- H3 t/ i4 k( M( C8 WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 _: u7 X. ?' K, o! c
: _* f' M- Y1 y! {% _2 \2 |! T$ XThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 P. e5 t/ L+ o3 F$ O2 \
- e5 b, W# C9 Q9 WThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 v. v" ?2 b# d& p* T2 p# p& s5 f& ~; c' c
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " ]! z! M4 z' c g8 V# R! | w4 M3 k, B2 V- v. u( II have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , W" h" q1 @; M$ E) I, f5 g b% V$ _/ ?
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; R, d2 {) b2 ]( p: G" {: @5 d. `7 L 2 h6 Y4 D% }) k0 r7 [/ G& pWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 [/ [' U7 u4 d
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . s, v+ t: b, ?9 F- v" _8 i5 v1 D5 O6 Q7 N* j, y6 J7 Z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - t3 S- C6 w, V4 `1 M6 d) [0 o 0 ]. G3 P; o! L; _6 _2 IPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 [3 m4 {0 X' f" ]
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 L/ E. T* V! w! @4 O- d( E5 v( u5 D" h( R# `- Q
. K1 M4 d5 a: C! E2 C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 Y8 {1 G2 N% X: f9 z
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例如: ! n s. K( F# e , x0 U: i1 J$ W$ }7 nAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 i, J' _! x/ f; W$ E/ q
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), c( Z7 O8 z7 b/ [
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - D- Q/ T- p, e2 x6 M+ `( D7 v2 A2 Z: e3 O, |
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 U7 R2 T# r4 V- _% R& M; f/ A6 r8 y
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ @6 y# R& H! Q1 u * P+ g2 t X8 h1 V$ u/ GShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( m/ D$ k9 ~+ B, t, L( G1 a7 F
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 ]0 B& r! p% ]; G) v7 B
7 v. l. w) \* {; [& l2 Z: D+ d7 L/ w如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* `0 S+ }( z" z
8 H" o( w( Y( d8 N7 iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 l8 @, D( f0 z# V$ Q; c/ X
% q- s4 G& w+ p- o& oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 y5 L8 f, p+ [/ b; M0 o( p1 }6 g8 P- e$ e V3 x& |9 L% y. D
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - W8 _% V7 m5 v# s/ S; N, |6 I. j! A+ u7 b$ E8 c- y/ c& y/ E
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & C' H: [4 G9 Y' j: u8 X) k1 |$ Y, }6 t/ b# c
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 U8 f' P1 Q+ O- P) g
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 V1 h. L c- q+ E1 x% ?$ b) a Q1 i 7 J; [6 f7 e' _ ^6 r& p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 N# e1 Z* B* m0 T, Z! y; ?8 z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 c$ k* O4 S0 f3 S3 S4 ]
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' _0 v( j$ \5 g$ I( V$ z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , I/ H& S2 x& Q$ V5 p" q3 A ' ~5 @# O+ D- L! Y6 S) O( R7 [例如: 8 N/ r$ l: G" q! f+ a; L1 e! ^) Z# Z" J, ~
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / L8 O; A* \6 |! S1 n* G4 p* E, w0 f7 r3 c
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 L. v; t# M& w0 O ) w* o+ A8 A+ C8 ^$ hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), s$ {+ w; x3 Z8 U
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : p6 j& f8 a0 z" @8 J$ O4 q! w) Z; v) a6 I
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( i! {9 y2 B3 ]: R4 A4 y1 q. Z; _# x9 Y# t
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; q {/ U( Z9 R* [) d) x9 B/ H \) y& Z% \
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . E8 L7 x# X9 a$ J/ n" y ; H W7 J9 T7 C' w5 P# m9 kStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % p5 ?3 _$ x* B3 \; f4 \ . b8 C/ i/ z. V& ]* _- L( E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 }# j& }+ {! Z7 _5 K6 M: u k& V g2 i* m1 W U
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' L3 }( T5 ? ?+ j4 x$ |- ?3 k! i0 t/ t: t! e7 D1 }" M0 |
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 a& k3 M5 B N& o3 |; T/ z
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! z7 v+ h& p% P% n: f: h" M8 V 6 Q5 l' Y- S9 G3 c9 U1 O对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; g6 _- Z/ X. n# q( T
" ?. c G( B! P0 ~( \+ _; c有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 Q% z) r; |! q4 r! V( z5 w# h