本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 b" `, R( Z, }) H! j7 x& z. g+ y8 k5 b [# [* O$ M+ W 转帖* [4 c+ @. m5 u( Y+ y4 E& O
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 }! @) I# ~3 h/ f7 g
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 t! m: f [- A# f; A9 k- c- N7 a5 U$ R9 _8 }9 m: ^$ w
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), @' n8 E2 O3 h: N$ f4 j1 W3 k
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ N z2 i$ [! y
+ K* Z# _2 ]9 F% PThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 T3 R: k' _5 K: e 9 B7 d7 X; Q3 G: WI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 t: M' r. Z5 g" d! @ : ^ T2 C1 Y. f$ x- [! NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# z# t' Z1 a$ e
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); X: C5 a+ l! R- f1 a
) h* i2 K) N0 J% V+ q, sThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ d _; a! d t+ D7 G
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), U$ }& f9 Q! O3 E, A
8 K" `1 ]4 l* x( q% DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 L1 t& V; z) ?, v7 k& Q
+ N) W: D- L& }7 G1 f O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) [/ u2 y# ]" ^ ' i* x) r2 D& K$ L: h 7 r" w6 h" s4 o( f: m. O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: O0 L3 {- `# L. U7 |& {' i' ?- N" U
i# o+ B. G9 H9 u q, L% m6 P例如: ' ^! ?% z& F4 P ]7 n& F S# I 6 }& ?: b7 u2 ]( A/ rAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : z$ P9 [+ d4 J+ Y! F1 G 7 V; u8 M1 M1 Q+ vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# {1 ]8 _% j( K4 d
" z" I2 Q/ J8 z7 ]" Q% X! o2 @I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- u4 _0 d0 X' \5 b
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): |. R. L& w3 {* N3 V. l
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 f: \2 X! u; C; k3 b4 J& @; h 9 Z4 e- |2 u) c8 n9 Q. m, m( VShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 ]) \4 e1 j5 a2 Q/ Z
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 e1 a' r% g9 a% m
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 \' f$ b: X6 W0 q6 p8 t2 Y( P( j3 q5 {/ ?: z' u0 z
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) j H9 p& ]7 h+ U ; f' [1 `# h, M7 w! lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # \4 R B$ V9 ~7 @; c$ Z9 J1 J: E+ W. Z9 ]) E: |
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). Q O! ]& W$ v6 P
5 |1 u t3 ]0 U2 f a( eHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). R3 d! Q# M, I. ^" y& ~1 t
8 ~, \, o) S+ C; cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + m* H8 q$ X1 T6 o! ^# W " P8 i5 o& U2 V9 C, ]Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 x: [ D' p, [9 a$ k1 d1 F7 Y1 h q$ {4 } D" u2 w% ?0 d
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ D) b& Z' O9 o) b: p8 @
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . g' E' B# ?, K% u# T+ z! P+ l 6 u% s6 F" ]+ y* d L: D) ?. j1 A V { 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. _( N+ e6 f7 X
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) A" v8 \1 u! _6 B
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! I3 t7 R4 P, S
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" ^. _, b% V" D2 w/ L! Q
/ Q/ P2 t) N* V1 Z, mHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% a3 k R" Z. h
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 u: P+ `' |( B w8 W r% K. j8 P" T0 n# J
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) A7 B( g a2 X$ h2 _: q& M7 g9 K
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 M+ P a+ A$ y6 }4 f6 Q1 g! c9 z0 \# v" i$ P% A8 r% c D$ \
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * w) K; a% V n; n/ j3 G: V8 \4 R# w. z1 r2 r
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- }/ `" C+ [& a9 T6 _% j4 E$ I# P
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % j6 t6 V, {3 r' A) w/ L6 q+ ~1 u- a
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 H( z# `% F0 ^. {& T2 m9 ]4 S% Y4 z2 p
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . s8 t8 N; q5 I/ I, n% W! U/ q" r8 s" U3 p9 I$ N
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 Q `+ @: W2 O. F9 H1 w3 X o; s e* u' I; P9 g5 X1 K$ o$ r
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! Q+ F- Q4 B7 j4 d, R" B) v* F* I0 T; H7 e3 k% Y8 [7 w% E$ H
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 g9 |0 X5 i* n & I7 k, L. a& k# \还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; _( d! \) o. h( f3 p5 y( _( c
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * i# g- Q# J8 |5 S