本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 f" X3 a9 r/ y* b- ^: V4 }& x% h" M3 n6 b2 I2 ]& s 转帖 " Y, Q4 }9 g' B$ z) N3 z7 j1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! J# ^( [1 z% l) X 5 z d) l6 y0 E; l例如: 5 f- {' S8 o3 Z) A0 F: l N6 m0 ^9 c1 v/ k! g/ |4 m9 d
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 j0 [4 ^. J9 Z' ~( @2 }" @( X
0 u1 P. n9 Z- H; ?Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 `: M N% Q4 u* U
, P7 C7 ^1 w7 i& K. g, L9 pThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 y) J- ?! L( j. |/ {2 ~
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) T% s' L3 }2 D- i- [2 c8 |$ L1 p) R
* k! [% p4 M4 {" Q) c' B, X, {I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! c) X6 n1 q& x7 q( O; `. q, l" U# |
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 T; M$ L# `, B+ {5 x$ y
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * W3 F. |& i/ D" N& h9 \$ | # M% D2 T; h/ g1 t6 yThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ v% ]5 T9 T6 a8 V: j5 B
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 L% z2 F4 x% l# D' b" }. \+ r
- p1 u$ v/ Z2 F0 yPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 D: J- z$ W7 [4 o+ k4 F
) F! t* n+ C |# n这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% S8 {* V8 C8 F1 d) g
0 a) |! [7 ^: L. ` 3 ~0 [$ J. O$ H# l4 f5 B2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 D4 {" P1 L, L6 O2 `+ G; e! {3 b1 i+ K' t9 [
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) z' P4 F( n* F, W; r* W( W" AAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( q, F& Q$ A/ G) Q
* O3 N, _! O0 ^' b) F6 C- cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ n5 {8 m, g* O, d3 D1 K
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); `/ k3 @( C# N+ L3 \. L+ i8 ]
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 f+ n' P8 \0 a! y' c + ?& M( x- P/ L# g( {In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 @( U/ N( l1 Q% V, b- s6 }, G: c( i/ r' J5 n8 q# f8 M
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 t0 ^# L& }5 V v# ^& U: ]8 _4 Z1 A" E* z. O
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 c. F7 \8 h" g# M! p
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ?+ a8 ^9 b! w8 K3 J
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) ?0 P/ B9 A4 V
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - i# E1 G- l, G+ r, m 3 T/ d! Z' ^: l, A! k% uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! r) |( B/ b- ^% |2 \( w
/ P' g3 t- o, jHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * r/ Y, C9 j% J8 E 5 n$ j) i! I- \5 X4 ]/ O2 V$ ?We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), `7 z- C' W6 J/ N L7 {
' Z' A5 B; d8 W% ?; M0 kEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / |1 f) u8 }5 Y ( ~3 [# K* A8 }写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ ~- ^. I( i2 w: @' f5 W
3 n; R/ x, [& {7 n2 E% ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- M6 D! _; B& A6 H" q
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% U0 i/ h7 S* C' j" `% O1 s* s% Q! r3 o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; U( M% L" E; c# @" Z! c0 W# R ; m. N9 w, A! h3 Q$ E例如:: w/ U3 D" c3 c
6 D% Y. V d h9 i/ kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - ? X) K6 s/ Z" i3 ]( Q3 Q" O 9 n- B+ q$ h$ cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # }! x- t$ O3 z; m, g: h5 s / @: ?- ^4 K. w" U8 |. lThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* d5 B8 B9 |0 J* F. {
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); z$ U. P5 V! ]! D; `8 Q; I
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! z! N1 m: J/ B* Q # t. S* L7 n, {* M$ oPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( I D4 S8 V4 V* a/ r8 W% x+ e1 X3 `3 n
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( p5 ]! o. `* O! i; ~, g" Z 2 Y E/ H# @1 G4 `2 ]' rStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 D- s) j% Q/ S% e" d& A7 O6 W. N1 P; p G9 l
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: a5 f7 |+ O( e0 k0 t
6 i9 J- j9 t6 G& S+ r当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; I5 d# s/ x6 X4 y C3 j6 D, ]$ i: f- c; ]5 m p. ]
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; @# @7 r% e+ |' J 1 X u+ ~2 ?! H4 ^1 z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% W9 w% I1 c6 Y) T, ^% Q1 M% Y0 n' J* D