本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 Q* B& [" c, C9 [' \3 r
" w& i- Q- A$ R+ @" O/ L0 c 转帖 3 ]" }% i7 ~8 i0 Q$ b1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( m2 j" b3 }( w; X; ~) a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- o, R2 `- A/ |# u
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 I3 O& p: N9 R( p
4 o9 ?4 M. u+ O! G& [9 E& rThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - w4 R+ j; P( [ ( {( w8 d3 W I3 s" L; qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 \7 ~. ?. J- s- f4 e* n& ^- v9 S% E" ?6 Y3 M0 ]$ i/ q3 u& ]
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( u4 `1 \4 w% v# f Y" r) @/ |( C4 h3 E/ S3 |4 W' a: Z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ v. W& m& K3 ?; u% P% N! G6 L1 T1 p: S( W
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 B) T& C' c) a5 Y7 r; y 3 Y% m; [9 H m1 I, {" X7 F+ sThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ D" t7 r( [" l7 m6 Z( A
1 I2 h- {: H. Z( cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ w1 o, i: K6 Q! ]6 W0 J
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 `6 R! o; F W& ?
* Y2 h$ k+ R. L2 T+ L! r这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ q: M8 U; w+ W- v% C/ R0 v
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0 c0 W& j' o4 n 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( Q7 d# x7 o& Q0 p% {) F6 M 6 X) F: l8 x5 a. c- V+ O' Y5 j. ?, Q例如:5 ~7 S |8 I5 p% q2 I; W
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 Y( r* F; y& ?2 E; _ * r0 z t3 Y0 y+ a5 c) RDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 W6 ]0 X, {$ B / V P3 {3 w( b6 w' nI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ j' Y4 {) y. V) B
2 z# d5 w7 X. W' U! r" r1 _He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& }+ O N' C! k8 r! |: F Z
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . ~ `& U3 a( E, `0 ?" N H9 r( g* ^4 jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 S! `% F+ J. ^7 X9 x, F* Y* e% q
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* Y+ ]- _. k# u) v- J% |
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 h( o1 t2 _6 s8 x# j3 p4 j* h% a0 |# L+ \& ^7 H; m9 e
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : J( a6 |+ H5 j2 B1 I ; C2 u, b, Y% M, F9 J. G8 vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & I) }/ m, M) V. @) Y" a6 @- E* \0 j, U4 J2 ~) F
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 h6 h# {4 |" Q0 ]$ [
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): B& _) E1 G9 Z7 h
. X, S) W3 {3 l0 {) B# ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! @# O$ w8 c2 B# F& _% w
. z; V p/ m& J* W, l4 O, XEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 v1 P3 q/ Y& } H( V/ M1 ] % n5 r) R, S( l K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 y) M: T2 s* ~+ q 7 y! v" E# Z6 D' M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # o( ]8 [5 j1 v8 D! I : e& s5 J6 r5 c" [. O$ w+ @ * A& o8 k$ p- a3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。* ^, X8 w0 i* W4 b& o6 L0 I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " v, H8 h# [! G* {) O2 m; W5 H _7 z" R1 I3 v
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 V- ]- O7 I! R/ t. J
0 i% y B/ _6 g' W, ]0 U) g& dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), ]2 @* {( i2 z ], K7 T
" k0 E: d0 K; THe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# d5 I) y/ ?/ {( x* h
# C/ W" `( z" E! @0 n. h) a+ t1 PMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * ?4 C, B; m2 L ' H6 S" S# L% G) g3 W3 VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : b' F% p. n, P0 H) | 8 m/ T$ ~. L5 y8 WCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 p1 z7 ]* r6 S1 ~& Q7 ^8 R' B5 U; o
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + ?3 t% I. z$ S3 s2 M$ B 3 U+ t# W2 f3 H- S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. c5 T8 E7 }+ B7 v1 ?* {# R
# X" |" G2 |1 T7 j当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:2 r( @0 k/ ? t4 ?' I
1 A* {! O8 f7 T还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; @) u, Y' `/ R' ]& x: o3 d7 Z/ D- l4 Q$ z3 U7 b
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ]! V7 o) [! p6 r