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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " [4 c; ^& M2 d 1 |7 z' p5 e9 V R( ] x% X. sThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 p- `! T4 l& f" M% p' b
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % i- C7 O8 v" p6 {. ~+ ]0 d) H" c1 V4 C
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 A: {$ Y' I8 S! |
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( o% ~& a) X- O( U Q1 v! q6 D& E, t/ ?2 A3 O9 CMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% l1 e" v4 j2 \7 J3 y
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% U4 a" n* o. Z- @& E
) l" @! p0 E* {5 JThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), j$ n1 J, A5 H6 O' ^: T) G
8 W1 ^. l) U8 J7 IWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + F/ n. D. d; t5 A! w( |" A% s7 z& Y! l f) x6 b. }, B& X
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' k% j. N' R# ?; ]6 e* u% `- W" u3 R, A; X4 e" ^0 ^3 ~
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ T/ K3 I9 L9 t( X( \
# j. A& [# |- I9 X$ |* ~+ W/ ] * I1 M$ w/ z5 t! j6 L2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * R# m- Z$ W; D4 Y' O. L0 O3 a1 x: w- B
例如:: a) O- ~5 M" H7 T
7 m. ?' U$ ?7 r9 o" A CAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' u7 M8 t3 L5 |$ F7 s, p6 e, e1 u! M7 S7 A
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! b7 B: ?2 \: ?7 Y 6 d; E8 l' Z0 A7 W9 |, T) {8 II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( ?4 d9 I8 S* C0 m2 n5 e$ g% L
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 r/ z1 i# t/ K7 T# j- ~- k- j9 [6 N$ a+ g+ h( W8 j* ]. M4 g
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 b9 o% B4 P0 T' [/ E9 A* i
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 \8 I8 u3 k; M* v + Y* C: g: T# G, wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! D+ i5 y: q7 j" K, S1 C# h& a- q' d- z0 f+ o8 I6 g
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 ?. C. I- S9 y9 E " E$ O' Z" j; t G7 nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 q" H! T4 ?0 r5 f5 m
9 e9 d" o1 O. N2 N6 YThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " {0 I3 M$ _1 [/ ?0 `3 U1 ~% }; K- I2 s( ^! ]( T f
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 j; C2 ?" M* U9 y- y
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): }: Z, Y% t6 b) i. M' `9 t
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 s. q/ m) D1 ]8 y/ d# [+ t- d ], Y4 K. J+ G
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). w& b% V! u8 m- k$ Z/ n' C
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# v6 x( l$ J8 Q* ^
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, h# m$ g8 n3 S c: o/ j4 }" d E
. @9 E0 L/ W5 F e, o7 m) ^+ b. `5 {# d7 [# r5 ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * q( L: Z2 x$ \3 |$ {: u$ t - G0 G0 y: a3 w8 q( `, {. L( c例如: ( H) x( @, _0 d, u: q0 r% @3 m3 ~3 Z+ N' k: R. k
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) j8 z2 s: A8 Z7 A2 n- m0 c
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 b* E7 h8 U: l
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 d D$ j0 z- ~: }; H
/ }4 M/ [: [4 I9 v$ hHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): X0 s1 C9 x# A; z- s6 K! h8 M
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) U; v0 r9 C! ?! |5 Z: e 9 c' r, a e" Y3 i \Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * j6 a, i% \# _6 S, j. z g# S- H4 l& n9 L
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' w+ X6 N6 @: B0 W$ L* p, Y! |$ i% ~# {1 X
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 T3 m1 ^8 |. Q0 Y% g: O0 E$ S1 f( l9 M# X6 f8 s
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 `& M1 d# W) J! T, l6 `, l! r9 U
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& p A! ^8 @ c9 x% C) C3 J' t3 b
3 _! |# I p) d( _8 l对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & j' f1 _' T. J ?1 _/ Q8 E! f, t对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 H& V* k! B+ j4 z * y& i5 E; V6 p6 n! E$ H1 Y P0 [对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) d! h% f D6 r. j* w6 d* G# m7 A6 O$ @7 F1 S6 D' B8 H* M; C6 |) ]
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ ?; _" Z. r3 s: c1 O, F
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 A; s$ d |/ x8 o : H" s( E2 f; c& E还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ K B; Y& m9 t3 `, v
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & |& n& B `/ f% y