本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 x( U8 s% L' H/ y* I+ s2 A) t " f( d, r% [: E7 I1 U1 E转帖 : H# Q# v1 a3 [) F- c. R" a+ p( h1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) a5 t7 {3 f9 P- t
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # N+ U/ O) I# |3 ^6 L$ _: @/ R/ r q3 L' W
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ l. h& j3 _% P6 X) P G {: ]
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 o4 ^; c, I! H: j
* t2 {. o2 D4 M) L/ _0 gThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 x2 }" _3 R) I2 S# J/ `* C) f! X/ J+ j! y; z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " n1 C. [5 t' F( ]( G7 R - T" L9 A8 F& |$ s/ o8 A: X5 xMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - F8 [ T+ M( C! C# X3 A1 N p' q5 n( c2 p: K
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & v2 ]- ~5 T3 m 8 a, ]' o: b/ d+ F, r2 BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 ?9 s+ ~5 D8 p3 G' B% z- ]6 `: g
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! E& m7 ^# r' ? * E* f1 R3 p" _# t8 S. e% gPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 p( i! @: r. F' n# D" ~8 Z- Q- o* N3 _1 A- u; B0 L
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 `7 U7 x( k' k# a) a! | + t# I8 n2 u$ P) g ' x( g% ?7 d, d; t Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & I6 a! o" y1 v4 A4 h0 r6 z8 c; o% t5 m
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 n" W4 g8 q6 C
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 [8 L" W1 A7 `( S2 j7 C) |! ^
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " A8 a( K$ Y6 b3 @ ]1 d: k& e. \' L4 dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 l) R% L0 K8 s8 ^8 M8 ~+ y
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 u- j$ {% x, F. L i! f/ Q4 @9 v
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : L- k6 T$ X; h) p. v+ l " P, z+ Q& I7 ?' P3 m1 rI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" Y( U0 p" O5 P) t9 k3 ~1 y
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 v2 k+ [& `8 f/ ]& ~
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 u6 K( C2 n; d7 n2 v
* ?# }0 X8 D- V2 _# PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 r4 ~# [. a' d! ]# P. K5 }0 ~- T2 ]/ `3 Q, ?0 V
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 I6 @ F* p3 x9 e6 L. r0 N/ C" | O6 h
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ {# E# l3 D4 d& I* i" q9 S) W" U' _, `! O! y
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 j. g( z8 Z$ Z0 A2 o2 Y) w2 H* x$ T' a5 L* q; _, Z8 @8 O. {
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 q" |. p" T' ]$ I
( C {& h4 C: O" k% ~9 @0 s/ Z' \3 P写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 K0 r3 {. p: S; Q+ d) v% @ y1 P+ B# m4 P/ k0 l1 f
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 D, O5 G/ P2 n9 e8 m. @; M4 H( }, b. ^! I$ Z3 L! a& t
1 L5 y ~! v4 R. h/ W1 f3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) x( G1 |9 z& E* j5 H2 h: A
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / ?8 V: Y( w+ i9 h# ] + n0 c* O0 x& O8 JManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 s0 w; [+ x& N: j0 J
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 l3 z: }) R) ?2 F
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! }% T' ?4 F2 D/ g
6 M- \0 v0 ^ Z9 I5 NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 @9 `4 a' Q' |9 R5 R2 r/ C! o8 ]- [& g, A9 ?" h
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' R2 ]( }& G* c/ e. \8 m5 B6 i; r
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' M3 f2 \4 A: i& x
7 ^; W) I8 N. V$ zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * ?, y0 n% T8 p8 R. y 6 d3 n2 S8 q& V3 b* [5 ~. h同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& x: s# @6 a* X, o6 V6 W3 i+ K) Z/ Q
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ H& C$ [3 \# x
e M+ r9 X. \" j; R! X& a9 p至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + r0 ]7 |; V9 T" ]# a# z % _/ |9 f. ]& |& g Z$ e- G还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 p. m- }3 c, G
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: ^9 X* ?6 E, Q' E( b3 ~