. p; T [& Y) u" ?: D2 QMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# f' W7 D, {- ~2 Q' W# c) Y4 z
2 e& e% P* s8 MThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' v7 Z) w. ^1 G" B, A5 _ , o% r! D) ], RThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( V( j/ `$ _, i5 S3 W ^ : l" M0 ]2 Z' o& NThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 K/ P! m) s+ c7 M7 Y ; }: k a8 i0 T) w! |I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! G9 S% m' h8 w7 K8 h2 ?% }, J. w8 b1 \- y) C f
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* P5 a' c' O4 Y
, p7 g. k6 D4 q7 B- PWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( N# v% ]9 @! o3 Y( Y& P0 X
2 S* n4 e4 {' C8 _* Q' {The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ ~: a8 |1 s9 [* b4 Y% l
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( O9 ]% b3 h, {+ n) ^% C
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) * b; i* j# e9 c) r0 w7 Q! ]; L2 {1 i: ^2 g4 k; |7 f
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! j/ S& F1 u0 ~ q( m
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7 e$ Q r3 ~! K2 A9 V, C 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! V% ~, a. u S2 k8 o0 T
# V, W2 x8 q2 L例如:& o/ b* t2 V! E; F, H. R( O
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) C" x& l! k* V' R
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % j6 ], u" l0 ~. N( U) G/ _- }; ^2 z+ n% g& H6 W/ |, ^ l. y
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# l6 A) r0 y, }2 _
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # Q" l E1 Z" F8 p N3 o 5 n! {: q$ n( v7 c7 eIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . B8 Z. [' P" |5 w2 Z' V 8 r; x; Y4 l# ^5 ]% eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) h" a( B% t" q4 T5 E7 y+ J X+ E6 D, U2 u1 o6 d k* y6 J
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* l6 v; N0 u+ k/ s- ~1 x
+ w/ w! c* {3 U如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( B( M1 F/ H4 U* j3 T* h6 m4 U
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). x! L% F& H6 j% w1 g# ]! \
. E1 z2 u, [, @( p- F* \$ q0 p' ^$ rThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- }& o& `3 C6 a
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - r! h4 b+ m4 j0 F ) }$ x6 g* K! y# u% PHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( R: n4 z* V- q- ]7 j; Z! H% X
6 y" J! e1 B$ b4 KWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # l; ^; N5 l* s+ E5 J0 [3 ?# ? ; V7 D S8 Z( N2 |3 IEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / F# Q3 J! V4 i" { ) j& z3 \4 L( b) ]( w/ E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); O6 q9 I$ t* Q
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 z% y X$ h' f
2 j# Z- E: z' ^. N: U$ I. P" ?$ K5 O$ c9 h. m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( Y: ~3 J) f) z/ d( u
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例如: % Y# d4 A7 | E8 P $ X% c9 t3 m2 p2 P- ^, [Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 s6 `4 e& G/ \: K- j& M/ n: l( A- a3 U& a) r+ a, O8 g# a
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* L8 X# I F) z! |1 V4 g
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 Y6 g* p% g5 c6 U( w1 }) W. O, y
5 F4 n) e8 V' k5 d1 rHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% _. V" u- @& d4 x. T- s
+ W" S$ x! t; v: w! iMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; q) B1 @6 @% Y- S" \ " n L# ~! {7 N2 }. a* J. VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 }( c# @ U4 m7 s8 U$ g: V d8 m( h9 [" c
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ Q3 n* A8 Z4 y" j+ a. `. J: h/ y9 C# ]
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! l# P. o3 f0 k) `) x, b( X: N2 ^7 u0 N V0 M M
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ |. U" X+ `. v7 C2 f* p/ O; L% H
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 N& A# W% j0 `8 v/ L + A# }# a/ m7 F k对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 Z6 n# A; i' u, A0 d$ \7 |8 ?( P 4 ~. K7 X+ A' {* @, j4 r' I对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / m) W) K3 b* B v; ?2 m 1 x: Z" o( K7 ]' U6 S7 E+ b2 D对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - x p e f) }3 I! [7 A8 L* [: |5 \7 G3 u! H
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 C; x4 G9 `; z7 X7 t3 S8 ~. z3 F8 d
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 M( h+ y% S* T1 G; Q3 j" c% a! m* _ X9 K0 x& i
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( E5 L1 f5 B d K' f
, u' M; G- Y; B/ T# P6 Y有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% q" A$ {: B7 m6 T3 R0 |% l, ~