7 D) _: I/ Q* E* f% |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) R+ H3 U8 |* E4 i# [& J. d
8 t A Q, V/ |( M @% F% G# K8 gThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 }* F9 J( ]$ M8 N# d
7 l4 J; q( \+ s$ K- t. hThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # V- M/ V* x1 C4 o. {9 g% n8 R 8 b+ p( q2 R% bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 f# {. R; a! ~% }1 [" g& ^ v
& r9 B5 q0 ^8 }& w0 b, eI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) I/ f2 D- S: E; G% ] z* q * u. |$ \& C/ C/ i9 {$ N) hMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 @0 f! S* h: V: s3 l7 c
) _+ t& @* D2 oWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ V/ V& B! D# W' m# |9 f6 J, r0 y7 O& I# P
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 e( y, E8 _& z! ~7 A+ {( Q( |
6 K4 t5 i( B. [: T0 G LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % c% X- H( f0 Z! J( j8 Z- R7 _+ s$ f
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# x; l4 N& R1 E5 M K8 P: _
5 D3 _3 U# }, L$ o, n# D' F6 G这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 s$ v9 ?5 d5 f% V7 `4 Y0 w, A7 P" P) N, B7 O6 {
, r+ h& Z# p( h0 ? 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ E) R( e& g8 A% S* Q$ o' I* X
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例如: ( ^6 i% {* k8 C [) | P( [. A* x9 h( e# Z
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 n4 E. i' m1 }2 D0 G
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ s/ t9 c* k5 ~) Z
8 c% x6 v4 L% {; gI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 I3 t5 ^9 P) @; u/ n
. H' h. M/ d6 J" B! _He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) [7 J6 V' Q* k
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - P% h% I+ Z) n$ q% [' A! F' N7 s. E: g) j0 g1 n, @
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ T2 l$ J" ?7 \( P( }# @
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # [8 J1 j3 L8 K0 u+ L" w: ~, _2 d7 J: z& o& k* n
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 @8 X1 f1 I X! t# x
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ p( @& \/ Y" W8 A: p
1 ^2 y, B+ Y0 uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 L% ]7 i& H7 e1 ^* x1 v
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 h/ t+ S' J% L3 p. n$ J' m# [% J2 c9 B; R- q( f
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 q2 i8 t8 t. r( _7 r7 u% r
7 U3 A' z" ^& w( a: dWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) a. \3 L; v- _- E, i7 P5 _
2 L6 m+ E( C3 o. T+ G5 Q+ [Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 H" m) Z ]0 S, w6 S% ?8 ~
. d2 O/ S# D; @9 Z3 I: U. J* q- d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ~& p; ?- X: M8 L5 d0 j+ j+ t
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 {4 [& L& y6 p6 k& e , Z* e+ q1 o4 f4 U4 j. i6 \+ k* G7 s2 L* o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " c) H* C" Y0 g# f# a' k5 J8 G# W ) }0 U/ N+ N* M2 t3 B例如:8 k$ I. g7 ^2 R
# S% l5 W' \, L8 I, JMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 q; T# `7 Q6 A5 C& ~ ! p/ {' L: {: Y' X8 hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( V L/ ~6 j R" l: O) i2 z# R9 S8 D1 D, Q" P0 [
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + u0 M2 E1 c5 ^$ a! V8 M2 z 4 k6 }! j9 @9 O# oHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" J* s$ Z$ q4 U1 F9 s* b" B0 {* k
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 c, J1 u6 D/ K: {3 [ o# x+ ]" {7 A9 @5 s5 l
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& V' q$ U, x$ S9 z
5 y( V. h! A y" C) UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ s: ]3 t- A" `- G, L2 X6 O( q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / R5 E( X5 o) s# a V4 h L) N9 T' v/ y: d4 p: f
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. y7 _8 T' ^# Q. f/ n
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 _8 N: V4 A" t" C- }+ e. p$ P% o/ k8 |9 X8 r
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ m" T5 @4 i- D/ K3 O
# Y4 x' t& t$ v$ G6 {' Y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 x, v y8 I& I, ~( B* C4 G4 w2 F0 J4 l" A
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! G v9 x. O `9 c/ M5 ?- I: H
) S" N# u0 x y5 K' K+ a' j* ` g对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( P5 q8 V0 I7 _" E: P4 M
6 Z) ?) y% J* M; M# m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 P6 t* E: D N' Z9 c( P; w9 B4 l" V3 v, D
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 q' c7 u) S8 T: d% k7 z8 Y/ g) k4 N# S d1 w/ z
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( a* M" S. K1 m4 z8 \" G( N