本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # s1 N d/ q+ E4 ?& B& T
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); ?# Z9 X3 L( |8 O2 Q) E# K7 s ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; q5 F- q$ P& H( L% c( J , }6 |* q) O' c" fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" `9 e; R) J) t4 y5 v+ [7 i
% s/ V' D( l' e/ X5 O) NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 r0 [" z0 _9 u; N$ t4 z5 g, J5 [# F! ?$ [1 h$ Q- p
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) \' c. [. b0 n. u. U & k8 o; u/ M3 d- d2 o4 z# P- }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' |7 k: o' v: T3 X) u7 P. z% S1 F ]& Z3 l1 O* [+ v
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); {! E3 b. W0 ]3 t7 H9 I9 e
4 Y) k/ H% F9 b+ AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , c. C, V' I) o+ } ; U4 V0 r& O1 A7 E: }5 HThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 `8 U# K& g7 C8 I# S# J, F/ [
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 T1 Z9 ]6 _' D( b: [ / c3 @, V0 `+ ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # C" v: N; K% l: C- V) d0 h; o0 W$ P; O
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& p, t5 ^$ l7 ~3 M
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$ u8 G( k, ?( I* p% K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 - T; W* f$ K# K- z# y k) u7 X& e6 @, R. P0 C. B
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , V' t3 _" }) V7 |8 H8 x $ z5 M! p! y7 ^: I6 m( N0 V+ zDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + O9 H& E3 C) {7 b2 R1 T 7 T; H/ [2 Y. X: f& R: Y' p" |I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). ]! e- a6 X" T; m+ W
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 |3 }7 b: X' d- l. v5 d8 T- z0 w- O" _1 V7 D4 ~ m# f4 w/ Y
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( _. B( f$ Z$ L/ j+ x% x6 {0 }- u2 X
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 r* d6 T- ^ Q7 ?( u5 ?) O% j, K* {5 I' j9 B
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). c& E j: _/ l! `
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. w% H0 M8 L# F @! T
9 D1 I s) f0 `; o9 j9 ]The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 }9 [6 k" Q7 h2 c9 l
# i# \6 g# X6 e4 N$ s4 _The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 h- \3 ?# \6 D5 K4 e 0 ]* o' Y0 ]8 B, g+ ]He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 f) v9 s8 v: T: t% K 4 e, V! I/ P3 @/ S7 }8 yHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % q. K) O# A+ A) }- z ( ~& x* x/ b3 R" N1 |$ p P7 ~We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % d3 { N. C0 W ' ]8 @; i9 _8 V# aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 R& {4 j# q9 S
+ i w3 B# A8 a写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " J* r' f+ y) }4 f" O ; P9 U& D! f! r# C0 |此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% e) `/ h3 d' f) P7 w0 w/ ~* x
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6 W" f3 P( [. f& Q, P1 K例如:3 r0 ?% d( n$ E$ O% R$ \! o/ v0 T. d
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - l1 F+ U( y1 |& O, c ; N1 c0 h# @* V/ a% Q/ SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 g/ S& c& R) K! t: `
* s" M, |0 a. P, [This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + s' b) F4 n6 a7 [* ?1 F6 F- |$ z" L
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * j, U$ B: M( p1 S' X & x3 v$ n7 k$ F3 c5 X) b# r; G' f* IMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 I0 k+ w& h0 e: B7 m + m( d7 n7 Q5 FPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 l E4 m' E5 O. I2 X0 c H: D9 h6 L0 E9 u; v; q/ MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 t# u. ^: n1 [ a 0 n- _0 @: B( N. m) vStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 p7 Q2 S* v4 P% w4 }9 U2 A% U4 F8 n1 Q# g. N k0 k% n
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 p' Z/ O2 x% ~' w1 T/ |7 h5 ]# y, F; W# @! z. b. Q% h
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 O0 V! p1 P: G4 _. t 1 N" m: ]2 c7 V% ^" s对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" e) n8 M) _2 L9 c- E; L) e# r, L
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: I' A+ C; X# u
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . a8 `# ~) n( y , j( ?4 j6 P! f3 C5 Y* N# M: A, \对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# i0 E$ f9 y0 |
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & j4 r6 [- c- F# Q+ D6 K6 \ | X$ R! W& f! L4 O8 u! x/ D: y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : f- n# u0 Y4 g! a2 @7 K( ~# t% }! q. A0 ] F
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* E2 k+ L* u2 I* h' T% R