本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / G' _6 S: q% d! U. z e
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : M- l' Z) Y% V. w) U6 v2 }+ v. z7 c0 y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 \9 U/ X$ P5 e, ^ + d# ?2 y! a" O7 _Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& Y4 p# A3 O! v c1 Q; J
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" Z: M% P/ a) X& `
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . f/ F# U0 _4 L- J6 d# ~, y: G# p5 ?5 ]9 `5 p& S
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 y+ P) p% ~( S; y5 N' D
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* l/ m. a# }: p& ?
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : ?/ v+ m/ ^1 v5 H9 N0 s8 M6 Z5 o Q; z! t( x; j
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 r$ |5 m# ]% h8 L
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / P4 |+ r* B8 S! T m2 t% W( m+ f ^
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ g- Y3 b% s% }
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 [1 Y, z- k: a2 v$ @ f 4 _; C# o) Q6 G6 T) r) Q! I9 U( o* w/ K8 w/ _% m 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ I1 q H, n; X) P3 o6 Q" k
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 b! d1 D0 T; z+ n6 T% `8 r
3 F2 m% \0 p+ L5 fDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 b$ r; W( \) J2 A+ ?" ^
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' l. B& S8 |4 g4 |3 v
* @$ ~# K( \7 J% `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , G" B1 G+ w7 m3 ]$ C0 | 7 R/ U( S# {% K/ {# D: W' z& pIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) d1 d8 P z0 S, P( Z0 W3 Q
& ?- B1 _) B" QShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , i- h3 U- ~9 e# {7 t% J! O' p% q7 b( }$ j6 G. z7 n! X: a
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % @7 X( q: o" t ` 5 _8 K& P" a. |, e8 s- Q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % ]. r/ M( U5 J- s& D3 d% h+ u# e/ `. C- w- P5 k! Z, d
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 Z% x: K; [7 O c4 c 1 g2 u' K9 o8 E! FThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ?: m' d; J; V; W. P
& J& J' G0 v: n0 J6 y: m8 rHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & a4 Y4 v, Y o, y* Q5 i ' y; p( _6 P* W7 v1 v/ U8 X! d/ ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 o# V% n2 C, u
: U9 e) o5 [# q6 _, `7 m i- i( HWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), |, b$ ?4 b. ^& \6 o7 `$ |. s
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), U( V) g+ p# T: \( f2 H8 l
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . A$ }9 {2 O l3 T6 B& W8 L A; U7 |8 X
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 k' c# ^' G7 D, i+ Y" y2 @ $ _" V# V8 Q' X& A ; X5 U) |# J8 E4 D3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. V% J5 e: X. a* @
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0 @8 Y/ v' C+ c) L( [4 I$ J( wMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 [. t0 V) Z! k/ w; S
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" l9 [4 X! X& ?2 L- e3 e
- m, D+ B0 T' V6 @( k9 MThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* ]& ?4 C V% X4 |: h, }% `
9 q3 ?5 | X0 p( s: jHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* U! F/ G- }# T0 |4 G% w7 q0 _
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 P$ [# @9 G6 K- k 2 S1 V' L2 P8 z' Y vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 C* t& ^0 Y* K
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% n% ^2 k# g9 a' i
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 g2 J+ U- ^* E) n2 k5 k2 M u
: A5 `8 {" D3 b6 @. G, J$ f) Z1 r g同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! v9 ?& J f# U - \9 o7 s! Y$ Z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:7 U) Q5 h( s! S0 u2 {
3 x/ S6 i7 A9 Y2 o对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 ?- A+ E6 N9 |% u( e % B/ ~" t3 |. P0 ?9 G1 e# R% U对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 Q3 H" j, B4 N4 A+ F. g, B0 I7 U8 P3 J- J, G
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 G3 t/ o8 K- I6 E! | - V' U- i. v6 V# l; r" }4 @- f+ ^对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( g0 H# q f- n: J( r) ?/ l8 g8 t2 i. ]. @
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 a- M( a2 N8 Q( ^% L) j1 g4 U/ `! i9 A; z1 c& t. p& V$ j, V! p% T
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * n3 i5 ]. y$ H! L5 Z ' g$ p+ d3 u t9 e+ R, L6 [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 W% C9 i R" R. s