本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , r, r5 c4 e9 c
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 P6 J2 V1 L5 f* I
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 N3 U, {. x# B/ ?0 C; M2 m& K& y) |: M N! F; F, m$ `
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% t- U/ d" T# K7 f4 c- ~1 g2 D3 H# n! j
; j* M3 v5 Y% u7 b( m% M6 fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " l# X& I9 Z* ] `1 H4 x [! M, I; f+ c' [- y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : N- d* i5 a9 @( y. r7 ~2 @* Z6 g/ D# U9 w8 x4 h0 n2 v- t
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( m4 G* @( l8 s6 C " X% T" ^( ^: \Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! h7 k( A1 ]7 [& B( y6 i
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 Y4 x# X7 _1 q( J- M E$ J2 i) n ) q1 c' H5 ~3 s) H! I+ B% UThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 v( s0 [3 a5 s- ] - s; _- q! x" U% r WWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 Y4 v: ]' w" m7 M' g9 T
, {4 \, m8 b, p; F; bPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): Q6 g3 y& q! z. ]; X3 D
1 v! J9 J" b9 U# \这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ O1 U! K3 y* F% f5 N+ I
+ l$ o9 |9 ^4 D5 {: H4 `+ F* ]1 y ~( y" B/ P; C% P 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 d+ o. y& s% N % Q8 A. x% W$ Z) ?( k! z例如:3 t2 x5 c/ n4 I4 O
1 K6 S! S" v, \ X5 n, q5 mAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 E, T, A& s! J) ~4 Q% T 4 }$ }! ?) {9 H) {' Q" }/ NDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) Q8 l+ w6 m" U0 E& k2 X* z$ o' k! X! m/ i
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 K, G- A1 i" R. M7 M3 w 0 a2 W% U/ y" U sHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 {% h% B8 t+ t! J6 g$ k" W" [2 m0 K% B6 \
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 g; w) Q D5 n i- K7 D# F* v. Y- [% h) H- s8 m4 q
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : c$ R( Z; ~2 c# T& @8 c7 n9 x( X& o! J! x" z! y3 f! W
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- y6 i1 L- v9 C# t- W/ X' i% O
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- ?' o7 q% Y" W5 H6 n- O* y
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , U. X' d0 X2 N$ ?$ f: _2 y& Z5 h; [7 A- p( }
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / `4 k5 L. I4 K3 p, f; Y, _4 Z% v& A
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 A t x7 V& Z# M) Q3 x
. I/ O3 [ C7 G! S: c3 y7 XHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 u4 f# V2 j: S/ u9 ?- x) ^, g- @: k& F
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - B8 z4 `7 m" s6 k% |: \; W* P9 c4 |; N. v% x- C; Y0 H" {
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- C9 d- O8 }; _& I, h+ [' p/ s/ i
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ _5 ?7 b/ O9 ~ ' s! M- T; c6 S! P此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% q- V4 R; I# B* e( }1 q
. U0 H5 \( B) N1 t. ~) ]2 r8 v$ z5 i9 S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * ?- c! L" d2 N3 K# P( | ! Y/ [" ~" H. l- K/ I例如:, P9 J3 T' e& V$ ~& J' @! j
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) Y2 m8 t$ o7 m5 d, S) E
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 _0 ^+ l% S4 r- d2 x" s
: A2 {! a N% [- xThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% u* ~! S1 D W6 Y' b
0 h2 u3 R9 d; {/ kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): t. T! m. X- i+ r, M
0 T7 I6 m) o5 h* q. UMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 @3 R9 v" k h) l! s
" S0 f L& L$ M# h2 ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 w \! |4 |( x& q% g& `) b; @ 0 D+ \# ^- i3 ^ T ^. SCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 q0 R1 P' l# I# ]1 k+ L& \& ?
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 w6 {1 [' e- Y
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( V1 L; b# I: o% v4 j
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 {6 Q9 c. [ ]9 }4 U: L/ ]
- r9 K' K& g/ O6 v) \: T F对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 W" r1 a m5 x: [: x* l , R3 j5 d G1 ^对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . A! H, _! r. V7 } / [2 x; I- T: }% @" t, \! T0 ?对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % y' J q1 V w8 S5 H3 k+ ]/ C- A- H, }% u
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % }+ W6 D' o ~; V; L 8 f( [; V5 H$ A7 H6 q: h1 x至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 c) a+ D g5 L4 b
0 i1 O) [. D* L l% A: v: K还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 O. w$ h; o p
) X; s1 M/ [( O" l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& B- x' P/ [ \2 d$ y! X