本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * W! O; D* |( p1 ]7 f$ p* P2 `' U3 S" [, ]4 W. n- ] 转帖$ b/ g1 H' h( m
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; K+ t% d8 U1 q( S7 `4 A % W+ |9 M: H Y7 y9 E( q, ]例如:2 a9 R4 q5 h0 h
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 ]0 n0 n# [& D2 X' q0 `4 J% ]8 p" S. P3 s: z8 f' ]! _5 _, |4 Z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 J8 N$ g9 o# f( I, M( _
+ c, v! M# g$ Q4 @( k2 IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 u: V3 O. g! T+ R9 V* i % ~! n4 g8 Q8 {) L7 X6 I" Z# G# ?$ bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); w0 u3 @$ `. B: T9 S- {3 S9 n
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( c& s; ]/ C) M* g
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ n! |: C& I5 l) u$ E
6 }5 h; R9 J8 o% n8 kWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " N" ~- a8 { s/ |9 F7 |7 j2 i9 C/ k
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + l B/ C. O/ W& o# t3 Y1 i7 g& y! i) {% @7 ], p( D! s; v2 ?/ n
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). @4 M: f0 \, S) ]3 x
+ \. Z6 _3 X U: bPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( O+ g. `# z. F$ P# z7 o: y! A6 n
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & L. e4 S4 i' T) M " t5 p! q6 C/ T! \5 \) E0 }6 m# `/ N$ Z5 ]/ \$ i+ K& ~% X 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( f% }& d6 E$ F7 Y
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例如:1 n9 p( E4 p6 ?" P+ `, T! R
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 E2 E( I w/ \& v) ` 5 K/ E2 |- Y% p. v, h: WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) S G9 d3 |* f7 {. `- B: M
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : ]" F; K- f$ b5 K: p H/ R0 ? E% X
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! p. U& R) g4 I! V9 h' C5 J. S( `+ X3 c3 ?; u0 F4 Q- g7 T! }
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 d- ]9 q: \; \0 j; q2 i 7 G) i/ {, \+ L# @She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) d1 _% p6 t# P$ I; o) D; d
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( }. F4 }; e0 g1 p& m0 M% A S' v4 `- H# c如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % [* \) J: `/ p; k, \5 A- `' o8 @5 E2 ^# N+ Y
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / n% N" v" M- f, q- T1 c R2 G2 {/ V2 C8 @+ M
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). B. S, w v5 J4 z5 u
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) T0 s8 X5 a" k/ J9 |9 s
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 S/ j3 F1 ]9 `
. L6 g+ B% |; hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 G( b5 o; k6 ` p" H7 z# z f+ q% S" `1 ~0 _6 K" I% \
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ o% @3 N) D, f( v. z* i7 y7 ~- |7 `% z+ M/ H( A3 \
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . Z" s, X0 G2 j, F , k# b4 U0 R% E% f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 f) ~5 q, c8 O4 W
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$ G0 d$ @& ~) t. [' }9 i8 L8 |3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / c" e/ x8 s& m# ]9 X% ` " k$ A; N4 N6 `. }: u& F例如: $ z+ N% M; F2 C' @7 r6 J$ k% e# p( F! X$ t. U1 j9 \2 p
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : {; n7 u* ]0 ?8 i8 t" Y. H9 r1 { / w/ [7 _3 O: }" T( cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 g( W5 l8 E' |
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! F' ?% V- n& Y
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* _: R% @& W( I4 `& o
5 y5 F9 V% L: D4 v- l5 dMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' v' y* E% D! M& C* i. D# O" n$ } H
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! ^3 A$ L; j# N+ x U" [ ?% ?, F& ^3 `% _$ [! w
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) L6 X: h0 t& L0 x! X% T+ A
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ p$ D2 t: I+ c+ U% b % y8 q* q9 L7 ~1 q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ Q9 C7 h9 @+ Z f
7 z; }. A( u7 Y$ o! Z; e当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# C6 O3 d' J# Z
0 n, t. X4 A7 k对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & o }, o" F/ l# f $ x/ j& Y: ~, E( e- n" J对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' V) I5 [; X! E& ~/ ~2 M
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! V; k) S- }9 U; X( l1 \1 _( x* m
9 G# @5 E: c: h对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 j6 P* Z% V4 ^. {9 A z
- E. M3 H0 @, i) z6 O& Y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- b3 K5 H5 F2 Q* T* ]
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 ^: E4 ]& g$ V; N4 l8 n/ Z
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' U1 a# c8 t3 Z2 Q