本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + i; X+ ]; l% d' r! o
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( ?, ]+ k; z8 u3 ^( W. P ( U, ~3 U* U2 r' e e例如:% E C- B: b; t/ j
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ f) t9 \- H" J: v2 p0 ~
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) f3 r; H! L9 z& U( [& D3 J. L
9 o* x, B# v* H% ~: oThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * p% N F) ^! _ . i5 v- }) H- V9 n DThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 ^- v* l7 Z9 k0 i! \3 A4 n) D1 m7 k& ~7 r5 j
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ F% z, e. @. F: f# L+ w! K7 X, H* b1 N4 ]/ x' r: S
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 J' x6 X( ?; @1 s0 M( j" ~" B1 w
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 \& j! Z' p8 j2 J. V& s* e* z1 k. w" e: j Y4 J8 ]( r( I- U
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / a+ K0 q* T8 I, g! C# ~5 W4 a/ z0 N4 T
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! @9 o2 L( {# H1 W3 L9 `7 a, @4 W
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% Q% A# N1 x, N0 @
) j I, j8 P S- F3 y. P+ ?这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 P) m8 K1 @4 H4 S: {4 j: i
: N7 H: b" w) N9 _1 `$ t5 ^1 C( Q 9 h |7 B& L: z! F0 ?6 _* w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. x* Y9 L/ q5 d% Q, a
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例如:* R7 S0 K0 M7 y( v4 b
5 s) E5 O, K- V) vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 z5 F+ O9 g. J' S3 m. k% R! N7 r2 ?% G! _$ `6 W4 p
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ g/ Q7 N- p2 I4 d$ B
# r2 Q0 r( a% c; T8 GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 v4 z. C! f2 s3 v
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); z/ m/ [2 \' e \% a, y8 h
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). f% r5 s$ \ m9 F- ^ i
- v! \; O; c) T S) RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' w- X; j8 v4 G- K6 _ 7 s* V7 u0 f$ L4 \) ]I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 c9 U* m$ A7 l. S. {% u" K ! f4 ~. G2 K0 F) J; w如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 }5 j$ \" E4 l$ @( [% K' ]
7 D& h4 m$ v7 }4 }5 bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 y9 |" R. }: p) r 7 R+ ]5 |, f' f( V1 j: M, _4 [; ]8 tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 O# k0 ~% N/ _& B4 C
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 o5 S/ K; l5 o
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) f1 U! a+ O8 p8 d1 S G: G: x : ?" b D/ h2 R% r1 V- F xWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 q0 o0 |2 v9 T. n5 v/ K
- X9 u! k6 i0 W' l6 R- u% z5 q- g9 A9 CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 _9 w/ Z4 l% E" |% t/ s1 h( ~$ T: F
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) a9 _$ S+ t& h* [+ B. g
4 _' K$ r' f( t) H8 E3 Q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' y3 Q7 c9 n0 r5 g1 [- K# \
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+ n/ q$ o, f$ i' t6 n) `5 q9 M 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% p: e: J1 W: p( K. i6 I4 i
7 T1 i+ R& S/ [例如: 3 N/ _/ S+ t# M* a0 m5 | 7 ^/ j0 G! h; G, w" cMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) K# p9 Q" Q' g& P* {, h$ a( m! Y3 |( O/ u) K; k7 z* ^
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + M& L8 J1 p* J( \0 g3 L) k6 _0 H! q* l5 ?6 ?; c
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ t. B6 t5 a; g- P( `4 ?( }
$ a5 `' X5 W" V1 [# c1 FHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" z: f: K3 D; r8 P$ b7 M) [: j
4 j y6 A5 n8 ^2 `! A8 b9 vMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& O/ ^# p! i2 A8 P
. c; W9 [6 h( hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ ` }( t- J, |# `7 [0 o! l6 j# d! k- N8 v/ N5 K1 e) I8 t0 X! j
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 ~! |$ }: f7 I; L
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & V0 X& O# G$ K2 n/ u ! ]% @# y- n$ H$ ^( n" D4 ~同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + U, q/ q# l: n5 a% I0 c * |" r! B7 F# w当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 o6 \3 g) A/ u! H' R- L" f! z# C! N f# Y8 K! Y {! U$ @
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 K" j9 T+ W% P; O- o% j ]& }) S* V3 h5 N0 E* c0 P
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 Q1 ?; `* i# k" G, X8 n6 @+ J# K
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: G& k1 t; ?% J+ R9 y$ S
" ~/ m7 X" G; X1 {8 Q! ~, J对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , ~/ [ f& N, P3 W ' I. V' H+ x" G% n至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + _$ t6 a$ P5 ~6 \3 m# ~# |$ z0 U3 d Z6 @3 \) l9 B( K2 c
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% @) s' R+ P- l i: t0 Q* j
`+ V( t" k4 w6 P! E有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 L8 }8 E6 K3 k! ]) Q