本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; I/ e( g! N. p2 v5 Y# D7 l6 z 7 l+ v- @' p7 x8 c% o+ P转帖( R8 A+ I! y5 b+ A
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). c0 d: ]9 T5 T; X/ g; b
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例如: 3 n3 P9 p7 G4 B# T& s ) I/ v- K: ]7 n. @ C, M; @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 x/ K2 e E" ?
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 O( n3 f. C- g7 a" c
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)5 Z l* O1 L8 {$ o V3 T8 F
* Q! i/ F! G! I) O* ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 G9 ] L# H/ E" q
8 Y4 E4 P: @7 V* u9 K3 w1 N" ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; Q* _$ n& ^- A3 o 0 Z; E( J' k2 X6 xMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# L0 |6 l! W x
' p! Z4 ~" n a) hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ M) m* ?% U5 P% p: F( b
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* }% x8 W9 j2 M- c7 B' n! U8 K+ u
- [. o7 A9 P6 L6 H5 q, GWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , o% I* T$ J- z. y - A# V2 o+ A6 W- Y: S- V' fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 ~6 a, ~6 [: y; W6 S3 D9 T. z5 y3 x$ l, _* X4 E, }2 J# h
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& Q* T9 `* t" i) d& b* }; h; _
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: U3 W, |+ ?- W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # p6 r; @5 `' ?& F' X- T- [" z5 H* B! _7 [7 _! e# m
例如: # {' l. v5 J% O- \6 Z2 ^9 m . z, |# A/ i! T. _At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * v" k; M& h, N* l0 ?: x( l+ V ) C+ I% D2 h3 f/ O2 d- ?5 c2 qDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . l- l. U4 u; _4 x, E p( I) ~' }- @* G/ E) Y2 g- W
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , Z! L' _$ b% m E! n; m _. o # H, j% f6 [* l! p8 ~$ OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 ~' X5 i3 W O& P
9 F6 ~1 E! T4 Z4 qIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 j8 R1 Y/ p2 Y" a
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) U7 y; x5 n; D9 c, s+ G M$ z" p% Y, A" ~9 j9 P8 @8 e
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 I5 e. ^8 h+ n & I, Y. A% u: C; h1 N如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , M8 k* C$ r! `9 s) ?. X4 v7 U' e$ J4 l
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 ?9 x. T! E/ k5 `
( E- a$ X5 I- F6 }" G' P' ZThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 \' m# }7 n e# Y+ ? 6 k# J/ Y8 S4 ^! F5 sHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* g C' J2 Y% F7 l7 q+ [9 y3 ~
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - C: { M; |5 P1 t) ]6 s 3 ]2 x/ l2 ?1 S! r2 @1 r; q( cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& y0 |, G% h6 T/ O6 u: Q) H
% \% Y8 p+ Y( t" }4 SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 c( P) Z) u5 b5 c
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 k" G% C6 u- E/ k @/ P, z. F8 K" h/ }8 a1 {. d9 @/ F
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / G! Q K0 D1 e2 z2 V! I! v" a+ A+ J: y9 X
# Y) V3 k9 H5 F3 ^: R3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ h O- \5 k/ b) U! P$ H$ c
8 ]8 }! Z9 q5 I7 ?例如: 2 B( ~+ T/ }9 Z) l. R) x( O, V$ v* ]( K1 C, F" K4 w9 P0 q
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); Z" A9 L- S# G( {+ A
$ u6 l7 j3 S- G& |; F) K6 x4 ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- I: s$ g3 }, r( a/ J
6 J6 d) C* Q6 Q! ]" DThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( E) f& x# {' l( _# Z
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! _3 T, \9 \4 T+ k
9 D1 H0 H. l# a$ o6 dMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 o0 c# S/ E% |3 Y9 x. p# ~8 Q1 d) J1 C" G7 N" s& M) C
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 B: m: S5 a7 r7 g, ?
5 y+ K7 J" F5 MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 f n! k" |& |$ G; Z7 |
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ o3 A1 H2 @. ?! X: t
8 M* a5 J! p8 e4 s同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . P2 \& s+ t9 x% ^9 [, v" d7 U8 a9 i4 Z0 S0 T$ A
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : o; a5 w: o' d' y1 Y7 K* T( z5 g5 u4 e9 q, [- X
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 I) R% O* }0 j8 ^2 ]4 p2 t' C8 i7 T) s$ G. }
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % {) X9 h: Z. b: p4 z2 ~- P- A0 ?3 |1 X1 h( b
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 m; Q7 v. V7 G, ^" {5 z% t5 L, P) K8 e$ Z" W9 N5 M. c' c
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 V# O. a$ _* |& R
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& E0 [3 C, o: k% l! x5 l; |: J
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : o# A$ b' \& S3 X; m + r6 q0 F8 q8 ]2 n有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* M4 s% }" ?' R7 n