8 ~" n+ [1 v& Q; Q9 H% H/ S; I* ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) i" _5 ]) z/ z4 v4 a7 |: ]9 y- c9 N! |" }" j- \4 r
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! h. e. H9 N N) t1 w0 e / G( M d& V# x( T) e# A/ Y% BThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & m6 W$ E4 m9 n, `/ A# h' l% l4 \* C5 T8 _( O A3 n- W* c
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ v( X' \ k3 t4 A6 r! {0 A. }* M! J4 O4 A* d7 Y/ |" Z2 S2 ^5 D$ _
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' |% o$ j f0 f/ M4 R6 _( g: F " [$ y9 R* F0 B, b5 J, pMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 T) V/ V# f, o5 y
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) a# o4 }( q" o
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : \# c3 p1 G* s f+ L3 t3 o 4 r; S, j7 T: q' `' |We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 g# Y- B' _$ G
- t( q8 N& J7 o8 K0 ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& u9 k0 i% J9 o3 F3 e9 L% x
% T8 a0 n$ q j这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , i) C: c* o2 Q" [' [, z$ `2 n2 l3 e5 S/ f5 ^: S9 P4 `: {
8 f2 O0 j) J- ~ k2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" E, K/ ?( n* B: P/ M; b6 A& @! B
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例如:8 {: l1 u! Y( x s; K5 `" k
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 L6 B# p$ { [! ^. K3 j% n/ u2 [# J$ x# g9 k2 t) J
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - t- z7 H% I4 A$ C* T' x, \2 F, I! `3 h' K6 W
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 Y8 O; U, H2 G) J% a7 I# o) i Q' R
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : v5 f. m5 d% N, p# S# g! Z3 J% ?' N) K$ W5 r( B) s( L
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 Q3 b7 Q' Q( J: m
5 g$ l/ r" j0 |. r5 zShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 }9 W& q; B, \" G0 J# @/ ^
% @. L: a; s4 S: g4 lI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): H4 O! c `5 S( p4 |
9 K5 M6 p; {) D; W& O F8 }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ e ^" F2 Y" C% J/ h
9 a/ ~2 x: k" |( tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 e* }3 B+ `) j9 s3 b
% D0 |2 u, d" g: n& \% g: Y4 [0 AThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) ]9 [: F4 @2 m! I 6 T4 ~2 U; `0 \He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), M0 T3 Z# Q: \- k1 d# o
5 S" @& h- _ a5 O- ^ _/ ]. W" I6 P+ GHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), I8 \" i/ r5 ^$ m( }( i! o
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 ?) P7 Z* i, L
# W6 L4 O$ G" H2 K, o% }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : O/ a3 B7 E2 B/ V; M: u 2 X* b; G% Y9 m写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" O' Z3 `+ H5 ^5 V) l: \' t, P5 y
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 O" z1 A c5 R0 B9 \
$ [6 f$ D4 L* ]6 t4 F3 n+ S 6 {9 i+ w. y* B# A6 {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 ?, w) O; e2 R/ v2 ^
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( v9 A2 w' p0 Z$ p7 G, m: d! u
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) }5 L& r* d& a3 ~
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 U( |: y8 N/ C$ ?7 e
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ [- x7 T# Q& n6 I( n* Z. `9 ~1 A8 o+ v6 J) o: s
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . q: ?+ s1 M' Y' M0 W/ y( v3 Z! E: H2 X' W7 t
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) B ^5 E3 i! n' r& H0 { p; d 5 i1 _. Q9 @0 h; Y. z( WCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) v/ `8 J' v" o / G# q. s2 n! `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) I3 p2 a/ @5 U! y( |5 x; C$ W: P( R- h+ a. }
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ i# q/ D9 }4 T7 x& H7 O
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 6 A( w! z7 s6 B8 A! @6 \5 r& H
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* l# Z1 Z( o/ @0 a, a
7 u1 y, ^9 ^$ ]4 Y' s对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. V' H8 C. I! y* B! G5 C
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ p' x) \& k% K) s+ H: w1 l
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, u9 J% q( Y1 F
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& E; E, p r0 z* J* x" R