; G$ G7 X; A8 r7 b; t9 c/ W- MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; H. F" t0 \5 ~$ @. e- O- R0 h5 ~4 q4 l) E
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) _1 d3 [6 c" U' r, H' r
* a; P1 o- G5 T, T, w' [This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 P8 B* `. i. F # r2 O; Y# h/ i+ d& jThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + E5 L9 }$ _8 d+ i& F* s0 k0 B6 D' R y
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * e4 O' w8 A8 b5 ]" j5 D8 z }7 C+ W# D. A' H. A" }! f6 I& s
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / R3 @. V. B$ |5 q1 B ) Y. x2 o" @0 S2 p' U+ z$ v0 UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , X. {" B/ D6 V9 }; R) } / T6 y8 l8 M" U1 w [$ q4 C) rThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & Z5 y* ^, g: L+ t. e: i 0 ?# _; E: Q1 L: uWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; h8 N( P+ E2 M. ~& ?; ^0 I* Q; @5 W. P& w) k* A
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 i1 o4 S8 O: H( A+ t0 f! q1 f, w# G
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 ^" v9 }; p* |" s0 X: q I1 y
1 \/ X4 y" B, E2 C5 W @: o / p! d/ ?) N% I+ a: f l& |7 q/ p2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 s1 T& j: l$ _8 a- r
, p6 q8 _' i) f6 W例如: 7 O7 ~% f% |+ R3 h& ? ( b9 }1 U( ]8 R, N, J" u1 r+ @At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' J d- Q- M4 z" U9 K& ?# M ) R- S# S- Y9 c1 P/ ~Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / ]0 _1 W, }+ X, j' @# R' n & p4 b4 ?9 z) x' nI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 A. v5 M0 }5 z! F8 S+ t % y% E$ C0 z# A$ t! BHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 @. a: G2 z( e$ I( s% K. i
! _9 s, Y+ j0 l* G5 x7 L8 PIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 n3 o, t0 N9 k4 w1 b 8 F/ O' z6 U. s6 [1 w$ W2 ?She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , B. F- F1 u- J& i1 Z ( L# e, T; U$ E8 ^. TI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 S/ V3 D; F7 ?: R% z% @; w# U. N" h' M; P' c0 E, A* G
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: o9 ~* p4 f) D! k5 H5 A
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) f7 K" }- S a* J9 E" J5 [& p! k- V4 t( E; a7 x
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . M% ]# A5 ?( f+ j+ H; I$ @8 b& s6 L/ }% b! v$ L" t }9 t
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ _' m" V/ V8 b5 K7 r( V
' R" Z" Y7 u7 W* w" N# lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' m5 W0 u6 _, O0 W
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' [$ Z9 Y. Z, M, B% G1 O
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' n$ w5 o7 P4 B" B, H. ~% t9 b
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # c+ @! p) ?3 x6 }* J! S7 S' a" U1 y$ Q9 d& l6 p9 S; K, e) q& b
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 c3 V7 \1 W$ A0 z- W+ }8 V* o8 D8 j' u' q2 {) G) b
- p2 A8 P4 k6 b7 o3 Q, ]5 X6 ~; d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! q' Z4 l7 k3 `6 E% G
' W# Y3 h p3 _8 \& P7 B" ?例如: 3 f) I% o0 g4 r$ s4 V1 f% o1 d" h9 [! L% |
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 F, _$ p2 \; O+ m0 ?
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), S! Z9 v1 {$ x
& v: ]" H! R7 @1 k8 JThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ v6 H/ l/ a+ Z/ [; h6 r5 B* |
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " w# y) ?, z. ^3 P* Q. m5 x8 u/ q# [
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# R$ f) f( K, x( Y9 o- {; t
+ O; l" }) a; iPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - [4 ]9 D( o4 ?" ?& I: ` : o+ h- Z# |$ |. f9 G* m) xCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 W" H; n/ b" |
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 {/ u9 u" a/ `0 Z/ W; \7 ^. p: b 6 B2 W" Z. v9 z4 e! `9 O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. x7 k! ~4 M% U( g0 k
* D) N; ~: R7 x- `对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, g4 R1 S! t0 D. x6 }7 j
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 j9 m. s+ c2 b& l' q
+ o3 B- }% z! \+ p对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# b5 t. h7 f2 z( u) h& x/ y" c
" ^% V/ P, l' e! Y" ^1 U至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:! D' C3 a% E( v0 a- [6 K
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / ?6 P4 X4 C1 {5 F2 L1 T9 A; N! U6 S
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ [ Z( ]; Z ~3 l+ ]