$ M. K& A+ Z4 @5 g例如: " I( `5 H N% H, |8 C' n% p w" `* ?8 |. X xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % R) z* S7 E+ d5 b6 ^+ a( a1 V7 ]; E: s* x% Y1 b! _" U2 y
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & F5 e3 t0 Z4 J# ?) N& I% o2 `: q/ S, c3 A
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 y+ _0 s: S, H! L; h
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ G. X7 o2 n# v: y$ B k& H+ w# a" s w* B( m7 w5 _. v; c
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) j; [- ]( |/ Z. d ( l X9 Z; a- J& C8 W2 |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ h8 ` O0 C8 {: x5 w+ A& k% L: t . x3 w) N- I; | mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! O1 S3 ~; h4 T( k( t/ `
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 o1 i( z: M" s: c7 N ; E, R; G4 }+ r7 AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# u- \- H6 v) k6 Q4 ^* X3 L
" D: f+ g& e3 N; BPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / O4 R5 A4 J; O; `% \ , H+ [2 T3 J z. `0 v$ G! w! W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# o4 ]! N" G3 I" u
1 u# F5 Q$ `4 \5 ~- s 0 S# o/ i. j0 c% P: O% ]+ i2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 " j8 Z$ l8 _3 K/ Z0 }% H $ k4 [ d: Q( h5 a& t# p2 [例如: 9 W4 H* ~2 r9 Y# ~! R( e % r' Q* a, z7 a8 \At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 _! l% ]6 H8 h/ U7 t& X 5 B& |+ W0 y3 b& Q: T% GDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ o5 {5 b' a& s) @( E, m4 q, Z- K B9 f$ L" E( M8 \3 ^" l, J
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! n6 W( j" a1 w; l9 ~, P0 ^9 j/ Z1 A1 Z* n! t% P
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ W7 ^8 a: P( m
- y7 a' n7 [' x6 q! b: BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* y# ]: w5 {! ?7 F9 }# T R; ~
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 [; P+ O2 i* A( H5 n9 f& _! {! `7 H3 r7 {2 O* Q
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ f" v3 Q4 b/ K8 s% E& Z8 R) e0 H! p
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; _/ `) S9 N; m$ Q* L 4 i9 k$ J/ K" A( g* }The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 i" t5 v: y% j }, |9 z/ \, N& J5 T, f$ ?/ q
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 F* v+ U6 T9 I* q: N# K8 [5 `( i- y+ i$ w2 u
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 d/ V: q; ]9 F' y4 k- R3 x
- R6 Q6 ]8 y' cHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % a5 u# W# I; d* r! {3 F" N% n B6 L6 d8 ^) ` o. `
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 y, x; A% a7 t4 d' I' o2 z* H2 S 9 z3 ~1 v0 @; ^* gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) M! X$ Y I+ X7 G4 ]0 e2 I
3 l o( m% q# Q. A: g J U写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 S5 G& w% ]0 u- T. U7 O 3 T B& L5 Y; C( c此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " w; j: q( A: g& \- K , u/ J" t2 r: ~+ }6 c8 @! h5 ], T$ U* b6 r8 t9 e- ~" x3 C/ H 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 W& `5 B6 p2 E" Q. D7 M6 Y1 h* `7 H. l1 d3 o; @
例如:0 \! N8 ^' \2 A
; { W9 ]6 ]1 m. h% ]8 ^9 h+ d& FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 F% g. \( ^- x+ L$ Z: D* G" X 3 Z" `, m( a6 gManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) F" R! d# `: q$ g8 J* ~, T" }
% g' [3 B3 h P3 u* z; uThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), u! p3 q2 y8 n2 O5 h. Q
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & h d. J# \- s7 J( q4 L) r4 B/ |3 A; Z$ r6 z8 s0 k2 O
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / i4 G7 A3 B1 n( c 3 h$ p+ z, v3 r1 |$ H9 dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 ~' x2 t0 a) T8 O9 _: r 6 y0 Q5 Y+ `- V. j ?3 ~. ECongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & w& n& }/ M0 P( j q+ O- H @5 L$ z7 ~4 i" B) G( A; b8 K
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). t3 P, r' V# L5 v1 W7 S4 u- T
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 \' E2 s- N1 K0 k
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: H+ l# c% u( u6 a. |/ G
- a/ l9 h4 R1 H8 ?# R# X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ e( e3 v( p o- }% @" R1 P: C0 s" A8 p) `
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) t/ c9 `+ }* V1 j. r0 L