本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * c7 L- B% ]! A+ ?3 G, L
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 }- j3 `; J; H7 M
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1 ?: e' T Y# Y( |/ H+ @, ?' Y1 _0 ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " J; S; F7 _+ Q2 {8 x9 _ ' X. ], Y: V$ r3 _5 [( K" dThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . \% C u9 _2 e, R) b6 Q$ F + U1 P8 u& G: J' R* uThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 ^3 J, d) ?1 c: u7 i! X, l, K* `5 _+ u% M- l
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): l$ X4 G4 u( J* w) z8 Y
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 F' h `4 a: J" U4 k& p L; v
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 R/ h8 V+ x' s J
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) O# K7 ^- v2 ~- ^* m8 ?- f& v! Y% d
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 }9 Y' H; G: F3 @" O, ~ h7 Y8 I: \6 h! i Y, n3 U* l$ v6 P
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" s) E; l6 m( N! v2 H
: @" C b4 A4 Q6 B( y9 `* r) lPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* m% U; e; Z9 {( f t
9 L7 }: H8 P' b' ~$ Q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, c( Z1 H) R, D2 P0 i
# R# V0 h& I6 i0 \ [$ H. j" F; y: X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# U: z' h/ o4 |) u9 K9 Y+ e. B, r
: y: G! Z: R8 H% v例如: r+ T' I- L- ^7 d- N- D . r( o3 o r5 j! y, a9 t: T5 EAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 P6 u. { }# C0 E6 U# e3 \8 f% e / ~* w5 g4 G: ~, Y7 c& e- r5 m; _' w: hDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) o2 G6 h7 s6 m& b- T) o- y3 }7 `+ m7 D5 i
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " o/ |6 [; K* S2 D3 R& G; \" d: b8 G# t% _/ c
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 O( U5 `, Z. t% f) J3 F- J+ p/ [
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 l1 @3 i1 O9 r$ B, Q+ _
0 U) ~! s( H7 h9 L- x- q! y1 J( {/ Z5 XShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); }* b7 a4 S8 ]/ G, T2 `
- o$ {0 I# t+ L% OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 d+ V- E$ _0 j% N + T: J% h4 s% n) o5 a3 W如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& K8 b X3 d9 Z: A% S+ l; X
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 Q$ C7 i a7 F4 l
7 E7 }# V7 z1 M0 }3 i N0 yThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), P. B; G, F& B' U0 |
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 |4 H/ O% e) ~2 i5 [5 K; P" z" K# D! ?2 O
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 H& U2 M5 O- ` n
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ a# d0 Z9 t& F% r4 j" x2 Y$ u) I
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 \7 B: y5 @4 ~6 R& q. M
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : B! ` o: ?& D7 s, U! h; ^4 F' {: N
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 e2 O# F, e0 E5 ?$ s! \ Z" R" S, @% f) s( o1 H
% {3 d/ I( M/ v1 r- a 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & p8 K; `) r# Q6 h+ Z7 s8 ` 9 R+ g( ?6 f4 B7 ]& s# L例如:$ d! q, k1 I0 J* H# g" a* ~1 ~" x
4 n1 S3 A# F, Y! k6 W- e [Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 K$ S( N. L; H" t5 m4 y& I) w
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 |5 k/ Y" {) I0 \, M3 A* j) V+ w3 n* W4 \! P' Y) x8 L
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 b# h0 ~4 @" R0 m4 v5 l$ K3 H8 m
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ g8 R! w7 M" K% j$ \- C- E" X% h- M
& q% W/ s- o6 T# u- JMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" J; r; d% C2 E$ n) z
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 K* L; R8 Y( h. S" P6 t6 w8 r# u% h) ?
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* L2 t1 q' H9 n" Z0 O
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % j( I; T$ |" |& a$ L. \0 j/ }1 \ % V# |5 E, }: V6 A3 B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 k$ V1 e& U# o1 ?
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 N$ Z8 [) @4 x. K; L8 L+ j% X/ l9 M) \( T/ B& `' e. j/ o: q+ F
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; p4 _% M* l5 B
4 L, |" |" I. Z9 b) T0 }/ N3 q" M4 P对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, i* \" }; {- H( q5 d" g7 k
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ B# f7 X2 L& j
7 G. |! a0 N+ [* N4 x对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " N. q- D' Y+ x+ b( d' A& B) A$ ] , K8 h/ H. D3 @$ h$ W至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 t6 ], k, E5 D/ D+ u* n3 ^" | 3 H7 t& ~- g, I0 _9 Q) f还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。& n7 S" _: q5 S# @8 w4 p
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 e8 ^: S7 R8 M2 Q