0 z/ t% `5 p5 K! K SMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - Z8 q) N6 ~8 J) [0 o" B & _- _. n" _& g6 y$ s, QThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # V& ]6 u% w* H+ `9 c* s& B0 ?# m/ P* W7 g
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 q! x5 e& V" T6 F+ D2 E* Y$ w0 V7 f% h9 O% W3 `. o8 m
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). s. o: |6 F" f" l
2 f m3 f6 p0 [. s& T# D: l& w1 uI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! G0 {% r8 Y! ]* f ( R0 ] s" G: JMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): k* Y% E# t4 E8 b- X6 K
; i6 G% d) H! AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 }' k& O6 `) d2 {4 W$ T- {9 a {/ |+ b. S
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); y% ^! A4 W8 y* S) L2 m. E) n/ F
& k. p" N8 C+ w2 g% R eWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 W* v" l+ ~# i
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 b; G7 K: G) B6 Z9 {$ p& e
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! j9 C' w2 _) S5 Y6 t
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5 u. A+ M% A3 T! o# _) P 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 i7 n5 L: Y! Y/ h& \
- s9 x- k5 ]* k) l) Q2 Z" R) }例如: y* P' f) Z4 l1 X! f4 M( s8 ~ 3 \; |4 n; r* T: hAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " |$ r7 f, i1 _% y4 c 3 W, z* [* m M8 I5 j0 JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- X, w3 U5 h: F; S6 m9 S
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 A( m# ^ c. L$ k/ M5 C0 {, D( q- b5 K# o, ]6 h9 F3 |" d
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' M: W& T- g7 R+ n5 b0 ~* i: ?9 @( a$ E& R
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ Z& t/ Z3 h$ Z' S# p1 `% C& z. `# I. |4 ^$ }* m
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ \5 R* ]1 O) |. b* Y' r0 a* F
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 i: w" i: U5 s+ l# ]$ P: t# a% u6 b
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 S* R h' Q% Q& C$ I1 x 0 [. m# y# F" {7 N7 N7 w5 sThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ w0 z1 V+ x' x2 b3 O7 g3 Q- Q3 R1 b9 i! Z, q. S) O9 ^# B/ z
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 x* e* v" ~9 _2 y + |" }) _$ U- |- j+ |0 v7 }He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% G3 @( g% A- V/ U3 g
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). M& `2 m: E/ R0 D9 n. S% T
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , I7 H6 J K) L! T( C5 [' `1 T9 z9 Q& g2 P
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + N S9 w' x5 [ * {+ W q( D- H% g, A- k写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& [/ U/ K2 ?* q. ~$ k$ b) V- e
$ t. K* ]0 K6 }) ^: a% `' [) k此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. ]; b) X8 D2 ?7 {" x1 c4 ~! f
7 }$ g! @: _' v2 p% C# i6 S3 Z " H: l4 H/ f* W3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 f. x l( p& r" } O7 Q5 H) C0 h: h7 D" r1 M( v
例如: ; L8 d5 h5 q7 l% y8 u : w5 z5 S/ v# z# z$ G, `, {Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # e0 M4 u! l5 [$ G- ] 8 M4 {) m9 x$ U' v' s* } |Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 C9 a; x$ o3 Q% \: \1 x" } 8 I- D3 o! n# VThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 L: s# c1 c" }% p& m, T% Q/ w5 k9 i% i
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ U, V: L( H3 h
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) j9 @- _! ]# I- I7 z
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" ^; a) g/ A& V! w) Y1 P/ B7 h: r$ [
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - z8 Q4 _3 d: b0 @4 S& o2 p 1 \/ o' G. Z" C* I6 r8 s% kStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* _+ |& I: q( `, w
" B d) k$ \( e. A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # b+ r# H, Z/ [- u/ T# | 4 O+ p% Y& ?/ s& j a当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " X3 Z9 ~0 M, Z/ s1 @9 t5 U% A+ q- k. T+ z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / D% n/ u: b5 p' }/ E ! D& m7 I% Z1 A3 Q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;; ]8 f" A' V5 e& q% d: \$ Q
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: W: y. Z4 U. K6 x
2 b% s+ h0 P6 W& i- u有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 X" Z' ~8 Y, [9 d, o