本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * n4 z; V" P: x+ R4 n
% v' c- ] z0 z' y 转帖 : O# i9 F8 }6 ^4 G9 m8 d1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 x: d9 p; h+ A, Y% p" Y1 v) I * {4 l- @- y7 N3 H0 P例如: ( k* V8 q" u! b i# j, @" f; d0 L, [
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - \6 b. T; G4 Y' w% l; c $ s* W% K2 `7 F0 }7 @; B. D3 [5 |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 N& Q. @" B# E' q; a" C$ H( n) u$ S* W. {' x
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) C1 G! D9 M7 W7 F! }; N2 w5 x. S
& Y6 K* F0 {6 `! [" `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* @+ x1 C1 ^9 X3 V/ r+ e
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " |' a% n8 i" ?( Z : n3 }! c+ B$ x) YMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) W% J3 F: Y J9 c K; |( S! e& m- O5 A$ R9 E1 Q6 [( v
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " u, U; i' I% }0 }% G( T8 b8 d+ X' O3 t# Z+ o! R
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- z, ^6 Q+ K; V) t
3 a" j# w. I: N# e6 c6 }We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / }+ u: L4 ^- T$ j6 q% `; G' P1 ] $ r7 ^" I; X/ v8 VPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' i$ s0 P) _% g. @4 k! u9 g2 k4 @) V# T/ K: x6 B
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% `# i5 P5 j) X6 N- _ f6 @
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0 S' Q% r& v7 [ n# \ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 t/ W; V* R% C# Z8 ~5 S# n+ ]% P1 C ! G6 b* k9 B5 u例如: ; A' k, |- S- e9 y$ h( S1 o* R/ g/ g, O( P9 j0 H5 T% H3 ~
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % `) `8 r' {# g 7 e, S( s8 Y% a% M; w' CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 l2 B! D0 t2 [: f# X
$ `4 `, A/ t) \1 N/ eI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 D' ]3 S2 y: E: G/ H7 `, [+ ~, n
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 d5 \5 K; z$ \ / R# t7 J4 r% a: |" lIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 }5 ]' X8 m* H u) M$ @ d
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); m, A& E+ y+ x; w2 S5 z$ v. b
1 u1 H" J) B$ M+ M+ b: \! II will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% {3 R2 ]% s# C
, V! a$ {( F! F& `8 c7 s如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ C" P% P0 ?; _0 @" Q/ `# y% [
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 H2 g: N2 n. {' f1 {5 f0 S0 Q ) W0 t9 Y$ d+ I+ u4 l- E6 tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 ]$ a: w( F. Y4 Y: Y2 `+ b# M6 G& c0 {# y1 i# I9 K$ Z) D- q& ~
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " e) s$ m, l. \4 `$ E9 j l. X! ~0 l, f* ^8 H/ [. s6 M. P1 j
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 N& J5 A1 S6 j7 @ ?. K 8 y# r6 p$ G+ B# oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " P w; R$ Z, V5 @. U9 K% @ ' m& V8 o5 N; o- C7 Q' qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 G" Z! s, b" h8 N; A- O
4 _5 F6 L* @1 G2 ^0 d6 f' M: J0 W3 r写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ X7 s- P; A, D( u- W# i# A# W6 e* N: L: I1 F% c ~4 h
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 b0 n! H) T9 ]: y/ F7 |- F / J( U, I* D; a9 E& c6 I9 Y# x4 V! d% k3 Z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : S) ^4 k# I% T: z1 h6 Z % h8 Z- e- n5 \! K8 j/ Q1 b例如: 4 k. \ I3 ]( q- \2 P8 A0 u, r4 X7 o. o# C' r/ @
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! ?# k1 U7 F+ j' p0 m' G+ v; ~% a. S/ y8 ~/ M/ f i* o- c
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 o b" k% j* \0 u+ f' l4 |3 X) S
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); y0 o: C3 Y6 D
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- h1 |& S4 b) d" x2 x, S' Q a: y( g
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # l+ C( Y/ M3 l7 W" O4 D8 c* }7 F4 j! a* p' K3 F
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ H1 x( [3 c, w4 C6 f & X' S7 W1 J* ]& sCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + }/ e; r% M0 w+ c: Y o( M4 r: r% z* p3 F5 W8 b/ c. g$ @
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! L0 Q- K/ S. A; C0 [8 l, s2 G/ d. Q& p+ b' d
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - X* e- i1 b) q- |( w7 d2 P( Z6 Y I1 m
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' r0 y9 ]' j- L* U* A
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& d B( x% R0 b0 z& Q2 ^* l. x% X
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% r$ o9 X; {7 [, z9 v
% I K6 e9 J8 y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & |& P- b8 C2 O/ T3 c $ o* w( c/ ~7 ]' T" `8 w) U对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) X% k: I2 \6 k4 n 6 u3 P6 G. D3 L* Q: v$ ]/ i' j至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; C; u% I6 Q: G
9 c; M0 L; i) j& P还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 O' k n! k+ x; e5 A S1 @2 v , H( p0 @/ J! D# m0 b! M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' W/ [& p8 y6 T, e c: [4 T