本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - l9 I3 e) {+ A$ w' a
1 J5 }2 _1 X8 p' u 转帖 8 ~* Y# h; w4 l" u% O R, z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ x8 N3 j$ w1 {/ _; i% w: b5 t6 x; v+ B* P2 U3 d
例如: ; ^$ n: _, e! u# D# I9 k/ ~ : g6 c) [$ u+ u* s \& [% k9 b1 Q) MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 T$ G O3 W% R* w
, g {/ j- ?5 A, WThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % X6 l/ A# s7 g3 X7 s @% z 8 f5 d7 _) p) E8 R R( OThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 l% j' n/ t4 t2 A B8 y9 x
+ r* M/ d7 T6 O6 W8 ?The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 ^7 c9 f r& b6 l" q' i4 l+ d9 z2 P2 B! O- `4 ^: n# q2 I3 i
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) t# h+ J) Y$ }
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : R, Z+ e& P+ C3 l ' { r$ k! ?( LWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / }$ E; S$ w4 }' F ' t3 }+ g- B+ _2 J: J: k: FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ |/ N2 Q; {" v& H8 C
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . r+ { @( e, Y: e : y/ I3 }4 d& B* }( y$ LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); L/ w! l7 `* K) V- \+ n+ a
( J3 d M! n3 S m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 ]) ~5 G+ P0 F8 u8 n; v' u, E+ `& s y
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9 C( ?" r$ \1 Q' H2 Q" N1 c X# n2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , f* y9 C1 E5 A U - l& X4 S! t N' D H3 ?/ |例如: Q- |1 \0 y1 c! D ~, y% X7 g' U5 a; _+ U
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 W# f6 Z3 }) o( l* L
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" k# X+ Z1 j2 G& I" d8 t, g: R
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 t# X* s" K u
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - p. R4 @8 p0 X' R G: d" H4 p2 j8 p4 E7 M, j3 Z$ k9 t
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 M8 g6 n( i; Q. W; ?) n& G1 V0 a
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) q0 p5 M% o l7 J6 a- l" J3 ]4 h1 B4 H7 ^ i* _ x: ^6 k
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 Q4 E$ q3 V! |! P8 P ( q. ^$ u5 K3 N. {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 @, K. p: r* H( x2 X' k
, Z- A' T+ ]3 h9 e! ?( b! s& q2 gThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 u8 \0 f- n p! q6 M1 p0 d+ w# J
# R% Y6 O3 M7 T4 _' \! m, ?The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) J( z+ f1 c: n, a4 ~9 R- D9 _. D
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% G9 q1 |3 y6 c5 K( u$ M
; C/ V$ O" P5 S6 w) oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), R$ q% T t" k; O0 D( @' D
9 \' k$ S; L7 x& y2 nWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ U) y, {! v5 j
8 r6 I: r4 w; t' l# R, nEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 w2 e9 F. }; a& R6 c# E
! Q; |; [( _8 {! h( f写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 f& \' H1 d! B' B7 f3 u
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 j1 Q4 N2 ^! Y7 Y9 J' D! P( x: P
6 P5 G0 ]0 m) Q. e& r! n3 z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# e1 z" [6 y: r! U1 P2 [' l
7 }4 y* }7 l3 h( r* ~6 P例如:6 ^" W. c& W7 A% [ n c( h4 U
2 R6 V s2 U+ t; N) i+ k+ q1 nMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 ?4 H- }" R+ r$ |7 V# E
; A( t7 D( @/ U1 L4 s& C# W8 QManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), m1 e1 p) l1 I6 b7 H
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ t$ z2 i K8 y% G
! D6 Q. ~: F" x- t) {8 L sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 a( R' \3 c, }, c! B" [; Q3 l! D! K) k/ l
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 I9 b/ L9 z' u: L. |! x% k& g D! V, o3 T7 V n; y2 ^
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); [4 a; Z& J' H. v9 o2 @; F7 t+ X! E
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% k8 ~4 C! P1 v+ Z$ ?
) |; _: l9 s, F+ y3 \Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! ~7 t+ K } H* `8 `+ @
1 Z5 I R/ C; K# Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 N$ x* t2 O8 r2 M+ ^% h/ c, Z 4 U/ ~+ c+ O/ y: P/ r& e" l6 l当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# B$ s. i- E, W1 ]* y ~/ H
, D; X/ j# R; T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' ^3 z1 i8 a' G: E# O6 g
& w2 D1 m* S, R6 }) E i3 m) h对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- b/ J/ l: ^9 p7 { b
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 y1 T( Z# `% h. a- Q: B3 ?, [# z 8 K7 ?* v& X$ `: x! a7 E, m对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " {( F F! D- _% B4 ~3 M: r9 V! V; d% D1 M6 F# k8 T/ n
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 F! D; Z: P+ {. d9 D) {
6 ]; V- |3 ? m+ F- Y) b还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + ^6 h# ?, i# l, w: C% n. b 4 a3 X5 X- L/ s& e# R: @8 x有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ r+ ~; D% X s0 ?4 H) _( C