本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * H( U+ W {+ m4 {8 z$ C
* |. W6 k: k+ T4 x1 p' E转帖 % m1 w0 o5 k7 L; R' G1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)5 _% {. ?: j3 q( ~4 k6 E! o+ s- a
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例如: 3 H) A4 Y, q2 Z( i, T4 [& p) F " \6 {, {3 A9 k# [8 y& Z6 y( D5 tMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% W' K* m8 P% @9 p3 W
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" Z, A9 }8 b! N+ S- [. p3 i
b2 t; f' O# I3 M" [This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 S- ], ^* \ O% n & }) o0 K! Z9 qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( e S u/ U& z, Z; C9 G # ^& Q Q8 W# v3 V4 A9 l2 Y6 U" II have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . B- x8 p7 J' V- z % |( \& c6 _5 l8 `$ qMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' p% M7 o/ |9 R7 A
6 d5 h6 Q" A5 ~2 E# C4 LWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 Z7 |4 y- |7 B8 C$ J/ X O / z) B0 f/ u2 ~4 FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " t1 G5 q0 L8 b. s" P0 p7 N, P3 e: s7 H" D# c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 a) K& B0 a; g5 U+ n% K
- k; O' r. J+ z4 w# BPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 [4 I6 T( l+ `. P1 K, ]4 i0 C4 `4 Y f& l; i
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, E) r; X3 v' O
, a8 c( N* g0 j- q, g: s, ? S , C' Q3 G/ C* H+ B2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- ?5 c$ V$ u' p p9 |
- W- Q" L1 _; \! k1 `例如: ! ^# H2 Y& k, a( i0 A8 B& a + n0 i& O( {8 D: ?* fAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 r7 C: Q7 G5 \ 1 ]4 b4 f8 C: y2 q9 I5 WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # }& k! f% X1 }/ x" R' q0 D 1 E3 E* v5 k, s4 y+ \, f/ xI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 \1 x% n2 H, S$ F- o9 F
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 Q# ~: u( ~3 t4 j3 w+ |
- _6 j% V7 v: A1 b/ V+ ?# u, y5 uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& K1 n1 A3 S) h1 T
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ x6 U% X8 k5 {) x; b( t& r+ B8 ^0 ~5 `) \- \
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ ?6 D* l3 ~1 J5 h
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 A" ~' N6 R V ( e4 S! e5 ~7 X6 Y6 m. k: n, q; I* AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; R# @, y' W. \1 X$ D: r5 T1 G0 o1 A' k$ a, {
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 r7 G3 G. D0 ~* C0 u' B+ V$ n
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), g. d* s* n |( J* x* D
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 @2 Q) e% _# P" w @+ j) G$ f7 I/ _) Y$ ^, T, _
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 J; Z/ Z: o$ k" z: z
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# b' e+ D& Q% Z" O# p6 V% K& j
7 \2 D2 r+ N* }6 h0 f' u a写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) S+ W( T4 R5 j; p' M
& ]1 u' G! W" s" F4 M$ J此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' S5 a3 x" d; b x* u* b \
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" a1 t* v( A' h7 D/ l$ p+ v6 L R3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 u9 _& `& C) k( F) `& I; q6 i+ N" L+ t8 z7 ^9 Y. {0 e4 Z
例如:3 I$ x2 w) J/ ^3 g1 J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* S$ g7 y3 S' l0 [; }4 G% h
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- i- [0 i; p0 \% ~9 Q
* b: E6 b+ F& w4 q) \This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 B' }/ s% U/ I! ^% D P
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 j( s5 W- z! M1 [; W: ^
% F' d3 m0 V( ]/ q0 Y, J2 LMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): f* }5 Y- `) @: K
, |$ g( h" V# j0 l+ b7 cPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & E# w, L. l/ l% U0 E+ E7 s& S. u4 N; W1 C6 D$ \
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & T8 ?# H" ?6 O6 U6 w0 k8 ^* k
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 q1 w5 R4 P7 x- x6 r/ c+ N$ M& q' r3 g
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ e% W, C" c# C6 L s $ ]- o! y' U. t: F) k1 b4 t* n7 O当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - Z; ]' J; o2 W/ c8 d& J 3 i& q$ D2 l+ l3 s9 F3 a对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 k! l# x# q8 h8 a0 w
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 [, p" m$ z1 t5 P9 C k( w& j