本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) y1 j0 P. J+ @ L, C
% f' X5 ~5 }: Q4 a8 B. I 转帖 5 d9 d/ i7 X. F1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 e2 f) w; q5 L$ J" X2 s g" N3 `
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例如: . i7 Q) {$ _) a* _- G* w( Q3 }4 s1 Z( s/ Y7 R3 j5 J1 n, z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 _5 G2 x9 R' A! B0 o
6 m o2 {( Y1 J' s5 `Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& x1 z# B! Q0 X0 \, m
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & ?' w9 s( t9 D3 k, n3 K+ P2 Y& G8 z# V * p, t- F; @3 t4 A2 f; [/ Q1 iThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( M/ j+ I9 o( N& l' l# b( x
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; J" N. o* ^1 j - x' V- B( Z M q9 NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 s0 O* `6 n0 F$ w, X% U8 v4 S$ n$ P
7 v) S! [- q+ F9 i! z5 CWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- Q* H3 {8 u v7 W9 o
4 X+ [" M. ]* T4 F7 d7 ]3 wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 z, i1 b. z# z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 D! o# `8 K! n! z, n + T% _) D5 F3 JPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 S3 n4 _' e6 \/ Y; |4 U! M# Z 6 O: F, A7 p* Z: L) N这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # N: M. ], s6 L n* q X* s. _2 A/ r+ I9 W: ~ + [' k( G5 o4 W9 Z! z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" q3 G/ e: O/ [: g3 L3 b; Y( ?, a
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例如:6 t( Q5 o0 N6 z! D3 Z$ ?9 [- f
E4 Y- Y( N! g4 R5 m6 ~" I; s7 rAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). n4 w8 _* F2 S0 R
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 S5 q: f8 Y, r$ l1 r& r# n% P
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) d6 |7 h/ ~, H' D$ {6 b
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; H' N. z) m8 X1 T4 z! b: [+ o5 M 6 z2 _( I! y1 O2 T: _ ~In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): s; H) P- D# c/ w7 K/ O
" Q. V# v, D9 XShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# D' l' A9 d' [
& x, b! d& I# u$ @( @7 oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). A i% ~0 l J
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 O0 ^( U) g( w/ I2 W8 @
* Y/ i8 D6 w0 d* I8 Q: N: mThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 f9 C$ M, L) i C
- d7 ~- ~7 I8 eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + t7 Y* V) j6 b1 ^+ { 0 \7 H# L1 h4 L* iHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ I- T5 w7 z* q7 k: E8 b' {9 p1 `1 n 6 t# ?2 [; c6 O2 o' EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " S4 c0 W1 C, c0 p% X& u0 j; O! b1 N8 ~$ ^9 Q) j
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). e7 d. d" d* k' e
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) H4 a, y# z* T% g% H) L
/ q7 [9 [# ?5 s+ C) a" L写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ n& c4 t& h* v* q1 l- {
$ S0 T" {* A* o2 V此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& G& Q1 W1 t6 D5 a
* f! W1 n4 s8 d + u5 z: j1 ^' r9 Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - C# n3 {5 R* H3 g& _6 T! i , D8 j/ z" {* G. U( F例如:! Q8 ]$ Q- R% Z+ H& n" `* x' I. W# W
9 d# e* Y7 D. J4 ~1 }1 HMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' o& X1 \! ^9 F0 c' m2 r. p2 F _+ ^$ a0 p3 Z& j) _
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 E% m. z9 ?: |8 ^ }6 f2 }' G0 U) G6 p6 h4 r! c+ d2 V
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 e, x; a8 d% H# d& I4 J; L! S0 q3 p
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( Y# d+ L/ Y! b$ V% M* h/ a7 r 4 ]! H5 h6 ?, l; |1 l9 cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * e$ S- B, B* Y+ R, O' B: ?4 ~ 7 q# f4 _: A! P" r8 M" FPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); i4 \% X0 z- k) W* \
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 F" m; K* c! ]. p/ R) _& Q8 \ C9 T1 w2 X# J7 \" K
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ e4 ~: W* x# h0 [) L+ C2 `; L, j1 r
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* k9 Y( S' x* Z
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! A7 C" n# n- J0 v, j! }
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 d) s8 g' _ L2 X5 R6 {8 t/ W& y+ N' X7 g2 Q2 J, R
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) y) L* @6 \4 T4 L9 T4 E# e $ \- }, l. k1 y3 X对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! @, X% u5 j6 G% A7 ~" i
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 M/ z5 d* B! k
( e8 {# j! y' |2 A至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% W8 s0 a; B C. ?
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * S; L& F" m1 _1 o; _- K9 ] # A' m' S# y9 G; m有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 s9 A$ p% Q6 X; f7 \" B