, m6 X( r$ w1 O: R5 b& o转帖, C {( i; M4 d
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " d5 I$ `* Q5 l; d( f7 S6 Z4 c% z% K
例如: 0 p9 n) Z" ^9 l8 d' ^( V ' \0 q' Q1 L( J, v- j+ [7 cMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% v X. V2 a6 ]8 e; B! j
$ `5 N! S$ `4 u) LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 |$ E G y/ Y4 J0 E7 _' D% h* \! R
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). F; T V3 P7 O. w ?
6 Z* U( ^- M3 A$ qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + }( N) U1 ?) @+ E: c3 i; Q * \$ T1 o9 z/ W: s5 f5 c/ }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' R6 I: _5 v1 d, b" s , i8 \. H3 \* r1 B2 t. mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 t, O/ q1 N& F* _- o. R6 Q0 \" B; S/ |- ^0 A
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % \$ m* O* g1 e7 @ ( |3 r/ l2 b9 G% }( |The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ M, F, Z$ x# J
. i( v- z T0 S/ S8 F
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! J5 q' e( i& g
0 A' g, k/ N2 R& G) e; c
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 Z7 d" o- B2 z9 J2 S: x z " N9 C4 i# q O. D- F1 @" {' V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ L& b8 O3 T; E: o* K) j
3 _' p- {# M6 j% u6 ?8 g
# q5 A- h1 o+ _$ u/ t4 u2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' g1 p3 w9 w) G 2 x6 `) c& z: y; n2 G$ `0 T例如: 7 o. h8 L4 a; { $ B' \3 O- \" l3 BAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& p5 L' X# m, p8 w6 ^9 X
0 f- C3 S+ u1 E8 L0 M' N4 N
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - k& V. x1 N6 G( t ; g& e4 |1 u, i# V- dI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( q! O1 u. [! n' b$ E
5 k, v& W; M( h$ N8 yHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 q6 w7 v6 ]& u# j
, k) g, _. u' gIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : x6 Y0 ?4 [/ N0 t( H9 O3 G2 }9 }# w! W/ k3 x. Q& n2 S
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; U/ N1 c; `9 J4 d i6 t 2 n, J4 E3 q* A" K- QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! ~ r/ H7 q6 \# Y
: x" r/ U# e- U$ D3 B# Z) q. Z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! a4 e8 ?6 r$ P+ v 4 C" m, C& i6 i% m/ QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; l* |8 E. Y+ F! P. O: e" @2 B3 |
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). o) j- H) I% n4 b
; U) u" e/ M2 O% c
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 |# Y9 `% r; e8 B
' }! k6 s3 q( n( W1 e- iHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' l# _ q. {" a( P# K% u7 O 8 g* X* E: P- z3 q2 ?& cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : N. M4 G/ f; J2 L0 a6 R/ g. j& E ! w6 S8 F! |7 [, jEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), x# \% k: t& C5 j* l! t
' k% d E) _9 y
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 N8 R7 V" a. F2 ~0 l0 m# V 0 U- ]- a' h0 v0 B; ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* X/ Z0 h8 M' x5 R: ]& ?. l1 `" X
, H6 t! t1 u% x1 D$ w) q+ D1 I
; ]/ Y1 c1 M8 u' G$ P 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& P9 s+ `$ n: C2 S: j5 Y( C
' Y5 a9 T- c, \3 Q4 l8 E7 a
例如: : ~6 U% _4 g( X4 } c 1 T* Y. _, q4 Z3 sMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 e, F5 O. C0 U& c* ^
3 Q# W' m- p: i/ N2 V0 k
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 l' g. r+ T" ? ) p3 g; \1 |9 a- @) p2 F9 {This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 q% Q8 `+ ^5 h4 r% Y- P2 ~
1 N" P @3 x0 Y: V; ~# a+ u
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' w9 v% Z9 J3 }' D2 i1 Y
& u6 l2 e+ M" }- s5 n. NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & p6 H& q3 O, C: j" G% c; B1 s8 {9 j+ O- s) C7 [6 h
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 c* _, Y: K% v- {) o4 E
: D4 E" I5 n; _* Y
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 h. H. q0 z; B- } 5 }% }" Z, C3 P* h- fStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! E& k' j s: q- ]& o
+ z- V$ ?0 w+ |$ R同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * P7 F( A* F P+ Z& ]1 E/ @8 M8 Z0 u# C6 }; \/ g" L; y! T
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 n8 l K2 e ]" @) t3 x& d0 V' { k* ?) ~& k! c+ H, q, W
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 ?* h; U: e2 R9 H5 P( [
; Y: ` P, `' @1 ~( z
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 ?. R% f$ R6 p% E7 j2 K% S* O1 W
' F3 e0 i: M4 V4 H; Z
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) A+ Q. U- t# \8 f- M 4 f5 V* J2 v( k! {对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;5 h% E) M- M% S. g$ o5 Z7 k
6 }, B/ w1 `2 t/ S( ` S( u
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 ?9 N: l* Y8 N+ N0 S# X% @) }/ d9 E9 L$ R8 ~3 e
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ [; k; _0 ^ @3 v , }7 i1 m% \+ B/ U: x# Z7 J0 R有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / ^4 z7 y) a* r& Z! r7 J