本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 [% Q5 W% x' I: T0 A* b
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 w- [; X7 q# G
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/ D$ b$ D: R' |9 LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) c: A# w; b. e% u1 t2 g+ l
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 [/ D4 h$ ~( G M4 g0 d# D : E! i$ {+ m4 NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! y0 p6 @1 m. O, T/ Q+ H# s/ u4 f0 K
! `4 |) h H& o$ KThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ [' _+ [5 N% ]" D
# }6 ^( l- o' }2 l6 NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), L& e9 r9 [. @5 P7 _
" b) p; [/ w' J! }/ e1 ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( n4 D7 q; E2 y- N: r% Z
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; D; M9 U2 J. S2 k. \6 v( P8 U2 u, T. e9 U6 P8 N& |, [& F
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); g3 N8 P ?! T7 V- Y
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) q. t$ T$ E$ f; |* {8 ^
4 y% v; J' |1 x" g. APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ o# H( F- I) F8 u
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- \4 p9 q$ r. I' ?
3 E' O: h& E6 m/ @$ t! I$ E8 [% ^+ v% @' p2 g4 u+ m 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 w5 i, M8 N( D' R' P
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& ?; _# H/ p4 [, K* x$ \0 s; }
4 \7 m* {- [9 u H/ B+ b9 K' P, [Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) U: a3 ?# o' y" v. `. W
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 X/ Z: t d: L' P' m4 C* c: u 4 J! U) P, E6 ]" K o+ a6 VHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): |. _4 j- l, i' n( s$ e1 n
% s. ]1 z: e4 j4 }1 r% k% oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 n+ R" A+ z% ^+ s # `* V8 D! n6 ~/ o. a+ kShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 K3 A5 j7 A, o: ]4 L$ _4 h ( j$ n! m0 r% u# t% ?3 m( Z; OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + A; {/ o& I9 d) v% {$ F0 \- P. } c$ C( d6 m8 E, p# I
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! n2 a( |9 U, b8 N9 F1 M' b6 ^9 |4 ?' t# }0 L! n
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 B5 G5 Z2 S, o 2 E* ?. G2 c9 ], e) C2 ?' XThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , }3 D% @. Q# ^' f 6 V9 M4 F/ W8 K% y5 x6 F. AHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! w# o6 [/ n! B, ]# |4 r
0 [ H4 n* D4 y$ h2 [( \( f" ^8 |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 t3 \. O9 ?4 f. W) r+ a! w . j" b$ [9 j/ S% D, w) _We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) w- h# J( } w* ] & s3 q$ q+ _4 H2 IEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 K( G- b- v* q% \3 \: E; ]+ q: }+ Y6 }0 A. I# P
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 R4 U3 E( o: u v) z ' W" W" z0 U8 r4 j% s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: e/ w m" S8 w
* o. y- ~6 K$ m2 y. F$ V# J. P- m0 @/ `- O- o# D: A I 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) @$ Z6 S7 x$ R2 z4 a. a8 l! P, w; P& h+ `+ n O6 u
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) _0 s; g; j2 O" [ 1 M% o7 u+ n- |, v. QManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ q( V! F# r. g+ X9 R
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): W+ |2 |7 k4 H0 F# r7 V3 ]
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 p3 a+ M V- `4 p( u, L3 j9 S E1 U% B7 ~1 o+ l$ w
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); A: P& ]8 W: T+ i
' \! l( n( `/ t$ O& }" i* cPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ o+ Q; @: e6 Z6 n( O6 k; C* u
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# X T, }% a" M5 @/ k
! _' } {8 i8 R5 {4 x+ v, S4 n4 [' LStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& x3 Q* m3 B7 P
* R# B' z/ u% p0 |" M同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 A2 r" u& D8 Q/ {% ^; w) o: X
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ i* D$ j+ [* [0 H) {* u; O4 C5 p" n( T- |7 v d
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ X! t6 G+ o3 _0 |1 i
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! q% H+ a- H- ?3 I% X6 b8 H
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; J8 C2 ?8 J0 E5 [, j% S / b& _5 E" k) v5 f) C0 ~. s对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% p' u( x6 V6 v v I9 g
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , K3 _" W/ Y7 T* A4 ?8 r$ g. ^: C+ r7 s# k4 p' P2 e
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 z6 H# i5 E: t9 q E6 g# Z7 Y3 S+ m1 c
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, C+ |6 s# F) w