2 }% m6 l" G3 R" J N3 XMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 U) m& R$ A% }5 z# Y( s7 o$ G
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ i: Q' x3 T7 W& I4 ?6 Y$ F3 T' q% A
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) g; O4 ~- h1 y7 F' ]9 T; q* o
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # {4 u# G" t) u0 \ ( b7 A" t7 u t9 ]/ c" cI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ o2 f, I9 y5 G: Y0 m7 m- k
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): y) m$ Y8 ]2 n( z* E: u
9 F" Z2 `! c% w1 J/ t/ UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( \1 Y4 i g" s* l$ v8 E; h# K! B( Y$ E# o) E. Q
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ v1 e; V- t+ J, @% D 3 l$ J, v2 J0 ]7 |We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* r# Y, X, R' ?' K# l8 p" n
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" F4 \+ F, B, k
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * M) X1 f9 { K6 [ G& z; @ " b6 v5 P/ p" o) I& A. V+ V 1 j+ B t2 d; p0 R2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 K6 e- C( w1 W0 ]- b
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : f0 C! h7 l0 k9 O) D- ?* c 1 W% G* a) v3 T+ lDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & Z& A) ]9 n# A ; `- A( j) `/ U4 B! T$ VI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 [, V6 M1 G7 y6 ]+ w( ~' X 5 e2 \# d1 i. UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 m( Z5 G: B9 I" d
* Y% `4 j6 [$ d6 ^- T( RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 f/ j ]* h v1 r# k! s% @$ ? 5 s7 Q# h; O7 a* i9 c- yShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 s m/ T1 N( {! D* K e+ y
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( X4 U( F, N" a/ m 0 }6 A) N4 f+ j9 X' P% D如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + x" b. ^) l9 z5 a( [# J7 B" U) `; E& b9 C. x
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 ^. \# ~9 b2 i/ G) |" ~& t$ w) n. ~, R( p9 G' w9 O
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + Y* m5 @; a: f( g' G6 {$ Y9 u% @ 6 W' N3 e6 { M% FHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 q0 g8 z+ R% |* f # j9 F+ A& G- g, R5 X$ `. ]He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), H4 S; Q9 Q* g8 T
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 E3 |5 B, J/ q+ N/ x' L9 \ $ E! Y$ D( p# o, F9 [Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 E- I( J) ^3 h+ P b/ M+ @7 X) @; c; J9 K6 o/ K4 ~
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # e4 j. ~( h! y# q! D& e! ~- f/ |" Q, j& N/ Y0 P
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 B, k8 T ~( ~3 S' t9 Q # k; F$ I( C" q4 p! K6 ]& v- M" ~5 N / _" t! s2 x" q0 i" g1 }2 O; B0 f3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ @. c) P$ m( p6 V, D, o
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例如: 2 h# _% P3 j% _ u 8 L# v6 a1 M) r! s6 f: B' l! |+ j; XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! f1 U% F& n2 |' D+ n
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! r; h* a! j% `/ m& v% c0 o - x* \, L4 q8 V1 w6 qThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 ^8 C2 ?. }4 J- a ( A, M3 b# X$ u8 M/ ^! oHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) s U) J0 B' h. P
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - y. m9 T6 x# U5 C. k5 W0 E9 X2 g' V' x" ]/ Q# t0 e1 {5 U+ {
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : @4 ]5 C: q6 j1 {9 Q/ ?9 W& ^; h" J. }0 f6 }3 `# U+ F4 z: v2 K3 \3 f' O
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); X) R6 T3 @2 s/ E- z
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & c# E4 |- {% F5 u6 |9 h: i% P. w / W! P1 r/ _/ A8 G8 z1 l5 ~' |, q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: ^# Q) f# D& G( Y( z. ?
& ~5 G4 K \1 s还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: P! d2 P* S) g `
" B# `9 \- a) D) P; ^; c! e5 D5 J有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 b5 t! ~7 n* z7 F1 f5 Z* ? J