# T, D2 }& n5 x! l7 \) y0 y1 X, aMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! t% }. \) d% o
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( w, Z1 J4 j8 ^$ a/ @' J- [/ R* C+ a& S) @
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' e3 W4 b" D* S8 }) k0 ?4 m
. x2 f0 e1 V$ F8 G2 O0 fThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ t) o# N# ]" d0 N
8 s2 D, z3 Y- @) CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! ]9 I+ \1 \ e# m' D! S 8 I: ]* ^5 d( _0 P+ O3 ~: ^. GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). |6 V0 B I* w% H+ U5 x7 A
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( L* n$ ^& X; L4 i n
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ U- T) I( h6 @ J: ?' C! _ / Q% R; T+ P: H$ t5 D; r& ?We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 E2 \ \! @+ G9 w; u. x5 z+ d0 B
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 I( Z5 ]# l0 [5 {3 p
0 ~; ^! a1 K+ z' R" m- P. ]' K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + H) @7 t0 M% b1 V8 m8 j4 o8 m: f# t; _% l& `7 c- [8 d
7 _5 Y$ M6 S" j- I ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 \: @2 j$ k! [3 k& c6 U
9 m+ F: }$ B6 T例如: 1 {% {* ?5 W: | d$ t6 \1 L- g* M
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 N T4 {1 v# ~( s {; T) {! f) I0 T
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , V8 y1 s7 f4 ^7 r 5 P: k# K5 k A. {! fI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" H. V# U# Q0 X& C1 I y( L; J
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % _) m# s! u. D1 O) m: X" m N* {: \" W+ g( R1 Q( b
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' Y p" e9 n6 Z
$ C0 [) j- v5 f# M$ X2 o/ _% G' \She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) o, s1 O: \$ N3 K
1 a2 s1 D( ~/ t$ k+ o3 }0 }3 bI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! l3 ]5 G; r+ a5 n 2 z9 q% Z! Q4 x: Q a5 E如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! q+ y( ^' N% D$ \5 J
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 x! l- L) x. }8 |% z" Y: n7 }* {' Y" D7 x. c
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 i( s) A Y/ u' J; G7 @: m3 Y1 m" B
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 H! ~$ w" W3 Z9 e$ K! z
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 ~( o& D5 S) W- w( c+ O3 c) I( ?; a& S1 v" [
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), g. M* I& i( Q& ?3 h0 P4 x
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). ^0 E j+ ^: |0 F2 E" P
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 T5 Q D# d( n$ K! x
; Y9 {! }2 E3 T* t0 j此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 r" v: G/ l& V# w) v! g, y3 G
3 ^0 z5 S) T' ]& l5 ]" g1 e 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , e! t' m* \' | K! a& n( q) Q1 m/ L% K7 V
例如: . M/ \# c4 C g+ ?( y ; J& ?0 S: I$ O: `Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 l% p) q* u0 V2 A+ ~9 u1 W
4 K* ^; C* h* v8 f oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 O/ T9 W- u; x- m$ j2 a k
, k- w0 _& Z0 {' t5 s5 y4 V& GThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 S, D9 J' [) y# H( O* c3 e
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ U) M7 r# y1 }: _ % M. X( ?3 b9 A+ BMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 i! s- H# ^5 l- q/ Q* u
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 t% H! h5 ?6 t6 l/ F
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 u$ N! p1 q3 [4 g# i$ [
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 K8 R9 g6 B5 F. g$ k$ j
# q+ C! w) |" J, s至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 |7 L {2 K1 M
; c) D' J* k. L9 ]还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + S4 b* h/ J9 I7 A8 Z* n2 |7 M Y$ t% ~( B3 a
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; T0 U4 L) o- P5 J% C$ `