本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 f- m& ]/ v6 r3 Y1 u6 Y
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& y+ n5 I- ~) S2 d0 G
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' j f3 N6 C6 { \# g8 X% ^' Y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 l- p5 Q+ i1 Q3 j3 @+ J1 G7 ^, W V8 b( |8 s$ s7 k( U- [
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% E! z2 _$ z3 A" f5 o( k8 z, s
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 o- L" ~: j* v
" D1 @# R P2 N4 I5 ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* y! j- @8 C4 [" `$ v& k( K
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + Z# I0 _: [$ E; I 8 r1 Y. G, |6 t" P6 Q3 q3 J! D& jWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! }2 q% T. o) ^
: w( `7 o1 s) T7 l! J; a7 qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' }3 s4 z* ?9 w3 b+ | Y. l5 A0 R. w) }
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); ~1 a: g3 N) K- ^
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ w$ z) Q6 L) `+ ~; z; V6 w
. O+ r4 t+ H4 u! C/ m+ Q$ P4 i这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * Q2 F2 q* r! Y% j" C . M( ^' C- z- j n2 ?2 }3 M7 y" B u0 e7 x4 C+ w$ I6 p 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 T' q! D! y% M: F) q8 Q3 x( i- G* |2 p- |4 R3 Q$ P9 i7 `0 D3 z
例如: 9 C0 w M' G# x& k ! f! h' }2 r, I4 H( {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! i' A; ^: V- C; n% R 0 g) [4 w7 J8 s: l. L. ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , _+ A7 A( y( V% N- z Y5 f Y* G; X/ f) t) s6 O$ A7 H
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 b7 y8 h/ K6 l
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& x1 d0 Y7 `+ m J+ t1 I
; K+ C, |0 f7 e7 @" u5 |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 o- w: [* O. V7 E3 P5 Z
' k2 a% C: C8 z" _8 _1 h7 BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 U8 X. ~4 B, ^, t: Z, ]" S
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 N) r- U; A6 i+ N y 8 c$ @) H. @% A } l. W) B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- P2 N4 e, l: x) x& g
" T8 ?1 ^3 x. Q/ k& O$ ]5 V- qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; S1 t6 }: B- g2 i 1 m- `5 Q! \8 t0 n$ ?) t1 [The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 B4 `; Y# f/ f2 ~6 `' C6 R! Q/ p% y
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! S2 w/ M) ^( K1 o
Q: p1 C% M9 _; x& vHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 M% P6 _/ ^# l8 A4 u5 I6 G+ Q; R+ `; m8 d5 a
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" j5 T( R: U8 |! V
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * V! E5 \8 I, J! {+ j, j U4 k( Q1 R# T% }) x0 t8 r
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 ^) J% i, A# }4 G7 ~4 b9 ] ; {) j% M; s1 ?此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 P, i/ v! I5 l3 H% e ! d& O H* K+ ^: y. p: _' O f/ o) U; k 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 S: s! V7 U' x, b5 ?0 p
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 S9 e u3 j: n8 k( i" T4 I/ j. `
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( ?+ c# [0 h' h; P2 f& y& F$ n
) g+ G* M6 M) ]% n) @+ D. s1 \* mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' `6 z/ D0 C2 k% j" g- V5 z& D 7 S9 E. V) G+ b G, F# RHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . m; Z' H/ F! S7 U; T2 M) y/ p& i
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); @* _$ v" Y0 L- n& V' ~7 f
. i! q/ Q2 ?7 a9 h2 y/ f Q& TPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ n# ]6 m2 {7 G3 F' A( x
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): A: V# }6 n% |2 E. J) W
/ U+ _7 o/ Y1 ^) `8 p% f1 V8 dStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ o" C/ T* b# q# v
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" K h" T4 t# }
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& W3 p& d. B1 \. \
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + S5 j5 O6 P3 D: L! J2 e# j; Z0 A' j& \5 z) R+ ]
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* r- D% k' ]. f, t
2 T, \# U0 {' r, f7 b; S( n4 K对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , S" |$ M6 w8 T; J4 e% y" `4 R 3 P0 X' ?, @ r. l4 r. g6 u对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + M! p' }5 [7 T) m0 D z8 f, {7 e' \" S" E: Q3 W
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' d5 T _& V$ L# q7 I
# Q- ^ X# ^7 F$ H0 \8 ?还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + k1 v, k8 F% F- S9 V# ]& c; f- _" q% { b
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 N9 ~1 ?+ [5 F* v8 [* b! F9 {/ F