本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 [* p$ l+ D$ Z {$ k
' [, [% ?# f8 d1 C8 T转帖7 A3 y# v8 `9 w' U( D
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( ~. N, C) @4 w: a- ~0 [
8 G8 U/ K# S) S- {; ?+ v例如:; H, w4 [4 u0 l9 h+ B* I& ~' P/ ^
0 p5 g/ B5 q2 X6 G" _; k% p
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' P8 `% K% `6 H$ }3 W5 q: }* E
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 o9 |/ t" g8 |0 g
* ~8 E9 G! A a. lThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 h5 E% L! Z: {# R* q2 K8 z7 u9 T# r) o, a! w' J" B
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" [2 ]2 B: P" p5 T- }" d
+ A" S/ m3 {: l6 {' Y I
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% F! X; u9 e, }: k0 M
t3 e9 z! j5 v" k6 i* ]# O
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 Y9 U- U+ [. U P2 d: Q
( K# ~3 n/ {- y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 G7 k3 w: Y7 |6 ~ I0 c0 C* \
9 e; Y' B, c1 H" W1 |2 S
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); O. _' ?; a; Y9 j' g' I8 S
& p' K' L+ d4 `* N; vWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ e5 V7 k: W" C! }) X% `
2 _2 [* @1 b! f3 ^5 G8 A; }; \
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 c: p/ ?; F4 i1 I* e 1 t8 ~! I+ n2 v0 C4 p4 ]6 z0 R这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) `- T8 Z2 r1 ~# p; f; S. d- I# S8 y7 Z/ Q9 T
! Z4 r- K; T) i6 ^4 D5 A2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 Q$ S% _ r6 D1 T. v* T
; J( ?0 o' C3 K6 Z6 n2 Z# H
例如:* s4 [$ p0 f- b& r; o# _
$ q( Z; y6 ~0 U3 }: J* ~2 _7 H* P
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) _9 m+ e; h1 S- Q0 }2 t* ]9 Q, a: i- |
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 a4 ]9 a. M0 g0 C6 h4 m6 g% B( i+ o; J6 E" v# Q6 M; I" ^$ u8 y6 d
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 Q9 l* |3 B" q7 ]/ q/ C 9 U5 L& W( x$ x3 w8 B9 n9 O- F7 bHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! `4 F7 {" H" `; F
- c8 q" I" H% |5 zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : j5 h* H$ |% n8 C" `; m2 W- ` - W+ U( [4 H8 K2 cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ ~# t7 o) r: d; f' ~! T1 w; m
8 ~; l+ l! \9 j Y4 C/ |1 aI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + `( z7 a+ p9 ~0 J, @0 |% d$ s/ ]* E i% {/ e6 a& k2 C. r
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - w# P! x8 I5 S, B8 t& M2 [8 h1 @& |+ ?4 Q, T' u* r
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) f. T5 S$ O/ d/ |- k' P $ p' Y/ a1 [1 B7 A. M0 Y8 x7 nThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * l) p6 `! U% W' |0 L : A/ J; C5 P5 [/ S4 g5 vHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), ^$ j- J& s0 i
: N, q+ p! O1 w+ i$ k* |
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 I* J9 |4 a3 }) j6 B4 T
( n: k& z6 M/ W( A( dWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* c# M' X: @# K$ e7 h
: T! j8 W0 D* [3 r+ H/ o/ }6 c' P
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 B1 C- K P( F/ ^/ K( W4 v7 F$ t: h) o3 \6 a
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 D! S7 d; f# D& R8 z
% F. E. C- Z+ l' K此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 I0 ~2 O; d8 e# [& P
; @( ^' z @7 C0 R, T( o
$ j8 V) X7 w$ {! |* G$ M 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! p$ U! j; |, \7 M$ N
4 I% `* K* k/ @7 ^
例如:( G# V D7 F0 `. m8 I+ Z7 X
! Y2 Z1 b3 s$ }) x$ }# o' N
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / @: u- [( @' T l. v0 T, f9 j' h9 O$ O6 b
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) Y) f1 P+ H6 }0 F+ y- p) l' u8 C; { ?& P7 s4 Y; u
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - } l! U1 h+ n9 `3 {. j' R) n 8 j, }# |0 S: ]/ m! nHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! \* ~+ u( u: b. m0 X7 k6 E9 R7 Y
3 l( o0 |1 p8 v8 i- P
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) |, V3 b: m0 @9 W9 E. C" O* H; o/ Y2 B( h' `* \
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 V1 h6 p% n$ ^9 r5 ] x0 `3 J; Z
, w! ^1 p2 u2 H$ U! n; n& iCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 q. Q6 p `6 B# b# u" P4 X3 U
- f: f* O0 J1 d$ M+ X
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # _" [1 Z- w- g4 o# q2 ] - X* V& J/ j- H @6 |同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- C- g. s' E, \4 T3 D
( O& t5 Q& ?7 G6 R+ |4 p7 q z
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& @, Q2 x1 W" V
- H9 I+ I# q m6 s+ I0 ~* m4 X
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 ]* ^* `4 o) [
- T( A. k) X# f* w对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% k3 G; p- y/ R0 H
% W1 P. w) S& G0 y; ]
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : [! s9 {, x+ \; Q1 v 2 Z) S) T2 N5 c5 b1 F7 {& i对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . n: ^; Q8 u+ u5 }9 O! ~6 D6 x1 K, _* C
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: K5 F7 z9 A w4 ]8 c% d1 P
% g- A9 N9 }/ E9 A还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, j0 L4 h* X4 a& p
- w% e" ^- t2 v! Q0 u# Q
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 L0 a- [, S6 t& a# o4 K