" K- H T# Q5 c5 x3 c( F9 u% l例如:. [& B8 D( L i7 x& G3 G& Q# P' T
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). g4 x3 t5 T; ~# ?4 T" @
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 W7 j, ]3 n# M 9 S7 u' {! D+ x) L8 vThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 k' ~- U: J& R: s, ]
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). K: x0 V$ X# u* t6 ]
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 F( q# B$ E6 A5 ~3 D; Q / Q) m1 u2 U0 V5 `2 vMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' d# _' d6 R' Q: h1 @
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 i/ q1 p0 u. W) l5 |# X2 z 1 v. z& S; T- rThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( x. c9 J9 T0 {3 E/ X( }' d; n# f5 n1 m- m$ o' ]
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): g) M H: y/ m2 `
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 f- D$ J: y; U0 x
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % Y$ U( W7 R9 q 9 j8 |3 B, y3 [2 E' s' R& n" k; C! N 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 " j% b& Q7 o" a0 r% R) Y# R" E5 f% W# Z: N2 d
例如:0 ]7 S" C/ M! b! n' `
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 z. `9 [+ h7 h* L' a+ j
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& c" _4 ]4 E, z
- K3 ~+ o. Z. n2 } M. `: BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : U, p0 J) \$ s N) h " X( B* C8 v/ Z$ LHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ _# ~) @" R9 ~9 H& ]5 G- a- W 7 Q r/ N: J( J3 I2 HIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& b+ m1 N; }& j; u G% M0 c
& u/ A; W4 T2 F3 [; ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* u$ k& ^, T9 n' X8 N
; a, x5 T# h9 ~: Y9 MI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 {; C5 M! Z8 a: d$ Z9 r7 I& z) w8 T) o
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 ?2 o1 h, a# [; \- d& h) [; ]* _' j
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % \& b' w9 m1 G' ^" [- I) I9 ~, Z9 A g% o3 D
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & _- }% s; B+ L 8 P/ e, Q- Z$ n# Y; W! SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 N# n3 Q" A' ~+ X6 D: y3 u ' `( s0 i& x; u0 k0 p& ?/ Z# OHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ a3 K3 W# b) Z+ N0 R2 W7 N
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & g0 @$ j5 b# k9 z5 ^8 Q# ?6 g. v/ v+ v- ]; A$ Q8 B
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 |2 g9 `! m$ c/ x% `' \
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ a0 i" _7 p7 W/ Y
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: n {+ Z% I" Q- z' k2 \
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- g& c1 s2 Z' o& A, H5 n 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 G v# @7 C4 ^+ m % l) [6 d& y2 k D: } b D% a例如:* H# S; Q& p0 E9 U& z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # E0 A7 n9 U+ G5 Y) t : R8 e$ u8 I% EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- m) O, \- P8 E+ [
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 y4 {0 o+ @3 o$ Y4 Q+ j1 i; [' F7 h y3 [
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : j3 l6 }0 ^: w ' Z# q# N7 W$ Q# NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . e" ~& ]6 W3 A# a: [ " ^) C( r# f6 e! t) Z* FPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 E3 \) g+ p( c, k' M# s1 ~3 G; ~, J. a8 Q) B7 _: b
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 f8 T: _) a$ W1 M, f: c
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) |& m. t) r; Y6 o2 }) B$ ~
9 ^ i( D8 g( j4 J n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - |7 A' d1 @. m+ S7 h/ b1 U) p1 I 4 {2 ?. D: E, s) U% W当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ w9 _: {' p+ {0 d4 u; b
: M$ }9 R+ b0 Z% v; e) x% a1 I1 G对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / W6 U+ \- {% N4 S, \) ]' g! f7 x6 {, V( E8 s* h% U
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & L4 O/ X0 w+ d7 A. j5 e/ U: W2 O: ~* `0 C
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: C8 F8 {# O: Q
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & Y( Y0 |* N [; x4 D, P2 B . I5 y8 x- L' S5 `! q/ P3 T# C至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & m8 v* c& f, h5 J* d4 Q! m% f s2 r ) I+ |6 J' j+ M' r0 q/ t4 a2 c7 H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . o; x2 E- T) |" d f, M1 f0 j% ]; N! R7 G# C
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 D( I# q/ c9 c/ L2 s0 c8 ?/ v9 Y