7 v; X' i( j/ C3 i6 D' c4 sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 y( \2 T: M( ~& O6 |' Y 4 S& _ L" @0 l: H, }$ EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % p* P' a3 M s; X- ^+ X ) s1 Z$ X9 X, k- ]3 \This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " P. i) J5 _! H9 r2 W* a% c* R2 b' A& a
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ `7 k3 p1 l+ A; ^, H3 N/ v( Y 8 u7 ]; u0 ^7 H9 S iI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- e; H, _$ T$ p5 g
0 [4 L' ]( n7 JMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 {1 p/ t/ a- n. G" u1 Q, s* G
+ i% A7 s' {/ ]6 ?0 QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) }7 b6 N- C4 S & B9 [* E3 B8 ~% c8 @5 dThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . `2 H# m8 k$ j$ u7 |2 v w" e' u, u# ^
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , X' ^& ^* ]6 N0 T+ \ h5 x, k4 ?% x' t% w0 w0 c, J! ?
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 `5 x7 K, B0 r' z 8 r# f8 W- y" p5 \9 J7 d) m+ [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + T# j( @0 M& d1 O7 `' h# c; v 8 q4 E _$ F9 _' M4 Z8 S# e2 ~- O: J* d4 H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 e) K# ~2 i: }& W
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例如: ( B* o$ s+ ?- B: i& v8 e& _) L 4 q4 n, l; [2 c7 P9 EAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 E& }: J# j/ X) \# L
" x7 p. h* Z5 BDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 f6 |0 w. t N( ]- F
3 X3 m, q* h6 N! d1 a6 GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) f; [* E/ Q9 @9 h" N5 C; [* c0 _$ ^+ r
Z7 P; [1 M* P2 A- f5 b0 lHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 N7 F( x0 w* a+ @3 f7 _% l! a4 F' s* h- g6 u) M0 P( b! a
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); b6 {5 E2 F3 }, U
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ o% E. h2 D% c K' R
8 {1 j- e: l8 a, L4 ~% ^) o' x+ YI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! @) v+ F- o* r" \! B# n, U& p
- G0 l: X! D, S7 {0 i如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ r* W- t5 Z) X+ v5 A& D# R / g7 L; F* z3 V- `! T( C2 @$ HThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 y# ]+ E6 l1 r7 Q" {8 r9 ?" @2 ^% [8 x7 z5 L
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + f+ y" k; r) F$ [& e$ q/ V7 w 7 b$ `3 [: @ y/ wHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' k4 `' _4 u! z( [( C) Q. D! g
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! @7 n% c8 b/ [, D
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 k7 [7 z9 @/ m7 L& C: q, j* M
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( p- j6 o. m% B% o6 D
3 P H6 G( D9 Y; W% ]3 [% X写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! W+ _3 y6 K4 P9 q; U
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + ~' y: a5 {- ?! ?+ G4 k; d4 Y" ]% [$ E' H
/ {) d8 x6 s: j. ]" I3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 T$ a' z- ?% P- ]. c 5 \9 g; O; Z- K0 f. {& J' z M. V+ v例如:3 N2 B( X; V' ?" _; i8 t# e2 E
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 S( a. U) u$ G9 t
- b. Q T! D. D1 y: [( SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 X. j) A+ I1 X " s" N$ K( w1 Z% Q3 T5 Y; H1 aThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , ]. {7 n1 o8 X0 b9 D8 b0 L T( j) z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 h" j! \* v; ~/ |9 L , P9 F4 I4 _5 K' ?, W/ G; y! UMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% P" P9 O: t$ }+ D6 o( h6 Q
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' ~# @2 I& s# a% v8 V+ H
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). Y% H8 z& c8 x# f! l9 ^6 z
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). s6 g, ]# B0 \! X9 y0 u) a& W
, v8 Q# a' j. H" [同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 _, v. x$ y' E, d
% X' s+ |* ^1 y2 y% H1 z* H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 Z/ b) ^+ Q' W& W# g0 M' `) d$ Z/ J1 g
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) y" A% e/ q* c3 x8 c