. d6 A: Z6 n4 Z( h' f4 q6 jMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 \- n2 L9 ~8 K7 R% k. U 1 K% e1 E+ _7 m+ p. L* bThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 K# a6 e- z) @( C. J 7 |0 f( ~2 N/ Z0 wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . z. J* K: w4 _. r" z. y- h4 z - W# }+ {& B. |" h0 {* wThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 [5 C6 N9 @( s8 ]. g/ n 0 k! q5 j6 ]- o- Z2 XI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 r7 _* h4 R& T
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , q, d/ I1 [% H0 U6 Y# ~; E1 |1 {* p$ |8 D" x/ R. c
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 V& A! C; e% W: z8 @$ W/ k
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 h) E7 N$ R6 W$ ^
& H% n# R( g( ? [6 Q! |We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; @3 ?% Y8 b' V. ~. \# z D( ]7 ?7 q' r% i* a; W7 a" R
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* Q* P2 r5 X: v$ V2 ?/ y; E2 w% N
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! T, V. |8 t6 h % c9 M2 t6 D- ~+ m9 A* O7 V. h7 E4 o; p8 m$ K- y3 Y9 N 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 V( d( Y* C* ?6 j1 T9 y+ ]' ^7 ^ ! I* |, L- X/ U2 T- g' l! t _例如: ; F, w1 U& ~. D) C. A& Q1 _" q3 e, O/ O/ X+ J6 p, T& ^
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( R* Z4 s. k( |4 Y: t5 P* K' ]5 z
" f) b/ {1 }) N6 eDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 t, e# s- W3 u
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# f% G: R+ I+ n; |4 o' M
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; L; o( E4 w$ H$ |1 C+ Y 7 F9 U2 C. h0 J& f1 w; g E' e* zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), ]$ C' t- Y; y4 A N" B
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), H6 b* w( W& y3 W
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' H7 K: n8 o8 U, [
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 M; G% L2 _0 D; Q% j; y% `7 j$ ^3 g
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 p0 F" p; @- x/ |) X0 `1 h9 y* d
( |9 w; b9 c4 _+ [* `9 U. tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 Z+ m3 z- _, B: p+ l `. w% w$ W5 M1 B9 z& O
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 c1 j7 U- @6 k6 f. a- [: S# t6 w& Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 k* _6 P. M( l& N' |3 n8 d4 A / U4 z9 a" C+ |$ N% i% CWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' |3 k% U2 [& p6 y j1 }& |2 }: d2 w5 s( K" {' x# S( i g }7 G
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* D! n' ]+ F l$ p; N
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 ^6 W# D' ]* B( G* a% X: o
! E$ n$ R/ N- C: r2 G* A! [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 F2 |3 }3 f( i' q& p: m# W- C& B( i4 L
- h; r3 j- M' g4 `! c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % L; x) b6 |! Z: g: T( {# t& g z$ _. J5 R7 s. Q1 S, q& E
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : Z3 F$ J9 U; X# f5 V( m9 e! j) P* o+ Z$ h6 d' ~0 K
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); Q0 t0 v5 @& h7 Q- G6 ~3 v
/ r( \* h8 C7 W5 s* ~( f- xThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 O$ N, N B; u. N- d" |: r
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) [8 d; k/ Y# @' P
8 |9 h6 u' S7 a* {Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ d& b j7 F; N9 o1 p
/ r8 I `4 k6 H2 B: N( [5 p" fPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * f7 l. n2 _8 K2 s5 Q) q% X: a+ Z% Z$ w, B \+ |
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ [9 {7 b) T. C; r; }
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , t5 ~7 h5 T$ g+ I4 p3 g( K2 h& M, [2 N' m
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' ]" q9 ]4 m5 U2 T$ ^' ^ 2 X- @; B0 d" F- a1 \4 d( ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% z" C b6 K; O( x
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 P7 O: f5 j! ~3 L F" Q( f# R+ I7 ^( a& n& K. _! r& u
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( `* A: [; q a/ u ~0 Z/ G
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 S" c% p1 Y& o: i " F6 x3 \8 ^2 |对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. h5 `: r1 Z' s
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 X7 x$ f. e. S% l1 X4 u5 S& ]) g( r2 f
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 `) Y$ h$ p v/ y G$ v" f, s
6 _0 O/ A0 q5 ]" Z, I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 ^, ^5 u! t" q& k- N