本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : N$ v4 ^$ w7 n ~" m" J
6 `3 o; }( ]3 O. O) Z& p0 u i8 S转帖 % T1 U" z8 X* j. u, m3 p/ t. [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 q' q3 n8 R" g3 z0 j8 `; R
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例如: % h. V" c/ D& S% B! \) j6 D3 e8 b 3 H4 c! L4 F# @- }+ l: u6 RMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) f% I3 j! I& ?$ @, c7 e* ]. I! y! z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 a. x1 b& _( V; h$ o! T
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! H3 B& r$ U m3 K. h3 _' S" O: F( c5 L& [! H8 c
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ A; ^9 U0 R; i- J, N; k
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! W1 [4 M( r$ {5 Z( \: h 2 P. K5 b5 ]( W5 T ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* \7 Z, S' I- l1 K1 _9 n6 G7 Q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( f4 S3 u. i9 r, p9 D3 e
1 @1 r, C* E5 |& e2 W( [- \: I# H: K7 MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 \4 |/ q! G) R8 W9 ]% a3 c9 N/ t$ S, j6 M
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ T0 |! _, Y' e- p8 T
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 x0 C/ E2 e s3 R
4 r9 [% C+ L' b% ~! [* M9 B8 k# t8 [' v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ n# ~4 `5 \0 ]' F
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例如:4 p& F* _0 d6 I- {9 O8 E& z
/ g/ S9 w% A8 }7 |3 \/ a+ DAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 ?- i# j5 |3 t
n1 H: G# a) `5 U) DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) C4 E; z' O! r+ P) S& v3 f# p: t5 R1 Z2 \/ U0 J: p* q' P& w) Z1 C
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# F. ~2 f* U: D; z( A" w2 Q- Y) _
6 k& R( i) q3 f' b. eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 Z% z# ~5 c, `+ X: u, ~
7 M; p! i* }( b- ^- }2 EIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): }; w3 `" S8 a7 _* a
# k- v: G5 P2 ?* qShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' {8 }* r# @: w " r7 ^' N# O& N5 \1 S5 S8 C; L: f) _I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- A6 w2 U0 _+ y. F* H5 ^
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " z$ i. C H/ }+ B 3 V1 E; U) S" Q3 uThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( [9 {8 l$ f" I ^: g }) h 2 z4 z+ z# R% K q- L6 YThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . P) J2 w' O" R7 ]3 C+ ~4 Z, l5 l ( @3 e: I4 a4 _6 W0 {, f: m" yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' D3 R* N% d" o* K; z" F# a6 {( h/ v
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % G3 o" T8 g# N2 R6 d9 E ( F* P# G; l" h* e, ]% TWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / }' B: \ j c/ ^3 }" b5 X" W$ m - h1 V, b" `$ C U) ^3 x8 REnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 @$ l% W7 T' m1 ]) [5 d5 P9 I/ _. X1 } D; r
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 t, B3 H, B! K: X0 q) T- _/ G! D* d5 F8 l; `
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - q+ T, ^, N+ e2 u, C* @$ A3 \; F 2 _9 e5 |0 ^* L& M, Y% F% B; y p3 Y# b5 l 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 y% L5 H8 y+ J7 T, t 8 f% h) i7 o% Y q; |9 R. M4 O2 [例如: ; Z/ n9 m: _( `; Z; @' N8 I2 z, `/ {, t9 i9 l
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; T+ x* W! v2 r7 U 5 v, }! `3 @! }Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ f) e& v! Q( M) }
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 S9 ~! P" X0 P0 V4 Z; g , T. @( ~; ?. w5 `$ \- T# p1 [7 [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % L2 n: ~& p& n# J1 }1 h0 J6 R* c9 d) u( m
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! s2 g d+ G+ t% M3 z2 w5 g& [& c+ l3 q8 I9 T8 y0 a1 C
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 {6 V+ {) r2 j
2 S( D5 P6 l2 ]$ u5 MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # W# P0 p( } r8 V# d. s$ } . a' Y0 n- @3 w7 V- {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( o; S" U# g1 a1 z# ~+ |, p$ f K8 S ) O& |4 O" Z2 Y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( b4 Y. K- n) C/ w: R9 d0 P & |- \' ?0 s6 T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / r8 B7 E' L8 U9 q' D4 U " P2 {$ C$ e, D对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" S/ Q$ ]+ j, q+ y8 }/ Y; {
' R0 \9 y$ }+ |+ O n& B7 v对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;1 F' m/ T2 `0 Y5 c- [
+ j" P8 ] T" r" V7 p3 w* Z$ U对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 \# w1 n% j1 d8 [+ U: W/ Q2 V; ]# C/ e) D/ W" p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; y) |6 S; f2 U9 C. C5 ^2 C" ~/ T3 \& G; r
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 Z4 B3 }2 B t$ v ; [3 K& u* k& |还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* u2 a' l: P* M/ r# _; M, \1 r' \
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 s5 c# I+ W# z