本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' s6 R/ T( p, T( d2 ]3 B
+ b! e( }0 a0 T 转帖 , c4 Y0 x6 r9 C1 q% @1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ n$ y" q* J9 C: f - D; b# E# t* P. i- v0 D例如: , ^0 c2 F5 `& _ r: i- f% u. o7 b( f1 |, F% Y$ m
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# N2 g. }: @* P ]1 J) r& e; m% T. l
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 x6 r* |# B- A$ Z% z# }: X$ A( q' E& l, A; a- |# ]& f4 n- Y
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' Y u p; t5 }4 _) J, H1 H) u& ?: i8 Q1 U+ }3 ~- K
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 k% e5 ]( a3 x* ~) _( p7 q! ?. s7 j0 y. n( L- t
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . E3 T5 C; O& H& G. u( B # P3 Q6 ?, D G# LMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - O5 c8 p* |2 v q; V& u % `$ R+ r3 c9 }% j$ hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& }" T# J" i$ [% t2 \" O
7 w- I4 x8 X$ c3 [ bThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 0 R$ ]5 @; a! g* v5 ?! q1 K3 |9 e0 E% X$ v- N
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ I [# Z! N/ a% J 3 X+ I' p3 ]+ C/ UPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( g/ W# N6 y+ \* J7 ~4 e2 s
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : S! l# k( y3 G! N9 l9 S; B) q8 n' W" g4 N
; d. f+ [) r$ {# Z/ m 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 ]& g+ c7 o# w 5 E( U% F5 a% b J5 ^9 \例如: f( J, n* \: [+ T& K% X 3 O% O8 ?; K6 F; h- E/ KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" H& a2 x6 U& \1 a+ ?
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 l4 e2 r: j& H( r
$ _! J i6 Q! ]8 O5 g5 ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ {: S- a/ g2 v' A( e% x
% [9 f- M: h; u1 m; PHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). n8 M. ^+ Z( T" q6 X) J
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & I* v( c2 C T( ^2 \8 @: u* L9 p 4 t: Z3 o- {- ^; jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 b C% r$ Z# k/ @$ z( b; |$ p ! W o$ H" _" ~4 s: PI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- u& Y, R5 B9 n9 l0 e
) Z! u) _/ d& J+ o N8 x如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : z7 x. K- a1 T- \* T4 c1 O3 K: Y3 Q) d2 O$ _: p# c& M
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 X1 n9 V# }& e: }: i8 k
3 c# ^' ^5 h/ `0 UThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % o' _+ M, t; E4 B8 ~9 H Q7 h2 I6 q, g, i4 W r0 I# n
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 s( w6 y) @3 {/ `
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 w0 O" l4 @# t+ E: [9 ]! b' k! l. P- l" D X8 r$ S! t; W! X
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 n% E4 l2 Z; \! l: E
3 i1 J5 k1 `& _! G6 f \. vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) t& G1 M! i' F6 @1 d% m 5 J6 R; Y, C& S; N. O" _( ?1 @& L1 k写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . z) {) M i, i: v: x$ h; B9 v/ X; C' \2 x
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 x* T/ X% C+ Y ]4 r3 s( \
, ]9 f4 m7 y4 s& l# x, ?例如: 5 x- R) P* o* m - `- W% u) |1 ?* R# T2 eMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , s) t7 ^0 r0 W+ B4 D5 ? k; B1 k( J3 _: x0 M
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; S, t3 ?% D* D0 i& c; M! ^; W, o( E / P' ~9 ^! b' ~# ?1 Q9 e- b# vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 A. m4 t h( q* w1 R 9 E8 k! u/ h1 B- I! V5 m5 j9 N Y9 mHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ D5 h2 t9 @* F6 k2 T
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) K4 G) D9 |! H% o7 ^% r% s
. ^ D! t7 G2 X1 BPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 D, o8 N5 Q4 @! _
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% ?6 ~6 t; C1 L) C, ^$ g
. ], Z% N, @7 b( v$ ?; V! s3 mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 ]7 L- M3 f' r1 r4 l" k( o, m( S& a- ~# f
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 D7 P% x9 w8 ?8 z! o# E+ k6 b$ x) I+ n9 }, m+ _" Y
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( ^$ R' \" F1 r* Z6 f M- Q/ _+ x% _" w
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ W- a0 }# R( d! c2 k" K . h5 Z7 K J3 A( n5 p对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 J) w: }* e5 u; z7 T/ ]/ R) H * N( u1 @: v" A5 M6 f4 r4 G对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * B r/ `- E: Y3 i+ E' U% { ( Z0 }4 b/ g9 q" ^对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; D. `$ k5 m; A: d" p5 Y, P% z7 C7 Z+ N& b$ c w5 k; E/ c
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 E6 _5 [ e7 ]7 v
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ { B3 R9 c; x
3 E* Q& R- i0 W/ {2 T/ k; O有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + j' Q9 [1 Q5 Z3 T