本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 \. y7 t! }# [1 h4 i7 T
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' }) a: s# e( f/ `1 A. ?" b H* m5 \/ g( S) G
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$ j0 b; N2 D' I% L7 |/ w, pMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ e+ z6 \" u2 D/ E4 X C" I) d6 C. a5 x/ h
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* I8 @- k$ t' G, z) R
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# k1 U+ l" Y) D$ f3 P o, k H
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); @. w- T+ C0 {* n
8 N( G+ Y( ~' H: q9 P0 UI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ b. y: _4 p' ?
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 y) q9 Y' I5 I 1 n" J2 Z# q# @6 L4 N5 D$ JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 l" X6 w" Y1 u1 p0 P3 ]
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # ~4 A1 s6 t1 |7 E- u/ W% G " b9 l( A3 Y" c4 z' I" CWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! i. f5 e3 ?+ ]3 i, V- e3 _ 6 {+ m: A" B1 z) CPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - l; h3 c' e* q+ g 7 \, H1 v* S% L这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 t9 v. J$ [# A8 e5 ?" G + p, ?: b0 q9 t# H8 L% U! D) q; F; d) ?: O1 M3 \: J4 H j 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 I" z, I+ l( p+ K* o9 ]& E7 ~) b* A- S, }7 n* U% D
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # p( N5 i- L+ O : X5 o. B1 K+ P, G `7 v# vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 a8 _$ i# c, ^
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 J* K6 R0 R, c( L# {! C: ^' Z K0 q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) S5 S) X0 f" A6 d) O8 o : s, V1 c, U" r6 l' PIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & P9 r- {- z: C3 L1 n! m$ ^9 j 6 `1 k" V% N% BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% e' h& Y w. [7 P. t6 @# ?
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 e ~3 e( U1 r4 G, A8 C2 F2 n$ j& E/ ^
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 p% u! x' g- Z2 G8 b$ O7 A; g/ w1 M8 G* y8 d
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 Q E! l' T0 e& w& y; Z& O+ o& H% ]* k$ D6 Q
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ B/ T/ p/ ]) t# A" t
! J9 s9 d9 p3 E; V/ L$ x; e. pHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! d$ m9 W8 x% T- N4 [% ~9 h- C4 X5 X( v# z& T
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 H T _! j' f
7 O( m( R9 C: XWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# M0 O7 K- `0 O X
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! l2 L5 X8 {2 D/ s8 e$ G$ V
/ b4 b2 m" F3 R! d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ z. w5 R6 ?$ T* ?: c1 }) m" p! y( J$ Y1 w0 u5 h, I% ^ |1 H0 ^
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' C, _3 d2 X. B+ g5 T m3 C
" ^* S4 v, O- N" ^9 T5 i8 J! q: {) W& a1 S* S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 R* \. s& A5 B' G9 W; z8 A: [
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例如: 6 g5 b9 `6 n) z ) N& v3 x3 E9 R% _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' u, H0 u8 t. K9 o 6 F" E: V* V: J4 L- H% y* ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 W' z; [, q4 j
* P5 I, y8 ?2 S& U7 uThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); x& L j0 ]/ U# q, R
0 e9 K+ L0 A3 v( T6 JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 |* W" d+ C+ x' x
- l0 {- U/ i& }& l% A9 ]- U/ _- zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ ^7 b4 h& y* x" @
3 l e# e, Z* L1 @$ d8 Z `9 DPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " t% f- j/ X) e3 ?( s) i ! L- n- Z7 L- uCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 P* v0 C# r- b% C% S! e( P: O# s$ A3 {' w6 m5 w' @
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 s: B: p& Y: j( h" }9 I 7 e6 t! v, t4 p% K. e r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : }! k* m# U+ [- j/ ]: W2 h0 L % l/ @8 t- \8 y3 E3 a' Y. }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 H3 J2 E2 I5 `) H6 N3 c' ]5 J
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 y$ s1 i* r2 |2 W
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 5 z# D/ P0 b5 q2 e. E1 d/ a' f " S( l& u8 h$ _+ [对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! V+ j. u8 F; |9 F- W
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- o; _ Z! K) k4 s& u9 F9 D
& }& g) k( r4 L2 d& @0 m. \+ q1 }6 `至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 y) m; q6 k1 q' B3 K7 v) F8 k/ Q/ i3 W. p1 ]
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " [& p, M7 L4 |1 i8 \2 w! H" c" v! l; m 8 _, V! P4 w3 [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 ~1 Z, v: N$ O1 i