本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ~ W1 [9 N: V+ @! L! H1 D . F- X/ R% ]5 x, ^" b! p转帖$ N4 F! A$ f* T. m3 L2 ]7 L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # z8 d, y* p2 S; n& f: v; B# S% @3 z; B
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8 U! g- r* m- Y, fMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- }/ Y& z( I) f, D" o
* ]& E. W- w8 ~0 i) h4 KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); b' S/ |4 s6 v( V) ]+ n. Q
; J+ }, `3 k; Y. |) ?* oThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% H( Z- L' Y9 {$ L8 s8 z
: K1 P2 G2 Z n! j- x9 YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ x7 C; U# M* {$ m1 y
5 |' ?: Z i6 u( rI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). u4 C" o# H5 x' v
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * {/ }. ]1 `0 g" Z- |9 ]; i, @, i: p7 T- `
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ ~* R. o& C. r3 `
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " v, }9 c8 p6 A4 K5 r n* E4 o. v' T: H* l7 Z3 M# x
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# l+ ~& }+ W# x# {+ U
" n! j: d/ J& m' ]4 U1 xPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 d& a8 |7 C$ d& @9 R0 T - }/ ~( ?* r& m2 N# K6 p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 u, q5 a6 F7 Y: n4 v0 e7 U- y6 z( K6 E) C4 L! K/ V
% P+ n9 B) i( a$ b 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : o# Q: x& V3 ?" G4 M ! B2 y- W; {4 q# S/ {9 D2 [* H; V例如: 6 Q& ]. Q# G7 p$ k! m8 w 7 G$ Z$ ?* Z0 i7 p, O/ XAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( O! ~8 v: x* z5 J. g9 C& U! g" m& N9 {: u
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 ^0 }+ I/ o4 O, P# s8 Y# p
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) [! D4 a( U6 V9 d r
' k+ ^- z8 ]- }1 v; w7 G2 cHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ @$ {; z( I( T6 D/ V
6 q3 k* ?9 m2 {1 g3 MIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 X2 q6 `5 {3 F- p/ ]! Z k8 ~ G; s1 V% \
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - U. d8 w8 k( J " b2 q4 C1 `3 G. @9 MI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - l- Z5 y. t, Q3 O- f# [ & @7 b9 R) y% f! U如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: X; @* Z4 U L" Y( K4 r) H. v) S( t; N, O3 g
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + e c' j8 H8 s) v8 b* Q& Z$ p9 G m, j t9 f
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) q8 k3 [) V, ^2 H$ `) H) X/ M
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 j+ M' b+ u1 c( |* s, D
/ r( Z6 a3 D( {/ b' yHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , h! I) n6 Q$ V ) L& Q& c" X6 W ^% z. qWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); v3 z; s; b+ P* B) e% `- \* T# u! V: Z
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); [( o) m# X% H9 v& D) b
, W" Q: T7 x% L% h$ e& q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % _: j7 e% O; {. i 7 x1 z+ Y, K, q) c此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# g; ^5 [$ w# {# x0 d5 W9 {
- ?) [3 b9 A) y ) m" m( i2 D- i0 ^5 e0 Q; E. c3 N `3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; n% G5 Y u, @$ x. u
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. `) [ V7 _, t$ V9 r$ ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 M( d+ {) P( w# G+ W: {
, _/ g) z! }4 T4 b4 hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) _" ]* U# d9 _0 l6 R" i/ M( j6 r1 N Y1 D9 Z8 {
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 K8 ^# K8 r, r& U2 n' B2 a o* g3 s& O$ V# J {
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 y+ y2 }5 r% W4 G4 Q
. k" U3 B. k' b/ G) K: l: rMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 {8 c0 v4 b. \% w3 G# P8 t/ [# ]
9 N# _7 z+ c" |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * F8 |6 [0 m- d5 H! ~! L+ z5 Q! q L; n h/ I1 g
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * u1 f6 H% b! I9 a- T6 F" e4 f0 }( o/ h. c' V" j1 D Q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! A/ ~7 f% m) K3 ?5 W + }8 |8 t1 x3 l! I同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- ?$ l6 N6 f: A7 z
8 k% U' H! X) }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ?. u7 |9 }. l- p0 { ' P+ O" l' J4 u: @, @对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; F: h8 N* q; L: `
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) U# Y/ J( T2 b3 C ( W7 Q4 R) ~# {- o$ ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- j* s' m) G$ \: j( D
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 p$ u7 n6 u. P- V0 U) C# Y 4 X) S/ J3 _& Y$ d0 Z$ o$ A至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + ~6 _2 ^# z x( B X% S! a/ a" ~ 2 a8 t3 E! ?$ C还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 ?5 w: R E9 L& ~8 R/ g
6 @2 Z9 Q) x1 ^2 {# [* V8 ~5 s. F有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; Z1 _6 X1 y0 k& B$ M. r7 n6 J