ ? 2 }9 a( U& s" A1 w+ Y$ H. K N% W4 PThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 A8 _. f% [7 ^: _1 o
1 t5 q' y$ n% O: m2 _- lWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( Y; h) ~( J( `' B4 ?; h+ B
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " c0 ?' `3 ]( ` . O; k6 N. ~8 S! P& G" [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 s3 X7 F4 t, X- l9 H
" Y& F* Q" j8 ] u ~ % q2 p5 d$ ]) i% Z+ Q; i8 z; w$ x" Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 o/ m) P* u0 `+ E 2 g. i" z3 F. D: h) n9 K" A3 M例如:# K6 N4 `) I9 S' _- ?# E
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ _7 ?4 @9 n6 M. ~1 K3 F
6 u$ u: g/ Y6 @7 r" C0 g/ C QDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , K# w$ n/ u# y; x$ H: y( l! ^- z$ W) x) ~( l
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % B7 _ G; N! a. @2 R2 j' q% ^8 i( p z4 {) Y
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) [: h: J5 g+ T. R - w0 v4 z8 k) A0 u( C3 zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 r& V/ e% f& V % D0 ]2 f% I, _7 h3 Z& C. tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) b' Q6 ~8 [" o* b
. [. \/ v& Y9 D( ~# P0 d. Q6 P0 gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : z3 n2 m7 z" U; \0 k9 c* ?0 L3 K: [2 B
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 l. Y1 \4 k# ?& p a* G8 l3 E: k3 A; c" y" X
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% X( N9 k& [: ]4 g1 U
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 D; t; l9 A8 ]% N" K8 n9 c . e7 O) U) e) G1 [1 J3 c# wHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 g+ n. a% V) E" O: j7 [
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) T8 T. |! O. U, _) k" U8 J / W5 E7 W; ^( t! v% t3 F. jWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 D. v6 s _" p5 z) N
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * M+ p% S0 Y7 m k3 c4 b2 A 1 z" L) B' w/ F0 ?% Y% y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : y0 G0 g" r! [6 C- a3 Y' C7 D( z, ?7 A' a2 d F4 D8 _( P9 I
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * w1 P/ a8 ~ F R& F: h, W# w! h0 e" ~1 Q# A: Z X/ p
% h8 i, C3 b/ w" s3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) W: v6 @* V$ }6 N5 h
6 c. P0 V" L( i4 e# `例如: : Z$ M) R! |! p+ p5 _* g 9 }& C5 F; H' c7 B+ r( O* x$ gMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 q+ I1 X- c0 X- T0 P3 m' g: q7 M9 Z( }( Y# l \. g
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * ]( Y% l- }$ y! V4 ~& _ + e& j' t+ t! a" w; }3 TThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" d3 F) z9 V- |' q
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; t0 H$ E. B: ]. r. }- O6 ? J1 f, |1 X* E2 m' |# b& u/ M
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : w+ L. o z% a3 k$ i; i ( n0 {# \, `& V. r7 LPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! z; M) i! a2 X3 I7 T' R' x7 l: @" k5 S* M5 }; _: \8 O
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), R- k$ {% C' H
+ }9 ~9 q8 L9 b1 L; a6 k$ WStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ n0 V. P- y g7 X4 J
! T" M: L1 i5 O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& H( K: b2 t6 K$ {+ c7 ?
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 Q# X4 v: v! f( ]& @0 v6 M" q , |& {" {& X5 v1 X3 K/ `/ ^对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" W' }+ P. c+ X0 U8 v, I4 m2 Q
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / Z. @$ w8 \" b! a$ d6 J 0 i9 J6 F, k" H3 M6 D7 @* h对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! ^6 x. C* \0 Z- @* x- a& U
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( C E& B; v- @& y, t. c
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " h f3 u% W: T# ]5 J2 U, W* t0 ?' ]( F7 o3 w) Q
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , L4 T& v; i& Y8 K% i/ h9 m" Z) O
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 B, _: j1 T8 u# j& u" W9 h2 z8 E