本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ C5 ~$ F- N5 I, i, W* H
+ ^& k- F' J; j' s4 ?# _转帖 4 |1 p9 ~: u& x( V" ]1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 D! I3 W; s! e8 d- s) W# i' y) ~) h. J4 K2 f; D9 d' X1 T
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& `" V! a; D& C% R+ r3 \, _6 e
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 S" }5 z/ T7 u3 h' W5 |. i
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); @. Q& z+ }, x: F5 Q) ]: y
% R! `5 Y$ z4 B1 ?0 j, |The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 T9 ^( l/ _; h( ^1 K! g
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ h2 X5 |2 ^& X+ m7 {7 U
0 u2 S( s# B& @ r: X$ J* ?8 b- nMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # X9 G" L+ A2 p. ~; I6 d, z% }2 l$ F( N2 v6 Q5 D$ P
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 n9 B0 F5 w! L( ]8 t2 [6 P7 J5 a" P1 I ~- ?
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 g( L/ F; `0 v' c' u* M" T! D- u t# s1 c" A
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . F: u' _3 o$ d$ }+ n$ E- L0 m9 b0 b- o* J- W
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) W, y9 l' n0 G1 ]5 S
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ l: ]% M$ g1 Y, a" {4 p
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; b. @- ^ ~3 ?1 _: ? 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. z+ I9 x0 s5 x, H7 j' a
1 f% o2 p6 K# T0 T; }/ d; O例如:+ Z# m3 v% W. Y" A0 g. P
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) }5 W- U, }3 o; Q _4 t* o : Y# l$ B: |* s$ [Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , E6 j& N# G9 h& O' w# p 0 j% X: q* N* D8 v& ]! C( tI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , X5 \* i3 A6 F; ? x5 A 0 d$ S: H( o; IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* A* B7 {' ^( B9 x6 e
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ z5 n, V( v8 C. o( l! i' e
% ~( l; w1 z/ r# RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& Z5 ^5 f0 |2 {- M* }
: Q! ]8 n6 i; s( v3 FI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' U+ M$ d" {2 Q& D7 x9 h6 D! W
' g+ j2 \: e- B9 o" }/ W1 F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / p5 Z: W4 s! l' r1 N 6 Q' ~- D* Y0 \5 ?( z6 W) XThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * _" D- z _+ }$ b. c% e) }/ ^% \2 P: ~) ~6 o: }2 }9 t4 ]% N' p/ x- Z
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 ]' T- g/ J' m: z6 h3 ], ?& W
* R/ A& ?& X, VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 E. x# L; o* n; h) }7 _4 ] 4 j( g7 r: v( QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) {4 c$ B! ?. q& ~, _ 4 K1 v e5 r: A/ C5 Q, v! p; HWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* H( f6 J- |$ u7 q- w7 l9 ?5 H
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # N3 C# z4 n: j, @" b+ s 3 U2 L* w; h+ q6 L" t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 g% w4 i3 j E% y8 B 0 C" F7 ^! d1 {4 n. c) C9 B8 D7 y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& y0 C+ `" p5 c4 j7 e+ J8 h$ Q
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6 w! q7 J% w' ~! o3 I/ A3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / f/ L2 r7 R' X6 F# Y 7 a$ c+ H- n2 p. X, x( B0 w例如: . w6 k) e Q5 U, M8 V0 Z' _ 6 T% _8 b7 w8 X4 e8 E8 y) gMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& w6 `+ |; _- Q" ]
$ r/ ~2 M; B) o# K, a JManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) p5 U- I/ s5 e( B2 P
& e! Z) o' i( R) r0 V% ?: RThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , W' X0 M1 _0 E$ A4 H 8 s D5 J5 Q' j. i7 d% f# AHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 Q7 I) H% z, ]4 Q# R% B' Z( b3 Y! h0 ~ i
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), {: F# f8 H& e; E4 N
( k; U) {& V6 \9 d5 g. yPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 a K2 }, c4 E+ x" M: k
. d+ l( S) z2 u n& m% F( QCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * s j( r7 T' @% |4 `" a5 }6 X$ A# e& M
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : i7 }5 i) [* N5 a, I, d# q # A8 ]; q: b! s& E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ \" ]0 Q. _" M5 N7 s1 X3 w
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; s! J3 Z: P6 m2 D" e$ b3 g ' V) t: i2 f# b5 L& T8 A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# C- C* r& t$ M* ?* ^
5 M% T, O7 i) k7 U/ ?1 ~0 a对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- v1 ]; R+ |, z
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 t/ F8 k! ]2 {: A# b. z0 c6 d, c: Q: v* H
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. |5 w) G* S8 m
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& N" o6 O. }3 O. q8 C6 b3 ~
u2 Z5 t- Y. T6 w7 k+ Y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ U4 i$ _* N; Y0 W% [. e
& u4 U+ P2 q; f! s x" S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ U# |( z9 {0 M