本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - r( E' s0 v; F/ i( v! l- ^, o- m
$ i' g; f% i. g( F 转帖 * d( E. w8 [. q! g t. k! t( k1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), ^, x$ k; b/ u: J7 |3 b
$ q1 ?" n, E0 ?例如:- o2 v2 d; O k C. [ E
( v# S3 f4 y9 E0 Y- L# Y6 B. iMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / q! v: A: `# Q+ n$ I0 |7 ^4 g6 T& ?
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 L6 R) z% P, q' } v
! T' A: P8 `7 q% E/ [7 P# N# I: q- N
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 {' d! @& i7 D/ x+ [6 q + Z! ~/ X! B4 c4 r* T4 @% QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 F; G. I9 N/ E) ?- G( Q0 {
4 |& l0 J/ j# II have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); |7 I3 r% _- d( `9 N( e, j9 q! }
# n# L/ X% z2 |8 a
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " m/ ~$ |9 R+ ~* l* N! B+ ^8 o/ k+ z# e
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % c$ x; @1 p* P4 J $ L) w+ ^4 C6 @3 j- ?: wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % c- o3 G/ b1 @. e% @, W" Y! c+ B9 q% B& L3 K
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% `. H1 `0 N' ]0 X1 U1 |
. F- _+ F' w; J( ]& r2 j) yPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 w: G7 K6 i% F b$ H8 g
! |2 \8 H4 _) i这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 L6 K3 k, N. ^, c W# u6 e
0 `% `3 r8 H/ q6 x* }/ _ y
, G5 b( ~- q9 B% \ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 D7 f' r4 M8 O8 {" A- G, E
6 H( y: Z/ J: T5 @: B* d1 P! W( F
例如:. [2 U2 Q1 K8 I I
; V: b" d- X) _: N" q# {
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # |* `! T" @8 J6 Z* ?5 `3 S2 f9 P; U' s, n3 j. f
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 K3 ^7 P) V0 U- \ * I0 u2 m% G# E$ @. b# W6 ~I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) A% P0 p+ R/ B8 `7 b( Z8 F) h6 c8 e) o, K! i, x& r: S# v
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; H! D4 b, V: J1 I+ x% v) z% h! K/ U a
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' N" L* @& g4 v0 l( H2 T/ [
5 ]# ]' ]" f( g# Q) z" ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 z% T+ B4 w: I - X# X; R, m' U, w4 S/ }) h9 dI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! b# T# A( S7 m# T/ Z. e1 D) O- Q$ M* C/ h- ?5 e
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 L1 `" [! G% s
" }$ W' G5 O2 A1 hThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ d ~* G) j4 o$ l( f ' Y: `& Z) X9 ^% Q& H9 Q/ p5 @The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 H* P6 A. k# n2 q0 A0 y( w
0 Z& q& u) b5 `/ t" V7 B: C
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' p3 P$ O- Q$ l& y
) Q$ h& g2 B4 n6 M% v E" w
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; f. M& w! c' Y5 [8 L + t" ?4 G0 ?. e$ P. J& ?We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 R1 W$ s( E' _" v) s' S+ j* x" U8 y: [: f# B
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& V W7 p2 c0 `8 `3 j& F2 q
* Y/ T& r5 C( v4 |' B- u% n: T' ]写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& s) T' L2 ?; {% g
5 }8 r2 j! R4 j O此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 X( [4 X; z7 {; J8 T# N* J - a, c. a- a4 l T/ v, [5 U1 O3 V8 ^) w1 D# N, I3 q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 ^4 H7 N4 z/ H! b1 ~7 ]3 H 9 R. P( ^, P. V- _& m例如:9 E/ Q, L+ K) k. H
' }9 o3 H1 Q: Q7 C# T9 T3 jMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 M; `2 i9 |! j; i* |" x5 R5 j+ B
' u% L( v1 @8 H/ c( U
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 ~/ {! c% R- \ s( h& W
) @- X! ~/ H3 F( i2 j1 ?% y& I1 w% r/ S9 R
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! A$ m- x# k: F/ O) o5 R! _
3 v1 v: B; k! E* yHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ y) d; l. Q" [. ~6 Z0 f
. F1 k; {, Z* s4 A! m/ NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / Z$ H' X' K z& U) X4 z8 t7 x ' O( G) G- E1 j" vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& ~' r' O+ [0 q2 P* J
- r4 K! j, v, o9 Z! t
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), V+ J6 {. L) \! ~5 B% H/ v% J0 g* R/ j
- F: l& J$ d$ n! ~
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) E2 @/ y1 M9 Z) U" Q/ w* l3 Q3 _& W4 @( W; k/ k) A& S
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, }/ O2 B! n! x- t! ]
( |- B$ r- ]# j) p0 Z
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 u1 R! u. O6 t% \% h, c
/ \3 F/ U; F/ Z$ ?6 E6 M
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 g: K G! t. W
, ^ X; `( Z' W; t+ D5 v对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ ^8 z) e$ G! u& a- T# w1 ^
2 t6 k0 O: ? L( ~* ]9 G
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 ~, G$ w4 V( f3 l4 Q: q* g' D+ a) D; B4 ]) [9 q
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 n9 x" Y# }9 c3 ~# }: P
1 F8 `3 P. Z0 t2 {* k; X
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! I7 j# {8 \' d6 L n9 ]* q! B7 e9 b! ]/ F/ m
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % G% |# _/ |# o a# f7 p9 ?7 p4 i! J; f# S3 X8 r0 d- M6 }3 E
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 l5 I5 R4 [ X' a2 o" w