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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , ?. |5 ]5 _7 \) [) }! ^2 H- V2 l$ V2 N
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ r% O {( e! o4 A4 B& y2 d! d# O# E9 F J; ]) u# a: Q W
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), P2 p; G0 c, r% O; a
( \! s$ M8 r& ?" _' L- v% v2 AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" o* X. s( q9 I2 F0 O
4 m( l- r9 G# L! O6 zThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 T H1 B% D1 f3 i$ l; m ' e2 i7 i2 M4 V$ q1 { Q: u: [2 BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 a8 f. Q. \1 R# _# m
% P# a+ Z. m2 J' T* NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - b2 h; X" d3 k4 q/ `2 }7 \/ n# l) L9 g! N- ~7 O
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) C( Q9 R- o$ L; y / l2 P3 ^* W+ |' Z: X+ n, BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), B- n7 A5 h- S& f: W
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' B; n( B: A$ b
( J/ j# B# c9 C" d! RPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ Q$ M2 m# r. D
* D9 ?. t) \' u+ K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 u$ \: _; d5 V6 }5 \" U9 c! Q3 u; z) k7 a0 c
* ?8 Z1 p* W3 I5 ~% C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ b# e: Q0 a5 O8 w, z! W- {1 V9 \$ n' f% I& X' z( a1 S
例如:9 C" O1 c/ E }
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 }# z5 G- p/ W$ t1 Z9 I 1 h- ~: x" X( M6 j& b5 aDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 Q6 ?) T' `3 E$ `+ x3 e; X/ }) G5 r" A' e: a# h, @ z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& h4 f; M$ J0 k1 t
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); ]3 z' Q9 E: X3 Q, X
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% o5 s) m+ Z+ M! |) `' O: c3 W
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 a/ m( P. q u; b
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( j; {. D9 x, g6 j/ U+ X7 A" Z2 z& `& v2 d
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 V2 c% @5 S. R5 ]# Y% X) J) L , T8 h# g0 W: E7 CThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) D/ w; b& T6 x2 L
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 Y/ N% Q# p" A' P' q' S
+ U: ?! U: b" z& J; v( |6 _He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) u+ _) S4 | z, N
$ V9 X, g+ ]% b9 FHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" d4 j$ V& Q1 _1 q: W5 O9 N4 V
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" h) u- o, I) ^7 ?8 h, [' T
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # U2 u& c8 X. f, r o z. {3 u; K3 w/ A& c8 k5 _! j4 G
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( N5 e: g5 L1 ^# _/ B7 R5 B2 n; u: v
* ~9 f% m+ t. s5 L0 c1 s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 D; c$ {$ J8 H 0 j3 F9 ^8 @. K* _" q : x9 k8 u4 L2 n# p% l, m% o" L3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , H2 ^; F+ z9 J: N ; r0 ~! q0 h$ @9 Y例如:2 \0 ?& C7 x# r! N; g: n/ }
' Q; h. E J$ yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 r2 P, I5 Z6 j, _2 S) W! T4 V; M% m& Z) ]8 S
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) X. H V* X9 p; o& c; U! J) M6 q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / p& t" N- H% G1 E& o& ^: Y 9 e5 N" `/ S+ r1 d; ~5 N) l% ]He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 \- |7 Q: q% q+ t$ w
, R' S* t3 N C8 U, y1 X. IMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 H" W# z4 ]- _2 o: @7 P
9 y+ M2 m/ b& v# K/ ePolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 A; ^/ s2 _. q( R% t5 N( c* ~
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 f! x/ \" o* H5 E3 G+ [/ Y
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ s/ `- W' D4 q
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( Q8 q7 B' p* F) Q; H' S+ ~
4 E& A: f) n5 B2 Q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* Z# _ L! L! ^, i4 j8 Z6 h+ M
( C+ j6 P2 v. Y- [1 c; H: }, v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; K% d( s4 j. M3 p$ j. D% C w* F& e$ u
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; B8 R8 ^+ b! I' K ^+ k
" [ q% g" a4 f. A$ X至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; y1 R7 r' \9 n- \6 ]8 Y& B1 U5 q# c
; C' r/ h9 Z) s! h$ |还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 Z0 R# {2 M8 i$ g
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / q. R" T) m" P1 w" j3 N. B9 l