$ y) G+ |7 t- @: l8 l6 ]* D# {& X例如: 9 g" u" G6 N. }+ [ [0 G _" e 6 i! l& B. S. d3 a0 ^3 EMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % U6 e* ` j8 `8 \2 |; o* T/ }! A 7 q. w% z# N0 l8 p V+ oThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- z; ^3 W& `8 b7 j& o
+ I* K- K( M c+ F! {This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) ?4 H: c, g* f6 V2 y# g% P9 M
" L/ Y3 {) j, ]9 Q3 ^6 y* _& t# Q5 w! aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . C- y4 E, Q# Y+ [! S7 ~! J# A1 G, k. d0 a7 k3 O% l
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 \& U2 Z' d2 t @
' |0 ]; t: L" c% J7 @/ SMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : @( O, `4 h6 u9 ?) C+ Z 0 V& f, J H( SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" u2 e* k1 o* j" \. A4 |! H
' C7 k+ w: G l3 `The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . K* i$ Q8 i5 @4 @0 r6 k; F( g ' v9 B( T2 d1 m8 a! G5 IWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! x3 q( W" S/ l& h& A3 k 7 G3 w) W6 y4 DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( j e3 h! s& [+ T- u/ A& W% ~4 ]( O
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 ^* s+ x' j) h) h( P# A
6 v O+ H0 ~8 z3 |- Z4 S; M9 ]2 u) \* w, {8 N 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 " | Z! W @3 C9 X! Y7 O$ m& L' ~3 F" v2 A ]# U
例如: ; y$ J9 y. ]1 Q* t0 r% x* X: y' s/ d
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ w0 h# i* m/ R2 g( b& k7 {/ \. W* x, T. k) D% E
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) q0 u9 Z: c8 B, I6 x1 X+ m) i- R ! x% p C9 V1 I: }! k3 e$ [$ Q$ \I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 ], c% U6 X0 G9 V5 P5 f! x 4 M1 a" F+ |8 h- k! g4 AHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) W6 [0 y7 a% X& i/ N: W 9 m8 |5 F3 F& }4 q( eIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 a ?. i- `8 }4 S) t( l7 q# j4 B
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) |) d) |% A; f7 e5 A* A% W( _ 1 K# t; q+ ~7 g# j4 K ^I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 H1 N" J# w4 |( ], g3 p- M# |( O1 F% F5 K
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: X5 H1 q2 f; G0 c
; F% i0 X. G2 OThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ d* z$ ]2 `% b% _
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) P4 X# J# V+ \2 t8 j
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! G: {, t: g5 ~ y" Q# }6 Y, @' G
* o1 `! B9 \; I$ l5 \) {' {) J9 MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # o+ v$ C) ]# K 6 B* W8 O' j+ c6 y- A* ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- O7 O5 C- R- X. X; `, y
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 a6 F6 P5 f5 d s2 s }; Q4 t% ^, j) I
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 ]3 Y) a. V0 X% t
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ B3 ^0 i' R& F0 n4 [
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$ ^ i7 U0 Q, E& F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: z! v: B( m: R" t) f0 W+ l
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例如: 1 d L, u1 a; Y( r0 H! J9 X 4 P; U6 u" g# A2 ~' O( O4 QMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 q, ^1 f* D+ F; m 0 @; T6 q- W0 A( p. e+ q: eManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), d2 X3 U" ?: b/ H4 M1 ]- w0 {2 w" Z
: R% u& Y: c! o1 y- nThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) ?- u. z3 _0 T4 }' @0 o% p 3 o/ I' O$ `+ FHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) q4 @. @2 I! x* f3 n' v+ c6 {3 h$ y [& x
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! T6 u3 s' @# t) q* K9 u8 K% x, P) ], U
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . T% _& G9 k" j7 i8 }5 c; e! a K5 F& N" s5 o( g, V' M$ P
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ z9 i3 y1 }+ z* E+ T/ F' a6 z3 n& N$ [
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; w( A" l2 U+ V; u$ H' {7 A( E2 @. i o0 x- e' s% X+ X& _
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ]! b& ~' Q, O- _0 f( P D
9 o$ t/ h/ y( C: L; B y0 ^当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 Y2 e U/ m0 v$ ~7 x, ^, ~! x
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 T9 I6 E( Q T+ S6 v7 F2 \ p' M) K* H9 G) Y5 q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 5 d9 [/ c* `$ _2 ]; N % L1 ?3 W" o7 D, U- }: B- p( P对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 b$ L5 P( M6 ^" c) |$ ^
* g/ u5 f& W; E6 H2 m' V1 s对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 }' ^! K; B9 f' }+ Q2 F, l + ?+ X e8 Y8 [0 C$ {' A' J至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 p" x# }, B& V* x+ W8 w9 d9 B) B3 D' |* c7 B% l7 H* E x2 y! x
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + K4 ]. V9 o( B, }0 @ 9 r& J5 m; ^1 K& u9 a E% |. o8 z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 U! k. ]* t4 g& S9 A