本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 n; f+ J y0 `# Z$ M" p9 e2 x! f: R' U& E/ K/ g1 Z/ Q 转帖8 Z# D1 I6 u5 o* y1 r- T4 I! I
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + n% j5 O' d2 J5 o, `0 i - ?- C' o( F! U0 I0 M5 J4 q例如: * m& S% `- \$ k4 r$ u' v, P, F) w" S& y+ e4 M' _" W3 ?. D
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ c3 l" m- U3 z+ Q( I; i + k/ f" d$ e F5 O! N/ ZThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ {. a' ?& `: V
+ n# H: J7 J; N3 W* q2 T- _) MThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 J2 `" ^6 O$ h2 z U, |$ |9 B* x/ E; G1 p& S4 |) o, U( W9 K
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 ?4 |' v3 X" E6 \2 r7 ^0 Y
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- P0 n+ W$ {* l0 A$ ?
3 w" Z4 E k+ v3 L, x: d5 W8 KMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 j/ P; ^+ C' \7 {% Z; ~0 M; P t0 z# P S9 C
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( O9 I* }: U @9 W" n% M. B9 G( ^7 C2 w& g
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % p9 u0 {# E) J; u+ b8 T4 A+ ~ x4 `4 P
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* m% F" g8 B- x, j, B# j
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % c8 r1 [/ U* l8 {; S* N8 k1 Y7 |& x6 B6 X3 T$ U, e
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - w8 k0 j1 t- ? B* ?- o# s( a; ~! [7 e* m6 w1 P. f& Y
" _- X: Z! j4 K& h- I! L5 H2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- L7 d, G8 O" @' o
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例如: 0 k7 x8 y: {/ f: u4 _/ q0 u/ ` ]+ C0 t1 ~" q/ G ^
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 [ y! ?. g0 `8 F) m# [
) f& [- x% ~9 f+ C1 |Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ J; H% A1 A2 U0 x/ m% g5 Q & r* }5 J/ Y P% _( L, nI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " |9 V2 L1 j6 A) s5 Z : t _( ^ V- R) g; Q3 }& ]1 bHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 r1 a, {8 d0 R6 p& }: P4 K ^7 h; X+ E/ u! x3 }3 x
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- {4 Z/ ^6 O ~6 O6 z$ }) U8 O
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) E' v* ]$ A7 u( x" d- Q0 a4 H% b+ U2 i* }
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 k6 d! s7 M8 [; L5 w0 T
0 m3 u( r- k, |0 A; Q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 G C4 |& K1 N$ E ' I! j* u5 i U, r0 S q9 B4 AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' _- B7 n, v2 t1 C( ~4 s2 ^8 I
8 z: F0 \8 F) [The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); N" r1 C4 O3 v2 ^$ b+ c* g# ~
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 l( K5 t) @9 w
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , q) F8 b" k: Y " O3 a1 S0 ^& |7 }5 p! eWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , t' @0 W3 |3 D/ i* B+ }+ i1 Z- ^& H
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% _$ c# E e; t8 s6 F3 t
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' r O* f( q* l3 O/ g& Q
( z* n% P1 c) T3 ]5 G% {( G" w此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& `/ A0 l0 n$ s
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( X1 j. }2 T3 B8 ~$ q( F' M5 A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ q6 e9 G' T# q+ j
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例如: ' O0 K/ \/ t/ B, j% q! l* T" }9 `
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; m* ?" N/ u: ^1 V% W) ]0 y$ m. ^' ^ $ h+ N% v- d. {" s+ H, b/ [1 MManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . v$ C3 _$ N% ]: C- N7 g0 w @3 h' S' n# Z( y- Z6 L' d: u
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . q2 g3 t# E/ o: P2 W; y- T' w( K9 W: g' l
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)3 {8 }, Z0 b2 a* J2 x
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 R6 f1 g5 Z0 b2 \9 Y: k3 ?! s* x, x/ u
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 J1 ]. L& d9 t* n8 M( g: W6 z* l, F- k/ B! m( V A
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; @8 U$ }1 _; y k/ C" O3 Y+ B, }
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 K3 \4 H& p, a4 u. z2 ?3 V
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * ?, T5 W+ _, t) d. _3 `; g0 C; m4 I# ?3 h2 B
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 B4 n' n& m; N4 t ) o2 E$ L7 \8 E* ^对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 a6 D& k2 x: o6 P `+ g7 }$ e* `
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & p7 H e9 }8 |5 t+ ~' J4 a0 s3 n4 W! z' c% f" m* B5 q# }
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ ]3 G5 W' Q; S& k" t% V& m: J" N& r" W9 e3 l7 b9 R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! n5 _" X! _/ N! C0 K8 M+ X/ ^ 8 V( b+ d9 d; ?# W' i至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * U( h1 a e1 | 0 H9 g" x9 \- X8 _还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 ~$ I# P) n; T" s9 J/ p, N' f* j0 j. K! j' b
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! ]9 f: @2 `+ B4 h0 [