本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * S1 L! Q' j% Q- A, o ( n0 J: I: }, c转帖 + A) x! n) J5 m8 {0 B( @4 z& Y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 {" B& e& p2 d( Z8 S+ ?' Y+ V! M, [5 t3 |
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" [+ D0 i; l: }$ W0 I- m! e, J
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; M% T" Q+ J O4 S* Z- R& @) R8 s& `* ]- }% R8 j
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): c# k6 F# u ?; ]8 I6 R
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): N' g b* J; J1 B0 f
Z2 z/ }) z, H5 l; nI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 d" z9 H8 ^- C. \9 j- F/ G
4 l! f3 s4 |, i8 v1 ]Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( y$ \! V. o- z8 f0 g3 Y3 U
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 i8 |; `* t1 U+ _& Z # ^; b: I* L2 x0 Y1 g* {2 L" k+ Y( cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' r6 l1 K$ D% _# G # D' Z. p2 b: z; H; [: F0 {5 SWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 N7 P6 q/ [3 X
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 d I0 w) `- \% s0 N
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ s) \0 P- _% X: y' A: Y; E
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- B- Y6 z- c+ j' n& b' G4 ? 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! j$ ~( W5 L! |2 a" W
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例如: ; c7 ]+ y+ W+ [7 d) J ) Z6 B0 G$ D* n1 o- `. DAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" x+ B) X4 J( Q+ L
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( c0 |& H# v% I9 T- K 7 i5 u/ {7 L8 S0 S9 K6 QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 n; j6 d* z, g3 k+ n' @/ r Y, \) G# b% E& W+ ^6 S6 x4 F4 i
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! r' e: E" _/ B U5 s
@! H u: ~; i) I) l' xIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) e# R- F, L6 o# n( C- N
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* K2 l( C$ e1 E2 V
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' Y; ]' i F: r8 f; Q( ~6 I
0 x8 h7 c2 w, e" F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* Z! \" r8 |' Q; l* B* M
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 i6 r B% F; h+ y0 w0 ?
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- y9 r3 D# W, N5 G) f
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ W9 L! f9 Q& D9 q' O! m" H' K) n* R! M5 B2 `& f: y8 w! y
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & k# ?1 |3 N: n. s e8 U8 E! U* O0 t+ o4 R2 T
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 l8 t H% D- [+ x! _
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( j) `5 l4 q* C% o; s5 i1 A) Y: Q7 b( Y5 r
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' q+ d3 r$ M; `1 O
4 x9 i; w4 G- k# b7 @此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * C' F4 i. D0 w+ C. u7 |6 v! }& P9 z! d: ~& ] L
, ]& k/ X1 m) f6 o- t 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + [$ p" I; E, }5 ?/ W/ k* G! d, U/ K3 w4 \0 a- `
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & e& l, v2 E) k, M. x: Z0 O4 c# p
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& U2 Y0 ~3 Y8 B$ f2 j( i' C$ ~
9 `# _5 i' z! p$ FThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 t4 Z& g) j+ O
6 |8 k$ E/ i' |6 r; K7 m( UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) r, W) e# z- t/ q2 Y( x2 Q ! C' F, M8 T0 Y' QMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 v. G9 @6 i- k, s2 M% N% k% o/ D
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . F- [) }7 r0 x9 k6 K/ R ( U5 H8 z; s! V) I2 u* }% UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ i1 v8 e0 k# g0 \9 P2 y" u ; T m3 y7 d' X* AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - p! m3 q2 F" P& C3 [' K S1 u1 W3 C8 M4 i
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ V/ u- G7 `4 r0 c, }' R
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 w- g# i1 a8 @. l" M6 x7 t3 v ( s8 h* H! e5 l1 f$ a, `3 t; |2 t对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 C; U% P4 Y/ n/ `5 A! m, l" ]& z0 M) s$ Z- C. P% p; p- a1 T& o
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- o* [. T$ P, w8 {, D" e8 x
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) M3 a; F0 v( Q) n4 D! o2 |4 x$ S( C: j$ E
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 o3 ~$ K0 @6 R) |2 [+ u' N 7 w, u$ r4 \9 m; ~' _" Y# [8 Q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:+ D y; o% \# x
% h$ z C r; t. S还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 H' z4 q& F3 Y" }4 g" _
' G3 n$ N1 {0 M ~1 x8 R0 p8 r有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! x' x7 D9 K& Y+ R4 g) k5 r5 r1 }' _