本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( U! T; C! a/ R; m. @' ?" ?4 g7 E( Z* q2 p 转帖 9 m3 G: x* m7 |, b" i1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) a7 K1 a3 @6 N2 Y. b
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- c* K" w4 A0 T# I {5 a1 b$ vMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * ~ ~( K& c. p4 j/ q" | Y5 O - o( x: u" S" H4 vThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 h& A- s& {3 T1 T , } a" ~$ g% f( x0 v/ |* K! VThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 X, G9 d6 `; k2 n . c$ R7 X, |9 Z }' H8 I2 U' hThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # E* J3 N$ E% ~ g % Q. p6 G' ^* h) j. J0 AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( w1 ?# a! S% ]$ Q( h7 y* f; r0 R! X + d9 ?/ i0 b3 u$ T9 iMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 E/ w) j4 [8 M6 S, O; l v/ f3 N' N0 d* V$ M, x. I
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 ?; a. |7 x Y5 z+ W6 d9 ` 3 {% m9 c6 b6 a( q. X! ^The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 \3 c- M+ k" ^/ h) w! Z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 y0 m9 h, @* y5 d2 r- i3 W: }" a, m9 q. N8 p6 P' c/ X3 o/ }5 S5 S
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / I9 o5 J6 w: w% c7 P 3 r7 M# `% w: n# I: i0 e+ n1 Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 U6 B' x `* w8 f
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7 V7 \, Q% i: y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 O+ g: h% t; Q% i8 F4 l * s% q) V) M2 F例如: 5 O. N+ I. Y; ?5 ^3 q z. {, c( t; ^9 V: @0 ?
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( o. L) [) h" S/ Y1 n# _% P
% i" R1 C. b2 a! g6 LDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), `/ W+ l( B' n3 s
: L7 i$ p% g6 h7 B- J4 [I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 R4 y1 G8 _, V5 V7 Z" S2 M4 E
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ I s3 P! Q% x# r* P" B
4 m' ^" v% c% AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). n" P2 v6 P, k" h
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ l+ f/ N$ T0 U0 r# e# M1 k
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 _4 K& Y+ V. ^. H* Q3 t% P& Y8 V- G/ p2 k$ q, f# s
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / r" V& O, [" G4 U6 y( K) ~& U- V2 M8 K
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); G* \$ }& j; @4 p. n
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 y: t' v. U5 Q# }7 h2 s+ n
9 i$ L3 M/ A+ Z% H4 ~2 wHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). S4 U, V5 y/ @* ~! H6 a
) y+ O# h( ~ ~+ J, lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" I! {+ z! U% I
( R( j3 t! w# Q) fWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 z* @% f/ d7 z1 k; y2 s# [ 7 Y/ c$ `/ P3 N, d* h/ LEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 A6 X& O3 s* d& N3 q 9 G% Y4 N& N( @. @ O写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! K# z" a$ w$ E+ T7 W! R2 E. p" F+ Z3 P. p7 o
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % R2 N3 T; O# k3 M1 o- y4 m . r4 v% o1 l2 a: ?' F; Q% s2 G! }9 }# u9 g$ Z, V 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 I. ?$ N( I. L! h+ {" t! ]( v 8 u% J: }! l8 O% W% r2 g- R; p例如: ' ?, q4 l8 {: |# J! Z) c) d4 B# n7 t& C9 M: f
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 x! C2 B! l8 C" Q" G( S3 t5 j9 t) }7 O; K- `+ ?' i2 ]8 ~& l
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 d2 @" D% H3 |- ~4 `9 o a
/ F8 }6 N* |- O; E; O- uThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : b# @' T5 L# V4 z7 r2 T& r _/ Y* r
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' y8 ~9 Q, z0 g' k5 ]2 v; D8 }( u i; S9 d2 N. P# b
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) |. \& n) ]2 D/ s6 W ( v' S, f# {$ K6 H, SPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 v5 m& h! ?' n* F8 }% G r# K , |# m8 ~/ V- v% Q) R4 @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 s: d+ Q" E, O8 q3 _) m9 R ! O8 V0 r' V; d, z5 DStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! O9 W6 y7 Y8 T8 o/ b2 e0 j
/ p7 ?) y2 B, i$ m同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" F; d4 V! h8 z" A9 Z
3 Z' ] j5 _2 v* B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " ]$ b" @0 k0 ?; p8 J! g5 q1 e8 i$ \6 U) \ C3 v
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 k! E2 k0 ^6 P5 `- o [, V# G! v: W# I% P6 N8 h4 Q
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 `. x1 E7 K4 M% X* }6 A/ f6 D * Z- A! x( f. w. {, b7 i7 ?对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - h R* O8 [+ n* B2 O z - G: F) p" ]! `1 }对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 F& J+ v( M) \! w
# h3 \& q0 z2 U1 O* {3 | `至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ k9 v3 w) e6 l" h! m
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; X& L- F8 K; Q9 q
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 i8 n" j( U5 s% t* m2 a5 a