本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 I; k( h7 T7 {7 x
$ A/ l/ M9 s4 z- B5 ?转帖; U8 U, v* f% N9 }+ ^
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 k: b! ` x! O y# R2 t* e. n3 |, b) m& h. Q" P
例如: 0 |' a! n. e5 R; j6 C6 Q3 Q) ]) O6 H" f- `
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). K8 ~8 d$ ]$ y7 Y6 r+ b. H
0 Y3 ^8 a# a" W: S; wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 E+ y6 C+ a0 f5 ~% a: Q$ O 1 N, D, s$ ~- Z8 P3 eThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 g" J/ H9 t6 i9 Q, i6 D: J4 O, b1 ^4 v
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; {! P( q$ a7 e# E7 @. } 0 F) L9 a* f4 |" J$ Z7 BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 E# R8 Q$ S4 V4 z! q8 d: M. y) A/ U6 G5 o
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 [& ~, s; S% N) e 6 ?/ M' C* W) U9 g: Q$ oWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 M- H6 [4 J* c$ \
. K0 V- L1 T9 S: M! uThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 x0 Q3 s% z. j" Y+ M5 g
1 l) d: i+ A0 @2 k) B9 R" ?# W
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : p( o6 k( \7 u# x1 l2 j9 `, m" U$ D" ]# p
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 Z9 H1 T% j' m8 F2 A7 i, D0 i% W+ A9 p! G/ O* ^, R
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 B: X) Q. ~ o! T# R
; h4 K# a- ^1 X0 Y ' a" n2 W* c6 x- A9 g2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # x8 s: \0 n2 m1 p$ V% |( {1 l, r; }0 a) m: ^( r+ d& u9 R# f! f
例如:* C, a% p# z! D2 n' b2 Q, z5 ~: M
+ S5 y. L, I5 O/ ]8 GAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! E( V, B/ y( L0 G! K: q! t& B5 J) P, H
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 d0 ~+ v, l5 T; x0 C + Y# t# q2 F) K" iI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % U/ R9 r5 ^8 ?4 S" I; T {; h5 g6 w8 L: ^
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ O& x1 V! y& q+ o3 I2 @
, _' s. a5 s6 o9 l" f9 b0 ?# S3 R$ IIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 b8 m/ a. y! d* j% ?) i( f : b/ f% G+ }4 l- Z6 P4 r& B+ m: AShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); j* U3 S$ N5 I: m, P1 y: x1 x
6 g1 t1 ?) K2 O0 j5 lI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 a/ e7 R2 v& y
( ]& K7 I$ @3 v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 r0 u4 m- e. W8 x+ O# A6 v) k7 v" c& V, s
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 M* C X; ~% `& E- N- ], E; ^! d7 j& y3 T! q/ d
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 y0 V) D+ I! @& ~* O: | 3 t y X: {; i. W+ T; _He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" N( I3 @* j- e+ x# V$ j
; U' m# U$ ^+ q d# w6 w, m4 bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& h: q+ R- |* T/ G! \
7 \5 g- a7 J* g' {- X- v. \
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" T8 z' ]3 o8 B [# Y
: r4 n$ s6 R2 q" H* t3 DEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * T% |( c2 M ?$ z- A1 M" F* L/ O, v6 I8 O, q3 I/ f3 d( F
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' u6 i: F( V0 h& N `& A
* A/ h( J! h3 E$ j6 T" t
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 m( r# Q4 k+ l# u! M& U 0 c6 T0 I# v7 C- [& D b, Q/ {# B! P) V6 B 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& F; k( g* u: V* Y1 k _
8 O! u- }3 f: o9 u例如: S K, p' c r1 P8 l/ u" O6 W+ z/ f. s+ E }8 ?3 N
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) s# _3 P: Z: ~% a: h& j. _ % P7 D8 B, Y1 |, aManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 g) e# V2 ^# u' F: z
3 b2 B$ Q7 D1 g4 }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 k3 g2 h* L# L7 E9 `4 G' t3 J7 E# J% o
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ q2 M5 J& o) J! i
1 s7 |( O) A i, K! P# D& u: I
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + {2 w9 Q- U8 H s" o6 Z; H4 x4 @
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 E( y1 [( j- _$ p6 G v: F2 Z5 m1 E 4 J: Z: t. S! M+ ], c; KCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 T( C, L2 Z3 r' c1 a1 S( V
9 Q$ I/ C7 X- T# n' p& \/ X( J, GStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 u. H9 ?% E8 K2 y; e! i# j
' T9 W5 T8 u9 q/ i8 f3 F! T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 u3 z5 i6 X! z. E9 a6 h+ J# Y7 B . d: ?( a1 K, O: ?2 v: u当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 T* L j7 U9 M2 E7 |, e$ W- F4 {6 H, d( o0 G
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ^: p! Q, U& J; ^% p2 n% v Z ) R8 X& D/ o9 T, n V j" l9 u对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* M" J# C. O% L+ Y5 T& B
6 J+ k1 D4 T& n& `8 _* g
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;7 K" n/ K7 B- j. U* ]- U" w) v
. [( @( Z& `9 {1 g6 O% p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 M7 q' b# ~" G
5 S+ i) v6 ?2 v还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: V3 P3 Y8 V* _( B d
! {$ I7 G5 S7 H" G2 b有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 u" `$ \1 V2 v1 N. [