. v) e/ K* H! U5 h7 w. e: y" z转帖7 ^8 ?2 l$ O( T8 G3 U
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ @' k' t+ U* x; S
$ s; ]$ p( c0 f7 K @4 z/ P) q9 A
例如: ) H& b: j4 B) T! {/ C" n( f. t5 G- E1 z2 `5 i" r* `
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 n+ O7 h6 C8 D4 C. b
% B3 Y1 {% t! Y
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 c. \0 _8 O0 e1 V
0 q2 j8 H4 z5 _, {' w: Q
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 c6 }* I* s1 v7 M. x $ E$ \7 u3 n; ]The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : C9 j* o$ u. l0 F$ }- r9 m6 m/ p+ l1 p5 _7 l0 g; A
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & U: A \( o* V9 b: M& d6 N G* ^0 g7 [+ ?' G
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ M' ~. z* a4 L
" |7 y3 H7 r6 o0 AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 a8 o7 z G6 Q$ o# i3 l
9 r2 m; B6 i0 W* H, G
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 j; P4 v! W0 R. L0 f. y
: z/ D$ K* G* ~( x1 W {' P1 E7 QWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & I6 P( `) m% v8 G9 x( d# W/ s) V( K2 V2 } m9 n5 l
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 x0 e5 d4 _+ l 5 ?0 J4 v, q: i# Z% s3 G9 ^) q0 [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! Y2 [5 R# @# k: Y/ `
; i) F- L8 z$ e , `9 C, R4 i/ w3 S4 o2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 X& P0 i# q1 y8 K
' \- U5 I( I2 v+ s& [ E例如:) S L. ]- o0 m# Q
5 M9 E# H+ P2 ~& |
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : m0 ~8 T) {" E: ^( C* i( c# z# G% N2 B! x4 G, [
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 I% F6 b1 d4 F4 N- {% @, ~' ^
V8 Z7 {1 r: I7 P
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 h/ J$ u: u; [5 Z
! z4 ^* H/ a, j( L7 Z: z5 r8 |0 {He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 S* u7 e3 s, R. e7 _' D 0 r3 B. m8 O/ K8 V1 oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % x* a4 M: @6 m2 _" _ ' i# n+ P/ |! d# cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / s+ W! |3 s: e: F" C/ y- W) A' y/ x0 A, B4 Z8 t- ^4 P
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 `9 L4 E( o. t& E+ o$ K & V6 S, v9 w( I/ z. K9 h4 L如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 @& n0 v7 S- c* ?) D3 q0 F: _/ x( @9 p' o% Q* z/ j4 _
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 z' D2 B& s# n- o1 @, L7 {( S 9 V* f! D. o: e7 y. iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) S9 t: ~+ J' Y1 b3 Y ; \1 A/ E2 |: G; P- Y2 RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " y1 t, r, [. f5 J1 G ( ?; [4 k+ F* h! [( A8 k/ X5 }# SHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 |) [2 l5 `# ]% o( b$ w0 j , N% @) s6 O- c5 i+ Q* iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 s0 Y5 H+ x8 G1 k4 E' f4 r) Z0 l1 W$ ^3 a
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 u9 M0 h, L! v# e6 d* K9 W
- m: N, c/ L# [# H
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 S+ {8 ^' _3 W/ h! r$ G+ g( I. ? L
# N. ]7 ~1 g. t, x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & v5 t7 b" [5 C* ?* B; W+ v: B- C! B% {; A+ T8 d8 Y
( K* G6 e' p5 s" O: m* d* W) X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , t7 l' S& c% z ' o& G4 S4 i5 g& S( f2 W5 f例如: Y& W! b9 F1 L3 O / \ m& G9 \( Z/ s2 XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 V! ^4 }' U$ ~3 F " {; L, V* T( a; CManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& q+ d& v4 D" h) S
& p4 C+ c$ m8 o# N8 I) C! \- C
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - q! ? P# }" Y% \4 t! ?$ W; O6 g
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): c3 @8 y0 A" Q9 ^ m
- ^. Q0 Z a- I3 w, k4 oMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 p1 v) d8 H- e2 m+ `+ v
M0 x2 e! z1 R0 T
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; C( [9 h. _+ c; F/ B 1 `: }; i' G6 T& ~6 U+ T7 j; z+ tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & K0 J. h, ]& g( U2 n: r H I! X2 m$ n6 j# P: I" rStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , ?6 K& F1 d: F- r ; G) u3 a6 j4 s0 u0 d1 B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( i- O/ F' S7 u: y" V8 t
; _! Z! h# x2 ?; E' R
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 w% L* D9 w* e9 r7 S5 e % i+ R7 B b- }( G' u对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) p8 X/ l1 T2 U3 I& o3 a8 W: j& j" k# O
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% K' L8 R" M2 H# |+ x
0 k. O3 e5 J3 O. }, W至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % k c5 ]0 d+ ^' `2 m8 w6 h: p7 \5 M: c
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: \) C0 ?+ ~- G. i/ p7 o
: T! J! J8 L3 j- e* |2 y有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " D. y( H. l; a8 F$ {3 h