本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 B d& g0 _- s( t' V
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& V$ x$ [4 ~% \6 N; d
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). O5 l8 d, ^4 |9 m" T
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : b9 p4 c1 c- p' U8 G; c$ g& z+ c6 q' }
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 ^& Y' f" h* r
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 z! h5 C+ Y) r0 N0 }2 k. [* u/ M) W6 c7 ?
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' a! P7 A8 X5 l # G+ }) n% j; k- W% L: H+ MMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 R5 o) N+ w2 }$ {' h
. w. ?' c+ D% Y y; XWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ e0 r. t8 ]4 }( Q) I2 N# W0 F
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* R$ O: g6 U) S$ d O( D9 Q. B
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& I( C) ]% B3 a3 q9 x' ~1 \, f D r3 @
# p1 i' U, i0 d* TPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 D9 }; }& k" R9 C
+ m" q4 I) [8 O0 O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 H2 {. ]; s3 P5 ~" P. i( C5 A7 X b/ p
- V' O& C9 ]7 h 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# s" v" \2 `9 [" m( w
# H9 P6 E% _# ^+ H; Z3 h8 S6 i例如: 0 Y) _) \. k' s' a' b# v+ \ / F/ J. R- Q+ { f; H; pAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 P8 ]4 @% _" E: i% {: @* O ) ^. W* [3 [7 q& S9 i# T7 P( dDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( |% T* m/ }5 f+ l% E& m+ u/ K' g' ]0 K3 D4 \4 o% A; U( j! e$ ^
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 I/ g6 t, R0 `4 J/ n0 u: o( f
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! v Q0 p8 K: F* e
2 T% D- h" ~. M. E, w# e7 _6 k/ UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : R' M2 Q! i. l$ Y& H& [" I8 m2 }) u $ J7 z1 n# o: B3 ?( p$ P& ]She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# P+ K& I+ z0 |- Q# E9 e
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 }/ I/ P; |* v% g& y9 r
6 h$ v9 k( \+ |/ a$ z1 a$ n7 U如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 R3 H. X' o1 H' Z& _9 H " {7 r4 ~( u* MThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' y( j$ N- K/ b2 I8 P* a1 p- s6 y1 D
7 O7 @' V( h+ I$ b8 _1 T% N: H' iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). r6 s+ l+ y9 }- S7 G0 r* ?
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) g. E0 n' k5 L' i- D. [/ x0 k" x {* b
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): W% L1 z( o* A* R. D
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) O. g u: `& S0 t
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ @; k. w2 I* g# e
! ]& ~2 ]2 n6 r6 Y' c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 M ^# L' ~4 v( q3 ~
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 z! |7 u4 Y, C( D
/ ? R7 n& i- h% Y8 J7 K ) q" T: m+ h4 \% o' Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : i& I% f& B. J$ x7 f8 V/ n4 ^0 y! T
例如: - i) _$ L9 s4 f/ v4 ?& M# v s& Q3 x5 w1 r0 G8 e# N) KMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , |1 D* _ l* w# j( D' P( X+ u+ I* }, K8 x; R
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) r( K' O- U; a6 E5 s/ K2 q$ e z* N8 {% y! x: h1 N6 b6 q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ L2 y" o+ A0 J! _0 H) h( j
& W0 {2 b# o( q& eHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * r3 {) c- e0 ?& t+ c. d# W- S, T
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' w1 u2 i# w! r" X6 Y
, [6 h, w) o, J0 OPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % d6 f$ x# {+ E, P8 ~' i % d8 Z+ N+ h/ ~ zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 C% T" M5 M* s$ p
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; g" {/ h4 o" x; q2 G - y6 z! W# w2 [& m9 l ]$ x# a同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( p( H! G% y( B: i8 ^& \
7 i4 u9 t: Y- L# J( B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & V0 [9 ~! n$ L- Y. @) h + f" O ?% |' P0 I& Z! p! M对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 y6 f3 c2 |1 U: W" ]! h/ y
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! f$ S4 E' w }1 [ r- d* m
: {6 |+ u% j# A3 G对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - n2 |/ z0 X6 \- \ % M/ n$ l- S! d V* R9 V- e2 f对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 }/ `: M+ A I0 U q' M8 G: @: E7 X5 ]; j$ Q. N
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 L$ q: w* @' z 5 ?) i V( D8 H" I, x还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 ~3 K, V% F8 j+ X! {, k: q% i# b. T- `# a0 q2 S
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % J5 d! V7 B% @7 |; u9 @2 a% d