2 g. N5 Z- o4 ~& `例如:7 N& @/ j' d1 d! t4 x8 W# a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & P D! ]- S" I2 g9 l, t0 J5 r. Z 2 N8 X$ Z$ L4 V1 @1 j2 fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 S- z8 F1 W) d/ H
; p% t4 U, p' SThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 E5 ^8 M( Y/ R 7 g+ O& r g( r6 gThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ Z: x' z; ^; J* ]2 Z+ u- G
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 M) T0 a7 i3 v8 ^0 d$ }
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); J6 ~- g7 b" A4 p! Y3 j8 v
1 V- j* V N* r$ I) g5 t7 t$ `We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * S+ E" }! r/ E8 k2 S6 Y. G1 y! m- t2 C/ b! ]
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 N7 B# @. K* d
6 M, q% H) l# Y+ z" P! f+ {* BWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & }' O. Q3 O& t3 X * z3 j' i6 C* A1 iPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" q' z5 L4 S: ?$ ~+ O
0 B" ~* l, Y6 N4 Q) J4 K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! o% X: f9 o7 U7 E7 W 5 q8 k) z u2 g& B& S% _. M5 [- W2 `) ?, _. v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% _. U* Q: n" b( Q/ x' J8 D
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例如: % K# h0 E0 m4 Q( i9 a- b, u; E# B; k( ~
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ j! _9 L# V: U# f' P1 j
( c" c: j2 u$ d nDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& V" \3 ~% y' n3 L
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) _5 T; R# a0 Q& D& K D5 V/ a1 V* x9 u. Q% L4 M
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): e/ e; l8 k/ u, f0 g8 T; {
5 v0 d4 k0 o. j9 ^$ Q+ S* x! AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : J$ q! a2 f* y3 U5 C5 a) k$ z, M0 F, R% @
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , X! e& U. e/ o; f : s7 |0 u6 n- m/ {* j. B: q- N) [I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 h, q) C2 u0 C9 w' F: f
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 I- O9 l: y: r, O5 Y! e 4 b" |( [6 X2 V+ L2 U) DThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) S8 `3 y( N# V$ B* ~( m2 N& Q
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 n+ i) y9 r5 X% j- A+ @5 r2 |: X' X2 b$ L" z9 X* B- Q# ]. s
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + A& n. l% D9 U# W) u5 m0 Y; g& ^$ ], Q8 Z* C$ q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " r+ h0 J0 y6 n2 N/ ?$ f9 t) ]3 b ; V M4 G# f3 T. c3 l& FWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" g7 O9 i% F& |2 r+ g! d
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), F# l* x0 Y! K% @5 c
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 K( H8 o; _% M4 U) l) e8 G8 m; T4 i9 y
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 W* u3 @# M! D& J" q/ x
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* x3 o8 s) z& g9 a* [% l 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 W( g9 Y$ e: m S6 @7 G8 | ' c6 J) @8 d& M# ^ Y3 }/ `" W例如:% i1 e) D7 }. L! C* r1 z8 n9 O
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 l- ]8 i, p- m( n, _4 t6 z& `8 V; Z$ k. p% _ _
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 ^3 l. R& a' ? . M6 A$ s" v1 n lThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* ~' z- |2 } M0 l6 ]6 Q& ~: B, L" Q% c
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 f& g7 h6 b! K# ]( T% V9 A 0 q8 v+ B5 _+ N' t6 a) u9 uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 Q# s! B) ^3 Z9 L) R! q" v' B& W G
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 W4 T+ d+ ^, x" Y$ @( c" ~1 k0 G A4 E: e4 T8 r! v
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / G( c% T6 v) e' n 3 l# K9 U4 u6 yStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( K; C0 a, J9 ^- u1 v7 D
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 b2 T/ p( D5 K; z
! A; D# o2 A) J$ ` g6 T) n+ _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. p6 }9 P5 f# q
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% M# ?& V3 f0 g
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 D2 m# c& F" w+ T# M% x
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* n+ x; O: q! X
: j, |( {4 l+ R' V" [对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ c* w. {' ?9 i- w g4 J" w( D, R$ W# n: y3 r) |- L
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 m. h0 a" Z, e9 ]; k* n0 ^
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( d0 b% Z* O+ Y9 h# T! O" y% R7 H2 m' B: p+ p
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# q0 _9 d0 i; ^- V