本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - u" e) E- M* j1 J/ K7 r7 i) b C 转帖: E6 L0 \, N/ ^) A9 I
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 d; `5 m' H+ G8 b
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例如: ' R& a/ e0 @ m- ^8 @ , y8 h9 J/ Y$ k1 @& L4 fMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ L- H4 }/ t- t; y
8 i# ~% l& P. g' B2 t& PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . O' z1 o3 k6 H& p d1 c( V! e: G % q! ^2 g% h! ]; H3 t' u- p/ @7 tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % Y% _4 \% g# v# I" ~- e $ Y: ~( ]! H8 w6 A1 ^' N; TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). k7 G( j# d: o4 d6 w
, D8 ^/ X% c3 ~) i3 q. f$ t2 u9 PI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); K; k- N' B$ O4 l# W- z9 B* p8 m
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( e; z; f1 h% F! X" O |
! K5 R$ f! c3 l. H9 k, QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 p! j; q" K# N 1 L7 S) c+ j# d" DThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " U2 Y: c7 Q+ f( R, _9 \* d# r3 u Z! A, x% O& p1 q5 s
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# _0 h, x6 A" w
, \& ^ t* T2 _- l2 z2 E4 x. F8 fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " s2 |$ M/ t, _9 A" V" R8 P9 v2 U, X' U! A7 T" o+ B. k; e
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: A, r) [; X# A7 L
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/ S& D# h9 d6 J9 e2 d; U; V, n 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% C: D7 H& L3 U9 f( L* ?9 x
' p# ^8 Y5 ~. U3 Y# L# ~, }) t例如: / e! m2 y2 v# j; G5 I7 \ 0 Q" X# X7 A2 ^: r/ o- Z0 ]( l$ mAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : S9 s: O6 s( M2 o4 I# @ ! x: J: `8 _, N* V8 m5 nDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . t# S" b u" A v + b+ M$ _1 w! D: h8 i6 x/ `& v3 h0 O4 QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; v/ J8 _; s* A: r2 k8 U- D0 o x5 u; @5 K
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 t, R) i! N) S3 n- G5 g* f . ^6 d! h; ]) `; \: a' O5 w( ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - T# P$ D! F# z2 c2 x1 L/ @ a* I$ A% O9 L) Q" N4 |
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 o9 W9 I& Q S3 k% j1 D
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 h( @0 n _: w5 h1 x5 V/ G4 j . {1 J7 h. W% G. l$ u. V/ d! |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 s3 ?2 v+ ~4 F% H/ K d; G 2 o W! [$ {5 GThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" J/ h& \; C+ w: J# \/ _
7 ^8 P8 j2 a }6 a* \The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , S4 C$ `3 V" ]; Q! A( w$ c 5 }3 Z) o7 c7 J a# p, X9 yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* t \& J5 C( x: j! H
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 ]+ `3 D$ o7 g( w: H9 Z
; w6 u; |0 _) W! T9 H& z2 qWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), }. G! t0 ^% I$ W. u
6 Q2 j N) Q9 T6 E. z H/ y7 ?Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% R/ y7 n$ a6 T$ N$ [
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 u3 b! i( u7 k2 k6 F
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 y2 f0 H; _ e: c/ P6 K" k4 I
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S, l* I9 l* Z" P; s. Z) Z U3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & v+ v. H h; F" j- _4 \% {8 V% ?1 }& H4 b8 Y& ~; ~+ Y& N" q
例如: 3 l5 W* E1 W# V0 _3 ]% ?: W! t8 F+ E1 R0 W) [* p" @( |
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% _4 x8 l6 {. {$ n
; ^1 O8 O- L! S4 ?. ^5 Q% y [1 AManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 I% G2 @* q; q" d8 h) E. n C) I- c S
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) }0 S2 s0 v; ~ ?4 E
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; F& `- K6 [: H- E, b3 N0 b2 X# [% C; ^! L
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): D% n1 f3 `+ p) L5 i# U8 K
7 ~3 o' d2 A* ?3 P- }: }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . D/ h2 v0 r% n" Z, R# ]9 Z* c4 ]$ p U1 [
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / u$ l$ q, i! x- D! v4 n" l 6 Q8 I1 ]' n6 S, \9 ~: ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( Y/ e% G6 s2 T% J% I
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 C2 @& m6 C+ ~0 M' N0 g+ C4 w+ F8 L6 b# ]& r: e
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + |; X0 S; i8 T6 |; y0 y4 U # S2 S/ V( m j- D" j7 o q2 r对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . G/ o" A0 |1 b # T/ G. e$ @' D V3 p对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 C2 J. o" ~7 u, A
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! j. n) E# c; X' W
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 B+ G* [3 B; {; X2 a B7 G& b: j$ r
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, z' u9 ?" X$ N) `! U+ _' ^+ }
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。5 b. u* J! H/ P( Q5 z$ q2 ]6 r
3 U3 G( M" O' Q& h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / V; v, k% \6 h. f