本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; q2 Z6 I4 Q* u2 ~: G* S5 T8 ]
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 Z* H7 L0 d; Q P
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& g* b7 z: w% H% X6 m/ a; H
9 H3 V) z" Z8 TThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . G# v6 w8 s( N K7 Z2 h, D7 D: q x9 @6 R* X6 ~
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - I K9 z: b1 u% c6 c! [+ M$ d8 d2 b4 W
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 k( n) O" t# q0 r* V5 r
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % j. }/ {. e+ ? , p3 t; y$ k" C. m! X' }1 fMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! [4 \0 ~6 b W* X# q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! h) E# K9 r- a, c2 F 9 ]6 S h* l$ ~. g! U$ V* MThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' C% o+ j2 \9 v3 V
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # q! b% P; p4 V3 {7 q* t0 q9 @7 b% B) W2 a- F5 p, t
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 `) f" ]' v8 }6 e% v0 z- ?
7 x8 S/ x8 m+ ]7 T7 k1 s, u这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * o& v; t" A7 j: }. V* H" q! \% [# m8 ]- f3 i/ D: Z! b1 ]
8 a& f% y7 T% f# B2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; b: t! L2 E# Q$ T O& p, g f6 F例如:7 G2 l2 V. W9 C& L2 `
, H8 F; m4 A' E% t; N: x. N' aAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * Y, O; _' q u3 k4 T* R ( _- Y% x# u. A. \. _Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & h/ Q) ]: g4 U4 }. p ! E6 R: O% \5 Z& M8 zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * N* P9 O, t/ I! Z' D" A, b. H9 C- U+ Z! w' t0 r, g% V' w
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ h% ^' Q2 b0 O * Z" H5 B7 i8 V0 Z G' YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 H7 |' K% D* W% u# g
& S0 y# W1 t& wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 J- S0 Q: q* Y- e [! w " m) c7 {" }6 eI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% h+ |- @1 P; m5 @7 j
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " ]; b4 l8 a. m! o' t! O( ?+ M0 B: b( x' W2 ?( `" S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # E: F& P' u- `& q5 o0 v2 V * i' q+ H7 a# k: yThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - p$ C# V& e4 D+ F- F: O 0 {9 P# Y t- @4 X" i k! x; hHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( k5 Z& |- w! s* T+ y' r0 d4 r" d) }* U
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( U" c7 [5 H8 R. \9 X9 K3 A' }% ~1 |- Z2 y+ f3 D' I
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / f, `6 {, A8 |% P0 A* K- Y" `, J/ M0 C0 A H6 l
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 V) N" h+ t4 O % Z4 M( P" N# I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 b( r& |( u u- Z3 V
; A( o6 t* k& s! z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + c$ _8 {/ X6 a& h# {$ _( x# W/ \) O
* w, q7 R H( H9 T, `: s. t3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' n4 A2 s- _; f$ X: K3 V' R. Q( u% B/ O4 \7 w7 F N x
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 c7 J: x. n9 P+ y9 G* m I0 q9 T& x9 p
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) P' T, l8 h3 X' F' ]; v* o1 K. L- y( [" H- w; }" G
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % t* \* G- T' ?# g' f/ J" ?$ g# U# Z I* m6 J$ q9 [4 j1 D
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 H p; W5 _# a* S" y8 i
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 I# P1 L* Q3 Y2 v) V' ~ & w+ R/ X8 Z% h7 Q" K% B" ?( x, LPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) l9 a3 C/ [6 N! |' C% \0 b$ R" h" c, A6 j& y$ W( M( b2 _
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ w/ X$ @& r1 `# z , c6 V; \" V+ g1 q# cStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ ] P/ U" a9 M# H8 {
# q3 v$ Q4 G* K5 h9 \, Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- F) ]4 i' t3 \& n: I, f! {
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ?$ l% n; E; D: c. F- r6 G" w' D l6 O) }) X7 t3 c
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 I9 M' L6 Z5 l. E+ t
) ~! R) t0 D5 }- {# f6 s9 k对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 K* `' j" A( b% b
4 ~5 Z% D4 R" Y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' i# T) h2 g. E4 V. A) {$ V
6 ~& H% W; v1 Q& E对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , m3 H" O/ o" K) z) k% H+ r f& H& c; e0 d/ x7 q
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' U1 q& t2 F& i z3 ]& ?1 q _3 f8 z! ~" B- P7 D% a3 p8 [
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 j. R0 L" _% u: c' b0 ~- w5 w2 g
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! J* k- d& `8 c) \