本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : q) ~. f. R$ V9 e9 H
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / g3 Q& |+ }$ f4 m5 Q# {# F . |6 i: b' c5 |例如: / l6 ~* b6 F% ~( q2 k 2 W1 \' A1 |6 R* I' iMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ B3 d1 a& U2 z! h/ e9 Q2 V
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . ~! f; y' `8 {+ s* N- @5 k( Y $ c8 G* ~6 v3 e" W8 K3 T3 d2 J9 X4 bThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 p1 T/ r% y x; w% R- f# I. L6 D$ M. i' a
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 S7 R# z$ A. i0 X8 G$ [, j4 q # W. r) v' Z$ }3 |I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). @" y- z( m1 Z
. n5 Q+ u) c5 E: ^; n: E* N2 U7 wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ T- D- d2 z: d: L$ _. q+ G6 E% |- s7 M6 I: h4 E- a
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 i- ]7 X- X- w9 S: Y. j, |3 c1 [8 b
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 {5 F1 s7 h1 d3 G" P" M5 C) S% e- E
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ I3 x% {- T' D) e7 r8 C7 Y5 s% m& T7 y6 J, |
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 T& \5 Y& V& T2 _$ [& E' y 8 O5 O) L* x; _- v7 W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; l$ a$ {" f) _7 H! c) T# M( p) f5 y |3 @: v |
3 }! Q3 s8 a; @2 C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* t L- D5 x* `0 T
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; n' ~7 u: L1 o3 fAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / b2 W8 g% L. N0 a% w$ { ) K) {& X+ H1 WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * O* N, X* C/ D$ B! u! U( m9 n . q' D& {3 C$ s, y% c& wI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 C" z( s$ k# A2 v0 K
! u( B: l/ b, E% n& `, @" ]0 m! qHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) ^9 n. W8 m1 \ s! ?" E / h9 t& ` Y4 M( d+ d6 n5 Y3 T: j# kIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ J% c+ |- p7 z7 U
9 a" _4 d$ M6 x9 A5 V3 pShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * t: u! q. T C& P$ b . `7 I' x- t! i: N4 F5 C1 u' U1 hI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; g4 H; A( N' p ' j8 Y; H# ~, w5 h: z0 e4 y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " |# I- l0 s4 }6 ]4 {+ H' \5 y# D% g1 G1 ?
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 m2 {" F3 p1 ]" y! ^% w, _$ m: ^ 3 f5 Q1 X: P4 q6 I& uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% y6 G: P; c* ]/ x. |
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 W, H& b4 O% n6 e/ ^) A $ U- p2 }1 z+ H! Z2 m! LHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) [, X- j9 e& W, ^8 z: ?2 c6 j q* `8 T- e% X9 S W K) `
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* h" N3 x2 d2 `) x6 P
. ?/ J! L/ W4 g5 }7 fEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 @/ |: `" L- f . W. B5 M k* @6 | o# _& B' a写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - z; c( }! d" t/ X( b. [, Z 6 Q. n7 t' t/ x- k% c/ e1 {7 r! ]5 O此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 ^8 C# D( P. Y2 D2 t; |- `" H! i& t+ O8 `+ x
$ v2 T, o& @. Q! A0 r2 ^3 p 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 T7 x$ F* y+ s: V# d" l& X+ z$ w8 J9 G! P* S5 |4 p
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) ?+ Z+ D) r# w& F2 h6 B' ?8 X; ^3 J; s
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 A1 I; k0 u' j! `) D" N J/ [2 i- N- |& b' Y9 k
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; A2 I; _! @2 T$ L) n$ ~/ o4 R( l- _6 y
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( ~' o% N6 a: ~) o1 F( A0 }
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ p* e: }8 E w I
g9 e: Y% L" e' Z, `Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 a0 r; f& a) v/ N1 [( ^" v: t- }! o x% S
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& V* {7 Y' m1 i- c
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * |8 S7 l7 i0 a4 Q2 C ) X. k& d( P$ ^0 ?& s) s$ { ?同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 A- f1 t/ y% l
& i" a3 x' n$ A3 F2 c* i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . S$ i3 e o1 C. {* [1 L ; `# U$ M8 b% C3 [/ B3 j对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ Q" F; k6 q9 p' n' G- j
3 W' l4 h0 x' c- `% e, [对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- A K; ]8 W2 M7 c
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 b$ s' ^4 ^3 P; }4 F3 t6 r
$ S' c7 K o/ K$ ]9 [* B9 {还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) C4 k% [3 ]% ^3 V4 W
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ B5 J z. I) a# W; Z