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[其他] 英语写作三大注意事项

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发表于 2014-1-8 22:50:21 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! ^. J, {3 E2 m0 o' T

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# N0 [; A  k" h7 [+ {1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)

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例如:) e4 j1 [% C# ^& Z# @

3 c' f' Y( e% HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 s! C3 L! P! v+ s

& ^$ O* X$ p7 e. }; jThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! h: L! @& B4 Z9 u; A
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)
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; b9 m9 ~" t4 m7 p4 X+ \9 _Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 i# F' \% o- T) I( m* b: U4 _6 X9 ]
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); N, |/ n( }, W7 o
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)
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% j0 {0 L/ Q8 N9 d5 fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 Q! i6 B% O3 _7 Q3 O8 P4 v, o' \& ~

8 w( \4 f) R) v6 Q" j3 |0 Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. z9 l; M4 W1 x) p0 d; P
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2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。  _+ |! v4 l& ^1 d! O5 C" F  W

! ?: S& m+ C2 u- ?2 f7 t6 f- K. k  y' d例如:
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" w& F: u1 t6 p+ yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 {8 ]7 ^/ M- U' u  U* K

! l8 U! s# H$ j( r& f" D3 w8 zDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)
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5 n  g/ O) K) u1 y1 R3 qI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)
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& |8 D( J3 t* f) d' DIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)
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$ D7 p) |7 j& r2 z$ i5 eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)
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2 B/ E. S4 o( ~. |/ _) |I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)
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" f  k% f1 L1 d2 t3 z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; \+ X" |0 e- J: I! \/ q
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 B; U3 F4 N+ j2 ^5 x' N- x

! ^& `  g  a4 H6 C3 Y  tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ ~! l2 w9 u+ h

3 T1 \7 c7 V/ g$ HHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 a! d& V6 [  a: b6 u$ }

' T( H2 b& @" V6 W  h8 eHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) C6 [; T* p1 w% L5 g

# ?. A, T! h: H8 G; r) aWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) I( J$ U* ?, V0 y/ l- f- G2 U5 w( Q
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* @, I5 ]; L! M

8 }) n' U$ S7 q: U- t6 f0 C此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。
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' h1 U+ {- C' u+ T$ {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」
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例如:8 F. W0 ?7 H9 p3 {# _" Y9 j8 u

! ^# ?  Q- s& }9 U0 ?, n" jMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)
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# a8 a2 ]" B1 I  s: s7 Z7 j' D( mManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' V) f* q; p& j9 V

9 A% T7 Q( O1 M4 _, J7 i9 [This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! |* C6 b" d5 ^5 n9 Q

% W) z. X7 B6 U) i3 UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 R6 Z4 G/ W! O* L

' O" G/ L( S' y, ^2 wMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); _. m8 z& p( i( f( f% ?) L

' A* L( J9 v0 G/ n8 O+ L. UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): I' e- r% v+ b7 r0 `
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ B; V& w+ r0 J/ W4 S3 i$ b; E+ J
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。
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; E. x! W( K( J当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:2 c$ Y* f4 y5 v" x1 K
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" B( }5 G( f' d# y: H& h! D

$ _8 N6 u* J3 o  L2 n; E( @对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 N2 T/ @( W( |7 L8 e2 H

& w) S' q; j0 G3 r0 j/ Z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& @, _! @3 V$ A
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 X7 V! b, ?5 B

/ ~. Y" P6 ?( Z1 x! B$ w7 b还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ B1 ]" l; s5 B& u- }( C1 P' [
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。
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