本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 m/ }# o# C2 K+ g+ n/ O8 e
5 E9 A7 \/ b {6 j+ \ 转帖 # H1 P" p. \% ~0 g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 V! j: p; W" U) D+ [1 m * I9 }3 u" L1 d3 X+ c% a$ M; i例如: # |! g k# l5 r4 z6 M% K( t5 r! t
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 F) F& y- s$ e: }! x% w) S " @4 m6 x4 o" L& aThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 R' _. ~) _# }$ V$ s* I) `' Q
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) p# \& F9 p, h6 N
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 S6 [8 C& [/ F3 F2 _" i
# B( [5 s( y) EI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 L& p! J) N2 S2 e5 M2 }& H
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 ~2 r6 O* B* M3 E( n) O( |: p. l9 F4 e- r1 n; | E3 b
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 w7 s# B& B& `
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" Z9 [! ~- a) v+ p& F; @$ y
# Q: g3 |+ |7 b* Y7 b8 V. h/ XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 f+ N/ u3 X' t
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% W& b( G* a% M6 ^0 s' R
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 b/ [2 A. {( [& k, e 9 u# e' d& e V, ~. S 3 x4 l2 V! D; U; Q* N$ G4 G6 g2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" F& K- [9 f- d
- D- n5 x$ |; E- X" `: l例如: : ^3 }" Y* _# }+ o, W5 B $ A- S& k/ b, D6 X' y# hAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) l0 m2 P: I+ n$ |* n/ x) j/ {* t# ^
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): F# i0 n) K i
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / U# F7 T9 U+ V7 K( G9 W# \, _( S9 \% @; r$ m; Q7 B4 F
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; Y9 J4 y2 O9 k/ D) ? " H, U1 z/ G1 N4 Y+ HIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 d$ e6 U+ o2 ?+ _2 t3 L* w
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & l; W+ b9 L/ X' N r7 L$ p9 Q+ e; l: X. i/ Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ w& D% R) g. b$ H
+ [ u1 S8 U ]$ O _) @" B8 ]如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 u" q& b, W. q X( Z/ T- I
4 `# M* R8 j) x" BThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 R! p5 Y @; h/ Y8 d 4 I2 R% m+ {4 U; v/ D; N$ U. @The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 X3 a$ W7 F T f9 M( t B
1 I! L! q" ]# V) ]6 d' ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& R: }# x9 R- Y( J( l! S' H* n
0 s0 K( ~) M6 AHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 K9 a4 x2 f8 X e ]0 `% p& y8 q$ c8 E- x: T% g1 ^2 I
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): ]/ f/ [6 |/ A, r
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 }. @5 |: X, A) A
/ o# q' @3 c% V, ?& L1 Y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 z: ]3 R% N# ~
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * o7 D9 x: p4 T; M, }1 x3 L, @5 U+ v
" o/ _5 s' J/ u" ~8 K 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , B3 X g# u* s# O, }+ |$ X5 r# h" `, `2 P N" H9 @# t7 s. a
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6 c: D/ @- G. _* HMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% m2 B& t! H% B, c$ Z0 z& A+ S) r% F
, B+ b$ P$ K% N; DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 p* P+ I, _* w" |3 C$ f2 t5 q4 Q0 S: u6 ?
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 J: p2 n% e: `' ]2 m" X) t
% q' f6 e9 T/ `; S3 J# p" E; \$ PHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ z( e4 ?1 f% u) n" l& p( y+ @# l- D+ F
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 @+ C# U+ Y+ d
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 f% }, T$ ?7 G: r, d0 v( z , |* u* Q9 b* q; m1 L5 k: E* UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) q+ _1 E v" C7 _5 c' e/ O, b
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) G( r; `2 X: p% I
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 W$ S1 G' W" P7 b$ [$ s6 o) f
. U C) [; ]0 u) X A7 u0 d i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 z/ t, v8 Q5 e# ]
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 m8 U& j* _1 ?, @ 9 D& r p1 D5 n; M对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / V' W0 x3 b& t G, Q" C, k1 a; Y ' b6 U: D/ U" l) d. Q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 a; l% ^ \6 u- \# p/ H4 G: K2 S& o6 F* J
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 G) s! A# j* f
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 t$ j+ m- {% P4 j( L% {! S7 z% h
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . G9 u4 Y4 u* Z( l! j( W3 p( ^! S/ r+ g( u, }- H, s0 ^
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) j5 N$ Y: }; B" E/ e. L