本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 B; g# _+ {5 k9 m- s
; b# [. d( ]5 l, O 转帖 1 _$ y$ `6 _- I1 S H- J# v- d1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); b5 V) O3 Y2 U% x) a
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: m j8 z& ?" P9 n( p3 g& aMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , z( ~' u: S% P# I( M# U ( ^0 P3 X$ u# Q2 r: v* hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% i# F* y, k# l" l" _ w! m
% C7 g$ _3 y- L \2 u: zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % N& Y6 O( b+ x' U - X- g) a. H$ i- J8 r4 p6 yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) E+ \% E' D& Z
0 n* D" B' V9 l- u' v: j; y m$ FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) u$ i# A* m" Y) @7 R/ `0 ?& [5 s
W" d) D/ r+ A$ Q/ q$ GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# q. ^; Q- q8 C: k6 [$ F
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ v7 V# @2 @) O P
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% @9 A7 b# x! v8 V0 L0 Q. x
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * V* R* n2 |* b" l9 e" \# Y L7 }5 E: N8 u9 g* ^
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ v$ _6 ^7 K# x1 X; i" G2 A
# L& V1 Q& ~. W* u& \3 T这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% |! K, J7 s- |9 B& P v5 e
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! d0 e/ z' _, _ J. f. ~. k+ @1 E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ U: u5 u2 X* ?" W3 ]5 K + Q8 }- z$ F4 s: s+ o+ A例如: ! B5 y. B) l/ V( S + Z: h( r4 P! M* TAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* [* g5 _' Z- L& i5 i! M2 U
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): }1 p2 a; Y% i
6 P [/ a' s; L4 O2 NI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). S: k0 I8 L( p" {) G) f
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . D, D/ S9 ]' m5 O u8 C+ j1 |) K0 t" |; p
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) Z. [$ ]( m4 C: h/ M- p& q* m( g9 h) U+ F" o) g9 R- K
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# Z% d2 w) a2 [" X
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ p8 U, w& Y2 }' c% @8 T( I
# T7 W& [; g* d7 l: K$ C如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ B1 D* k/ ? {7 k2 [
& K. d' w, b& o7 C2 z9 BThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), o- O. P/ j; e! }' _( ~. p
; T, R: p! ]0 b3 z: ^) `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 _# f3 H- u' t- r! k+ _
2 B, W" }' i# a3 q7 ]6 {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * L2 B1 P( w% A1 t/ ^ & J4 e' g& O. vHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): y) F, ~) I+ `
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) o! x' x: Z& t1 [- ?1 ~6 k5 d
0 _" I" g. a, s# I% uEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* ~" v7 @& O: \" P H
, R) ~! z2 ]; k9 I& H写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / q o- A }# S! N! e( x) u# Y0 ~% j
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) s+ L$ z9 m7 ~0 P" H# N
$ y: F& H, ~/ E5 N1 Q( g6 u 7 R: }5 c# u" Y' a: Z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , s# E( y9 {+ Q: W- L( [+ C' L9 D2 J2 h' C9 Z9 s/ I/ b9 t3 _: G
例如:* ?+ T5 }( M9 a! c& _
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 A. D- L) Q9 C! o' {1 E
* D; s% N/ X# T( q/ t0 j3 l' E+ RManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - @# L% l; g6 }' C# K( K4 l) q7 v7 H) z* ~+ u. W
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 }* Q0 N, e. f$ L; g$ e; V$ V. J: _. A' ]3 `
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : ^. P8 Z/ K& S: a7 v$ t 6 O1 e# R# y' r- S6 m8 {Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - x; ^% u' T' o2 V" J/ f, I& i) ~$ L8 \- c
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & r6 o# F! @4 r+ W3 p 1 A& x1 n1 ]2 p' T6 gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& P, o/ Y/ e, v% a7 c8 ]" a! q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 b5 S* Z( [7 ~3 [% \3 D& ^( W6 ^* h8 b0 b4 R+ K o; V
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; c! d7 B z w5 N! S8 \ 8 B7 l% F1 M5 T% Y8 r当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! D& I) z( M6 _8 [/ e( f# L7 ?# J- r; ~. X F8 ?6 m. k
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 e% v3 o8 U. z# K2 I- \. `
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" w$ n1 c1 O$ G6 X$ x" K
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 j6 x! G4 u" S0 s. G2 l$ a 9 h; t4 g1 ?( m对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 F$ K, N4 E7 k / C# U- f! d; a2 M2 M+ Y0 I至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: o0 x, a: e4 ^- m/ u% _ ) c0 G, ~7 ^ }- z. q$ {) [; M8 i还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 U8 ]2 n! P, o; c # ~' S0 i; {% Z: D* `1 p. Z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( j+ B" j3 g0 Z+ ^7 }/ `