本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 I7 i: V" s) {( y& k; x 8 L: q0 ~! o( A, T7 c9 P转帖 + p/ \" f3 h- i. A- T4 o6 I4 r; l! g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( E9 s, p6 |7 h. q) V Q
$ S s9 `) H* G1 z2 G
例如:' w L/ g* z% N+ _
6 Z9 n9 g, R; H0 d y- o) H* PMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " u. i" H; g: `8 u; y5 G8 n1 J/ n4 y6 I9 {
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * e* _( A+ [) d: n% S! e) d2 C1 R1 e' O6 I$ Q* x
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 `' `+ p! v5 R% ]5 k( X ' F& r% j2 z5 s+ NThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - E1 C/ ]# I) d2 X' ]$ Z; D. x- I" ]! z1 U: i
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 D4 j+ q1 |) |$ `8 V5 B2 |& |$ b u' O0 i) `
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); q6 i8 z9 M" ~; J* A- C+ K
R, J% F2 \- K1 |We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! X9 h% O M* o; B
8 y" b _# f- U8 b6 @
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 r/ M' j3 O0 V7 _& I4 N$ V- p* ^+ E% j. b; o, d9 z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' H+ Z3 X" G7 z4 Y" U8 [7 Z2 @+ h# ~8 S# }+ Q5 H7 W1 \! }
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 ]" M) T2 J$ ^/ j
# R* F3 `$ D+ r0 ^' \' t4 Q1 U这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # [7 U, @' p% n) S# g' U3 p' l8 I8 K, _
" j; b! N6 S2 C [; u 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( M) R- W: S4 J+ I8 `% ?% x8 H; A0 Y' A3 D' e5 m) V& x
例如: ( P! j0 X9 i/ t ' U0 Y2 U2 l4 j4 G3 K: wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # d7 I/ Z e- ?5 A% E" h" x" @5 o6 d4 Y! b
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - `! g) W8 T$ y3 Q& K 4 e9 V' D0 K% v3 z1 CI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 I7 M D3 P$ M( q8 e. E' W. L |* Z% C' o" P' C
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 m: ^3 q* L% {* @ J+ k
) B i% I3 W% F/ Q$ ]
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! i+ Y4 N8 ?1 v% i; T% V! e6 s: d1 e& v) A9 T4 X
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - T( g" m1 x2 r4 b' Y M/ A0 s + J# _/ j' i( G3 H3 b. P2 NI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 } G. I- x; q
1 ?. ] s6 h$ v ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 {9 P# r; r$ T) \! Y4 G" j* X) L$ f' O1 X+ F
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 }' h8 \' J9 E
, B4 ~/ D6 D( n8 H$ W& `+ }* dThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). X: `. ^( O: E/ `8 l$ p1 S/ l
) H$ g1 o* M3 M6 ]. a) R8 G. B
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) y, W' p" z |- _8 } ; `% |) W1 M0 ~0 ]* d. ]: w, f; i3 gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) O$ A( G7 n' ~
7 g$ |8 N2 v0 Y0 n3 ?0 |
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) N) W$ s9 n6 F, C+ T; Y( e: |1 X9 k) t) M9 T! n
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 T/ S5 a1 @, \6 ]" T* { 5 v- b7 L- h' H3 _写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 W% `. {7 y& y7 ]) [
4 y/ r/ W1 K4 f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 X6 O/ R2 r: |: N' Q3 K. ]! x
# F; j2 K1 V: H3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ]/ v: {8 ~% M6 G( S, R4 i2 P. R) t5 E; k" E$ J) s# V
例如: : e4 b p/ x" E6 O' k$ X$ U4 J 3 K6 e; \2 h& q, o' k7 W% {Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 K- @" P/ e8 l) a% u, e, N5 j4 C. b3 w% p' s3 L7 I9 D+ |# }$ T, j
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) S+ D' N% ~2 c4 d( i: v# ?
: O; O: M" X( ]
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 J7 X5 D$ \* `8 g* t; X2 p/ y4 G2 i: R
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' M2 P) i3 E0 a r8 t8 n) m1 l) [$ _0 Q/ Q- m) w4 ~
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ Q) D6 s' U- t% r3 g. y3 [ 8 _5 N- J& E. X9 q: q, ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 ~ M" W: k# y, }; p+ R 4 P0 _7 N9 H+ k& c5 @6 [1 KCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 ~& K$ z& P- G
0 O) O! ?" ?) X; r2 N
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 @+ c; z) \+ n/ v; @% O% h. R& \
8 N% R, X( w; i/ Q+ H- P" w/ f8 ~
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ C2 Y* z+ f: B$ H7 x( D U7 ~# M7 s2 r& F6 P4 E
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) K5 J3 k& i9 J4 u / ]- E! \% W% g1 V对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - M' V y7 S2 q1 ~' @ . B- w4 a2 R/ Y; X对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 [# A2 @2 ~$ B- {3 _" ~# ?* }1 h( k* E" y9 g
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* y+ V% t3 F! j* j$ r+ b
% w; o- f$ U1 `8 J# h对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; : g$ U' s& ~! D D: n. }: R9 n ! _+ P i P! |% _* c" b2 p至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: a* ^( G7 G& n" W
1 A: K, v9 E+ d2 \/ S3 O$ ]- V
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! _* f0 Y Y. q: w( A+ X
* `* N. z) H- `6 E+ H% u }
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 |, U% R! h/ i" ^0 R9 \! n- T: Y