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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; g; B2 h2 W8 S* _0 g1 h( E% _: ^0 k, @ ! W9 \% l. a7 p: H2 |' y例如: ; S' F: X( R* _ 9 i$ s+ @# i4 JMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( e6 n4 a( J8 l- U( Y$ }$ o! C/ F # k9 q, w! ?4 A1 }8 U0 YThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ], d; a( R; { _* ~' B0 J. g0 r$ W3 G8 V
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" }2 S4 [. O' m3 I
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ @+ ^ P- W2 Y, v$ q% `
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' `6 C. I0 B/ T; v' _: l2 }4 U0 b
& @* G9 m! @" l5 CMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 h; L9 ]6 ?5 w$ U+ p7 K7 H Q% X! X
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " a/ R" D2 M5 D6 V; V- K ( [5 W T( Z4 @, R0 q0 J( KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ c+ n# l" A" \3 W2 L# p
. ]1 E9 i+ a7 R6 ^7 \5 ?We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 w* l5 H2 k0 [/ E! s: S
8 V- L7 g6 n$ |4 h. |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 ?' I r+ h( W " g9 s7 N( Q4 T' `4 a这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " |; ?) @# O( x0 K$ |+ _+ O! \( f4 O& _( Y, ]1 T
2 o2 d' R6 ], p7 ^; P' }/ X: D2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , N7 @* h+ V6 ]/ f5 S9 X$ W : M; y9 x& Y2 v* Q例如:2 h5 K. n. I+ m8 F6 D5 p$ d/ B
1 r" P, ^3 `) {6 FAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# ?. p, K' [8 L2 C" p% t6 V
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + [1 Z7 i9 ^9 M5 s & Q7 r8 P6 g% B% [8 ]2 q* D( |I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 y+ i" W* |& \+ i2 I* P: L5 Y9 V5 m- p r w/ y
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ z4 t- k0 h. i& n8 V" F
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' c( p5 E; f2 x+ p. _4 q1 s4 J( O N
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % X) s0 [5 `2 T; J 9 O8 X4 f4 R" o6 c+ i% eI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): P" e0 ? B) Y) ]) _- `% Q8 O. j
! k4 \: `5 E% g/ y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 i- R; A- K' w7 w$ s
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # w/ Y3 z/ X# z 6 O% P! d. M6 n% Z$ O2 e# tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- D5 ? {; i! e! Q" \3 S8 c! f$ Q) C
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 O4 ?% [3 n% f% z4 H
1 A: G! O- Y) D$ ^9 z3 g( G' EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). ^/ L( r# {- q5 N
& c- p) a, y3 b9 W0 O& Y# JWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 `6 m- G. Q* }3 a# v
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 E5 D7 s) I* h4 E 0 l/ ~" w! a" B, Z: t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 U, b/ L( d$ T& q + w. p- Z5 k7 Y5 O3 x: W- g! I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , P$ g6 a$ @8 s1 P ; Y- y" I, |5 ~( ?/ m! g) f: w' P5 d( E 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。1 c. u( t! ?9 N. `
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* M8 P/ m- `" R7 W3 c, N. JMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% |( }) p7 a! r& n; q/ Q
3 j3 v3 z# M9 q9 N; T/ a8 |# mManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' l3 C" a& g* y( L! |, }# \; `
) x k* F' e2 |$ F- I0 a% qThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 x- B7 O* S. D7 R/ I7 [- `1 u& S( u' C, a+ [4 d# x
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 Z6 Y! m! E) `, O
+ i: U; S1 j0 F- nMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' O) ?1 G, v( m6 r6 a
/ r+ d2 A! V4 K0 bPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( C/ K" n) U" g8 p
; E! V1 R% C6 n, e2 p* W9 BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# r; I+ C Q* N1 w# l2 R- M4 Y
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% @4 R7 R+ y9 J9 J+ M0 F& ]
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 s* r5 \6 K' Q& M' L; n ( t1 V: X+ P, i ^- ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # W2 P" o( V+ E+ k* Q% n0 P# U/ Z- g _6 K7 { X3 u6 K
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% x9 Y( _/ A E5 z# L6 ~/ N
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! K) G- l6 ^$ m5 Q; `% ~
, b U2 \* Y, d: e$ l. z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ y7 P' x8 d! B T0 C
: D* N* k# J! |$ K9 }# q# h至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 Q$ \2 X* @; K. C. u+ b
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ F, f$ i4 Y" b+ L9 l
0 p9 y- r. L& I" p! z# v% M/ w有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 {! q9 R: u" S! h$ r7 g: d