本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 a. K8 a) G3 }* a& Z2 u
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) B8 ], H3 v1 K1 [* F/ D [ B2 Q) [8 W$ `8 P# m$ g
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). P6 D3 j8 _2 r
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' q* o+ [0 M6 C; m ! @) O% Z5 u7 e XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 U4 b5 } |( E1 M/ w2 r% E# ~8 ^$ O
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); ~; ^1 u4 {* f" s. P0 I6 F2 j
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' Z) n! `, ^( y( d6 ?
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) F/ a2 j3 |2 ~6 V( K7 G$ v4 P0 p( P * f# }$ [6 S6 c" r; iWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 H/ P' T' Y) h; j2 w4 z, u 3 I" ?) Z! B% @4 {4 K: K% fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 {& |' |/ U" l3 L& Y) H8 D* c% G0 {7 E% I3 Y. z. k5 u1 j
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) o- U: v- L. ]: B1 y0 i7 S/ E
9 }# J) w$ B+ P( i" b1 H* F* r( zPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! L; k5 a7 x1 @0 R# x @' x$ b8 H/ q: C9 O$ I) d0 N5 p. u
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! u( o. m# S" e' u ~6 L & l- w4 }! O; A H f; @9 [2 U- i, n) j2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . w% C2 W9 L# P$ a2 Y7 Q7 ?* E9 l9 Q# Q3 @4 k# E. N
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" M# ?' [$ ]' L
$ ]9 ]# w5 `, ADespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 Q) k+ I* m. E' a* x 1 O7 k! E3 ?% n# Q, B0 WI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): q9 W8 z4 H1 }4 v
/ {6 W8 b1 q- ` R0 U# RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 I6 H( f; X+ F {2 ^0 p' P8 }" Q1 O; z1 L2 P4 R; q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 O5 _0 O" g! `4 w! S
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " V# K( v7 J+ d6 o& W8 S- w/ a8 a! {2 [7 m
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% R) c' U# P( l$ `* G
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 c5 ^5 l6 z7 H% }/ U5 m$ a5 J# P7 g9 ~" Z: g
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! K+ B2 a A9 ?" i6 \- s( Q% ~1 Q* `
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 Z) M$ A7 X% L/ K2 j: f
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / T3 \5 K7 N) S+ m/ e2 f* E5 I. t3 }& |+ o+ X
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . P5 m( |; P" `( O+ [5 H5 a2 T& F6 E3 s t q% H9 Z H
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + O9 E0 n$ ]; t7 { 7 w" L% X; C1 L5 ? @* ^ X3 WEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + r P; M% V6 m ! ^- h1 b# V3 Z) g$ f写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 w& B9 n. O: ]& J |
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % M: U7 E O# k$ K' H+ ^ ) t- h4 Z7 G' ?9 f 7 F, x% _4 I* K3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# I8 \2 R* K& B& E
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y9 y2 E/ r' d% EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! Q& s7 j$ z+ X* S8 n
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ }. x( s6 T0 }9 g' U! i( g
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - c" D: r- z5 p# @% \/ S# [ . x$ w! ?, y3 q6 o8 NHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) s7 @2 T" P/ f; j7 t4 p+ b0 f# X) {( f k0 E" D, A. b
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : i; U- z) {& Z: i( \0 l # ~) h0 \7 v- Y6 |0 HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( K, g4 {3 ]: }$ T+ S# y! A: p/ f2 C! M
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , | J) g" a8 @- J# a* T' d4 K' S3 M& X+ M
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : }: ?3 ^3 g9 `" v$ f% e ; H6 ?! t% ]; o同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 _! l2 N* m/ [2 K# z& U
% j' K' o2 l. L# @; G* Q! z1 q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( ?# z4 S- `0 Y5 f* f% x
8 g3 i; r) n' \. b* \对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 x$ D8 I" d- S: r M' s$ _
M. W* W0 {5 G& O, m; Z4 P' k对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; i) V1 Q9 w( T8 g3 y" v6 |/ W9 c& k4 b) E+ Q7 J3 r+ s
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 u6 Q3 k9 T) q8 \ % Q7 @# Q4 v, |' h0 O对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; [4 Z( y4 Q, R6 g
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 ?/ v7 P: c) {6 G( z$ Y! k/ K* R$ B$ ?+ t
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, |( m2 [! V2 m8 n9 v
: K1 D3 h1 ]& X7 P( ?4 l, d: N- E有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 A, p/ j# y" ~3 B! N9 S& ^! s+ T