5 v1 z: ~5 E. X0 E: qMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # X7 Q7 W- `: F) e, F# d7 L# o$ m8 U7 i. e
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 x/ N& B" M1 O: Y) P: I+ h+ Y* _( f# K8 Q5 V) D
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ \( G2 t2 s3 q& G0 B' ?
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . x) t* P" W4 t1 v: j V$ m- w$ g# [$ e4 q i7 \3 w
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( v6 D' z9 Q3 v; w; @
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- x( L( t5 H) f4 Z, D: h' R! s) y9 n
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 w9 m( q% j9 ~, C* I * r: c( h) m& A+ o& _8 [' `: L. n4 ?The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 J9 N; I% U$ a 0 o' q9 l1 w/ z* I% @+ ]We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) X ^/ b# k1 f/ ]0 o" ^' O3 _7 K
6 f. o4 E5 _4 v [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# f9 T R/ [, \2 F
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 B3 z0 d: i6 s# `$ ~7 n
2 ^% S, Q# d4 AAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ D" ?3 s& B! b, ]( z# e* L
6 q2 X$ ]/ d$ n6 h8 K9 l) oDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 C1 L" B. Y% x. Q; b' ?6 {
_. p& O' e0 g$ zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & ]' f: c* W8 E0 e( z! Q/ y8 E: d+ Z) E
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # I( @6 V* h& J: Q2 I R7 Z) f6 F; R# _( w Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . k5 @! y0 W6 o* d. O! W " L q$ j7 r+ U2 e3 L/ k6 S. ?She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 i6 B( _% L2 }: Z* x* K1 _
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 W/ Z) y# c* x( J
1 a1 y/ V9 \- s h, W f0 _1 n如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , F) h- Q2 L9 P+ O 2 D1 b1 h$ I% E! ~: j3 KThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 {9 n& v( [ t, D6 o N9 x+ n5 e* T8 |" I9 R! t
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 H' p, i2 Y2 H( e3 V
8 f* ?" e5 k9 V3 }3 N" OHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% L0 Y* I$ T( k1 n' l1 y+ x
$ G, V/ ?/ ~9 t' XHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; l+ O/ E9 T6 e5 u ; B( |- }; M; L/ {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 n+ C% Y# k2 s3 A0 C$ I7 R0 |5 J) L9 Y/ J" p
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' s0 d& P3 S% \6 \: I+ t, ?' V s2 C7 d1 v/ l# `
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 L2 z: v1 P$ P) W, f; J; e* L( \- W& e( m5 p/ N
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ q5 m& _- Y, D. }' B9 @! [3 R3 l 5 [9 G. F) Q& ~5 m# z* B/ ?. S: s0 l/ g, H 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " `' p8 r9 ]) c. y& S2 G + p h3 K$ a& z ]6 Y# D6 @例如: 1 j/ M' v5 o4 J% \& `+ ?" F) t" t1 Q& S8 h7 E
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): ?) `/ v# m/ u; }% q5 D3 O' N( R- D
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + t& f2 `& R6 N 7 N0 r% q8 L: R4 o- X, K/ Z9 ~+ ?* lThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! G d' _6 V. q. I
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 r! t* t2 S: u9 O4 X( J
9 T. s# e( y( pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 v/ H+ A: u) l- N! M1 U+ n3 Q2 }
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 ^- F2 e/ J7 S* S
R |8 n" [# L+ dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) E) I3 u4 g* w4 r8 g. h! O' @
1 \/ j* S: X* H5 k* l, YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 D: u# z, i% v8 [ % g9 G, Q; F' N, K7 r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 k. _( w/ ?) R' D7 R 4 @/ ?' c3 V! Z; g& Z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 n7 f8 C$ H7 s ( `8 y7 ?9 f; D- z/ s0 R3 a" h3 q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( {& i* g! x B/ T8 C' G
: y) s+ S. N( p, [% O5 G( ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( M A6 `! H/ D! t
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, v2 ?/ i ?, a0 v9 O
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . C8 N: ]; {- l" f0 R- g( L- ]% W' o ( u2 E. h) y% N4 N! O/ M还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' }1 }0 J0 A7 {0 p) H
! ]$ ^) U M& [5 f) Q0 S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; |' v. f+ v6 }- j* e