本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 z3 @9 b3 p& f% B5 F
* V1 Y/ D; T, p- l0 } z 转帖 7 j" U# p/ k$ ~: D1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : m# m0 e# }; u 4 B8 W- V4 ]+ G, d. c例如: # S( |- j |" ?( O" G& A+ ^1 B + D7 L6 A* ]1 z2 eMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" E6 _3 S; x1 [* L
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& u3 Z4 S! h7 |
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 K& T8 I+ o- W$ d7 M5 V & r o7 A7 k8 y8 |8 _& G# i v: {The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " s. `9 p! O o6 u) x % M* j8 n# T/ yI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( ~: c0 g% t* u9 c
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : M( P1 ], u, F. Y3 C; H5 L ( G$ \+ P3 A3 U7 H* \" kWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 ^9 x: t1 ~% f) g
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) r/ e& D) ]5 H- F8 U1 l & [( P: @% K' N6 c' W2 u* e YWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 S8 q8 L! v! W$ ^! _/ O1 M1 V* P " ~3 a5 }/ M% y$ ]* s! m4 XPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 _) G) E6 F! @$ X. ?
3 l0 r7 j4 w) X% z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 k: T- }3 }" S( W' {5 h! H7 m
. _- \, n% ~% A ; d1 L* F& w w0 u+ ?2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 Z* C; ~+ g4 o
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例如: 4 g9 D. L1 i/ R( h3 S- @9 P1 h8 J2 H% \ r7 U% L
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 b* o8 B/ n. p9 _) K6 ]& @8 p/ E2 _
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " L4 `3 e5 }; p2 U; n6 c& u: I1 F 8 @9 P/ u( J, q' z; m" |/ LI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 |. \- [' K$ J& @# V, x, t* l/ @( a- I- r& V' w
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 L( j; |& I4 U, `1 G6 [0 N: a: v+ o0 k4 a: p1 z* C
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 m, f5 M# M& O& c: o
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 U, `+ t& ~! t7 O# R4 G, `* \" f% l3 h1 g" U( g8 T9 T* j6 v
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& A! L. w' F0 O% l. L
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 K4 \/ o- Z* O) n- W
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 D3 u# @7 |* t C6 }7 q, P
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 }+ |; m: Z* A- v/ h4 }, ?( |. C( `! s4 S
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . h. w4 H: z* C+ }1 A* T$ K. X! f# Z$ `% P9 Z: |8 [) H, M7 Y; }
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . s* O& H, A# D: D % B6 ]4 D2 t( n5 a3 I2 v9 @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* m& n6 g8 z% A6 g. q- h
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 i4 x7 e# j m$ s
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- B; `4 u) ^% R. v) L& F
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 N5 f9 p* y, p9 K ) j7 S0 F0 Q' c1 J# i; H - [2 C7 a- e; g" O6 y" P9 w2 Y1 C3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ V7 Z; E3 }) x% {4 a- a! [1 Y9 H6 C
# F8 K: J4 Q% @例如:5 Q {5 w- X8 O3 K7 m7 b6 r
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 e7 S3 R) g1 x7 V! H5 _
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 I: g7 b) v% ` @4 Z* M% R% ]/ w
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* [5 ]/ m2 q2 i. H
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 w" I, I5 ?+ b( W. { |
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( N: \/ o: n1 ~, a
- ?8 s7 y l6 V- B; t6 ]( EPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): w, d: a; O+ U
* i/ F5 V% o$ ^* ]/ r2 G$ ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 N, w) ?) l2 K0 D" U5 {5 U 8 `5 V8 m9 b) S \. O) x# KStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! l& ?- H* Y' t8 [% K2 b, g1 v) ?8 ^
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" n. N5 F5 d. x' E9 |/ y
$ p8 D, M; X5 o3 g当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" t, L& U& F1 ^# ?
9 a# N" d2 H4 d$ o6 E对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# ?9 g# u2 Q( K5 ]+ c5 A8 o
- A6 }0 B7 p C对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, Z; |) B; |5 z
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + l2 Y [; C8 F- z% m! Z( {1 H# Z& a1 A
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + D+ ^% ]6 w1 X% \) _ A% G1 A* c' b9 A
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 `# v: P3 W/ N; x' j. x
3 X' |+ R; }3 k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 B" C; ~* A. d" H; D N7 J # `, S" \9 {8 n+ G% j$ q+ z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; {1 n4 L. k8 k! _) \