本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 m* { W$ D6 D' s- M
% m! C8 C) [! Q 转帖 : b- W$ d2 l$ `# [: b& d( |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 w9 Z. ]( M8 E! h# \
. P: g+ f. r* x% `7 ^例如: & b2 L; J- O! J: C5 K" G$ C1 o/ p$ U! Y% T% U2 `
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # Q8 [, J; u5 I 5 S( O6 y r$ L Y) m' b6 MThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 C2 q4 Q1 `, M2 @ 0 k2 }4 ^$ V6 O" p. [7 TThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 B! u( V [5 Q3 }$ `7 I+ I N
) \! B% F& d6 Z7 }
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# W; d% I) T2 b% c o
. d+ X5 ~6 o! M+ ?1 } ]" KI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & M" S2 v- K4 _, n. u! M0 }) Y! K9 h' a
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 F2 H6 R+ U4 K! @' y6 C: z( k* Q( n6 H6 L! W$ ^7 M
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 h( Z! h" u0 L: n! m
^" G( _! |: u. X9 `6 d" z' _2 o+ L
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * C3 ]( Z" M! H7 s- L" t - ]2 B1 j) D! `* C: z* o, FWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 I) q4 s: s2 A) F/ V " w' _% r* t* V. J- R* `Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) ]5 B$ l% A( g- G7 N
+ J' c' q9 m: m& Q* H7 A这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % Q% x! t% n9 K6 V' l4 m- z& r' f$ U1 {5 c
& C2 B7 L- b) }, |3 r3 O2 g& K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + r* Q) Z' s# K* r% O: p) ^) X4 p- [9 R+ O( q6 s. k, F8 U
例如:1 |2 G- l9 G7 k( O5 Y. x, M
. U- P1 O* B+ S1 t
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" T+ H c/ ~( O
) A3 ]+ x" S3 Q. C( x# kDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + L- o S a' f/ s* i- s' p' T% ^6 T# I( {
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : N! x. Z/ v4 x8 W% w+ N. O( c; M- y
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 O, s' }+ M+ g' R q' _+ e' k3 \2 k9 [% S Q, O, C
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) v& O" X! m! q! `( Q
- J/ X$ b0 O6 S+ O: IShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( m' ?: O+ j8 T" _/ h- l% y
7 T- ~8 p/ r# p0 f
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). _) b8 |0 S3 K
) c Q; ?# T: n, e5 o
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& T6 T6 {3 w5 d5 I7 T2 ~! T
$ q% r' o1 d1 \/ W+ L) U5 K$ uThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& P; ?' l" n e
/ Q. _' f0 H# b8 H1 t# ?
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): s$ o, _6 u7 {) O1 l
9 e: X; u+ l8 r8 E9 n
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), f% j/ U1 w' \3 c( w( }1 E) S l
& u! W" d' v' K6 e( o/ _3 ~) b6 a
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / d5 j( I5 A6 O % j% Y" q" p2 ?9 hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). h Y2 O a2 [: B
% g2 ?. h# Q& U
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + U2 z6 x6 k( X- e 5 u% G5 {$ ~* H4 p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) c1 F B2 [+ u& i / }; e* K: R* e2 A' v3 R2 }* Y. F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 R& W7 U$ ]. D9 h7 f, X- t9 g
% N3 X" Y: Z' C 1 y( v4 C+ ^! E3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # ~$ ]/ H; n; G1 [) }9 j6 T) k$ `5 V1 T1 F9 i
例如:0 `1 e5 x- m" Y9 a% ~
8 v' u# s- G% M1 G6 Z. a
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! X* t8 }$ Y0 ] m0 }7 ^# k5 b8 z5 R, m
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- j M# k: ^) P; h! {
" Y$ D/ R! L# k! i* vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % L, U# I4 d! C, j% G6 _6 g& l7 F9 U- ^4 g6 R$ E+ v5 _
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); i+ z9 f y* b4 D& a0 U
* k: E1 H/ d/ I+ z
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' k) k% V3 G) m6 Y/ i
) l2 N8 v$ A1 n1 \, r$ b7 p1 s
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* ^& k3 Y- q c4 ]) {2 i5 _/ Q# G- B
. n$ n8 @6 p( a+ e- V+ ~6 o# L8 _
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' b9 Q5 U* _* g: c( \) f' u
x/ p. E/ `' G3 h
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- v+ F1 T! S9 f
" K( M( p2 C) R1 T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 X8 `' q8 {# Y+ O6 O' @ V9 e, E9 X! E: G
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 L: h/ X4 s* y- F5 q/ L5 I
4 Q; M8 ]0 G, ^5 v( B: F Q. F# l
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 c2 e3 O8 H* L" ?2 F( }9 J0 U3 y s: x* p7 L3 E$ c6 G
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 T" y! } [$ k! k! e3 k& d
* ]+ A$ @7 H1 s7 {% w4 v; ?: w" T. q3 C对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; V# s3 \4 S- o O2 C [" E, {' {( a! f6 b
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 X1 ?/ m7 D3 B9 q6 @1 @
# q2 p" f' ^. B' {6 ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ S' V% m% S2 A8 \' z( p; {% W; u2 _2 p. [2 k
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # |) G5 d5 C- M R( v8 a S5 \& Z; t* X有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + c( U' ]( D8 A' ^* F% |