本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * \! J5 }8 ~) F1 U% o* D$ d, h9 B9 D8 g2 ~) P& _; G0 A 转帖 8 T1 X. w1 J9 R1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 L! |! a* p! U, b) H
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例如:+ G4 h% j1 _9 Q! r& l* t
& L/ D# N8 D5 aMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 q, F9 `9 u% t5 q" ~$ c5 d , Q* d: W5 C% w0 q; E1 S* KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) ^( }; b3 z/ i" p) @: Q) n( d8 O
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % o. H' B4 T/ G6 a p/ `/ F( I4 ~# ?8 N0 {
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)& S3 Y( n/ A$ I; R: Y) s
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( V- c+ t" h2 W: U# P0 }) M" Z
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + c8 ?" ^1 `% ` C6 |( R * N/ Y& z( k) a: p7 a) w$ ^We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" M/ X2 p' Q' ?3 B
3 }8 e$ R. i+ [: r& [) TThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% L" O9 Z' r8 e# g
3 R3 _; D" T9 I/ s. SWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' J' ?! j: s" a) A/ C
$ `9 v) j% `) t( S, j# e1 [) qPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) \5 o3 \- c8 u5 m
: ], z" G1 d* h5 X" b9 @这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: `$ [" k- _7 M. v
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9 d* E. U4 N% Q7 d1 |2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" V) o+ x8 r% c/ l# ~
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例如: ! x% F; ~$ f) K# [6 j) a & ^$ H, D4 E1 C \3 k* F* tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# F$ O( i, i. c* I, l# [) y
; k( |- [# `/ ?2 J4 _ eDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ ~2 n& o( O' W# s) b+ l j6 E 2 j; F, B2 _0 F; }I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 D, ]" i8 @$ d. D6 h* o, f, k& _ . G: D; R: Q# D6 \& K( k! G8 lHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# x2 ^* g: a% a! m1 `
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' S4 P' v+ Z, U- U0 O/ b* l% i* ^, C" U/ t) s9 _* U
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 X" A- |) q9 z) {( u
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ t9 l3 D; }1 R$ m' w0 J
+ a9 ?, f( [: ^8 \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, K1 n+ |9 a% r' n
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# Q. K% T' W }, f9 _' P
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): Q4 {, y, z$ y' d) J. D1 D9 ^0 H/ Z
: V( @# [+ `; z- JHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " k9 F# U9 ~% A5 s" D, X& s4 w# U; O
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 t. A; {6 a/ C6 d; [; m2 O4 s
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) P- o+ V, A6 t/ Y
d: w) j) j2 M h5 `, oEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 x$ W) k; A/ C; p3 {( ?
) i( q8 y( P5 s7 P6 x! K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# n" x# i# A1 m5 ]
) `* z& O" _, Y* c& g3 a) g$ z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 F+ B+ c& s2 c/ q `
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& V/ Z# u0 a% w7 c" A7 M! r4 A3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' b( }0 V" J: e, ]# z
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例如: 4 {' ^; A# ~6 {4 u1 m ( U& ]- X; y J) K7 ^4 EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . Y, T* M+ ~2 J6 {& `/ Z/ j0 Q3 ? j( g( u
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 B @% v7 |4 U8 a
/ G+ Z" p v f. e b2 @: bThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* _! h* L+ G' P) R( I
8 g2 H- ~5 A Y5 G- t2 fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! ~' K; r$ ]) @* O, B6 J2 i8 H: |$ b G1 X# f" M
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 l! a5 B, k" _0 V9 F# e. i9 c 7 J" w$ z" _9 F1 h4 @) nPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 {7 ~* l7 [) u% A3 P& X3 s
; t! G, e5 X x7 nCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " D8 j/ y0 g, @ 3 |, x3 ^4 F' n0 h+ hStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 g4 r" b$ a" v& I* D/ ? , S }+ v) S4 Y2 N同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 N2 i# p: I) T: L+ e% @
- ~5 u! T# n4 J2 {& P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* p. z* \ s+ E) D4 S
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 W* d; ~( B- \; X/ h- g " P8 o3 ?; a6 m: n对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 }8 c1 Z q' p1 U; s: s* I! M5 T! x! u
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 f9 b2 C, O2 d9 f / n# q: h7 ]. A" E* w对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 2 c1 Y# _' `/ D, j, Y0 F4 A( S4 v d, A
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" \/ W2 x9 G0 o- n* o" z: V
5 x/ M; X2 |( T: u有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: r6 {) q o' R* g; e B1 s- c; N