本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 r1 o |' V. O0 a% c
* c T! m3 }) w( W1 @( T; d- g3 ~ 转帖 " M/ L% L" l* z: |; x( U1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 B; r0 } h" z G1 ]" Y L I3 k
例如:( E9 G5 |; d; d
. c: I+ e9 |" ]4 w4 ^4 s/ eMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" C1 @6 F% {6 x1 |) X0 h% f: h
" u, c0 ~7 L5 N- ^4 }0 F( n; F2 o' lThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) p3 o. _! M0 K+ ~/ T- e w . C, E' ?. R/ e, m3 P3 R% W: ?This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 j: s7 l0 p5 Z" m , V% X6 R! C8 T& Z; mThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 u' G3 T' ^* h) B 9 H/ S: H! M' ?# [I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ l* U7 b: V$ {
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( a3 z! S" u* j. z% J$ k
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' E, ^9 Z1 s8 J0 x( s( v/ `: a5 m0 h ) s+ m" l( A5 {' EThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 D& l& c% O# ?5 c% m! S/ P$ A9 S5 h. m* o h% V' D# l
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - U& g9 s6 ?( i+ @( B. y) A2 Q' S- K8 ?- X
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* O7 W5 @' H# \
$ Y$ O* K! I- ~( i1 Q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' X- R7 V" ?! a1 {0 p
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. x& B4 V6 u) \8 y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ }/ J5 K+ L! Z+ ]$ f. y
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例如: ; ~# M# _, D& E7 H) S1 z8 a( {+ `. ~/ d6 `2 E
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 i) E+ |4 R" D/ f+ U
% d: ^: E( j; R' B# xDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) z2 L& ?6 c' ]5 b1 K
" |0 N3 y6 U2 ]) b; |. P& pI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' U! L* P6 A% A( ^& v! O$ E
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . A0 W. \. @! H/ H2 E * W5 K( [5 x! B) y+ C- o) Y* L* Y/ SIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( \; A9 ^# Y: L
3 _8 n0 a1 p& N h5 T( K7 FShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 n' [0 B! l+ b1 x6 ~+ g0 E
8 V9 r' T' l3 w HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / d0 P4 u1 p# Z! g. M$ d7 n . A5 C6 K$ ?% \, H; i2 H如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; M6 L+ u: M& a! D" L 6 b- K9 n; {: F7 c( Y; B3 P9 GThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 g# e( ^' P% c/ i) Q! A* q$ N) A q+ U- K9 [. _
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 J) ?% U: K: F. f# H( O+ H ; a2 a+ H7 F. [1 e3 OHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 n3 \6 E& `3 g, C$ m 7 n6 q4 N( y% B; \4 V$ QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; v6 ~6 u' ~; A1 Y! E % j! j$ X6 l B4 G7 \. hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ a) |' f0 R" w* n7 z* H s! z7 C% Z) ?' t
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 o4 W$ N" D$ F" N4 x' A& _9 R; e! m. i" \% ^+ v$ f' V. E7 K
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* y8 S% D, Q" q/ I5 }, E1 m
& f Q/ u2 {0 ]6 D- f# A# _, A此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) q. t9 g4 d& T3 A$ h
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/ G$ w( `! y w/ X 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / z2 A/ N: n4 [6 b6 W$ B 5 B0 H8 |2 ], G, t* j例如:. m9 o+ O- n* j, j
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " N( T# `% @% j5 a% N. l A9 |# [% l7 n$ [5 @
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" V w0 f1 c/ C0 {; R) T
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); T# E; W7 T, F; L9 f% N7 F) S
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' i( @+ }' ~7 N8 |6 X/ |4 W! L7 s1 A. y/ M) f: A3 c
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! L+ d0 U( v% q# p1 G# y) `7 F* R* X) R- e
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 S! O& d. p/ Z% o, j
7 X0 g5 P+ m- ?/ |9 P, P2 JCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- N3 }1 \! v: Y- `
0 r$ X* _( X I9 P2 P- vStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( I" [$ u z3 |- a4 ] % x2 v8 U) n* p3 s7 \同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / ]% a* v3 S3 f: D% F) U. B0 t# k; A, y
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: ]& `, X: C5 Q/ E. y
, a F/ @, O) J4 Q- i1 F% s有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) {, S6 y! {, K