本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * k; H+ l. m2 J% _
* [1 n+ [* b( Z2 {转帖 * k( N# h' Z8 U" i8 o, K1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! r+ w# Z t2 ]* n( T
2 ?) p; p1 J \( p+ [9 C$ E例如: ! V M7 U* x0 i, z+ P 9 r/ v3 i' O% vMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : u# u5 D7 ~* J; k- t; F, ]& B 1 O, R* ?& `7 X+ X5 BThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 v% g K4 g; p. x" ~) i' s6 }- Q' O) y6 U6 O f! i( L: v
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; V) K$ n7 Q: A, b, ]5 @+ p 8 e' K7 w" G7 r7 W) s yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " [8 H( ^+ ]+ L& \3 g$ E $ T" `2 }7 ~% k3 mI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% Q4 ]! S# ?( {
Q8 A' u: r! }Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" y4 C, I h, [. `6 c
9 }* V8 R% P r# ]% i, E" `We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# q0 L" n+ L4 H& a
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); R5 D+ Q# S$ A& H7 [7 S
. X! }. w+ _ Y8 UWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 r5 |) @/ _) S/ h
: y5 V) `' q8 cPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). `6 H& a+ a) s7 n& b2 C
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" y! t3 L/ p8 N9 g, z; u* N- t
+ O+ d, {# ]& a# C5 Y7 y9 x0 a3 A$ k) W! k# O* i6 f 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 a/ c* {" w8 ?/ D
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例如:9 F* H3 L2 w0 @" C9 s+ m. s, y4 y
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) }7 T3 s* K, f) R: S5 P" U
* F% j' n6 f2 C, |! V- `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- M0 g) Y8 U/ X
9 i' w. I4 `7 II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% p, [, ]/ z# J3 g4 G3 k
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ p% K% C3 ~: T
& g( i) x( B, g# z3 ^9 EIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 w8 ^0 e( L" b2 G9 _; W ' Y4 x5 G1 A" d4 _+ v! j8 I: V9 xShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . Z& B z' P5 S, U . d$ h) e5 [$ B* }+ tI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% Y. I6 Z( P: V9 b. E& A3 [4 y# f
: P1 W6 Y. s7 T+ J. P8 A5 {- b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % J$ F' I. P! z) x3 ?$ X* k 9 I0 P: i5 q; d% K- a# B/ ZThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & [. k) r$ `: `+ Z8 y : y! s! u9 `3 N& s3 M1 g R1 JThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); o8 q& ?2 B- E/ n0 H) E4 t5 D
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 \2 U0 s# X0 ^
" X B! r. l# N: C& BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 N( X. m1 ^! r" W8 A, _, A) |0 h( O( V* v8 M$ q, ~
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! ^8 L/ t, I- [$ G7 J+ D1 Y$ l2 p/ W- T) o% G. K
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * Q- i; I% H! H2 p! a5 d5 ^ 8 R/ S- z8 {/ z& l# n+ o* ^- s写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), l! I! y) S9 c3 i. R0 \
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 M0 p0 S& N% e/ i% o
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6 L* K) m9 y; W- T' l. U3 g( Q3 d3 Q: w0 D 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' J% b4 |, G3 L
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例如:% L8 \5 E+ s: J! W8 Q8 V# u
1 r; C5 h/ N. d/ p! U T1 rMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 [; f" p* E: n9 k8 i( G3 y" B. D+ V7 ?6 d! _$ B% A
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 ]& m( C( i, l, {2 W8 H8 d# L: J8 f8 ]* E i
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , r. ]# Q- U+ o+ E% R' [ t: o6 _/ [( V9 ]8 I7 w2 o6 @) A
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ ^8 |. z) D# D( q8 {( w
7 b! p% @! j/ @+ MMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 J* N: x7 _4 Y* U5 Y8 q4 r5 F9 r1 a
3 M" f7 n/ |* B' m! ~Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 j0 J& b% ]" M2 ?1 e: Q. K& ^( ~) k% F+ j. S5 q7 S
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 l1 l/ ?# s8 {0 }# ~, x+ b/ v) X) \' i
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 Q2 O6 B* m) e. o3 X( F# @ & O/ E+ c% w9 R* Q3 _同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & r. Z" E- C9 F" c0 x, k8 `2 A, n
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; c+ V1 l; U+ Q5 }2 ~ ' [3 ]1 s* T& J# b2 q3 c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ f9 L5 Y1 v8 f# i
5 D5 p& {/ |' r+ J; ]对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- x) c2 ]3 X( T
) k+ C9 m% @/ U v1 k对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 [# c' G' w6 M, V1 x3 M% g0 M
' } {: h( U. ]0 \5 a5 W对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. ~5 w, l& d: x) Y. W, o' B
7 t1 @6 @* X6 M# ~5 i8 Y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 c, T1 Z. M, D $ r/ q: Q n7 `3 n+ O还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' E1 k9 b H5 Z# K6 r
" L0 o2 p5 M' w$ f有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 r7 D+ g t, m, P& L3 t1 G3 e