本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , k# p, X0 w: E) x8 \3 M5 t
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 {2 Y1 }9 P: C- }0 n ) W1 P4 I1 d. T7 b例如:+ K: S8 z, Z, w4 p' C& a9 x
% i: A4 t/ p; KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 ^0 R4 j; y% n7 b$ ^% [. ]; U; m
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % Y- b4 O# U/ D. E' g( C7 e( i3 I0 G: v/ }: a
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 T' ^; V- p8 g: v
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , t* j* a: O- I2 Q # W6 y2 ^! r( o' U5 t) dI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : C) _$ b( Z, g5 P" ^) Y" B4 _1 V# H) \* \5 |" _9 K
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' d* P) W% r7 A: g8 t- @ C 0 k2 k; c0 c; B7 [0 i) mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - e; I' q, F, i0 N$ O6 e4 Z5 z1 \6 i2 X3 U
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ J% z+ u+ r- v" `7 q, n( Z) N: X
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 y/ V) v' w6 e2 ^% E2 K0 `4 X 8 W4 F- Z( U- ~+ MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), }0 H) S- w$ E' Y# u$ e" x
% ^/ A% R$ X4 K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! o% l9 r3 E: s9 n% r4 _8 o: V s5 \: c. x4 f
. i+ B3 q J. E8 w! i2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& s: P( ?; d( [8 d; w+ \
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! w1 F1 x6 t* _, l$ }3 J& y1 G
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 s$ Q+ O( G' S. s& j7 y3 q! h. E; l# J% x, ?. b6 F+ b
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , Y2 q- K/ f0 { F5 \# ^; j0 V& a- ~; ?# N
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 @) Y% h, I8 d" A& {- [
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & o, k; E2 I2 w4 m! t2 x5 u, _% h6 ]/ S4 Y3 \
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( `, t9 x9 q0 O* I: o5 I2 @ ?
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). t) G- I6 p7 P, s
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : Z; T" t' h+ |: i: h: n1 H% E$ J0 r1 D9 m3 b
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' w4 p1 z, r; Z7 H
|7 \8 _& l3 |) {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 M! V, i* [5 p* ?3 D( _6 U; P0 D3 h/ H, G3 E
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 `% f7 a6 f9 d ^: [0 y6 m7 l
2 }! N! I( A XHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 {/ e! D( y6 S" t, c
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 k" q7 n7 i$ x( z+ X& P J7 R. q; {- g: ^- r4 `( X
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( B; t8 c3 j: Y& L* q! s% b: O4 W! S" J( o0 w* Z5 z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) p1 r$ n" T5 {! o/ e( F& B) X" f
3 b4 `7 h# q& y* q* a9 \4 Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ g7 z4 f! v3 M5 Y: R
% [: B) S- V' k3 U- B, h( ? a$ F& r% h 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 y0 j+ I: {6 u+ I* F6 ]+ F) |" a+ \3 u! [% b
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7 I; O& x9 @/ K0 S; g1 E1 EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 I, F. x9 _" q4 f# x
1 d! E6 p, a$ L Q: s0 ZManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 H% G% @9 s9 M, Y0 V- E& a 0 H: T1 j- _; S: j1 kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 C) u* R; e' E; {3 Q o
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 R7 h3 [' \ j1 T% {) k) R2 L5 U: ]$ m7 M5 x: k: k
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 i1 w) P- N' E3 H _
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 N- Y) D& [* {( K
! v& \' }- m; z2 zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , y" z$ S* u0 M& S* q+ i# Q% F6 r2 Z+ J: a
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! A+ ]5 u' }, @+ e& { T5 m : X1 P- U7 Z$ `, z* \3 }8 Q6 o同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % B9 M$ \3 I& k ~# R- E * a# `( { f& u9 p9 V/ @$ Y1 y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 Y% ?. d# k5 l: d/ s- ^1 n) M& K9 V8 [# V
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # M7 u5 Z+ h5 l0 }! N 9 R2 O9 i9 @' c) @ j9 ^3 W对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* B! Z; z5 J7 n9 h2 p
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % W. s: U8 T6 y5 N* z5 Z3 F! ~- z2 w 0 M2 a/ |7 M' R3 p- B1 X% p对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% x9 x+ ]! _2 U3 i% ?
2 u( d1 ^) [; X% E" d& { I至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' y! F( L0 u: O$ E & U% a% d9 Y# b' _. }6 i还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; i6 \5 d: a1 I
. C2 x7 V7 o0 [8 [4 N$ v) P0 L7 D/ u有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 {$ q6 O+ L/ M3 x' E4 f: {