本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , s9 D+ `. z5 z3 v' f8 [
7 K/ t6 \0 \: h8 w% ^ 转帖 v5 B' {+ v, g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) z6 z7 H# ~& h* n6 d7 i9 J: W2 y' h! b* S4 W
例如: & I2 W& b( v& A9 n- c! m/ p# U 5 t W4 Q I! c9 x+ b: lMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 q7 Q7 A/ H y1 r2 r
7 W4 u5 ]9 X# S# s& BThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) |( v M4 M8 S: L
0 U% f, K: C: E7 ?7 f1 F* ?This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 M }7 Y0 v% m- p9 i8 S* m
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 ]# [5 [3 Q" K! y6 K7 j0 d
1 Y- Y- V m+ f6 x: _I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . u1 C7 @, F% G# N' H: K ! N9 u; M- `% n: GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% H1 {7 c/ u( w. X' r- W
0 V* V: U& A- L! B$ DWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , _3 \: u- f" A6 X2 O 8 `6 g: \' F8 j' K) F( @1 ?: BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 Z, t% J/ T+ r X M `# F
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ T/ d" f( { p' p( Z& {; \* i, Y' ?+ `! f+ k
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 k+ N+ O4 V, Y& B, O/ b' I5 N, v; U6 F
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & Y1 z, v. M: n% w, W; n( S" k. G4 [0 p5 t
' ] G0 Q% b3 i) L, [6 y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" k' f" E6 p3 _, q" Z% T# S4 G/ V
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例如: ( R! o) ?: q3 ]+ O/ [! V : ]0 K0 @3 Y3 L3 y( VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 L) F S/ b# b* O# p. D4 o
: i7 G! M. J* \- h; ?$ XDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / s: k; C4 @2 U n. { + l3 ~: y: M/ @, b# U( e7 S0 Y- |I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 ?, P9 K% l6 x/ ]8 ^- E
/ t- z6 `! b# O, V$ Q- Q' v! uHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# j2 y. h) B* m; |' q, G8 e, Z
; G: M" F+ p( `2 W* E; |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! s+ ~3 K) h3 [9 u- u7 _3 E: ]1 k1 C2 h8 i4 s; u
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 X$ M: c( N, ~9 O( p7 A 0 I. `" u4 q5 CI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + e+ z, ~* \0 o. J5 U7 w 0 z2 ?& W- [0 }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 b" G9 X, G( W! r: |
; G3 O% G) E1 I- oThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! M& W9 M& `8 d5 F% X
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ D" L9 W/ r& n- q
( p9 |8 m+ @0 x+ ` D! T/ WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ K: o8 v, K4 v* P
, a+ g* T; ?. s$ f4 FHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 s0 C6 `- ?% r* h
9 j/ O9 i$ \* n A% E. CWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( O E- ?) t' m: o7 H
/ H# z* U' T( [4 i8 H5 G# F# VEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 ?1 r6 q' Y" I+ r$ `! ] 6 ]/ a+ i3 A* a$ g, I, P$ Z# m写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 Y- U2 T( U" Q( h/ `4 L0 n- [0 a7 U7 A
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ R2 e$ B8 M. ^' @
2 P" n) o) M. T# [. _& i ) Z, E9 q: R( u/ N( v3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " e9 n/ E% K0 n! I s7 S4 L- p( F2 {, ], }例如: 7 Y6 z: R. z3 K1 U5 ?2 m0 \( y ?/ Q2 h# d2 |( |
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + D0 y1 F/ G) F# ^) x# N3 K: g
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) u$ V' n8 F5 L# F7 N& X
4 c2 Y, G, d0 P0 `2 W9 YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 V$ H3 a% z1 N# }- C' L! Q+ j `0 M6 N2 W; _% j
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% Z3 d' k" R- |5 T
( d1 ]. N/ G' R: l7 u+ DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) P) W' t7 J# [& o' }! V4 r - |+ p/ c/ O0 k- B1 G6 A+ DPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# W0 m0 G" O5 u0 u. ]! w2 Q
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; D D9 i" S- d; r5 O% v- h1 W: `7 @! U( j3 U% V
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 [" l6 @7 I5 ]! J4 l3 l9 _! `/ l7 y8 X2 W G# j
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 `7 g V( E/ K5 D1 @; Z
1 {0 O6 L. X: {8 t! B+ v当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 U4 @- @1 d# j& u) ]+ U1 b ^ * y% {' V6 e O. w/ t对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, Y# z0 m! h8 a# e
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ N5 ^) a' C# u3 J& H& C6 f
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& N# G9 R5 R4 v7 D
/ ]$ i" U/ Y% c& k/ m对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- C; y( i* X$ u0 h- Y
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * E* p1 {) X* H' q0 l8 x3 z2 x2 h U( l/ \" A+ J9 X* A( o. B" g
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 X0 |; I0 Y3 `8 y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; l8 M1 c5 _" ^, h8 E