本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 h& _# U$ v- Y% S 9 G) k7 [. Z0 A# ]$ k转帖 $ ^0 V! Z. q( e1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- _2 {& \0 l# X% o' G. d6 a! i1 S
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例如: ! D' z% D8 u8 a% O# @7 V - ?% x+ f8 q' ^" hMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" o& ~! O0 ]# \# d9 A$ f0 f
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 O2 F* C2 D1 Z( g3 o
2 x' N4 _: w- G( F# iThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 B6 @1 G( `" t! V- d7 ?6 v( [3 {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# p4 Z3 t% f3 y+ @! |3 d( H
9 j0 n& D1 N LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ |( M7 c* r: U) _; \% x# b# Q! ?6 g3 d6 R
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . z$ }$ z, F4 W+ g$ v9 v0 p: O( f6 X7 H' |: q( Y, ?
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # V, _ S' l p/ g* U& g- \ ) K; f7 J( X$ \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ c- u. |& R3 t7 P
% r- X1 {" U. m jWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 B. K8 \+ E9 f9 j3 J" j3 k% K9 G
7 \) ?2 N* q6 O8 n. B5 o3 z# D+ O FPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # ~+ z" @; y* f, }' `! {' D8 L$ m% p+ V! b
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ q: \7 p1 p# k: z
& C5 j- r; k! h3 H5 x . j w5 `8 X) ?, \: Z. w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! f" M( n7 W7 k( T0 ^! J1 F3 P/ @+ P # U4 r- O: {( k2 D v" J0 B例如: " N5 M" c0 T7 J& q }* _8 t( I & m# J# L, |8 b1 E4 b h/ X: @At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - Y* s g5 _+ H" R L) \0 P F% m: R C+ mDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 I7 j) Z2 g1 t: W6 A* A u: @' i0 G ! B* T6 P7 h4 Q; Z. jI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" j7 @' O7 h/ E% r
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) V+ f' ~- E1 f. E6 z 4 D$ H- e! E* G) r" bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 S% }1 ]' L7 ^6 y& V5 P + I" M& n+ c4 hShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; U9 g% k' {% j5 Y9 }& |. v1 N7 M5 R) m; k9 A/ [0 O
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) {5 D' L$ R+ |% q
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 ?4 B. W% F; {# |7 }+ n8 O
4 y' x) D8 i1 U nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 j% s$ l! L. q$ f+ a3 v' O2 R' X% p6 ^
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 a/ }: q6 k9 s5 o: R3 L5 k8 A 0 P% J) e3 |' Q2 ~$ I* KHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# } q& _4 j9 Q$ r$ h
; n& M: M1 { [' xHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( X; Y1 p" }, o ?% z8 v/ f" n ) N% C: t8 H* l5 s0 e+ @( vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 }2 G3 {3 ^3 o" o# q( [: y
- Z4 B- d5 o* K& r4 g1 |6 z$ UEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 H$ Y/ E, C9 ?2 y+ ^ z" j4 s % q/ q; `! {+ @) e/ I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 K- t) r8 x$ n
) @: b* K, q2 f }此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 \& ]4 R0 {5 l) m+ q
( D0 ^+ c' H1 q' E: y% j) fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 d' r+ P& C" x! l( q, f$ F% J3 P" I& ?# r9 ~ R
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 l" H5 O: n$ v9 Y) {' }6 L, A " Y9 [' l e2 sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), f6 a/ V9 v$ h- ~3 n( b+ T
9 M1 b3 w) @; b: _6 uHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ W1 A! W+ o& F2 | O6 U( U% ]
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* Q( ?% [% N% P' G
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 \& x' L' l% J. E
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * U! z3 I3 q7 B) _( q& p2 ^4 o8 v2 z: I# Q+ N o7 T' Y% [
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ Q( m, H0 }" P8 C
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 h, g% M* ?' k5 I& U, s
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' s7 Z( u, k* X w- x* `/ C- O0 |
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 E9 I% @+ u4 j$ ?6 p9 n3 u3 _; }! F) G+ L7 F( |. s$ [4 W
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 ^4 H9 p! N" }& v- \. N! r6 ]" u
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( W- S8 L' q, l/ C& {- {% h- v( T# j2 A& z, j
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 ?, P8 ?- b; H5 X" P # u" f0 Y2 s- [7 O至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 k' h7 z3 I% X5 f1 t# @2 B
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。5 Q+ l2 a3 k: `
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 J4 M/ v- m' @