本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + |( g1 \& R2 ?
. w j1 a; i+ p$ l 转帖 4 v6 I# o8 d" e) r/ }. u1 W9 E" M1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : p+ w9 Z4 ^( ~9 I0 D) `9 D ( ~0 w" p' p+ b% E2 \例如:" d" F ]1 \% ~& u! `
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / p4 l9 R5 e0 Z( a0 d% j g1 N; S, `
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 B: s8 z9 s) \- l
8 g4 t, v$ j fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). d. N6 o( ~0 r$ \- O
3 p* p! C4 T. D3 S' UThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 T9 l9 y. _& h% m& A4 l8 M [% G! Z0 R$ `+ q/ j/ [* g
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). W' v5 I; V+ o' ~, |: z
6 }; `" ^% b2 r" [$ iMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ U% L3 M! r; C0 V1 \4 w9 s T, h8 O6 B' ?
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 ^; E( U6 Y* P. f- U9 V* b
1 Z5 s: W1 d! x) xThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& p E1 c7 C: v. f( O
/ y) H$ w5 @! fWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 }! v. s6 U0 k3 f+ w3 i8 I/ Y+ Q8 O( X$ E3 A2 z% n
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , G% \0 d; m2 [! h: Y8 N$ `4 Q n6 p7 k9 \( R3 ]
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 t) P# h, T+ x/ N
: b# l5 B; H ^5 L6 V# E# n + T; v2 l6 l, ^' x# ~* F2 Y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : E7 l* `* \$ b2 ^' X2 X5 L0 `; O% [/ @6 I3 S
例如: 9 x# n i" j) M ) ], x f& A: v, `* a1 VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 b) h; C* y. C3 w% R) U9 q
3 Z9 F/ G1 W* i& @/ o; [Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . K5 J; i0 V( s) K- J2 t) C, o$ o9 O- e3 T- H$ Y, a
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 e F3 X! K% `5 _& ]. \4 c) L r0 ]% V3 d% I
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- Q0 U6 y, a/ W6 Q8 R2 t& G8 C
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) Q% n: {* l& c* O/ L2 \
" h* `9 ~! p' I+ sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . _* O* p, |2 n 4 B0 m* [* S* ^/ l: X2 b0 S2 {I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" n, r/ ^# N$ Q7 ^1 |. I6 @
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* }! P! W5 {* P7 R
. }4 [) K0 N8 a3 ]1 E TThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : t+ {3 ~% c/ k) A2 M" b* ~( N2 {% m; u+ Q) W8 W# k2 N
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( J6 U" s, ?3 `1 D% l1 A" u2 ?9 {. X' V2 [' J6 \' r8 @
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # `0 H' V X: p. J- b0 x: Z , }# ~3 u# g/ h! W9 F6 m) i" lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). Q, ]/ p! k0 q1 J4 H: _; q- x' j
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 W5 l- n' T6 \ w# _; Q: O5 SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 q( T8 W) [0 p9 R3 _! F [
% i# `3 D3 ^; Y1 U7 e写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# x$ Z8 E6 i- E
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( D+ \0 d6 Y: S+ k; ~! A% v( _7 H6 f% ]% s/ U. ~. h* z6 d6 O
* G; H/ J6 G6 |1 ~" Y* h& L# h 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . ?) m' B+ [1 G& p5 [6 [) b0 `% I$ B2 c! Q! W
例如:. A# R7 i8 I% }2 ^" H( `" C M2 ?. u+ Y5 z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 L3 M1 r* B! z* Z; m2 d
0 X" W s0 X" @# t/ H3 a% SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 `- S) ?' D# g) ~; c1 I- `2 z8 s; L! @1 S) E( {6 I
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 b! o! w/ y% Z3 b: n% w* C$ ]. B/ z( x6 j, c. r5 @3 Z2 q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ n( N5 p h! t+ F8 ?
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; }2 S2 P; u* l, W0 Q k: h ; r, b5 J9 K$ `( r; Q& {: E8 O6 }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ [$ ^2 n! d- }/ c& s
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% v0 f# U" @' n+ U6 O" f3 o
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % C! G0 Y2 ^" m, D9 O) S3 b& k 8 Z7 p1 Z7 Z5 I0 p同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 m; q0 g" {" a# j0 @+ S9 w: W 1 \! ^$ `+ t7 m9 Z' U当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 f7 m9 m* j% F1 X# s' A $ m& v% ]5 C- X+ i+ B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 k f3 J* c3 q: I9 p0 `* a& `6 Q5 i" j G' p9 z
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , P& H: a0 p) w3 E" |4 s. }8 S3 I$ ^
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 I3 e, o, M5 v% ]( J1 g/ Y8 I2 j8 W* T+ j# L
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % c; N+ Z) x) O g, f8 v2 e" o& L8 \ S3 H6 k) f
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % Y& p9 d* o5 ~' c- [' P R% [3 ]+ M5 t: v+ |还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. w j q" \( G; |2 t
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / v+ I! r( p3 ^% Y$ W