本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , I9 i: B: B/ A- a) `
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 S3 Z0 y+ K8 K6 D* _% w' H - f# O# M4 p& e# d! u5 x例如:1 p; `1 n: X& ~9 m
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 e# I* J: t" u0 c8 ? T* d: }) d# [. ~3 @3 X# [2 {8 S
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 b/ K" X6 i+ C9 @
7 J+ i# q1 U. fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 g" e2 u( P+ ?6 A - }: J, F j, U Q7 {" g/ HThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # _, m8 z8 ?5 p5 E $ }% ?' K8 j) [' N3 k5 zI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! e5 B% l, N- I" T
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 I# S) p( T0 y+ q# G* [
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' |0 Q; {+ z, i8 c2 T0 B6 c) U3 p. W3 |. m0 G9 X1 W/ [. z2 w
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " @; s! A: c6 Q- l5 @3 @5 v8 S. l2 b* w& H4 f9 L6 l
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . x q* w1 X# k; \" V L+ M* g- y8 ?2 H$ CPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) n4 K6 u8 G: O" I8 Z9 T9 h
# Q7 R9 B) o0 t) K) a1 _% n& ]这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 l# g: q6 B4 J4 Z' v 0 U* `7 s# q: F 8 K; H1 L: l0 S Q: W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( f# z* j# J( ?* ^) \+ {: {! n5 u; Z9 J. R( M
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) Z# d5 H* ^- @5 G+ x( e% Z1 E" f' X0 H# j4 c/ k7 ~7 j2 r
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % e" {" M9 Z) x! Q+ ^ , W# F$ u. h9 ^/ o3 GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) B' N( u7 L$ \1 S0 I, e0 B6 D) p1 ~) Z # \$ N) A2 W6 n& \/ \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 e! P/ @7 I' p1 H
% g, v1 q# `( S5 ]+ s% K: G6 V. eIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! X' E7 U0 @8 p3 D& v8 B, S
' @: @$ K! ]' s0 jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- @. g) T, ~+ P/ g Y
; r5 A5 r0 `9 S/ Y; A0 u. q: VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : L3 h) y3 a: E& g% a( `: r% I/ Z' g G2 `
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 i8 j0 o* V/ a9 \6 `% i2 m- ?# l9 b4 {
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - t j/ r @8 m0 | l2 U % `! Y, l3 `8 a8 J8 } j1 F1 U# YThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 ]( C& f9 i) n; }. I& q7 g$ j- N* P; Y3 M `/ {) r2 c+ ?
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 \/ D0 @ ~ {2 O- ]! s7 i' k5 e
2 { m; l5 E1 _He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - Y- }5 b. h. Y% l# k M+ S/ r f: Z4 G) _( j+ r- ]
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ M% k4 K' ~: Y. d2 @
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 [1 j1 `" h" C- _- V* w5 s" r& Z 4 Z; I- ~ t; F: X" K! q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 U8 S* [9 q9 c. h) H5 I! ^ ) {: N( `. a6 w. K& n此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * G8 R4 N5 q' i0 ^* k # M- e; l1 T ]) ^6 e1 d1 L# }6 s8 ?0 E) u% k5 [6 ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) ?* x$ r2 G' |2 ?
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! \" n# K5 t L' m! z# S" \Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * R8 N5 T$ e! ` \- l4 n, M4 l3 K2 F; o$ t4 k% I
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 Q- f2 u( Y6 ~5 ^- J2 S; R( p2 w( ^+ c/ \8 C
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ D/ N/ m. l8 O: u% M2 i# v
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 C) x+ z" Q+ w4 t6 J* _: S' e7 _
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 l2 r; f/ m" h# X * e! y6 } ]1 j$ l( mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 p V. L# Q; \- f7 j Q4 `( ]! K r) C- ]: h
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 l$ `" ^' e6 Y/ \ . D+ c# `' v( B, gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' V/ o) P3 |& t: s
- S) i8 |- J& @& G9 [) M; X当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & Z+ b7 X+ h* N + M) C% D E, r对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' R$ Q5 ^6 D4 F $ m% [1 ]9 z6 k. w1 A! T对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 w+ A& {! e( V . s7 g3 }3 K( r* y2 m4 _对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; l& h5 n) m8 |3 U: G3 \; Z" m; S4 n- ~$ j% L- q% O. E+ ~
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - }- f6 N9 Q; |* c$ a ; c- _! K4 Z+ v) }* [( a至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:+ _6 @% ^) ^. d. F; B- ?
0 n- \ w8 L H. i还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; K6 ~- y. T7 i# ^* z3 q
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 J6 [- @& u4 z) \6 ]/ [