本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - k7 C; Y2 ~; n9 \0 e" W; u# d - n- `, b5 |! d+ x6 |2 f; N( }转帖: |. k% ~1 `% C- P. k
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) l& W4 G: H; `( N; q. H, ?
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例如: 3 }8 f8 p3 l$ R8 z( `) g- b+ u+ x! N
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 i$ A' U0 m+ E! z" ]; u
. W+ ~5 P: V7 N, I8 l- zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : j( ?. U$ e }1 M " Q0 Q: K# ^! g* NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 m. E! l; @: x; \
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : y( k" }, D; p+ p : e4 d* r5 q# _2 ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " f* j' O% C$ n: @3 y2 S: Q ~1 c$ U8 i2 T1 ]* kMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). p0 c5 j5 ?; r# z3 ?
+ D% t: y7 n7 w8 O. M0 m4 H. pWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" T* [5 c: ?1 p3 s
; B: n+ G: a! i; t' |6 ^% m* \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- V) w. x& e) J; i: A: F( j* G
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 w# \9 A- [& C# Y$ }3 J 9 g- L7 ]6 C: XPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 v9 k0 n( m$ a, ]" g, _# {) W! J1 l$ F: c
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ |. J! [ H& Y3 }' n3 q
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* W1 K1 h4 o ^" i+ g- T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 G4 K! z, k) r; p( T0 K' [& e$ ` ' ~, o' ^5 p' _/ g例如: ' Z6 k: }5 O% H$ k: _) T) `6 F- f" ~/ _" v& U
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" X1 D* p1 {8 v( T( `
- @/ e5 b0 a9 s& o( X/ b. F$ JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 K6 p; c9 e/ D1 {: y0 _' t
" n: c9 d8 h/ J/ W Z5 XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# b6 P/ ]6 _9 A4 p
& J$ Q- D5 p2 DHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . o4 i0 y* z' y0 n7 ]. f( o7 c- q \0 Z+ F9 d. P- S/ u
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , _9 F6 V; g0 B + P" _& t5 W6 y- {. }$ M5 }" B& W0 cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 p2 o5 P% {, o" i. m" S6 W1 l! _7 U; o$ L2 L$ q n
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 e: m$ q. Z- B8 C% \
" q J T/ P6 K" B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 @+ m' ^% P" o4 C! I- z
' d/ x/ |7 I$ i# B" x5 h4 OThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 _9 }+ c! y6 k# ~# V 4 A/ D' {3 l5 y: c+ {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # b' q% v3 A0 ^, ^! N. y" | & G/ L4 ^, j) D1 XHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 r2 g# s! I q4 Z8 B, ?$ {% u) Y A# i- d2 n% K- \- _+ X2 \+ qHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , v1 [) W/ ]5 @1 G; {- S 9 i% d7 q, |3 z* {/ n) bWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , l: z2 [% q- E0 ~3 D9 _8 g D' E' e) |
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 I5 h( p- c& g% G z8 I' w! {1 Y0 y' i% _& g9 I1 j
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) C- U: |4 o1 A% c$ {; h, w; Z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 l- o3 N; n6 H! l+ E6 r3 O
i) ~+ d: w" l6 b: M 7 R. x4 Z3 n; _# J3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 }! B' ^! _0 R" u+ ?; @9 i ~4 ~1 l; [1 o例如: " _5 k. g% h3 S% [2 C, F) N6 e ; R; e6 p; f; tMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : H* _/ C8 q) n9 m% ^" g # [1 L, q) A8 t, d8 GManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) @7 K8 C7 k/ Y. y; M y! p
) v, `/ T: e3 J( H, UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 ?5 L( p" ?7 N. y1 |. L l+ D+ y! s! X+ H4 C! `. V
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 ?# `1 X/ i: q% \; Z / \ J! S: B& y7 ]5 EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , C, @9 y7 ], n' `+ v; e8 s& P) B4 r: B' |! W$ i2 i
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 b- p* T& ?7 h1 B0 |9 S6 x+ s% c; Z% u' l4 r J2 i
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ W k/ \9 E# ]! P G/ A0 Q8 X" u YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* C, `& A }5 _( [: f C
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) G7 I1 U5 \5 `2 Z ; ]2 S/ J# B/ F# O8 V; }- G( \; o: a/ l当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) ^- a' a( Q4 o! y9 W2 h, ?% b1 C# h2 T
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: T e$ E; u3 B- ^7 v7 F
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & G6 \+ Y& O5 M) A& N6 H9 y0 Z; v- _7 A/ A3 Q# f* ^
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + N! Y6 q- j9 m1 s ( T' c. k* i8 z$ k% X对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! |5 ^% B& m- J5 }* C ' H9 h: _4 Q! O( a2 [( w至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 T' h% k# P6 l( E; O4 f! S' s9 C$ r. [# |/ d, t2 [% v
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ \" Z- E3 s% M% n ! H1 a4 Z3 D! f9 V. l) G' V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , T. L0 U# z2 A8 B4 F. u