本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " j2 L5 N6 I& R: {. ~% H! Q! G/ b 转帖 ' j& q# c7 G5 e/ M8 A- Z4 u1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 I# H; b% |7 F. C" i+ ^: Z: {0 o2 m8 z/ w; ]) T0 w3 |* t6 J
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 z W9 n) ]. k$ x$ q. Z
; H) ]; V# ^9 G6 uThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 P# H$ N$ w: L5 w% \, t* o
3 ?/ d1 f1 S& l+ [" Q& k3 CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , H$ V4 S. F' Y/ P7 R2 c# b7 J6 b3 ^/ Z% m+ c& y0 Z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' V/ V) W2 q3 Y& x
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 d2 E" U( t7 f& o' {0 A
# _9 L& H) K7 uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) e8 [. w" h+ V% }9 j8 G/ g' t' V8 t2 u: z/ r) }( r3 @, O: @
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 }! r* J& q" a# j( J1 M3 {7 {
$ u/ c7 M3 W$ Z6 `- V+ FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). ~* f. Q9 U0 p; l* |5 i5 C6 w
* A! a2 }; P8 D' xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 p3 j, E$ E* s7 I" M 8 H" d2 i' k7 kPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . E8 c! J: {) d. V$ n4 t ' \0 Q: e- k, P这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 j+ _7 y- B% H2 h! X! R" `& R9 `6 ^! [( O7 r
- c$ Q8 H- u2 `8 j2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ r$ b. c+ M, I6 g1 H1 p3 q
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例如:3 a! b+ Q7 F9 [4 N$ ~
! P4 S. |* u( |1 D! H2 RAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 y; @; Q2 p! B5 D) M3 a. V1 O
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / ^7 r, A) X2 C. |5 r' g - C0 Q( _7 R$ Y- ~* B$ c( jI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ k9 K9 g8 @' Y. E9 o. Y
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 O Y w- \+ b- z
* z3 O0 r8 c5 A7 o9 k5 L& e1 FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) Y3 o1 |; A# P# v
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' a$ J+ h; u; L0 G# F2 y
, w1 H! i" L, b( t& s; ZI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # M; H7 O# O( _5 `0 L# ~3 g1 r9 |, A K. M& m2 F
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ i( R8 `1 {8 N0 s, p
6 }6 v" }) a8 b: f; P: cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / o6 p5 u' W! [; M$ M7 g) N0 }' s, W. d" [7 B" _
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / N/ a6 S) ?6 s8 h* N / m% c+ Q! J6 o- [0 uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) p+ W+ b' q0 I6 W
2 f8 m. k, J3 J5 P0 rHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 ~/ J% P# b% k& f; J! C
R p. g: [- o6 e. O5 l4 j8 Y9 SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! e3 H8 q: h! G+ L3 x5 j4 Q }) L3 G% ]9 a u& k8 E
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 x) J; s9 ~: u8 i, T1 N3 }& I
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 P* m8 x; [4 C$ U6 }: P/ d2 l2 d6 }4 C$ @/ s+ g* H
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 q) h: o' c$ ~% W , Q6 ~; B6 Q4 W ]& k3 L* @ 7 w: g7 W) W0 U" Y8 ]. x3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) w( w( U+ D) m! U4 I3 m 0 t" {6 W7 q0 u) A' o, @, o( j5 O例如: ( R0 Z/ F6 i5 D6 H6 G4 A+ D9 ]. B: G! t! ?% v1 W" s
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 q0 g8 c- w6 m7 }; s * p5 ~) _1 p/ K# h7 M5 t) j4 y0 A' c9 WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); s+ ~* ?" T0 J7 _# h2 g5 \. _
# V2 P6 h* T7 j2 P( V3 w3 EThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; d5 H e) E8 K# X0 D" X& h6 i3 e( `1 D& R
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! ^% D, z0 B* v" {. l9 r5 `
* ~3 b1 ^& s* l1 q- tMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 ]( E- \ {& t: v7 l3 m" V2 V# N+ e- q' u: c+ R
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* t7 G! b$ e, k5 Q: H' }6 l% t
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). x4 u3 {9 [% }, g! r
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 F; A# P% @, n* r1 i% R8 z7 g5 t. d
6 V) u, F( Y4 {- I4 H0 x# G同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* h1 j2 E4 }9 w( }
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( s8 \5 _; f2 f) F# N) T+ o2 v( x4 R/ {! U4 K
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% Y" H( e& L" ]9 T) @. g! M' z) w- m6 b
: T) ^. o5 H. T5 w& U对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; w# m$ G; J6 Q( p% a& v
8 B5 s$ f+ o" n$ M! ~4 q6 |对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 d: d. r; L9 f ' s; o( N/ G! a- @+ N6 Z, A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; N; Z6 r2 u. `3 m; e1 s7 S9 s. P B# `( g! a7 Z+ `% N
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 l: M+ a* @3 `( U. d 5 k1 C0 k* @' s0 H$ k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( d# J; l* F6 }5 u. d4 A
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! g) f, {; M0 S6 \( F+ G