本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , m ~: }* K( r6 P8 p$ D0 a7 }. ?( s: a4 e( k 转帖6 c B% q& H3 J. j
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 @3 B% [8 O' |9 }3 C, _, ?0 ~0 J7 E0 U( P# q; v' {
例如:7 A. E+ I% r! o7 P/ a4 S, N% D
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 C- k6 ]5 V' s
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) s" R8 c1 G. W1 j# k, u& g8 l" b6 v' T4 N2 ~' {
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! j; N8 e" i3 ~, u y6 i& ~" o; V+ ~9 c* i4 a
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / u1 ]' l' V+ G5 O+ g: k $ l' c5 d) m4 zI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % w/ h# b* [& k2 K# u' S& R7 g5 A6 L# m. D' @7 Q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& t& H3 M* S* P. r
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% m* g5 y" D9 z% Z; C4 w
+ C$ B! @4 c% {3 k hWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & P3 Q; \$ W1 A: H6 z4 C" W N8 l1 c1 w9 f$ g
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 s- v) X& B7 c" V' @! R$ ]8 u
( Z* e0 J2 ~! E1 ]; A* E这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. M$ c' ]: s4 ~( [$ _% R
! L' r; k9 j5 d3 z- W : U. E# y" V D9 F7 H1 Y$ A2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 ?5 ~& e* @" f
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例如: + g1 w( y5 _; d P% D) t7 k# @ 2 u8 c/ C+ t5 c* ~+ }At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); z1 ^: K. E% g+ L" W/ w7 a
7 n, J5 `: N$ F. C6 P9 ]9 ^+ ]Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 w3 c. o6 |! d6 k+ N
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( b- A2 R8 I, \. j; C+ i 9 a# X( V3 c3 L1 xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ `2 E# {% h0 ?: z" Z+ Z2 R
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( K! o# k3 M# ^; e$ \! ~9 V' p+ r8 G" j% _
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . y" H9 \3 a4 G8 O$ ?' f$ t, @ / ^. B. A- A4 O0 gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) O9 Y/ {9 l: ~, K j3 o% ?) c
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / Y, h) q/ Q i/ A7 W6 v ; E! b3 ]3 c* d. Q/ P8 ~; zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 b7 {0 V& }; v# b6 T
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % @# P$ z* Z0 p9 |/ E2 k8 S9 a! Q( o/ q7 z
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( o, ~, ^3 C8 s H5 \4 Q
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), L3 c( @) }& w+ z, H2 `/ K, U( p! A! F
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - f! v A6 U- g. A3 b6 W 0 x. X2 q2 @3 w9 D& z4 sEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 x) }5 x# m4 U4 q+ X( H7 b% A2 R* | P' N- |* @+ R
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) } w/ N6 a. z0 V7 \) v( a4 V 2 x* ~$ q' O8 K- T* x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 z1 O; s: a7 t0 @: W ! G8 g! p. { ^/ S* a2 I8 [+ m, A9 D T% E# w1 W8 @' I! ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( u7 x( S7 ?. s* y & n) W7 j2 i9 ]6 w2 X例如: i9 H9 }+ T1 e* ~: ^
P4 B: c6 s# K0 v' S \; ~5 P& U3 qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). r/ Z; `3 K4 T9 X. V- w# B
[ d, u$ ?; y Z% R0 i7 BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' j! G; A- X6 g# w% ~9 t" M/ M# P6 C) F" B) M+ Z& u9 n. t( l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / p, E+ D- y* \' m, ^3 q+ Z5 d! c8 m$ e, o9 C
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 A, _7 m5 |2 b: K" C1 s& c. U/ B3 S
4 Y% m- R4 D1 [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( q4 u; k9 V1 ^! Z: L0 _/ s* K z! j# F$ h; c' O
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; I( Y& K0 V+ [5 ` 5 l9 _) m8 B& o+ N3 g% QCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! B5 H1 m+ \$ L7 x5 ?7 _5 S/ x) o2 N
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 n5 F2 l: y) N& h2 Y5 j1 P) Y
; J8 H2 u0 u* g0 w/ n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 V& z# Z! ` c* n
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! F5 m/ {7 k9 b2 E7 t6 o
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- h4 }4 p% b e% V* Y) O7 [
' w7 p/ k8 m3 _" b对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 Q+ H- K7 S( m! o( W, }# [7 ?
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) s# V2 |/ e8 @$ E' h9 _: ]2 y$ R% O/ U7 Q f6 J% L; R: D
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 c6 q- t" v/ z1 U " F' S9 f* ]. N( o% C0 O+ ], @4 ]# b至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # k3 q1 c$ h' n0 o9 @ t; q' A2 k! J" V, N
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * F2 p( @- K: c9 X! Z % \! V! s7 ~" X& b- e* R/ U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; o# R9 z8 ]" g ?! |