6 }4 h I/ {6 h& PMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 B; m; E2 @: Z9 N2 G/ C. X
0 B5 h! |% n- PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! Q& W# j( G# z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! ~$ p- E2 H H5 ~1 w( y2 D V" `0 n. T' ?( `% T
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # D0 q7 P9 l- K- ~* I% q+ ^$ q4 q% M6 B9 n1 F
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- l) g' ~1 y F0 H+ I- f3 U
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( K8 G9 R& A7 k: z* u
. P9 C9 n/ M- e7 h3 \6 BWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( X, h. M& A) X0 e0 G, O( {1 M' B6 ]- N) n8 L8 r! T% f
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), ~& U, W0 ^3 P% i
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , O4 T& P( t9 c( U) J7 X$ f/ c7 G! g( E! C5 y4 s; q
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 E/ \( e9 m' P/ k: } ( {$ M: a2 A- Y0 e3 u' v% [- s这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( z* k+ R- {4 y; ^4 J( V% }# J
- n; `' x9 F2 w4 j5 g4 {7 S+ t' m& z$ Z; T( @" C" J+ E 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 R" R+ W" x6 Y5 k$ e8 W7 U: `" C* n1 P Q# y. Z2 V9 U1 v1 w
例如:; q2 b& S# O& p0 e& `7 a, d
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) N* X7 I" v/ {$ K( P9 a1 x m2 o& D0 ^: ~4 f: D$ {6 G% K$ B
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), b: n8 I9 |% j/ [0 N
- Q: O1 z' _) b& X- h; PI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* X/ s' u! w( m! [' x7 c D
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 p5 O5 w4 I" Q7 t6 r9 `
& H/ Z: ^7 k$ J! @# ?* b. I1 sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* U3 h! I/ j0 x# E
. @" B- n9 i3 y8 JShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). s I# H) D# s8 J4 b+ `
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) m# {* r. A* G* }2 v ' k! p/ D8 n( ?5 a6 M如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 h0 H; t( I9 \: p9 A4 G5 t0 z# C# p
0 Q' U7 t/ G; ]8 d: _' O( rThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # T$ I8 ]" Q) Y% H H; q9 y) d j% [* }. M; DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 m6 n; u) Z" x' |+ h
; R7 |4 { |: E0 b2 h' b9 wHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 v' D( P$ J1 Q9 i4 O: K! X7 x$ V# c7 M
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 d% m' f/ w' e9 B4 p* _
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 s( }' w2 d- q9 b$ R 9 q$ L) c( P) c/ F& V+ w; HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), Q% A: w3 R9 f) Z6 } {* \0 b
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ R- y) C, G, q" j
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 i: Q- N) G; U& C$ V0 E! Q* C4 T. w + p1 |, o1 ?/ [& \ 5 |( i& G6 }9 H; O, C' A R3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: P- I- m/ ^; o, z
8 J" t9 m, q4 ]例如:' @7 V' m& m: g9 M4 l9 e0 P
, `! t$ j0 \, C' G) N/ }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): d) G+ W6 N, }
) D4 L: p5 w, _& s; B. [7 LManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' y. ^% T/ U( G8 i7 Z( V7 N% A $ ^. Q- g) S- v& t1 SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - S( E1 e# R" i7 N" O, M- V9 p, |* P4 J7 |+ C+ J
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 C; W6 K" v% n2 A( n1 p) q) m- V/ t; c8 {
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# }$ `* [# d3 j. H a
* \, }7 o; d( e0 CPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 r1 @6 | t; Z i" q6 i: n% [; z
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) R: P- B2 d& \- o: A6 k) M. D 6 l* N/ \4 o2 X0 pStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & i9 Z8 z4 E, E% [4 h& t 8 P7 F4 c4 d& `8 p# o6 O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 A' i4 A; o- G% h% Y& e 7 {/ s0 D( q1 V# k! P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' t. A& a& q, s) w; [: V0 ?
8 O" {6 I# c2 G D: [/ R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: L. H7 A' K4 ?7 B+ L5 x
/ Y5 l3 V" \! f+ P! c% C. g对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, | \: w4 {) X( o" `. M8 Y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 u; v' g3 O2 J- N ' c! Z" |/ P% k) d& I7 ~对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( P4 n, g" Q2 S( w a - u) b8 B0 j! Q8 A5 L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 C' e6 p# A0 o w ; A+ p( Z4 ]9 Z* m' m( y# Q& m还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ U$ ]# |( C+ Q" n5 N4 A& u l5 }$ k/ B. Y& V d
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% S- M" g5 v, H1 w