本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! B7 v, u3 y5 o; x( f: _2 ~: l+ R* ~9 P 转帖 $ t& Q+ a) E! y, S. v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ g" R9 U& T' H8 Q' z1 h% X3 S2 |
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$ I3 \, U. y: |% x$ m- |7 g1 R: zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # I( }4 i% ^ k* v3 ]2 E3 X- S- A 3 L8 E/ n/ B, K4 v. q UThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ ]" K, f# F5 z' X: A8 K+ Q
& M8 {: Z" c: r: RThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ b7 g/ @6 {. k2 V6 g h: [. D$ U. h! z/ O
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 \1 k4 \. V2 _8 o: k ) h8 R# M8 E- x# GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 o" e: ^9 ~8 u! ?# P
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) v9 G, |5 e' [' t0 P
1 ~6 l6 [* x. hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ {9 P# L) [' W. i) Q& u& P& X 7 o9 c; w: H; C1 a+ s, p1 G1 R3 mThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 E& p5 R8 P3 i2 O2 }( h/ {3 Z& ` y0 }
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 }) M/ R* J0 G
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ h: n) L2 K. _3 _( e" Q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! j) X* a3 [# l/ n# H0 R9 J# @9 Q# V8 T7 n8 l$ x
, b. Z6 H$ n" G+ U8 y+ }2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # U/ m4 ~6 @& W- k1 o0 _; ]1 \$ o* A& ^' D2 W7 {* E9 O0 {
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 q+ V# q; y$ _
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " [/ y U& K+ H1 u) S- ^! c 8 Z5 j1 A0 ?1 C3 a5 XI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % j( ` r# M. ~7 y 2 |) c( b* x; K' h7 `% fHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 X' D* q) e5 K0 F; t8 Y
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* i9 |& [" [/ c# \
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 J+ a' T2 b) I" _" O( i) Z* l6 l- T! `" c; A
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): J" S: ~# |6 z$ c
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . a' u! M) W# K- [ 0 X. Q9 J( ~% }1 e' UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % Q/ O7 o, }' F( f0 z) T+ i 1 O* J" \9 H# C1 O2 R; l3 u( vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - m u& C$ g. I6 a& I3 N+ |: h7 D- ]
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& F6 d2 P0 [) K& B, h" j
8 Q3 |4 v( X6 b% {# @He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ q! W6 b8 j' E& G/ H1 C
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - ?+ ]* V7 C- |" I: G- i" @! H/ B3 W6 m$ n" i0 P0 S
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 D3 u; [8 H2 @% B8 C H. W% n. [ 4 Y& J# r3 z1 t* X# l2 N写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 u8 y( H6 W! I2 C ) e7 X3 f1 y7 [$ Z1 J ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 l g( }/ e0 e1 s % h" D' @9 Z8 \1 q/ q + @) i1 ~# X2 s5 {) Y5 `" u @3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 D$ V( V8 {0 U s5 z4 O/ H$ }1 g$ K! D8 V& r2 d1 K例如: , Q0 u- M6 N& O) u- I( D6 s) P: v$ \8 _, [) G
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' X0 f7 \* D( R+ h5 l. \3 k; X
( R% l/ i; C6 ~2 I b, E9 e+ kManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( [2 k- D9 k1 P7 M9 m
& J8 Q, n, k- Y% LThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; `" _ N5 r& @+ R/ _! f8 U4 f9 h- Z: [/ q* q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - {8 x( l5 p. C6 Y; U5 A9 n& H$ B4 X- E) p9 Y
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : z+ B( c. Q4 l, a% o! y6 d8 Y6 w8 p ]5 G7 D8 d, k0 |
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; E& U$ a+ N, H( _ 3 _; c1 ^5 l/ X5 mCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* O f3 c* J$ Y# L# S
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 _# j+ `1 p. z# e. ^. S3 K T$ y+ e4 ]
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, C, k6 _ z# G+ X. ]
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& [8 e) E* a' _8 T7 N
# o q: y, W' f1 Y- U# e+ P2 c/ [对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 c0 W7 l, J$ p; _: U3 U * k% ^7 M2 J2 N: n" [4 @对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ ]! P2 R2 Z7 ?1 u, t o/ ]0 r
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. U, a' C+ B0 Q1 U- b1 [' B+ M
0 n- Z- \( C J' C8 s; x6 `对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 z8 Q$ p: [( V7 D2 C7 Y5 o5 Q3 o8 E* I, E9 B. S. o8 `5 b4 c A& _* j
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 Q2 e$ t* s2 _. {8 j 4 Z1 x- ]* \1 a* i4 N Q6 j% G还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 V8 ?. Q$ l7 ]; f/ C- M' g
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 r+ f& d) x0 ~+ U1 X8 n6 G