本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " h; J& F: W9 Q9 E( K& L( `" Z4 [+ y0 \" h3 n 转帖# U# l6 P$ o8 ?* Q# O
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' g6 y2 j; ]& |* w2 n6 F9 _2 M( m4 s P. r0 _, I g
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ E) C6 }5 s& |; W$ ~) i; c4 j
$ j; @) t% S; `- g% _6 S) Q9 |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' ] O9 o- t. D s4 {5 { $ ^" G8 i2 S0 ~7 E, KThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 P5 @& l- y* L& a
: s. P; J0 S+ H$ QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" ?, R2 e t- N2 i
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . _. N+ U: o# r9 S* t( X& G 4 N" W) `; x" {- n3 AMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): m: T! [3 P& W
- h2 A5 j0 b @5 Y3 ]! y8 ~7 yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ R; x6 F) u5 Q" G' w* I+ Q; u
; D, j6 n7 s! l E' a; R2 C a {We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ i+ E9 @ r0 Z
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) c- _ O0 {8 O! i * x `* G& J- W5 q+ D这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( {4 I h6 Q! V
# u$ N! a5 `; S 1 c2 Y2 z1 |1 W! }! _8 i- L+ ?4 d2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , r. `4 X' K, Y7 j3 s & ^# j7 w* ^( f1 t例如: 2 J7 @3 S( t) m7 |1 U! U1 z2 x. h0 I
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- i( `! ^% i" H- x2 v
; d" d! E Z( G- t( bDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 h# [6 D p& O4 U
3 d* A6 {- f# ?. |0 \" HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): K% i- y9 `7 j& v
: R! X" B% e) _' U* ^+ B eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 _/ H4 n8 G x7 i
& U3 b% ^1 i& `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# {7 w/ M9 G& C- Q% H
: j0 O$ i) g% Z1 v1 d3 B2 Y( E, z/ oShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 ^3 ~( L+ g8 O$ E1 a; _ . `" q, _, r. u! O Q0 A0 X) {I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) \3 q+ f; v! i( T% z! ^4 H3 l" P
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ `) F) c/ R8 R+ y
- I2 o3 `$ M( z- s* C3 A0 BThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 l$ T3 I" P; e7 ~7 q6 C: B
' R( U4 n, w+ KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), r( @+ j! p, ` K8 G4 u
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / _7 C% K) K/ k& h$ v6 q6 m0 v$ ]- n
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 F* _; [4 Y$ E+ I' {6 l. |
4 o7 i4 e1 c* C4 r" }5 e7 iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 H. f) U7 w" c. h, G+ Y; N2 h F0 L6 v9 ~: `# S# H* ^
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( }8 m1 u6 D9 r1 n; q7 T5 y$ A3 \0 f G5 g% m8 V8 ]$ \
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 J2 V0 P) M+ V7 A+ a9 ^. V) N3 z) A
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * S- ?# ?" M# `6 I u, {( v+ b8 P0 g+ f* P' e Q1 F% o
* f) e j+ n+ k( n; C6 N3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' O _! N/ B0 `( ~/ p# n, I7 v3 G7 C \; R R: V& ?
例如:" L) }9 G. z1 A. i* I5 P7 o
, E2 Z. i. H& Q: b3 E9 CMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " s% R4 B$ }! m7 F" j8 b( b! i: T# P & c; f( V, j d9 Y) B: b+ W; @& J1 cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). A' ^9 b6 V7 d, ~3 T8 q
/ J+ ^, |0 R0 Q* j6 OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' f( ^; E% b, H5 u8 B5 ]6 X- ~5 h* f5 u" Y
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( v9 c: \/ `/ F9 b/ [2 J" o
5 U# R/ ~/ ^# ^! t( D& V5 ~Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 T( Y0 k+ \ T! s% M
! w$ K! G" p/ D+ C5 p7 M- ?Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 \( m, |; I+ a
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - w1 i8 Q' i. j8 l3 F3 c1 f* i2 A 2 ?: e: l* Q- U; k# H/ _0 d; HStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / \& t) a: E6 ?/ M2 F) s; g9 N2 x. }+ ], R! r* n+ Z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" k) V& j3 Z0 G
3 H# `* `# s! a/ w' p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; A* Q( R. P( |8 F
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& [, `6 f8 \" }5 u" V' n
$ N/ l5 s* r* E9 C7 [对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ s) e0 T. `1 d ; X6 }* J2 Y1 k& j7 @对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! {3 E# i9 k9 `7 n
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & Y8 f5 h/ Q" `6 P: ~* C" q% K, S* V4 i0 g
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! S* c7 [* x( f- B: d+ J5 H& e. l" C; d0 i; t% b& Q
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! Y7 M# R0 P+ Z / N$ r2 d3 w+ _! E* C- U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 h6 c9 K8 N# q; n" b