本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % N2 u5 u( R2 A4 i2 ?; w" j/ m, M+ i" c( ^; a* R$ n" P 转帖, {2 R, T6 C9 L6 U3 b
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ F) |, ]0 t( n8 W: i
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例如:3 }8 T8 E# ^+ y% p" @
# {' r2 G. t1 _) y+ C) FMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! b8 d! q8 [% ~7 n, \+ |" p/ c+ k
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 B) {- I1 E# c, T2 M- p
* c+ O* E4 ^; [9 K2 A; RThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; O" x6 Z) z2 K+ s6 g% [( a6 R6 L* Y+ }. J. q/ [) z' @
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( u) p& J$ m6 J' G. j
! w$ G( F" S1 O/ [% lI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , D8 L& [. B% t7 @& _6 v7 r. S" { : Q! D1 Y( i0 wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / |: ~ Z4 g, I$ [/ I! a8 z, d7 F W3 c, z. t5 V4 v* m
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 h1 L4 h: _7 W( `! ^# \) f; b
) m- a4 }: Y0 HThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) Q3 S) o* c' l4 Q, L8 Z/ C/ b
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): r8 x# P- \5 ^
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 J; ~1 s% ~, M) s2 P7 U
0 q$ m: c5 e2 U/ }5 V5 V" G5 z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* v2 Y: f6 ?( ~5 i
8 N# k) o H( @/ J# q( E0 n9 u3 ^- N% E. x: k 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 _7 W# u0 |6 X$ K3 d& @
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例如: 7 n% K6 N4 j5 u$ u$ |$ ]. O! { " S7 f) X# |2 q e! dAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) ^8 O6 I0 [4 ^7 M7 L% l/ n) W2 f# m1 N3 u1 H; S
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 }( F: n* |5 E7 i: r
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 m# y5 F! R6 k9 b$ I; u
9 Z: F% }& f/ p/ i. B: vHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 A* s4 ~ X z! `" z
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ H! l! Y$ w# _! q' s X0 |
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" [4 H5 `( }# ~$ B
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & e0 `1 s. k* u2 e% b5 x9 q5 Y) r! _ 6 A2 e/ r1 F1 D* V% i8 B/ W2 Z; E如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % b; n0 s9 l+ s) p, b; Q* @; u . X. `2 P/ \0 K; r1 E7 WThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 n0 S& o9 j6 X* B" E; a. s0 L1 C) v7 p! ^2 e7 L' p
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 B$ j4 Q8 E3 o l$ n; }
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 Y$ K" R/ {; C8 x/ s- i+ o7 T9 `7 m. S8 q9 k) c
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / [8 h: o8 Y0 J; w' d0 @8 m j 7 ^ m7 x* q4 o1 H% z& c1 AWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) [/ K- o$ R/ E! i) g( ^/ b 5 M6 A9 w8 z2 PEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 a. m1 H5 x+ ^- r, i
- N0 y, L0 m! T: D1 u" K. i9 s写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / R H. W; U" @! W ; |: k8 B- C7 @( @此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . z7 f1 [6 v1 |5 Z: _! e/ g2 m! G* H2 a) c6 I' ^! }
; q N2 a0 v, b1 Q8 X例如: ) _; }8 p: Y) _/ Q0 l+ m9 j( g& V y( ~( b0 e/ a9 ?8 KMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 c# N1 @/ i' h# S! `. ?5 t
6 g2 r y2 W+ L" R U* q* D! yManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - x% B1 D& ~6 ^0 w/ { 2 @4 i+ }! Q) R3 K5 D' [7 F" l! aThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* c2 L5 H" ^+ w/ b
4 h8 y0 ]0 `' `' kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 K+ H, f9 ^9 L1 E ; V, ?- C* o& P) X) z1 \" zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! b- g K( ~7 Q* j% K5 Z* {+ u$ r7 h
1 [, A0 J1 Q; Y4 y/ DCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 ~6 `0 w' j2 w) T: s- \
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 \0 u0 j8 V$ ~
5 c Y) P/ O) l. v6 e& O6 g0 j同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( [% A/ ?! k: ~2 k X! t f7 L( H" h- ^( E0 t5 L. [2 w& [3 G
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: G& `' v; c$ P
9 M) F; {* q( c' K' U* x对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ W1 e. f+ c; Y+ a# v! a+ r- n& K1 D: A8 X R7 P/ J. j
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 P( U f0 e! K 1 u0 {0 w4 X/ Q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 }1 I/ o; }0 R% o ( h6 h& i7 Z0 l对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # a3 D$ D$ O1 Q 2 w. x* W6 j6 P3 [5 {4 ^至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ n7 M! r# b6 h0 p% G
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % w8 j; P' A' I2 s/ d) N& ?; y8 L6 c' z0 n) y1 e2 F
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ j& @& D- K H) ?3 {