本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 C2 g7 y3 P7 V
0 q3 L+ n! V) F1 r% U转帖 & y3 P2 P7 [1 Y& S5 E1 D1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 r4 W. ~1 R U9 y
" o* W0 v8 v# F4 W4 Q5 n6 H- A例如:) [3 C8 _1 p$ L
$ G' f. X6 f: a- N4 D- S$ k
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- Y, F# L; U) b. S0 l
3 B% u- Y+ |: U0 q+ U4 yThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* x; r b/ W- _- Y) X4 s
" T+ R# \- G2 S# {This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); W' i& }7 R$ F4 P+ H8 d
# {5 h6 J( |# p/ r& r5 p
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; O& r7 q, o) j# }" g m, \* o, m1 c8 W6 V( N) p
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ m! w/ m! s0 ?/ O" ~* G
y) N/ Z2 b$ J! CMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' c; Z6 h. K: C6 u b1 q( J" i : _" X" L d: C hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* u$ ~3 t- f6 m D: k6 e
" D, c: ?' Y D& _% c( H5 o+ NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 }0 u6 Y) e9 n( Q
( R7 H6 E0 M$ \+ G- j
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # C9 G1 A3 A. u5 l% Z9 ?" Z3 a) M. O6 k5 J# _ J. Z* {0 ^
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ Q" N- N$ |- [. Z
+ ^6 i- }; U9 p+ k这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 d4 Y$ o+ ?4 w" a! _! J3 D5 s" `1 P4 ~; n5 [- d! K" P
; h# u* D8 n' Q" h6 O+ c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 G7 g7 k9 w/ t8 s% X : M; E% p" c# U例如:9 T6 W- v0 S: M
7 B. f) F1 s5 I+ n/ c, w1 _
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): U9 q7 z5 f) S' U6 A
' o8 H5 M9 I* P$ L, }; G* d* {3 UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! N+ \4 e7 }+ T! ]( j2 w% X+ X9 }$ G, ^, z% G) \
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / m6 m& d. R+ a& b" r 8 l( i5 o* R6 R5 K& ?/ _& H: N+ yHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 E; m( f$ b/ h$ ?2 L1 Z" m
7 }( x& E* ~/ S( ~4 P3 d, \0 \In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) q, o8 o1 o6 \3 s) j9 D& }6 S
t" _2 h) K* Z1 q) h! Z: u1 ?She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! w/ A# [. n3 L7 \. f7 a$ M) ~0 j: Q! [ P- ~4 t
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 d6 E( P: a( e1 l' B
$ s( g9 e* U- t$ d8 ~' Z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 h1 m/ k9 _/ m" w* g- C0 O. x) ?: O/ x2 B' G
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : {1 w, n" W. {* g! q, |3 A: C) F4 ?- S1 l
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 A1 |: R1 [4 g
# w# U" p- J7 a% R) n) ^
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) P7 h9 V& O1 A+ i8 w; k) u" C, P) Z% C, T4 x
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' V+ h0 c9 x5 m; ?; N9 p! O
& m" J9 p1 M. B, ]" P6 B0 GWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& a( M& S+ S0 f5 e4 ~5 V
! x. @* Z. g( E0 hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). E: M8 B# l4 l. L" {
, i. Q2 f- R5 n( s写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) i& V" `/ C- ?. e* y9 D 8 a8 e! ~0 `2 T- r- l' K' ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! g# y- b; p+ h) |! M! K& c* }$ D/ p . \: q( {( v2 ~! H+ K5 ?0 Q2 e, W. }8 L1 K 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 G5 z' D0 K7 n8 N0 E
5 z' z! ~7 l; a
例如: 5 W$ r& G+ [3 E: Q [7 L( Z & B3 v9 n! Q: U: b# k) {' a( jMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . z/ i' p/ G5 e . v+ I6 K6 \: d& o9 S3 WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) g3 n3 X& q% P! y8 T! q& i
9 N/ g/ W; T2 l0 u# Y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' R9 u* [+ j/ g5 j" u' v# J
4 g; v( T5 D& E( y( C% Z2 `6 A* z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 e- f9 ~/ `6 |8 d4 c* q' a
. O4 x& E# Z- B0 u: N7 AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . @$ y, G. I0 S" v$ R. R# C9 k" d 5 ] `! Z0 u" m( R |3 R' c& \Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 z9 x5 x6 O& A, Q' _+ M / e/ ^4 R6 S: O/ @/ lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 q" X/ y7 S2 c J ! V2 `* {: n) e: ?Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' I; w8 M, s7 e: z
% r6 l( @ C f- K: i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: }3 ` G9 B/ b+ }! t6 M! M