本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - W$ s; b7 z/ J* U
4 M( B3 a: y6 F- f$ H9 d! n转帖 5 z: S( d+ s& o, B* D: g( I9 D1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , e5 s7 R; a* a E3 D* x$ l ; t% w: `4 s" T3 u例如: 9 ]$ G* u6 a( M) ] n X) A# D- a, R+ u1 U! C
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# J+ e& K$ \3 e% `7 ?$ F. p
4 f7 a/ d1 S8 K1 i! H( I' M; }Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 r- o& D. k( C8 H. E! x8 _4 k0 |
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 q5 m) D, Y! o3 `$ D/ k; I- ]1 p$ c
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & L. x% _% E' X' v2 X: r! C# O; X$ o* F0 T2 y
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 z7 U) z6 ]6 }1 M+ U4 L 8 L; o3 ^) ]! CMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # |: L; K! y' z$ e5 C" ?* z( k9 K0 g
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + T* D4 a0 G( e/ w2 A/ @5 D6 w) ~9 Z0 W: n9 w
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - M& I. }0 m) k4 e2 p. F9 @, v: s+ z8 a
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 c& R2 p3 N' s- j+ I8 ~3 I" |+ H5 o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : d# Z2 U7 i9 Z2 F3 W# x, i5 r. q' F; Y; J. n* [
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : c, A; {5 ^1 s3 J& s( x- i6 L . Y; A, B) u# _5 o8 ?: z4 j+ u3 U5 O: W0 b4 `: G! | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) t4 ?+ S; C7 h: U
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例如: 1 ?" @; \" ?5 f1 d9 e( ~, X) p* g) Z! A& ?- v
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 T' c6 _8 A7 h: f) ] $ t" P5 T' ~; z$ MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' k- {& O7 V: |$ Y 2 Z9 O6 e+ c, G2 q$ F7 ]I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& x" w5 L7 e5 `0 q; F* h
E' v& |1 f9 j, d' z+ WHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ b9 A, Q: ?' l6 Q
/ h8 I1 d |- H3 c& q- D( F! bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" e7 ^# m% }9 z4 a9 \2 O% \
/ P* ]1 P4 }, R6 a5 D0 W- cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 h7 n+ O+ h+ o5 d- f* c8 {0 d! Z/ G7 W D# P9 q
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 E I4 `6 N, Z! `' i
/ F: R. [4 f$ h4 `- S如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) @" g/ D, z! R5 y5 {1 |; Z5 a G, ^7 g4 ~+ {0 \# N! y
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* s! O4 O; ^- T% h, k
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) e0 E. ~* p% S% S: b7 |
2 X+ c; l/ W/ pHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * N2 C+ z$ h, h8 t9 p* q: k [5 k/ \! F. J* H# B( \2 h) L0 u
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " j' @4 ?& Y7 Y; e" `" h3 C, i8 f - M$ O4 S+ ^. o" r( n/ l4 p( B; rWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " k, @& t6 d- g2 m8 F7 J U& _" D( i- Z1 {3 E' _- d$ Z0 G& B
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " V8 ]2 W3 P' J7 e: P8 J3 @ # _# h3 V( u8 K' B! r: ?写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : ?: E& Z) L+ M+ W# r7 ^& C" y) S0 E 8 H* `, ~8 m7 l8 C g此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + {/ l) |/ ~) B( w - J2 B% }/ _7 ~4 \! }) S- j- `6 U& z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ s' }1 ?6 y/ i0 h% L, O: I2 g
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例如:, K- F, a, a K% @9 }
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 o8 l) a/ J# g% \5 q
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . ~! `: X( S8 N. O& n r3 k# e ' }+ f( P6 E2 k' j: k+ x" @( mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 V) L; E: }1 b& i0 Y4 }: C) P+ T$ C6 g+ {# l8 V: g% g) v
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 z S- f1 n$ A( @
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , c: [9 t' K4 p/ P" w! x! o$ b0 t4 ]% g( m# Q! G
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% l' r3 ]. z& n* Q2 b2 ~0 P
" z2 [! i! q# I1 L' w$ UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- c- x3 h [$ m8 e: K1 O
& N0 a( L. [$ S9 N- T0 ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 e# Y& V/ l+ F* r1 R5 R5 S& M
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 G0 p. V7 v" w3 z
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 H( \$ z: C1 ?$ P' S' ^2 f
2 Z5 Z# r8 S- \# A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, U4 A+ J6 e9 u8 o$ @$ w: z6 C5 R" Y
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . H9 Y' s8 d1 D; F# k8 C$ L3 ~+ |( m, L$ ?2 h
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; P. k$ J4 D6 M' L9 z0 Q# q+ g+ ?) w/ \( R: c# k/ R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 Q* ~- t1 c+ p/ [$ q# h 4 s- v o+ P8 E- M( U2 P: a* y- }至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : j' s+ D) L1 T1 E' G& H * Y* R$ t$ c9 \. i还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 H7 f) t m! f$ b( \
( A! `8 C' I k. B) c$ s, ^有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , u" k/ ~; N/ M8 }