: y4 F A" \# RMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 b% G, B5 o1 I6 B3 x% k; [; r! H8 W- Y$ X% D" D+ o1 o$ A
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). K8 A* q( K1 Z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& L* W# U, E- }* u- i( B9 l4 j
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ H" Q. k6 Q0 E& b& ~# P9 g# N: t7 L( g% q5 I
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& N) c3 K' g2 }; i: P. Z, g
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 X! Y/ I0 \! R7 A/ R* p' l9 A1 q' D1 v7 t* R9 |' h
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 H% O, ~" Q4 M2 e8 C
5 \1 m' c8 B! d, v9 BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . K2 d* ^, q3 d. p# J3 N& W% r. }, {' ~9 t, p
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / }! a" \$ y% I- `6 R& m6 D& G 2 ^+ [" ?) _$ a# r9 T6 pPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) y# `2 S1 Y) }7 {3 W
; ^7 f# d# S% [( R这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 f1 b4 {9 M; U4 P. R% M " D( e7 V( ^+ @& s: X! {$ u6 Q8 N M: X7 H) b# D 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , u- V3 U1 g: q! P1 Y Q- O/ D9 I: [! w
例如: 7 w, D; [% r! Y$ @, v5 U b$ b& ?( b# j' H% r4 {( l& O
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! c3 ]5 C+ P* Q3 W% C
% @; k& c9 q l) e2 CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 W& r- ^6 k! O. `6 A/ D7 p
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 n: E1 j/ A# @0 D
5 [5 m) u( Q; y# d( [$ O9 `0 pHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" X1 C( x6 y: s# b( d- U2 ?
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 V6 w, w: y4 {$ T8 ^
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 `; N1 h h8 @' b
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 H: T5 K( k& Y8 Y+ q1 |- R
- _6 d6 S l" ^- t& K: A: X, q. Y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 v4 _; N# Z$ J, z/ @3 W& p, U4 s
$ ]( m% q+ U( v mThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) L& y- s m/ p8 k! Q, |, P
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 ^. D; H6 X( Z
) k2 t9 S& |8 Q2 K4 S' PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 O( |5 F) |8 u" i0 t9 V7 [2 ^" P' p( h* r9 q7 v9 n+ ^( L* }
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 ^, J( F/ D2 G2 u* x: f5 j D6 N0 I# D4 g+ y' `+ k6 y
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 G3 ?3 i! x+ v' k6 I1 q9 \
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; B* E( V9 ^& m# h x5 k8 l9 A0 |/ v1 `* i8 G9 c! A9 F1 y: h
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 t5 F, s: l4 Y" E/ R
6 R# G7 ^# E, `$ R, j8 C0 L6 `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! `0 ?4 j7 m' t# M: K3 J6 Z0 O. y
+ Z) V4 j; H% o; C8 q : B: {* v9 W3 }4 K( ` n9 z! D/ W3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 ?# y0 {. x' X9 q4 d9 `! ^& b: z: u
例如: + U; s' [+ J8 u( v% L4 W 9 V& z3 C* i, ~0 n4 Y1 VMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % k# F8 Y3 d5 H1 j% ? _% c5 B4 b8 c. h* @- B0 y
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % p' h* o+ v; b. D$ s$ N" \ & _2 Z$ g( k8 JThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 N1 |/ t6 }1 b/ |0 M+ w 4 s/ n& l4 B Z n& Q; }; U6 S! l2 ?+ [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 F2 C% b# ]$ o4 c" t
% z5 _5 c- f6 R9 J- \) s4 G7 Z) z; lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 p* X, O" b# i4 c. H6 m , t* m" g! I9 [4 Y7 e1 D" BPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别). w2 K/ G* m! z6 _) y, {0 z
( Z& ]/ \* f9 z- w' `! E( ]Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); U5 T- J( k3 V4 F
8 c; I( g% {" \! Q& d- l* {! K& nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( `" ^9 v/ Y- }5 h8 x$ F; W. P % @/ V- G, v; E T: x- i5 _同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& p j% J. T# ~: y- A4 |( q- o
+ F' K( [! O% V. a/ ?2 f, P4 Q- w" l当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 X% U" N% b6 T# G8 c4 g1 R ' ~& e( v6 |& I; A' X8 E7 d对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - u( g0 ^4 m3 j, s- g# [& B 0 J _. A$ a; V' e, y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 v" e3 g( X% I7 w . K/ ~; l' ^( n) ]( S6 m' C4 s对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, b# i2 D4 @/ n6 D" V/ B
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * v, |& [8 F4 ~) s! `4 w7 I* Y ^/ J) L# @9 n% t
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / w2 S) {0 F+ h8 u1 [$ T- B; r3 e* M, G
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 v& ?: t! J9 k$ H; [" {4 i" g& N3 a+ |' b
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( z# |6 A4 I& c3 H