本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * O- Z4 p% }, A. Q8 e3 }1 d7 ^2 _3 w' d$ o 转帖 9 B, e5 P0 c0 H' \! C+ z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; o, P; r( C5 [: K. L' U+ U / ~( Z' z2 D7 z4 ]+ e B5 z: s# G" w' c例如:3 S8 I# M S5 `% _ t5 p S
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 R( a2 q! i3 j! v# S% `9 `
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 K( w& }2 r5 E7 J: n$ K, a
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# g/ D$ I, }- J9 b
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 i8 J9 o6 q6 {/ J s% ` 2 t7 h% C6 k1 E) |; rI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) v2 |2 w7 M8 _5 p4 G9 C o0 [5 D9 Y; }8 \7 ?
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 B- c* }0 _4 r5 d: E 2 ]* R6 F7 b: i- a7 N$ pWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ r% ]/ m/ d0 s8 \
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 \6 \4 y! n( k8 F7 W+ c " `1 V9 T5 U/ k4 n; iWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); E+ j T$ ^: n. B" D% H5 D
" O# M& l4 w, a" O3 m* Q8 fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 j1 q8 v$ \6 f" ?: M
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ d0 C) n# J" w8 i7 j ^8 k8 }. C; y; p7 S$ {+ }1 d" g
4 u& \; M9 L4 E4 a9 z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& z4 l0 F) e O; Q
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例如: - e, H \( d0 _8 r% V) I- Q$ w$ L3 u" A7 s; G5 r7 }' }
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # p" ^2 Q+ o5 L1 q/ L, j. a6 p9 [8 B! ~% M" P) `& W
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - ~' v9 F8 |' \+ @( D# K# D$ b9 u, J3 C# c
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , D8 { {8 b6 ?3 h2 _) [+ N& g0 ]. c& P/ V( S5 J8 X
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 p$ k0 B9 Y' H4 K y% F3 `
( w, N E) v& {3 ~In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 m" ]7 [" }3 N/ H ~/ l) N$ R' V4 l3 c7 m6 D4 [/ E
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 t! T" p. n+ P3 k$ f; p8 S4 @
3 E3 f, o) E+ x, u1 I+ f4 d3 \I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& F! Z$ v9 G& I; n- [+ C
$ |5 s. V0 O0 [' H* y+ o如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % W) k# Y- `3 k1 Z * i0 Z$ O+ F2 T( rThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 Y9 G* O9 T" X- c, O" {
- t2 i2 c( o; K4 E. `0 g( EThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 l* P; z- f2 |$ B+ G+ y; C
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' k4 y4 n/ P) R# b# m4 |$ r
8 ?( }6 a% n$ _+ g2 ]He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# a5 T: w- J. c# v* t& A6 I
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). h3 i# o1 B0 \8 G" Z8 a0 i, Z
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* X% R1 f9 [5 [4 k
; ~5 b8 T i3 A2 \5 H. p/ P写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 F5 u$ M1 s" O) u9 b 5 v, z8 G$ h7 [ c8 y' G9 M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% N: @4 U! P3 Q& h% `! l4 D
. b4 f8 b6 u1 t' H% M, `! I + {4 B& Y& [8 M, d- t. N3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # L- k! J Y. D) x 7 e' L4 `$ W( C" z/ b例如: 3 `" F N" n) q, l' R ) B9 ]% g: E% VMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 s: O* F: z8 |4 J& P
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : s- p5 Y$ x1 G7 ~ 7 l6 I. \3 O2 R, u; R7 QThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ \4 A/ j# e$ j i
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; l! i7 U/ ~0 R' @: h! m . X% K* Q, g$ G" H- {Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# |' h7 M- _& t) }! n
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : |$ i! C6 i( A6 w ( b/ Y3 {) I/ a1 oCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# g: `9 l$ I; y6 c& X
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) T; _7 w0 I# _; U" V% k 7 X- T5 D8 p$ h1 [# F5 ~/ X% h同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( k+ t% ^, |+ U) l" B, [' ^
3 O% n: n" @, s$ E' h" x5 @7 z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 W8 i) ?: k# e5 w
9 ]0 \: h3 k3 |0 P6 H5 E. A' r还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! {8 g* p1 I$ D3 H2 p+ @3 ?7 ]! w% d2 K/ k9 R
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * Q6 h* p& G. U+ e! X0 f