本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + F8 O7 M+ r* D6 e/ Q! i
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - L2 u9 V+ T7 z* ~4 D , H3 {& U; k: u6 |' p+ s例如:- o1 v- g, V* |# D6 V
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 O7 O- i9 Z7 M, v, ?5 |2 M: m( U # f2 \3 F7 N9 |3 k! s2 S3 JThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' m& P2 h: c9 U2 u& ]3 j
( M8 c$ S' q7 }/ ^This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 W# R. w, l. T" ~: f: l F4 R, U: J! a2 }8 c2 `" d7 ?) f/ i
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ ?% @# T3 d5 U
, W) e, T4 ^8 I ?0 dI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 A1 \ Z w* t) p! F$ { x' m7 B0 D, [4 d2 H6 K5 J3 B
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * H- d5 F! _) B' p& y + i; \2 M* o5 s4 }, n) YWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % j+ y6 `. D3 i( w 4 N- ?' L6 k5 i) U z) `3 BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * I I7 v& \% u* m+ e; s; o% u/ w
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' o, q L8 t, m- w* ~ 8 P7 @5 g# ?% K( C! YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' C& P2 R5 b$ U9 E
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * s5 s! `; T0 _% x6 ^# h7 T6 P 6 E/ s7 @! m/ ^* F7 ^) c5 R: w3 B6 E0 G3 f0 U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / P( {, J2 W0 @+ d; y! A* J3 ]) j+ T0 T
例如: 8 e$ o9 A/ g$ J, T, }3 ~# Y1 ^7 |: L$ U7 \& b" E3 T6 e7 g" t
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 M0 f. M/ H: S5 U
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % S7 J2 d- }% H) i% q: i" k# q. f5 Q; c9 M" ?* p5 R7 s
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . X( w! ]2 _$ `/ E5 G# a3 ^, [ $ m C. B6 h0 ?( I$ s0 @- ZHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 J# h8 s8 s5 h: _! @( K2 w0 V) k) O$ _6 ~0 W7 |
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 E& d' a" V6 Y! X t2 |) o' a8 e$ W. C1 `2 p; {( ?
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % u0 u& Y$ B* v7 y ! Z+ E( y* F6 M% I- T5 I0 ~: QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 d3 T! }+ |" d# b+ q+ r; y
( B8 m3 C0 z8 n7 _如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ }7 A2 b- q4 P5 t1 I$ n7 Q# A
) L% M% E' [7 C3 `1 r: H+ cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 T2 k/ @$ u+ ]
" f& r) I1 L7 F0 Q @$ y, kThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! C) F) k/ Y" M# B& ^# H4 b 6 S2 }8 C' O8 c3 @# w" EHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- Y: j# r1 v" V, ~+ C7 F
- v: T1 ^- f9 B6 rHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 ~7 b7 P( u* m8 ?/ D
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 ?/ h5 d3 i( [, y) {
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); Q7 a4 `% U b, p) q9 R1 h
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% j3 t$ S1 L& M8 I
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 d( b* `2 R! V
7 ~4 [6 n% B3 f, i , `: B3 T9 z; T$ a; X4 d4 k3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 N& t l: H# m9 P
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例如:7 H' h1 t) Z+ X& g$ e! b
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 q& [4 d% G5 P! i
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- ]$ X! }* O8 N% J2 O/ w8 q
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 m7 F6 F, E1 `( f7 [
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 y, j0 ]# k' s6 t6 G3 r5 e3 O8 ^0 K f+ c
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% d! l$ H. w- ?( H9 L; B
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 K0 X6 S: W$ u. l3 F. S: {; T
4 O0 i6 `0 z( A1 vCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ r/ ~$ e- w5 A& f' I0 v
+ X' ?2 Y6 _3 S. p" ?; X, t* g& f* nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 {1 Z! l4 d1 g, B: T/ t
8 @: e2 {0 k. n; h同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 Y! E0 h# y- h" N1 M
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ r4 M# P4 J) D8 a1 ~0 S5 T
% M% G- y; s' @5 v: h对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . ^" p3 N1 k6 M7 s5 g6 J( A1 L9 ~% {" q2 F4 U* I# b
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( V* k1 G: d8 C
3 w4 @" }) A' H, |( ~0 x' J对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 d2 a/ I6 d. v0 M# _% s5 Z8 O8 f4 q2 W
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' j9 E* L3 V: {, C" D
7 {/ o% s# \0 h* ]- m7 G: ^至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : q' N2 g5 ~# H# R: E5 B1 e + ~. Y4 {" Z9 ?& B- N还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 |+ H% N/ F- J: L! {! { V$ C8 h- x" {
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* i! h8 c+ k9 y3 A* z8 g