本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - {0 ^: \; Q/ x* Q0 n1 m% ~8 N* w& ?& f9 S
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% v P. l( o7 q( ]0 p3 ]: z9 |
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' H& |: u9 ]: q! v/ j% ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ ?+ U/ Z, ^$ v4 i/ i7 X
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # N, R% T) {6 t3 k j7 O0 K # Y5 w* ~- L/ W UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) Y- z7 \; {% `( r* @
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 C) a9 M- \, ~
; q6 b$ a7 X' T0 X. X! X2 k7 f. XI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( c9 X3 W, E' W4 T3 y; E+ Z
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# n }, Q1 u' D) t
! t/ p% @$ b2 q, mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . T* J a8 \- g1 G 2 x0 J$ {, r/ i! A3 s0 |# YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 x* O% Z9 l2 P% k# u
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 ^& s# J# \9 q0 |8 \% \$ `- g9 W1 F) L# x% N* g6 |& v
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 v; V; ?; V6 H: ~ + z7 Z, ?( l- U) x% @8 P4 A这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 Z: m0 ^( |& H4 e% P" W. O
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; D+ `5 a. i' V# [' l 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。6 A$ I% W5 S) e4 \6 `* Z; U% X
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), R- E a! Z+ o5 {8 S) S. E
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" U# R% X, u, P# _
" f, |7 C6 A. c4 D! r$ d9 EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 N, W" M2 h6 }; b) a
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); G- @7 t! G( \, e
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), w, C& |0 o9 v k e$ i- e& `1 n- Z
5 Z" g3 A4 ^7 g. v1 fShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 Z+ f8 m* Z& B8 C 0 _# b7 k h$ W. \3 `3 G. uI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( r7 n9 L, P: a5 z' ]* l* |1 {; ? $ l0 m7 E$ S( ?0 @6 W3 w; k如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . B( k+ z* n0 S , V, B5 e1 u- k, w/ v v% y# Y1 Q$ GThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; q' S5 i/ J0 @, U+ m, I1 k 0 N; s3 t% E, ?* b& H* q DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! ^6 u& l0 K- s: T, v& p8 ?6 v: v3 U& l; O
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) f# }3 V& _6 M6 G. h/ ^; G8 b8 p; ^ ?3 u9 d, M
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 v0 z' Y+ x, q
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ B& I+ M/ c. ?; {/ X) _3 D 0 ]; N6 s7 _2 QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 m. Q% w2 ]. Q" L3 v" m
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- c, I: L1 [# P, z$ G
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, ?: \4 r, R! f& y! @+ @
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& @: R3 p9 E4 p! j' ]" x& m例如: 2 E8 I% S I7 {1 r & Y) _3 \. M* n1 oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" P; w) w+ H# l( J0 V; P+ {) W
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" R: @) g" T- F" v, s( m
- u. @. q/ U; p: q; ~' H8 sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( ]) P8 I8 B* W4 L& L6 b
|( g4 R7 w9 m" {He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . _9 p# X# F" {6 q $ I1 |% a8 {+ u Y0 E2 O JMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : L* o$ B+ h: M/ M( u6 X& _# H1 R/ I/ C' X+ |: G( r8 P
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / s; A) g$ V5 @% Z1 y% }, M 5 I3 I6 r+ u }. ACongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ N! V j5 v; H" H) g
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # l. {5 b- W* ]% | ' V$ S6 w) a; S9 E- [. T8 z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 K L, O8 |. j3 D+ q
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* @" u& e" B* ]" H N9 b
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ C8 u3 E' f) I0 o- X+ Q, F P' h+ u* a6 G
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / ^, ^" q; ~, n0 t% b6 n2 }* B2 B; \0 ^% e# F7 k) @, h- Z
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# {# x3 O6 A/ L/ E8 ^7 c( l
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 J2 M' f8 R0 i
- X' g5 R. J8 H& k* l* |/ A; m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 b8 o5 {* ] w5 ~; C! S9 q; P
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % h7 X$ S9 E8 v& v1 o , y4 ^3 ^0 y9 ~) U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 h# ^0 a7 o% @8 Y I* E0 V