本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . d! l% x( P& `: g) u1 n, q, E9 ^+ g% @- H ^& U 转帖 " y1 U" a5 n! N$ b( h, t; ?1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# c" A$ E+ C) G1 L
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 k; V* X9 W- y# }0 z' C+ J9 K; b
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( _6 m! \1 {; {6 @3 n0 D3 K ) ^3 F( }# _6 |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 D( s* g: j4 I3 a6 r9 Z( f5 c" [1 i. {
$ d- {5 j, a' W0 B1 f. C: MThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , G/ [$ [! k9 w( a( m . a- }" K+ h m' G- Q8 e3 M' f5 JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# [8 \6 u0 a6 l7 U/ T
1 r. F* C8 e4 p$ x1 uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) n S& f8 R! q& d- ~3 b) p
0 `; U# e6 T# E: H% d" n, c, j- UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 D- ]* r W2 a1 `* F) s% i
( b. P" G4 ^. rWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 D* v& d3 r+ V; q2 m4 R. N! I Z8 V r0 e; T- N& |
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 L0 u* _$ L1 O) A2 r/ Z" g9 A1 ^# x3 x ?
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( B6 i4 R9 Z! _, D8 S$ ]# t" k1 t: z5 G: R! ~# B
* u6 F" P9 Y$ G! h# `) C 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 A% g. C! m5 J" b. j/ q0 Z# V0 \* s1 G
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- v4 i- D+ B3 ?2 \
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 p, J |0 z/ [* x2 e* g! G
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 m& P4 R4 X$ g6 O4 K( c2 } 9 X# Q& @$ [0 `& {$ y1 u9 aHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), V. x$ M& v5 d! P% V9 P
/ U( y1 [1 T( q {# o( q) dIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- S6 l6 a' n7 @& z/ o* {' N/ @
. N" `. ^# ?( E# gShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 T& p) \3 d* a# F5 ^' T+ G; O- T9 a9 L& E" r. n
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & ]5 M7 m2 S/ b8 e - F0 u4 k: A5 N* s# _: `如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' ?! P; n$ l) H
% K4 N6 _" f4 n- z5 g1 E; PThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): G9 w4 e# m% ?2 U/ x+ v7 |
5 E: {, O/ o8 S( a- G& H# \The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' R% u& i% R$ d 5 }0 X' ?1 Z) F# |He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- X/ e4 @2 E+ K5 N% r. h+ v0 o$ @
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 X. v+ Z; C. u! l5 i
U5 q5 X5 u ?! yWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) ~6 p, c- ~6 x1 Y - x+ L# J$ z/ W9 V* q( `Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # x4 ?/ }7 s9 _- U0 c ] , g d. \" {3 @) g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # y" Z! c! A/ L$ M ! S( ]. T4 ]; k% ~" I4 s1 l% W8 e此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 l7 f9 J- y' W
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4 i# p: @. L' Y9 X! N8 N. v8 A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& g& x6 p7 S& L0 C
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' D& ~0 G0 h7 X( C. `; o6 `$ N( `) Q$ c& r$ |& o! D! l
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' U% u" D% W, \$ ]# S ! o8 }4 @: k/ N8 ~7 |/ q" |This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 E8 ~* r) G. \- u k
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) f( Q% H0 [& y6 J* e
f6 N# q& ?# _Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # d* e6 v2 K$ I9 y- x. @4 M* ~2 ~ D* ]0 c# L
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 D4 F# [& E8 B7 A 5 y# {9 ]- O" F: u; {+ hCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 e$ K5 m( f5 c4 f4 s# ?* \ ' j3 `1 ^! u4 o5 Y( T4 fStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% G0 ~) m) n. j/ T& C* p4 ~
9 X! Z( r/ i7 Y9 Y: H; ?/ f同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 w1 v y! T) _6 j# c* L; |5 P6 M0 d, U- u6 k/ Z& D' {9 m1 {6 T
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 I/ f! K' o0 T; A0 q. b1 L+ s( E1 W5 _0 A6 {6 C! [
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( `9 W7 ]3 S8 Z) v$ m8 B$ ^3 M+ j( O& n" Y7 \3 B) r- p1 y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : ]+ o- k8 z3 G$ ~' T6 D0 H1 q$ K7 j& R3 ^+ ?
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " ^3 O9 _: a# \7 z4 V 2 R& h+ s# C+ u4 t! {3 E对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # p( q( c6 t+ ?1 D9 c" q8 ?, u# t9 }! S/ o; \4 X
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% z! [& U/ H+ r& n
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * X% L' m7 h6 o7 x b4 x2 z" M & T9 i* k! @6 |5 p) J S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% E) |8 `; E/ o# K) C- {