本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . R( p/ h- O' n, X* c5 k' p9 C, \& A5 a/ S 转帖* `1 a T- P' w, u2 J9 a/ G7 N
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 V5 ?8 C1 N" w; R2 I* G' z 5 l! ] \8 C. n; g/ o例如: ' p# X# N5 s: i0 h- @2 r: c0 N1 C5 O2 Y
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * t. ], Q$ Q4 q9 r! [9 I% \1 q9 \8 Q & k1 T' s; K( ]* X$ c/ FThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 K6 ~0 f7 C8 W% r. u r: g* g1 D) ^% e, f8 q2 n* A; J
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 W& \/ z/ G- N5 [: a9 d$ G8 J' g; `" {7 l
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 S/ m) r7 X4 B" P2 f
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) ]5 \9 Y" L, Y8 j: O( y
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 f w! t) e7 |9 T* v$ b' |( m3 h* n* C7 Z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ ~* ?6 q& N) v! I; H+ @" Z U; V
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). G/ }6 k- d* ^% l7 _, z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 ?9 \/ a) Y/ c! b# z4 W( f
: Y) j& D+ J2 ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! z1 b8 S; |" U& a3 J1 Q3 p
1 k* v, w& f4 p6 K h& |: e+ z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% M4 m1 t4 B9 y7 }9 F
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* l" I0 s/ Q& z: r2 D/ d 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 v6 v& Q; c* i+ Q
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 k9 }. a3 \* r4 Z8 J/ C9 ?! ~- R0 T" N
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); v+ H5 R8 _6 c6 ^4 \* \
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 e% G, g. n' B. x
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( b& K: ]8 H% U5 S. ^" P, O . T' W) F4 A/ V% O+ A' Z9 {In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 l' C. z% N$ I% ^
: K* q- ?2 G- ?: M8 {1 T4 aShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 M7 |2 L+ Y+ k, s
. [* Q6 N& A' p& Y$ |I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) Y% V. g0 }: ? e
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; Z4 C- I4 Q3 q+ N0 J! R3 o2 Y& U) l" m; I: ~6 x+ J4 c9 j
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & Q/ @9 f' r) Z- t4 y i * O; e3 q4 Q3 n* {1 i! |The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): c+ L# b' z. c: A
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). o3 k3 z9 G* L# B6 q9 O% c
* z) ^; ]2 r6 l: bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ s5 q8 |! t3 f5 \# F- G' v
! p' a- R+ G7 HWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( A. K1 c5 v9 }. U
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( @1 `$ K; O# \8 m 9 M8 E; u. C" r# m! u: a& ]写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) Y. w' D" j3 Z6 _$ T( t. S. r , o5 _% n" g; M0 {4 `* B此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! [ v" E# w( e! [/ m
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: I" ^# V! }- w4 c4 e 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # D( S6 ?# y" \8 @/ b& \* q+ _ 6 E$ o! j! T' N/ x- j! M. {/ ^: w/ j H例如:: r/ Q: D: G4 q
: t" W8 a: s O0 E# w! f3 y( AMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; u, W$ L# r! c* \- a. c - I0 K3 f0 Q0 S: n+ {Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 A# p& [* |6 P; {# Y; F* e( E: C, {2 k0 E3 J1 v. b) K% g
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), t" D# Z6 I& z: v0 C8 l
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 B) q) B' c6 n. {0 U , s2 }" N* Y- YMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& X, c+ l T+ O8 }8 ]. \
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), m( h3 T) |7 N4 j7 c5 f1 B
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& U* {- }0 P. C' k
) _: I2 C( [9 F4 E4 kStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& w' j, L, T- U6 G! U; r8 a
0 j8 z1 |; p0 |: [* M9 M }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 ?+ ]& C* E$ E6 D7 q1 D p* Q6 G4 D4 _* c$ B$ R1 O' E
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 5 z9 @6 |- ?/ `. }6 L0 P; y1 w i2 x/ {) m; ?! e- m4 T
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % |) e, w; o& g , q- E( t! M; h) }5 c对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ X( H2 }0 E+ e5 ]
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% {; U ^# S' [' k
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- ^, x9 j, U2 N
2 z( c) B2 X$ q3 J- }% V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( Q1 z# b" t0 W' d; Y# c) H. v$ R
- X4 k. ]9 y W+ ~+ H3 I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 s8 g' }! t4 U6 q A; k; g