本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % y9 j+ ^- O$ Y4 i4 m5 B7 P& ^- O5 J: d1 g+ b" y* c1 M 转帖 9 p% {, |6 `+ ^% L) h/ n1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) O: V {: I; z2 c0 Y( j) e2 }5 B# \- X" a8 k
例如: 6 G& Q5 n& j6 J7 H' W3 k$ |. \9 P* y % P; ^% n. ]' a, s. _Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . l# B, B; `5 V% H/ N `7 N5 [, }: b: {3 d$ \Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * M4 Q- _6 Y/ e- `! h0 |1 \3 Q$ } u1 C8 k. Q2 ]
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( z% F7 y, ~1 S0 i5 V' F . X) v! y2 h% s0 V7 uThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / ^' {: J6 i5 [" }' S 1 w/ X5 ?3 f1 jI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), Z( [! @, \# b+ B0 r/ A
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& ]" X7 p% V) N( k
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 p; _" L# w1 D7 G/ `) g9 a! D3 n: ^5 F' {/ u E7 ^0 ~
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ J2 }! Z. V8 o, _
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 P$ @5 s( i" ^3 @4 w3 C% ~- P6 z* _3 g' A
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) `3 ~2 z, u' U4 H0 r) |7 h& |* a' [6 ?/ X8 w
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 d i+ O+ Q5 Q2 P5 P" \3 q
2 k4 |# ?0 H; R. ?At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 N' g4 h G3 i& t: v* i# N& l* L
# V7 v7 M3 X" M9 u$ B$ ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). J7 Q0 F" U1 z; U& w( Q
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% i( P; X6 a2 m' s
7 \* t& b" H, \3 R2 `. | gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # t8 s2 G0 d! G! b0 V! N3 z$ k l' V3 ?: E' A1 k9 c4 b8 mIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# e. G0 }, V- b" o4 o5 _: X+ {
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 R* l) K! X$ B) R- T3 y) ]
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 B) V6 Q( w* b# M4 r# `5 W5 O- F d9 R, P8 J
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( r8 M9 ^- B3 p
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) [0 k3 l3 N* E9 ]
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( [1 U$ k2 z* T$ {$ L% R6 y6 i% b 8 s% Y, ^8 w) m9 ]. j7 E9 l6 G7 tHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 r% `, k- g& c, V
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 Z2 U; I3 c3 s" Z, T
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 `% N0 r _/ I1 y$ f
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 I, x5 D, K9 e! |4 a ! `5 u/ v1 F8 m1 t* k3 s8 E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( _( C P8 H R) `, m7 J" U) }$ i$ D4 T6 ^, o& i" D2 M, B
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / s+ |5 P( M% N6 a! t' B" R4 i$ k& V4 T) @
) F h3 m7 V9 ~. {. }: J* p4 k 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + A5 d& [* i/ G2 g3 Y( N S : N& \8 s; `* {; S: k, ]例如: , a R5 J& b2 u5 k9 u2 {3 l) w+ d' Y( n4 J) E* x
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * }- q4 ]' m) @: f' A( w2 ? ( o) [; {5 a; _: L- S MManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ V' [2 o1 Y8 P- T 9 l3 }0 Y+ g+ I/ uThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 y, c E( V# R3 }( ~$ V: g P, h' Y4 s8 g
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ Z6 P4 p. G( t# q' K
$ @+ I: U1 \3 |+ i& O$ w, |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# }2 r$ j3 U$ X0 t8 \/ i1 w# w
! [1 N3 \. S; PPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% ^$ c. { V v3 W5 L
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 \) w& t) D" q4 @' v2 w0 _, T' l8 f4 T2 P
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' ?' \7 @4 c3 L+ R2 W9 k( U1 j7 u0 }2 Z7 i: i% j1 K4 i, X* {8 o5 S
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: n: S' W) ^7 T x
7 _1 r' Q' N- {) @; s当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , H5 Z. F: `, x6 q7 W2 l/ b" y/ ?1 u4 V* u: L
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& A1 N! ^! R' k$ C5 a
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . j1 g% i& s, f5 P0 a, Q 0 @; s' d0 w1 _: q6 F1 w4 q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # t; [, l! }1 n' U4 q' K Y7 L( L7 X8 ]5 _, w" u- |- b
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & _; h. }* _% D; }/ \ m " T$ C1 i4 l6 `5 E5 h M+ v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , j0 }) {, [* @: P9 U, g7 I" Z+ I8 W % n/ O5 ?3 x- ?6 K4 x2 {. x* ^& m+ l还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 b3 G9 H4 l. n" c/ X
; [% K' g: B$ i% p& p/ w有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 J$ C1 h- ]; f$ L, s* x