本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) q& _- g1 V% O7 U% g0 k# \3 _
3 u3 R. v$ ^$ r0 N4 ]+ C/ B' @ 转帖 " R8 V( q3 d/ J, y: k) g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 t) z$ O) m7 U 6 x- w8 a9 C! P例如: 4 Q# ]# B$ K% o @, n, _7 A# x+ K5 \- I
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)* u! @0 V# y( _1 y4 t
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & N" k3 Y. Z& M- b# R* y$ g% i: n( }5 N
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 m' \0 y! m5 @4 t
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- {; p6 o: }) `
+ m; B, F( L: Y) s0 NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 k- d; k" h A ! o3 c Q! R5 L, z8 ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ A. ~; j/ Q% d( B' o8 N+ I2 b
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ d0 {4 V# P8 e
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& W( s5 D# n; g. H( `. K2 ^, i
, O7 R: x" ~3 l" y. I+ VWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 j$ f( m( x$ ^2 z1 y( u/ E; _3 A' t: h) s& G0 M% d3 V* H* R
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " p. }& b1 D- O) \8 B# \9 b& j( G$ u1 @3 @3 A
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 L: H4 y5 @1 m. ]% e# q1 [; F6 m! ]' u+ C! s
3 b* I/ D2 ]" m- O p2 h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 E, E0 }9 `9 W8 p9 u0 i " @2 k7 @. i8 @/ P- G- a7 m例如: 2 ^# d7 J2 y5 X+ q# N5 ^5 |0 ^* I; l, Z) T$ q! Q
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# H9 V+ r; R: c7 P* A6 H& A
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 C( K; x) U2 {* U/ r [% b 0 m5 \& O3 z' VI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : G1 A% B Q8 I/ G D7 W 2 M5 i, \( q% [9 M4 {/ v* IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 f6 ?$ k6 `5 q% M$ M8 i$ B5 c
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " O% E1 ]. {# j& Z) m. N# ^1 w6 W# [! K; R) E
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! n, P: p0 m. w% q P
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 {/ u9 { H" t8 b9 _' _1 E9 R
: [, x7 {2 L5 O1 z" Q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - N$ e- N0 \/ \0 E. F) V6 y4 y. f* |' ^+ F
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ ]' z) f8 |# f# e9 `
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + N* Q! ~4 o% H$ c! k2 F5 ~4 { 3 D. }& Y+ g# a, q. qHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 n% o- p& j- m: M
" V5 q' ^( T, M% bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) a8 l5 a5 p4 ~) Z, x. y) z2 f2 I! U! z) E% v) z- s4 j' I
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * u6 o2 C4 z9 k% @& s. K) U ( I6 |. C" y( A8 }3 x( xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % X: j C& i. @9 V: x8 l6 e' n- v# ]' [6 t3 F6 y4 Q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % J* H9 O ]5 l B4 H& [$ s2 }' O6 f1 y c
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 J' l; c- O5 W
% }& K# i; n6 `% O8 X; z0 o% e, b p 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' g' p9 ]* g2 T- X9 T9 m
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 M3 V' {5 ?( y. a0 x; p# f4 t8 I" @3 e# T2 G! v/ |; u
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ m- O9 O$ {* r" L
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 v* v, o! b4 j l9 b
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ I, z% E2 w3 V2 u( T; I/ V
* X0 p3 M9 K7 L+ j g3 aMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& |3 l, f3 D, v V, r( R
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) T3 G9 d3 j# I6 ]$ V5 K# }4 p
2 x8 P4 F0 M; i. q+ [- f1 m8 ]% [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- {% P' L: T( Z; H1 P* P, H
1 r& P _$ U/ CStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / `$ _* Y$ J$ R8 Z5 t+ c, I! R- x+ P- l/ D5 |
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% i; `5 t6 H, r' V/ G# H
- z {. H3 ]8 e: v5 O# i5 T) ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! D# L# P4 A3 W; t1 y# f5 j. Z. j4 T
+ `. n V# ?/ K) W4 a对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % K0 D! ]$ N2 F7 I1 F8 D6 G2 G& [4 V2 y- g
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 d' y3 i: o) j. ^) b