本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & z$ {1 d% ]; m/ p! c. V4 R; I; b7 t; l9 s1 n8 M( P8 u, a 转帖/ X, F( t0 q$ m$ O; f' B: I8 y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 {7 K5 [: o3 k" f6 ~1 p0 @4 h) X4 W
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). p7 N* U4 c1 A6 M! B! K9 n) I2 F
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; T6 a9 p2 H9 T5 `0 ~. o. [* S# A8 J1 F: }0 l4 E' S6 J0 _" ]
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ o0 ?8 z% M( @0 E/ M; e
- ]$ A1 _& H4 w! Q' d+ [& dThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# ` n5 A5 w0 z; j
. z& F9 u( j, I' ?I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ k. S# A# |2 g0 R* A
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 s* P+ I: O2 E# _9 E
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) `. f: s7 R6 S) z3 z, k/ ]; E/ Z
4 ^9 r0 H* _0 a( nThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& K4 n& i" D5 n a0 F
/ z3 N9 ~' ]! Z4 hWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% M) f2 R( A3 S I( {6 ~ x" [
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / B9 x: F* j7 x% U. a+ Z 7 u2 T7 O8 d" K5 w这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 S4 w" q, I: | : h: P X& |( u# n' }" i- n8 `; N. D5 C) l6 T% ] 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) ^% K- o7 q3 O5 S. F+ t5 P/ `* c I+ U2 w N6 m% {) ^
例如: 7 }, _' M8 g8 R- G+ k { ; H1 J6 a; u* E+ c% ?At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - I/ w% Y; J/ h! x. \7 |( k6 J9 w9 X 6 q; n) ?9 R0 j6 v" ]Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) O8 X0 o( t0 L: j; B2 N2 i, J
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 _2 j& u4 {. ~1 O, ~( j- D
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 F9 l* p3 R: v$ D+ b( B
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 D5 c7 p4 P' a2 ^% f 1 T, G! r6 Q3 p6 |* v9 CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 b0 a% s, R6 j1 q% H( h
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& T! v/ H; t" [& l, j
# B5 N. [: ~5 j) H9 D如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ g6 K9 M5 R: Y5 O/ J" b r o
" ^' @6 S) n& h7 @: E7 XThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & j' s; ?1 L" e/ ^& w" k5 _. a! q8 Z& J
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 N2 o/ y" I6 U; X1 N) u+ z! ~ 9 g5 `, k$ J3 jHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 }3 \/ {# v4 l( N, [. q6 x* s ! j2 l4 j, q [) ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * l8 G/ {& O3 p! \ 7 L- v- q8 b( `0 D$ o; nWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : b# S$ c* o. T3 ]; m% O' Q% V# \
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' y. d4 Z/ @- A% @' n I
) J' V$ l* O9 }/ Y* L写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " ^$ P. z5 j( t" O2 b/ Y9 K! L7 H# s. t
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / j4 @; z2 F! R* ~6 o 6 h) {2 h L q+ x$ S2 w! W8 X/ [) m) |1 _ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 l; U$ @" w5 l5 v# k) u# _( u4 x* g
0 q+ _, z! A% r' u) R4 n例如: # [0 |# i$ Y( _6 P& H/ n 3 l# ^3 Q# T6 N! c) LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* H$ H+ }; r& z; U
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) f. f# c' }7 j; m. i) R( Z! M& T6 _9 O, ?, F9 d
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% ^( r2 Y l" I! ~' o
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / B# h0 N; ?5 o# Q( J# S9 @* b# e3 U0 p9 @" c
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- U) s( P2 H$ u% ]9 x7 }
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! h+ P3 H# T8 ~+ {
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' e+ t% p3 ^" T9 m: i' F ! p I- {3 R( x: \% w0 P, r, e4 |Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 Q. Q" t3 ?4 i5 ]& A5 G
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, T4 r: X/ n2 ]$ {7 U, a7 c* p) |& K
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % B0 r5 l, S1 t6 b/ m, k3 i+ }6 G& q5 ]' d7 n9 G
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 q; w! Z1 R: k
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 h7 p* E0 F- I( X* |# ^1 w- c
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . y- i: F: r8 k0 {# _ 1 f) b9 U: G: u! S对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; E$ \, U) D* [/ k' n # L8 @: A/ h+ b至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& ^9 i6 M5 Q6 `; M6 v* [
) W& @1 S+ z4 [0 U' V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 O$ S& U. b& [" h+ y, O! v
% ^: r* q) A w4 G8 R4 z! `% I* x有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 r* i+ Z' ]& j* ~" ]