本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ O( Y! L' p; O0 f7 |! f9 D. B6 ?% a: C 转帖 / E' R2 P+ _8 `+ d# b4 _* S1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) W7 B8 z& U8 G' P" b* A( b: M, i9 @1 d1 T) i+ J' |) }
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 T: W3 D Y3 t. q1 [ ' K; {& a5 d& ^% i4 E7 K$ Y6 y& u1 ?: dThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; a: x- G( e, J, ^ B / ^" @6 y: ]( I5 ~; s/ A! C+ PThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 |9 n# S4 o+ F# I# O t
3 V5 g* u* z. |5 K8 u2 m8 P, ?9 QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " q9 z, Z1 f; _9 a1 W. s& s8 X6 |& w% S3 s% a
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ F. L' E3 F5 I3 z9 f3 D! U
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ S) y, A0 z% K. I" M
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 k/ l/ {# r8 R7 C: g ( {3 S# V* X, _! v+ I* BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 N, p. ]& g- c1 s7 Z- ]- f0 v
- p0 |- ~8 p! [/ ZWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! S1 L+ R# x6 i+ N ?* J+ o
3 n- F! p! }3 @: nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 h. D, ]# Q7 [. b" U% P4 ^ . ~: [$ f: h' ?这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( d: h" O. Z; t: k6 g/ L
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) z1 T4 Z5 j* k0 k v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- h0 f9 Q8 `# I% @3 P4 P; p
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例如:8 m1 ~, T% n/ E: r" t/ g
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), ?5 q' F9 }- o& s I u, l
9 z( `6 `( c' N: oDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / h* V3 p* q$ O- T0 X6 C: m+ Z, W2 ?0 `7 ?0 |& o
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) h; P3 ?: b' E m- N 2 s% M* r, b0 t3 ]5 j: T# L5 oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " U9 ^$ _. _8 q+ X# }+ Y' A 5 t( [+ I1 ~9 UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 v7 t0 _6 }% @3 T/ G' E# [
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 O' I( ^2 c: } 4 Q7 S$ R2 a( g D, y* e, v; iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 c T! c8 d# X
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 E: h# b+ F0 X) L# L7 G+ U: J
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* s" b3 G' Y: e5 a' ]
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 {% c+ U$ D4 k) m* |, V: M! @. \% g. @( m5 {: q' c) u J; e) ]% k$ m
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( p! R& j8 D8 ]4 T5 a) X
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' K4 v) Z$ n; V, A1 v2 w6 }
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ e2 b, g7 W+ E# d ! o: H: K o/ |8 N( D' wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + }9 w& e# d3 N7 ]5 F 7 d* ?) s& S/ [写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & V+ j7 a! W9 M0 O9 ?/ L9 N! z& F! k
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 o2 n( Q, G. J, V J6 z: L! S' x$ ~; r4 @
8 T. j7 _( K2 h. h9 @3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ ~; v2 Y6 Q& W " X& q* z) g! c例如: ! S6 @+ x/ i5 I- \2 v: V. E, \) B5 p
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 N) \( n6 L2 C ^6 k$ j* R' `
& _3 a0 u# {5 o; C- o/ i GManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & O4 g u: |* I/ c4 c. i9 J. k9 P" `8 A# N
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % s9 A: Z8 @0 q7 f7 d. ^, Z + @+ D7 Z( v& s% r) ]7 U: zHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * L1 `5 \$ e4 Q7 K ; B2 r2 |2 u* hMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); @/ p, I3 [/ b H3 y
& j4 t j! H* t( p/ gPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 L' S; S+ g9 d$ X& p* \ ; ]# z/ O, U, F8 h4 |' w2 d& {; ?Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ v4 b$ ^& N/ l! S9 \- W+ Q/ s" B( I! e2 c8 d! c
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' J/ C4 G5 N+ M( P; @) R4 `3 ~( W
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# r/ |) y' V3 ]7 m
: k4 ]/ t' k* P* Y( n当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) v+ w5 I7 _# G: g( ^2 f) v
, D. ]0 g# N, w' ]$ ~! j对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; y, v/ G6 Q0 x7 o- N
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( ~( d0 a+ K/ o0 h! \: `2 H
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 _3 n9 k9 j: w) X X/ g! p0 J% X1 l( j
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ ]. L% N" v3 I: ^8 t f) b/ \* S% O
- E8 v3 f/ Q/ N6 f/ k, t1 G至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 d; B+ D/ i! x0 g. x7 O9 u& D/ r; e v$ {* j* [
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 @' U4 q r1 R* Z3 K
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% x" f6 Z% a! @3 z$ o