本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 i0 t" j; r* q* }9 u/ T3 X# c. w4 C* s. W) x 转帖 ( y$ R* t; Z2 p6 [3 U) G1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . y: n+ D4 z( |- d: n, G% a0 L 7 O! i3 `! G; Q0 |- q例如: 8 {" B1 |; ~# k H" u5 u) k$ B* ~- L/ o0 m
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 j- X1 R4 p% G+ Z! }8 U9 \ ) w" ^- N& d9 h3 r; `7 \' L& RThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % ~+ y! Z4 W7 N7 ?. Y3 Y$ u& E 9 q: h* P, a1 C4 sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( s. z( ?6 A% [) B, h
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , b# |0 O; f) S3 {& C) C% _& B8 _! r' P
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . o& a7 I% _) n4 S + x7 _! z" c2 d# K3 k( A0 F! sMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 B- R3 W. {: u S/ B2 J( U; ? % z# l1 g. f4 i' z6 o* H6 }* Q4 |We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( r- i" P/ \5 h2 f+ J3 H
7 _' {3 Z# G+ `* \4 @% h) R* w: aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 y% a' ^4 @ s1 v$ H
: r: e! s1 I' t; a6 }We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( w8 @6 F7 S: m' a7 {
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) D* R1 S1 I( X& k2 | & T& b0 o& j' E8 U+ w这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) K7 [7 c6 _2 J& b# |" e6 i1 v. [8 i+ _, m: W- j
: @( }/ y' h6 Y: l# ^# b 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 _/ H9 V2 W" Y$ h
+ ~2 u+ |0 H, e ?例如: # r; B' |/ d/ j. b : h3 S/ B, B. V( a2 nAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & n* ^; o$ o! u; w* a. U1 g# S4 L' | {
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 |2 L, f- E$ [
& Z4 g0 f3 k' C8 V6 p KI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & k+ A: \8 `# b& u2 h# [# N+ B' j( O
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 P8 m) L+ i. o* |( }: [ L" L 5 d/ o7 b, _; w# j8 j# n- yIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 c) d. W8 v2 x4 E- z4 [* B4 M
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 j8 S1 i: N& w/ s" N) a
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) v+ t U: c { : U: _" `# F$ o) s如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 }. @+ [! Q* d/ J8 P& c- u1 O 5 U$ t1 a6 r4 p0 D2 e; }+ n0 n- zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : A6 T9 z$ }" d, D3 e5 r% \2 e- i 3 r" p+ p2 s6 CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). P( p! C8 P0 Z) r3 ]1 _
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ o- u5 N1 q# t5 n3 o; |+ j
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 S8 j& C: S. k1 w ( x+ ^3 |. W( Y2 ~7 ]& K6 J3 t3 `We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ Q: L& I( z: J
1 o! M- E0 M" g3 fEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); Y- j$ z) U* a( f9 O5 h
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 J/ M8 [2 R7 G" f* `0 J6 }4 _5 l" K. _
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # x' X8 u5 p4 \# D) Z: Y3 K# |1 S1 [* S
+ g J2 `( Z" g s2 _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ T5 J7 c7 `+ u9 u" l9 S
( @: O5 c5 B# {- n例如: % x3 I4 f, A. _2 `1 E. y+ Y0 T6 v9 |4 f1 {6 a6 Q* W3 Q2 u
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 }9 a: S6 {# M4 C0 M2 o+ b
6 t m$ i* X9 c* SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + W/ Q1 \/ @. o: _3 q0 }' s" e( W; l8 }. B6 I' n1 |
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # G8 m1 `0 R/ X2 z3 V# Q0 U4 f/ H! W! Q( i0 f& H* q: Q8 Z
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) h7 w3 B. z0 z. {( |( c" W8 A* A3 j$ e; K) J9 t
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 b/ P3 k+ @" L
t# F2 c' e: j* ?2 v2 @: |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 w u# C: P+ m5 m+ C T+ f6 J* Y s* l2 _0 v# @3 R+ }" ?! T! y- P
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # x4 r: q$ l3 X* V7 @ ' r% Z4 K/ w# ?9 y- j) YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 v; F7 t+ f0 J/ A" ~% s2 f$ c: F! P1 W
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! a5 [- |) ?( i& @ * x/ f1 h! }$ K5 S当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* M) x% Q$ s$ _1 \0 M
0 A2 _+ ? Y* c' ^, a R7 E对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; H* |- w% L: o/ q8 T
5 e+ v& q4 p$ i$ g% o对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 J1 P( |) Z- x1 ?+ R) H3 n0 j! s7 A* A0 q' L
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / u. ?1 W. b9 l- {; V+ T& t3 y- Z; H$ }. N7 e# A
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;2 Z" d! D: `" x* l) R, p2 U
6 n6 s9 W( M. \7 Q5 C! m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:+ v. H- y& z# `" l) `
1 c, F* K* S! N还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * F7 w- z# v7 ]6 n* _" y9 X( V- f$ H' M& M
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) S8 Y6 b8 {: u8 D