本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 J$ H2 p' m* [
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 H* _) l1 M" Q
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 ?2 s; ~, R/ w/ S 1 h5 Q) m& k; }0 K: O6 I+ TThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # B$ q( [/ y% m0 ~: ~ 9 }* S- z3 M' f, ?3 Y3 JThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / l2 n& b s1 X6 _+ y; B. h7 R9 o5 k2 r) @& _$ H
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! g& F$ t1 {' T- ^2 h
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " d) m" W& X/ y" n& {. W5 z6 K9 d+ v( a/ |% B
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 ~ L8 u p. ~. D
+ \5 T+ `+ L, z; RWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) D, _- J) R0 u5 _! c2 \1 m# P
, n, a& o0 d1 \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# t: k* o1 V9 ^$ _0 D8 P
' P$ H) [2 A0 _/ U* f' `% hWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 m2 [( B3 C. z: ^5 s - K! I1 S- r2 o8 g x9 O XPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 U' y6 R1 x3 w, ]& r6 i g # I# W; _5 ^, v: N7 B5 v这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! @* n- R3 e6 n- K) g% C
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& g8 X/ ]! x$ G0 t2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / h. L/ Z% a- a" {: u! A0 Q" G5 \. z6 J4 Q; i" I
例如: + |1 l+ Y. O0 K, Y2 n- O6 b. T/ A) H/ Y' z! J8 z# m9 r) w2 R
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) M$ L+ t* @4 J2 {) W" w! U6 N# j' G; T
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 a5 @- J7 j$ f/ Z2 B * ~9 r# N* n8 s) qI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' z: Y! D8 ~& F9 E3 i# C+ l4 {, }% P+ g! k& E$ [) z0 h; S- c
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); @; N' H, i$ [6 m) t! H2 f
5 h+ f+ ~6 t$ W) H3 l. QIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 t. K; C& F% k$ _8 }. { ' {# R4 n, H. B/ b- qShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 G" a3 B" m. s. q3 ?- L- c2 y4 C. C# A# j
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( e- _" a7 J4 [- A
' E) _( U( V r! y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ q$ h9 E# T# u' w
; ~8 W8 l( |: k5 ?" u7 lThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * F8 N+ \1 {, x4 U2 S4 P9 \: e1 j o0 z
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! x( {1 O: o% p, C' [5 [5 M6 T
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 m C8 ?& c2 H2 {1 M
) X3 h& \0 G+ }7 r6 m b) `He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : |# ^+ y7 _2 j/ p u; V; ^0 x9 ?; u! z' q: K, y
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 o+ F2 g6 j: n" J2 N9 S0 h4 P o; Z( I# _; k. _* S
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) W; O8 v0 G' f2 A! d
$ D1 ~: \8 U% N7 e7 U2 |. ^9 p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * T, i3 K. G1 S& P0 E - o; ~/ v# X% {8 M8 q9 a此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! F, }( C) a4 Y8 F6 @9 q: K) G
* ]3 D" ]! Q% e' d4 J8 n3 T2 A5 M! H" T$ f 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' x/ C# k) j* u7 {3 Z
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例如: / e$ E- v9 A# I- y+ ] 4 H' T3 |* j# n4 {! {5 oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) I# h8 v9 p2 V
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - t1 }6 _% i' V9 F q* m: o: j/ w6 B1 x" B* w
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 c1 }, k8 O% E5 H2 p
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . K% S& s$ A8 x* }9 j; X4 k ) @% C: s& a' g7 AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 r N& @: e2 j8 n& G+ F: q) m
# X& I% P/ b3 f" PPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ v' B7 k0 B1 I) _; Q9 |
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- {2 p9 \5 p& N( f. Q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 U( c' E0 |; _' Y2 S+ ?
h7 U7 l z# }: W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; ]8 [' |: ^/ g! ^1 F0 n6 ]2 o# U' u, K3 Y u7 u \) J
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " E9 z, n% l& h% T |% Z& }% Q+ C8 j8 t: a$ S
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 {5 _& V# C! _5 V3 i2 c
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 } E" ~) \2 Q5 c& \) f# { 7 m8 x5 M0 N. a( k" {" d. N r对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% l I& a8 `; [' C- T7 n
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 2 f' Z l6 l W6 I% Y7 j+ q5 t! ^: \$ y- @* n" V7 _/ j# `
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % Y* h/ `1 c+ ]* H( j* Q 4 G' U* l! @+ M3 ~1 K; s7 S还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% ?1 q' v: o: h) P; @
0 g2 i, X% U! u9 D! [" v q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 p& [& A% K3 h' W9 b