本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " k+ G L: j# p5 H
2 l D4 B; _) \. q 转帖 9 t- R- z/ G; f. m1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 w) R8 b" |; E |( x1 v& w0 r- v0 @9 `& h
例如: 1 t2 k6 b- B) r & X% |3 L% d7 u3 YMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ c* C3 h/ x. r* j5 E4 i( m
# ^0 Y) h0 B9 F5 g+ G4 r7 gThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) M' y3 U! w; X9 e# m' P& K0 ?, ]- C3 R9 h0 H) [
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) h! W/ `, X. j; K/ a8 ^& B
5 D# H8 h$ }" J d6 W2 qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 T2 B: B k( `9 }4 S( s/ |) g2 }4 E! U8 s
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 g2 I0 I0 R" r0 U7 p( F
' T0 N* @0 N6 A& w4 E' T" hMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" T% w6 y! W6 ~) Z! k, e
, ^! t* n' I4 x2 f* vWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ y+ O: z+ L) Z7 v
$ R! a1 t6 G' L' Z7 Y6 ZWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 A' H$ A' _( W . j3 \; _' U. @Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ u6 r2 b+ t6 {" I: R" n
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: [2 {6 S9 H/ H2 X4 p1 A( ~& b
4 R) p* S! L# Q9 F, Q + J8 m2 E' V; n& h2 n2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 e& m/ U5 a7 N0 a- [ M& k- K
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例如:6 {0 a# O7 [; X% \: Z1 d
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" w. a+ V" b2 V4 B0 G/ ^
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 r; A# Q( m' t) R( \$ D9 C6 n2 G6 C9 D' a7 Q* m6 a$ e9 R) l
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 K7 J! M$ s& X1 H$ Y' ?
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & n3 K6 R" J6 R* P, j 1 T' c* z2 ]6 P' P$ i2 WIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 v" J3 ~. z6 `
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 h: n" `; C* ^; }5 q . G$ r! {! S. S1 t( ^" wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 Z. z; b9 P- J7 w2 s8 e+ H) M 3 x% W3 G4 s/ W) u如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 ]9 Y4 g" ^* C: H" v4 P 1 }0 f; y+ } Z+ m: vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 q; ?3 k& |: K) X
7 j3 o0 [( |! |2 O1 [" V3 EThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( G( x! U! {% U: y1 s% Y" o
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / `/ Y+ ~$ }7 H {: \% Z' ?- E. o3 d- m, _ ~3 G# y8 h
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 `1 F! P# p9 M( @! s2 D, X# J! i$ K7 l! U# ]
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 ^+ e; x4 N# X: j + a2 Y7 |: F! K# gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % _$ X. C# H/ ]1 W8 t8 f+ k5 s3 Z0 T. X c0 b" n' f/ s
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / A" q' G# J( @1 v% o. ]7 G) `) m6 C2 O$ |! C6 u
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 w$ u& m2 F o: q) x/ b
1 K& a* ]+ W! W& \* n1 j( C0 }8 ]+ |5 \; A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% d' g& P% U9 Y9 u
% L, m, o3 @) I! V ?, U# G例如:* j" |' q- m* G3 P" x
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 a' X9 v# w5 X; K
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : U* E+ C* W# r! z+ {$ p+ f: A0 O+ g ~2 c: p" A
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " m* g; [; k) M0 r/ X9 e8 U8 \/ a" t
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( V ?1 C) Y$ F" K% ]* T* k
4 ^& Q! [6 r$ a' D6 M" }3 JMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 T( V" x. n0 `2 K' e2 W% R# ]" h
$ _4 r4 w% P% t/ Q( ?9 [$ aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) i# U O5 }7 F8 K' @! U3 X
4 ` n7 q, ^* S1 E: NCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! P* |4 H" `) S" X4 J% \& @; f% j U0 x. S. ]
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 \4 s! j! {, q& s) d
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 G0 L; E9 T o; K" Z: n6 C" }3 R7 J2 l& W
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* Z$ |3 K* C$ b& z
: y( {7 c& ^" a6 N1 ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 c2 F, Q2 [$ A. ^1 c6 v
+ ~, [6 a9 M2 I3 @1 {对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 x0 l6 |6 ~: h- e9 {/ ?
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& ~+ B0 v# Y2 X/ a% c
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 i D5 ~4 ^4 K6 o
: @) [4 X$ f# z4 ?. l3 F% J至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - x' _% t* p0 O$ X# T4 B' Q& {' s! n; p7 [
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * f x! A3 _& j+ G9 s2 h* k7 M. _! r' E# \% R
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . y; ?' L+ t/ w- K* y |& i! }: m