本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 M( i. ^" K2 f 6 y. n5 `: m- u% _2 U7 E2 }& n; w转帖 / W/ V+ w3 g. V6 [* g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ ?' E% x# {6 A( ^2 u
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( ?. L* v% m7 d; \6 [4 \: T9 K }* k2 X- W& M `& i
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : I* _7 a4 ~8 c3 x0 T7 _ D/ m( J0 i ?7 R1 S4 H
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 s0 a' t* |( m% a7 J, v8 @& |0 h5 v. `
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 ?! O2 P& _! W/ `% i/ K. g: B1 V l7 F5 Q5 f
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! n4 M3 v6 b# n : q' ^& a. Y x; c+ c3 u9 N) jMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 v5 u3 O \8 X6 _7 n( N7 `
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): B \+ V5 Z# K+ |
: F. j) B1 y! K# v3 GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 d- ~9 Y( q7 \ i: u8 l
% G. _* L8 t; Z% E% Q, B; `* l& GWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 S; C: b- y2 I1 R, J3 R. M; p( C; s, p' a; f& D# W
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( G T8 N* g {) R: E 9 Y$ @# o5 U5 t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) N2 x# ~% k4 x& M6 D $ ?' Z9 i' {5 a( G5 u0 `2 ~* y- ~* ~ % l) I, m$ [; t$ B9 r+ G2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 F/ N% U1 C) z$ V4 }
9 x3 _% k) \" F* d( M1 l# {例如: : `0 x* E. x' F3 f" f# l5 c , Z: G/ c" z. {8 K. C2 [2 x0 X+ EAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); [1 ?) z) T) X* E, k
5 Q6 ^( S! Z! I5 VDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 o! A$ b4 R- r7 F6 l( m: w: ?7 s' W! z2 o$ L6 f4 y$ _+ h5 X
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 f3 o, e! d, x- ?. K6 g8 G. t1 N$ G) @) g& f' m: n% L
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% k1 q/ S* y) X v
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - P5 s/ L) d+ T; n! q8 W$ P7 S4 |& J, ]. O1 {
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # ?, [9 J. I F* z+ Y 8 J5 f) n5 r$ z" ?I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( {: x$ L; L+ f' D/ {" m
; ?6 T4 \3 v8 _; \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 W/ w: S# Y( p. H
/ z' q# d" o: M; u! a8 tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# W) p4 ^' I. r. B
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 F. P3 b0 v, N8 F- B2 K
3 S4 ]& F$ H/ qHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 _+ L6 B% A7 P( `, P& n5 r+ _' n4 x4 N
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ X- y! Y! p$ u
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' q( B) j( I) z0 H* [ 1 y; w7 H R$ a1 q5 Z& fEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 z! F$ t; v7 z/ F$ @" p+ h l3 C z; T
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( L# L8 J4 ^$ ]4 U8 Y
Q/ s+ V/ Z7 H- z0 P3 ^; R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 I, A w* g) M* ], S, m
~: b9 c! U& {9 H6 V8 `/ I& F( m* ^; x# Q$ C0 e' t# q5 K 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 N- I u, W: l9 L3 r8 i4 y: m3 o; s% J, x/ H! m9 W' v
例如: 0 Q6 f! X. X$ h9 T; `4 C N: u# e3 a; kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; L2 B3 Z3 B8 @7 f; ^3 C- }+ w+ G$ w6 i# m+ q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / P3 a% X# P% v- h 6 W4 u5 `7 U. z" D7 g& Z+ A7 }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 Y& \7 Q* z. p
' v G, b( g$ p" P: Q$ S, @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # H) c j, z1 H/ J# a- \4 ?' U% V9 S4 _: K6 d; V9 L
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 _5 p. w4 J2 I7 j) s% l0 N% O: c. T) }" j6 A
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 }! O& v, R& w+ O% }' b/ k 4 Z3 R/ V6 i8 W3 CCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( L/ j6 C/ P0 c: L# _( Z3 ~; f- {6 |5 o/ L: j; n. S
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) \$ c3 b6 q$ Z 9 n- e1 P/ a7 O# O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% n8 P! |8 x4 H' s* }! i
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) ]" c+ J* T" ^+ B! U+ f9 Y0 G }# N! F) f' G, P
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- V. }1 a2 |2 M% ]$ Y& A
0 z. I) l. V r/ w对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; + x0 b5 ]& i+ [. w+ Z7 h : [' o' Y3 _7 z( u# ] R* w- ?5 |对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! N" d& V2 l6 u1 C" m
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 N7 F/ E' q1 F; Z2 J, h$ a+ O' `9 ~, \4 D4 J
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 q, ?* X% `$ J0 L; |/ f* I; q9 U7 f+ f
, ]$ A/ |. @) P还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 }- M7 ~8 m& t, G , S& i+ M1 U; b7 r6 [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ n. N% I. l2 q