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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " A7 t1 \3 b- b4 B- K% H# L( f9 _$ m# ]* L, r% L
例如: ' V7 Q) a6 ?4 M4 h& C. H: M3 o * j+ F3 n8 T8 a9 X! ]% `Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . O/ ? G4 O. X/ e# J, H6 ~ + S( h8 r. H1 GThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ r$ l9 } W3 T# L/ g% a
" Z+ M* a) W8 L9 Q* w8 RThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 m% j4 Q4 A: ^; { % ?# Q$ ^4 V' m4 B3 b! pThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 j) C# @3 N- _% i1 z! L $ H! W- l" _; d5 v: P+ } d/ EI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 M7 V" b4 G" m! E * [# B# R" m- l ]/ fMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ h9 G$ d: v5 J$ S/ d2 w
% y+ R4 w& w: {" O! q, @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) g2 x- F$ C1 F' p; B
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). f& f% H) s( B. a4 }, J j6 z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" ?/ G) F# L0 M1 u% M0 {8 N
5 ?& N* Z+ x. r) s9 CPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 e6 G5 n; [! M; q5 U( A, \ 9 I8 I4 L0 q6 @这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 U. f: |. {/ q: E | + ?: J; Y: ~0 ^3 Z6 P5 ^; x# l; K" U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 P- n5 R. U: }: z: x
3 W% N' w0 K6 ^) f例如: z _" G- x! k$ ?9 i* n$ T* J
7 K$ W/ l/ L: o S. v8 Z5 `At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) _9 ]/ X/ v5 A/ a0 o " F) l% I* e& s$ S, S" uDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 A% ]8 D8 X- X
8 _1 S/ K1 h3 ^! {6 |* w9 Z, N+ l- mI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 i+ @* d6 X% S2 U' X* B # I! A5 B B1 ?( c/ Q" Z" Q; t/ gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 Q! B! Q1 u7 m. g8 q$ E- Q( u 2 _+ X. }9 p1 @( q" ]7 vIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 ]4 T; T" {: A4 _" ~
5 c) W3 T; W! a( kShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 _' \( F" M y! c
5 n, }. R3 e# WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & i. x$ Y C( A 1 j) Y4 I) ^: p0 `3 m! I3 z& J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 A7 z' q0 C* y- v( ?* T
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( }( |6 N' @9 w9 z" G0 t# L. T9 v# B& Z1 p/ h: S% p# J2 u
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). q: a2 K7 \: M& P) [. n
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " m* f! d% u6 { ; ^7 t; l( y S$ P* \He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 I' \' {$ h' \2 q; j m$ x O) y' H% x5 H6 J" a" ~$ M7 i) z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! }: ~ D" F% `" M6 P
5 m9 R( h# H. w/ HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ E" E+ F5 |4 F0 `; i6 U
0 J$ D+ t& `) V7 G& g+ n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ g2 `6 p* f( X2 { " Y: j# f0 O; I$ I" d9 S6 x+ w此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 ~& y- X' A6 m3 K6 |* Y r6 [# l; e; t1 z$ p: x
- s+ K+ `. {2 L8 R( S" Z% Z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % J( y0 P& k& p, X# T: { 0 d! a4 n% s! D% v" C例如:: M- d7 y/ s0 }8 n, O8 ]* s
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ Q; {5 ^: C5 t( J
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& | A0 F1 q6 \# Q4 e: c' ^- N; p
$ U' E6 T: L: N- }4 O) aThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # \0 V1 u1 R) Q9 D & f9 h! ]) b4 x& }" D! ZHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ B% p) Z' _ p
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" P$ e$ h0 ^' ?" b" r
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# v6 Z$ ?: |5 q0 t5 M ?- c
' Q; E8 x- x, B7 y- zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( k% E+ B. }9 W+ [+ [6 s3 O& y) L3 ]$ o
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 T: W2 M6 e/ h
: w! C8 J4 H, O8 n3 B8 g7 E同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 l" p- v0 @6 I6 t6 i# P
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , n. u: C' i; Z+ K% }$ W. E$ \4 x: h% i A
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' n# [' F/ I6 U2 w" S 7 ]. C! I# c" W9 ]对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( | \( g |4 k% e. Y9 a
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 M# }# V! C1 K3 j8 O5 z q, x" q% p' ~% V* N
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; u$ D% |+ \* g
1 L8 t# T# H9 n" b' ?7 H至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' g. O7 s7 }. {( d$ i' W
: @ U9 n# _, h还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " T" r0 R S, w/ V; k/ E& v% e" A% P0 j; T$ z& `
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 M/ E; w F3 ~# p