本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " l# K& v; Q4 z+ U6 K# O
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " o9 U7 O7 R+ u) Q3 \, ` ; _# N4 K- ?# Z* u7 G$ J; u8 Z8 m例如: 8 a8 j% j! x: ]$ G8 ^1 m3 p. K& b0 Q8 A4 B4 l& a4 J2 q& R
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 e3 y5 |! K% S6 V
4 D$ F6 T5 z. L7 z. l* PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 m$ ^" I I7 G3 \5 p) W: l0 ^; ]2 V8 T3 \
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 i4 L0 O. G/ c& a4 Z; j9 a
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 H9 P% v @6 j7 N
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 e9 P/ ?, D L$ f3 \6 f- l
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) W2 v+ c1 N; ^+ }4 r0 C( ^" m, Z& n. y+ K1 z4 V) @ {* K
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 q$ E9 a' k4 @8 d
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 X- M; v0 L( W z0 y
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* e/ F w3 h7 \& N5 s7 r+ O/ K9 S% l
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' H( H* ^# p2 p! V+ S$ J1 b
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: W/ \" n" i) G T
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$ o9 Y! C) V! A9 |) h r 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! f: u ]0 h4 s
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 p# k+ h- @' V
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - p; j% [1 H" B# h* J2 _9 v; a % G! X6 }5 D& c' B$ v |I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- n% g. [6 U5 I* w. P
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / r- x5 L+ p. L/ l7 |& t1 \, C. n: f
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 u9 U8 d# S* n7 {4 U
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % }. c- Z% {. z4 k2 L. d7 r* J" M 4 L# y, @# X: C: nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); ^6 N2 V1 c2 w; Z$ H
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% o; Q& b8 G* z0 Z
% ]3 ?; V$ t) g5 F1 e AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : R T7 Y q" M ' Q$ z& O" C8 A) j/ WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& O: `+ ~5 K, T1 b
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 T! r$ a2 }$ I3 n* c5 s7 I: T9 r H5 |- Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " c; O5 E; j" L b 3 G. G0 c$ l& Z* ?4 ?We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( j! ?6 h2 S* [- x3 F# q4 { $ t. `% U7 o- \Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ! D' {$ v' S2 `/ O! } 0 q& A+ c' S0 T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ A% ?2 o6 e% V) }% j' N' N8 a% K+ U5 c# ]) N1 @* p% M a$ K
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 T' F3 N# w" P$ c* N2 ~7 J' A4 s9 @/ H; l; m" e! N6 A5 E- m
4 t7 j, a- a+ K5 D% R 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。* E H! @1 F1 X1 _8 {
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 Y7 K2 L* b/ ?7 I; s# B: s( ]$ b( X2 F$ A
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; i# @9 [8 z( W4 h * }% y0 L& W" _4 X$ xThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) l4 s! G" @0 C2 h
. P- \) t& H# Q+ N' c0 XHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - c" c8 `4 L8 L9 V! ]: O6 v( z& K- w1 J: D2 Z9 V+ K
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & R" C% m/ R$ Y/ J; Y- O; V w8 Z+ f* C; v% {+ r/ I! a* h
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 [! Y5 t8 g+ a/ k- G* Q
9 S# \0 a) r/ aCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( Y, T$ t+ |0 s$ Z, I# X2 C8 c; V3 I) ~- U
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! x; Y& D3 m3 [2 B d8 \5 t7 ]7 T
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! M8 Y' N1 A. @( u7 w6 q4 f+ A& v$ V! D5 ~. W6 Z
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) U% E/ h5 j% B6 }
b J+ x' P1 m6 T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - L0 ]3 Y! } D8 [) m4 D. Z6 V- f' |
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( e6 a/ C( C% z; I S9 k5 t