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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 X- k' F4 k# A, r
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例如: 0 X& d1 P" R1 x2 G3 |( ?6 w ' e! N" U& A2 _! e4 IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , O; Y# `6 Z, V7 W' F' R: @. u+ z. o3 d! \- v
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + S( Y0 x( Y' u- W1 X6 Y ; r0 u3 i& s) C6 H) ]1 v. D$ wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 x; y* u2 X- c) u( _2 q/ @# {# V, [* P# W+ w
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 M, b$ \$ Y- N; l
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 x# D# t4 n: q& ]& V9 ?) \0 j6 @# A0 V5 o) j$ {4 Z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 r# {- D9 b0 h. u- W* M
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! `8 T) \0 X8 x) I4 I2 a
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % Y4 Q! ] `" V7 V* p, L1 _# b+ v7 [4 `( k& w; v
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) U6 a+ ^+ Z0 E: q' h" k- d
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % e5 O0 b4 h# I, i8 a) N, F. [6 D7 b
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( }% u* l$ V) d. ?7 p$ G/ r' E; c
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+ \% ?7 F3 {$ I4 t0 y+ p* H2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ l a4 r: a3 |
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ a' {) R& x- Z& S% [% ~' x# D* J* B( O0 k k. z0 I
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 \, D$ l7 ~* n& o) G; S ) M r6 I1 s. l* EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; {( a& d' `# ]' \: c% }7 K x" V+ m+ x o
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), w# f* D1 h$ j* O% N. O2 _
1 V' Q# c. F6 i5 x( g7 J) oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' M1 i+ G4 v0 f; `0 l( i3 H4 r7 w9 U
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 E/ L( I2 W8 Q6 T. [ ! O: |7 }; h4 c. z y$ a+ t$ X2 sI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 R/ J/ v6 d9 I1 a# A" K6 ?, L2 o2 C; k. ~$ V
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ X$ E. F( F# `) v+ r
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 ?) R3 D5 Z) }8 G3 x9 T4 x$ q
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . L, J% U3 j' F + {7 [- x$ P. v" r5 b1 PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" C. E p/ ^* n7 a: b9 e
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ p6 }! D) K/ ]1 Q3 a, M& q B/ K, |8 Q
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - E6 d+ e& U4 F- {7 \. s) Z8 D6 w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ S# M* N, }4 V0 G% `" J+ X
/ K' y8 f7 h. @4 _" f5 D# p9 A! c5 x写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' `& z2 X. d. G! M. ?6 t' F
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& \* S* P# d7 U. [) V. F0 Z0 X e
: e# L* Z4 f8 ]+ k7 c$ V+ `6 F$ ~2 `7 g! ]5 m+ ^" Y& x1 p W+ g 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) ]3 W/ H8 ~6 E& A
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8 P: N, S1 ], D% |' B# I: e' k0 `Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ M" B( h- N y! U" C1 f
( X) m- X9 _: }! Q6 L& F7 pManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 t' R8 n8 b# G2 `# |
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& s# ?! ]; R2 o- d- G
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); W; l% r: r& q4 L
) I) t, _6 X) DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 f; ^: d6 Z9 ~! G h; P
: G. h) z, {+ Q" `5 EPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % l# r+ e; t- U2 x% n- U: K9 y/ `0 i2 i5 O+ c" ~2 T, w/ Q! u
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 R2 t2 j J1 p5 v" ]
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 S' ]# U; {* N5 U- J1 z" p. w
* j3 B, L8 B2 D. X6 d2 x$ t0 o同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , d# J8 l4 f3 Z: G0 K( e / Y6 n$ D( \) a4 Z _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : G# E! c0 c. c! e* O, s8 ?* C + @( c' s" x" a对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " D ]4 w7 P/ G8 |. L( t8 H# Z$ e; f/ J1 w
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 J9 N) t `; s 0 |8 V* ~6 c& w9 U) t$ j/ A9 I对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + B% u6 R" A" B/ o$ S! f. [: O% @5 X& S* S$ ^4 t) `% W( {
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) ~: T" G( i/ K9 s; s4 F
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& q8 k0 F$ R2 b1 A% r
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# }, Z( o& A0 n+ K. V
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 R( R7 ?& S* w, v