本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( C! C4 K2 S: `( y * m0 m! g: B6 X# q$ ~+ r' E8 s6 S( G转帖 ; h. t; }4 n% w3 A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + L8 q7 Z9 z" I( Q" X. y. Y9 ]4 S+ V" @& M( X( I3 r
例如: 2 U& R E; Q0 p2 g, J5 _* a % J) z0 `' W4 `" J/ ?9 A, D3 EMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' y& m5 F8 _ f9 P' y% ~1 K! \( p; ~# c$ \: [+ |
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 c2 t' `; [0 e; a- [6 x0 @( ~ {5 S; y( R; l/ {! s
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ R' i R# b; V& {/ w, R% M
# W- x7 p: x7 V, i( `/ e# m7 @
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 D. X. |0 v" S) ] }) e. ?) N" w5 W7 a
' K8 m# b$ i' aI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + E) f/ I" w2 r' j3 e$ A$ h( S( B3 v1 R0 F( K
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) f8 k2 V/ ?: g( p
' E4 F2 n3 I- R5 q4 V( H
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 U: L) E. r% t+ K- E! K% D. B5 V9 P. d8 ]. g- ?5 l+ f+ m2 f
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 g, g! {+ M! ?" Y
; Z6 \& s% O) m
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 g7 w9 w, R4 \8 Q4 y8 Z2 x- ?$ Y6 |/ Z( @
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 H. t( R+ a8 u0 x h3 ] ' Y" d* O1 u- }8 H6 r' k5 y/ f" j8 T这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ h: N4 E: v# w6 ^. `1 X) F3 t
% Q2 l( s3 ~' `9 A1 N! z+ p6 q" l) }4 v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 P I; l- n2 P- F! m, v5 C7 H
3 f& L* Y: B* K D* f例如:4 ~& D( R! c/ q/ Q% Z! d: Y
5 G) z5 O2 k- }8 d2 {* YAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " g5 j" A7 S+ V" o) y3 E$ c+ ^: H' Q+ t( t* ^& u$ P7 C$ a
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ _6 @- z8 ]3 w7 {: m! z+ F- p* }) V- D
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" q" _: N' R: A# Y
/ r! e; d, L. D! G! }. X# ^
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! o% H! a! ? c: @* M# Y1 w1 W. u& p' V( Q/ V- [% w4 G
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 \, F) p# g! D
& ~$ }+ H7 I& ]0 }( f
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # r/ g5 z- J) O2 N, |0 y% B4 r _/ ?3 e# }% _
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & C! C+ f( p9 ]: H7 e5 [* @ M. q6 d$ R4 A" h
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: O& k8 q/ l! P9 Y/ e' Q e0 h6 }7 _3 i4 b1 ?
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 X- A+ L6 r( D% ^7 W1 R- a o& s4 S' f$ V+ K9 v! OThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # C3 q2 v7 I, u3 ^+ j0 T9 t8 I+ \- {+ \1 |" r; A* ~
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 f9 D4 I3 y. K4 Q9 p' x" e+ ?9 |8 W3 x, p3 R
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 J7 i% e4 S, F6 x: N8 @6 ^, s; {1 i0 c) |" \! O! _! Y) R, X
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% D/ X/ @1 ~4 v5 q0 q3 K: V3 Q# Q
/ m: S* d8 {. X' x+ j% o; IEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , f2 S5 @ A3 c. A+ ~ ' [! L- _, n( p4 P7 T0 H& M- g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- I& C- ^; q. A9 R
4 } n& e4 o. C$ _# b5 V. h; D
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % N; q7 P6 [: y: @2 K1 e/ s; t |; Q: U4 g3 o' t# O
2 J, C" j3 c. W4 O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 S' c9 X$ n3 C- b' M, A$ J3 m
1 m% k; c. p: F
例如:& G& a' v6 w7 o% H& r
8 d4 z2 m0 J0 YMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 G- ]& _7 y" O. i* Q* f0 h: i# `% {# ?7 \; @& s4 V9 ~) M
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 u# r) v% L! d8 A8 e4 ?
a' y& }2 W. s7 b9 j& ^# }/ X! D. R
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " M. ^' U8 Q. c* W9 F* y . P) I5 `; s) s1 `8 B2 |& ?He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) I+ g# w9 z; r, N+ S. Z" Z4 W
: u1 p- Z \- T9 ?( J
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) d) E. i3 p& L( k6 i0 }* D) |
/ J% ~8 E w# G4 \Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 X3 c# W; Q4 k+ F! \5 o
2 f4 p& c* }. E/ A, u1 `* {
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 g# L" D4 C+ _' b, ^9 S+ ?
) U- h& {3 v+ B! iStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% ~5 Q, h% P, v8 v# u
3 j4 \) M! W Q4 a, o7 x z1 B
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . d m& U2 d" [- Y 8 P- N2 T3 P: [' B% }6 M6 B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 k# M @. m2 W8 z, a) M
@/ ?, y; n7 v S1 S对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 r E x- _8 [- j) q0 f
1 ?, I& t, U Z/ h0 y( ?0 b+ d对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * @, I% @; \1 D1 N. \, ? / L' L0 Q+ l- Q2 Q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% O" ^, Q3 a' t
2 ?2 ^& l# H. p( O对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 `9 i+ W7 P$ F* H( V