+ \% E6 Y: q( J( Q$ Z. ~. A3 ?& S例如:6 w4 {4 d+ Z2 C/ {4 \; D
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' ~, n( ?+ m/ a/ U: J; C$ b, c- i3 ~! K( Q9 t. k: J+ x
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 d5 ]' d* v& k6 A4 P+ I* }- \ ) [( N* }& Q* a/ S, T' ?2 z+ Q3 gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' f9 @3 K/ @+ e+ C* @ w4 `7 m' o, O" [' d+ S
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# z: X# m% b+ M/ w! _/ j
I7 }$ j# X- ` i& W) aI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + N$ `) F8 d# u2 X- ]/ P# x. R3 Y% `% H% A8 S6 w
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 ~3 }6 ?* i3 {* k* Y 2 u9 V Q2 J8 Y0 eWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 k9 Q; [, O# l) Q1 O/ O s+ |
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% K/ c4 M5 n* K( b$ f0 x, L
2 @+ B. P& p) l! M* MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 s" A3 v! Z. ]6 R/ m; V
1 s- T8 c8 }3 U1 Q1 E1 q- @0 E, D. }Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); y- M! L0 N2 q1 d& m
" T) o$ U* e- h这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 L6 G( |+ z" T( ~" n/ o
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+ D. k, m3 d2 E/ ~# W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 P8 A* U6 x/ L1 d0 N i& A3 P" V. ?! Z" ]( S H例如:% B* U; g) P" w
6 [- `3 { Y T. w) t$ K: r* IAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), [- ^7 E# @( d# e/ C
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 @) i" I# Y% y; l/ g4 ^: X
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * ~( J- b0 w1 {0 I' t$ ^7 D ; r* [6 W$ B% M( i* oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 @, A5 Y& O6 S5 l 8 k$ @: y, W" N" D! S. aIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 }9 ]7 I) G: C 4 s! Z) c% X# AShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! `0 G% P' B) r8 Z; q! O
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( Y3 x% O5 [6 B
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, w* R5 I" y! ]: |9 s
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 i( E1 B. n+ I: }9 ]6 v/ ]: d- X6 u
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 J6 n3 M S- Q# }5 ^: G$ Z: j# T
6 \- O0 V0 l) `( jHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - ?1 w) N3 W. l" J& `6 C7 q( m & A8 @4 _' d) j; g- x! x" eHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( q) C$ Y4 \' Q/ G3 i" P/ o; X. i1 Q 2 v. g2 u! [$ eWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * }" \5 }! N( i# Q, [/ x: v3 u$ O9 W 5 D7 q4 `( z& PEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 w5 p( x2 C8 S4 h& {2 `* T/ n: q- a/ ?5 t# W7 k$ p" {. z! p
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ H8 q) J0 G1 y 0 B; Y4 v1 C* g2 U' A$ l( y9 P此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + J9 m# ^2 Y3 m9 m5 @1 K 4 _* ]- J2 ], s( o) W& ^$ F ) Y/ x/ S3 {% W0 X; G, u" n/ {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + K- C$ U' |* D4 e5 H0 v9 @, a; b 2 ~& ?% G: g: l V5 u例如: 8 M- K" k1 j% ^7 [0 o6 k7 @( ^ 0 u7 ]6 v A! S6 c/ qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); N$ R# Z* h3 k
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- y6 L, c& d1 `% ~6 Y# H
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 F+ A% s3 |5 P8 e6 w$ r W4 e; N
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ Z; W, K) X' O/ U- s
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) E/ H! c% g0 u0 a1 K0 S! R1 \
" f" @2 i" G; x" y1 \1 \1 @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 P( y7 f0 V8 Z c. {* v+ N# S
- W) j$ | H( bCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ q) ]- @, o1 }/ J7 X% a0 O u
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ ~( ^. _. C' X. V S4 C" _( e
. A& ~* W7 T1 s4 k) ^同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 e5 \9 T$ T9 P' l# A
8 n5 e" Y/ E. E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ U, r: t( y8 } - ~ e8 U% [6 m" H c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 { C! T, b! o* p4 D6 M ( G# J* G# \7 |9 M- N2 s A0 |% f对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 F. j( c( ? t$ n- B5 C3 _( `
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' V- Z0 L- Z5 W
9 Y Q- R) q- f' A/ }: k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 h0 d: l: n$ k" y0 T4 e% B$ U! G
! s( f1 U6 P3 w1 C4 _0 U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 r+ E; h4 h2 i