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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& {$ j4 ?# I( X
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , G5 t5 z( C5 v- }! D2 _7 t2 }* w4 ^( W S5 m
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 p; }; C0 x! R2 H/ Q W
, ]/ D) d6 K& b3 s8 y8 U) PThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 g4 t. P$ ]( x8 u) w1 g& W9 G
8 v) L- E% J. a6 J) S% aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ M5 Y, |- Z) @2 e- g- R
/ F% N8 ~+ \1 uI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% B3 M# R. T8 i! w5 L3 Q
0 F% G8 ]! n% R( n% c& E" I. pMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' D/ b7 }: Q2 v# C; D" D
. n! u. j1 U0 |4 ?9 d) `( eWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 Q- g* T7 ]$ h/ X4 M4 d2 r + g' v. T6 b% q* g1 k' VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * q, A* @, Z5 R% h5 s3 Y$ k2 {9 e8 Q( z1 r. S4 @" J9 u; o, U
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 A6 \) m. w; s1 D. x$ [: h: p! t5 a2 [4 m0 ~% z9 K# r
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . T- Q8 s& S! J" F, t+ G9 E. Y9 |/ U7 j3 p1 B. q9 F, b) c- b9 G# ? V
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! m+ s1 H% h5 c: K# A- V: Y
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7 n$ n7 v: {* h3 i5 C 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' V; F3 f; @6 d$ }3 `! h ' s% W F) g; G5 M4 v/ |例如:6 P2 e6 p U" n# J8 X8 Y
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) i$ `8 i% S* g6 U# M- u. l& }$ ? R% p' T' y; l+ b c7 _
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 f% Z9 h7 M/ h$ P
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) w- o I5 [2 Y $ i, C) Q" k: f' i8 `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , A) d* x' v4 B8 c8 N) ?/ t4 I% M9 r$ d7 S/ W! O
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) C" c( ], p; L* U- Q/ ]9 v c% S% c0 `# k4 Z( a7 t6 i* cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; O- Y1 r2 C/ R 4 z& V& B$ } \3 wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % K6 c# Q0 f" w; T: P2 p8 Z, ?3 `* @* o8 M- d8 y, p: Q
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: E1 f) v! @- P3 q 2 r9 H$ f* w) WThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ c+ A$ [& F1 N+ t! u
0 b. ^( n! }( W( U$ i- v5 ?3 ~% _The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' u; G3 a6 ^8 g( _, r . e+ W2 c3 U+ x5 IHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / t. w; @( D3 M1 k8 g1 e/ X D2 p( r% e& D7 B2 n: j7 s
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : |; z! m9 F& Y S ( p# X( W4 g) n) t2 MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 i) A l- E i" j3 Y8 j 9 `! J" c% P, z3 f8 A- H( u$ xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & b( Y5 s7 i8 t+ l1 V ) P" A$ [. m0 G9 B, h, _写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 ~' D% K0 f i" l% t9 G
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 R M. x2 o: O& Y" T
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; _" b' ~$ I3 c$ V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 K* t" q* S. w) K6 @( O7 \& E! p6 d. ]" }; u" L
例如: 8 C7 o }: y* X- R4 \6 ^6 ]. T ' F. {1 F; v+ I5 B4 R2 OMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" Z8 y4 b: o" ^: j
9 U+ i% ~% L1 o" b- m9 V# \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 Q0 |+ h1 |5 ] y5 e
+ O8 y0 K3 Y6 K/ p: _. Z" g$ ]9 Y/ \This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # t+ @' v& z4 f2 |8 U4 e; t4 M0 c0 Q* Z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 y/ v6 f' t7 w : S' i Y3 E5 j Z9 C# p. @ e- N# t& M# }Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ a3 ^+ P2 e$ u' M
& Q! `/ n- y, e( B- V4 z2 I8 Q! h7 CPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 N1 B" Z, s9 L' q5 j& R2 V3 P) K
$ i' b8 h) c0 G6 L2 D: K3 j3 _Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ G4 d6 P" L: U' y
- F, l4 H$ T8 y) @. mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & R! b* @/ Z, H. X+ L ) a7 A i1 S+ \0 r5 F! y+ }' J' H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - V2 i7 ?- B1 }) e7 Y! q8 { j% X' y' b0 @. E- ^" e$ n9 B
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) G; M" T; e* q. [' D0 P
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , B! y' G( r9 r* y/ I+ ?) z" w5 y 3 N, C7 e% s* q; t, }9 J1 }7 ~' G$ M对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 o5 t9 t' o$ L: M
# \' f: W1 v& V$ I5 A) C' P/ @对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / N# p* O( @. l& v' g+ |% m; X5 o: Z7 k4 K
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * q# y8 u) ^3 k% n) H" ~7 q* @2 W5 p
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 ?, e% o4 _1 ?. a" b" C. q1 T a
$ h3 _% a5 ]: ?: F7 J有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! \2 k: q! e" @) B3 G: \( D8 o