本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 O" W3 [1 C' ]5 H
x; _" M5 s. Q! N4 [ 转帖: c! V9 ?; D& g) ^7 U0 ^) H0 h
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 ]$ ^% I; q z5 G" ?0 @" R% f8 s* I! W& w- t) t+ y6 O; `
例如: ' J2 R) X" |! e* f4 ?4 c9 l6 k* }: L [ H; E
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 c- D3 U) q+ |7 l" i# C, j& U6 t6 z }$ w
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). G9 }* Q m7 m5 H) \' Z5 P* E0 s
* J0 Y: n# c2 d8 i% L; E3 GThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& z+ B7 x# F7 ~7 j5 k; c
3 S+ \+ r5 _: R5 w6 p: l- U
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) `( D3 D+ z( c% P
, U0 L: \8 L$ t* H% Y4 \; II have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) M% e2 l; s& x8 @; p : V6 w" q+ v. GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . j8 g6 x: o+ V2 D, b$ F6 \# i3 g" U2 H; m! Q9 m8 E
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ w) a8 L- z; g" h: j7 e) n
! @2 ?! \7 P& F) A; ?+ FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 K2 r& U7 R4 t5 Z) ^3 k1 z* }/ X: r) h& u) z( h$ e
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . a3 Z; q! ~$ W! i }! |% @4 Q4 m. B7 Z/ U
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), M3 V8 Z" ~+ Y
& D( s4 ?* v6 T. c这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + ~* i, d7 f0 z4 t3 w % M4 K: _6 f. b0 M& j* B8 d5 D1 B( @( q4 Q! y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 `3 ?$ _, R3 `
# k8 h! M$ q x
例如: - x- h2 N9 x+ w! A6 Z3 s. z % h; ^* n5 V3 e$ l! DAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 {. D) o# N' H3 c K8 z& c# B; ^
% S" U9 D+ H7 q% o
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ o, S0 k) C4 h
% b" v6 J5 b: c8 R0 `I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 }) F1 d1 q# Y% H6 x6 D' h- C M
" {7 i# k2 h" X r, S
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! T9 o* X8 Q' s! _
$ c( @ r% R6 Y- G s3 G! j# V; O
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 \' G1 y2 R6 I4 L+ U- T$ w# v
- l) Y ^# @" O9 q9 ]& j. a, P6 zShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) ~$ Q) z1 ?3 U: n# Q- v* l4 H, d& ^# l, f9 Y8 D) q4 k1 I6 M- h1 ^
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 w4 u4 V& |* G/ w/ U& d3 J
+ w4 Z% ^! u9 \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 k5 H3 S3 h5 }0 A8 Q/ L3 X
; O2 W- ?% g( v) ]/ r0 G$ bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & R! x/ X1 F6 s6 \6 S+ f 2 ~8 G' o9 {: |( J) F9 _: LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' w. O* V& g w( t. k: ~. P/ k# q3 ]' P$ z! g% o0 {/ \& Y7 U$ g1 d" F9 @0 W
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 D8 M$ l! Z- n 0 U: }; U" _! mHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 }# Q7 @' S$ s: w) `" a8 @; p6 |6 G9 Y( R
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 j- s1 U4 t7 g; P# [/ {$ P 1 s/ @. [1 ]6 j& Y. X+ m" _Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( _( N9 E/ G4 J; K2 E4 U' O9 g2 _7 h8 j% x( x& [' v
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.). D0 B( m: j6 f
2 J* E/ K( w& ]# j/ r3 h: \; U
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " ~. h |- i+ h# b8 y+ n4 ` . P6 m( r# X4 a! I! @8 I# j3 r7 L' M0 A+ q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( c! x- ~+ m" q3 m
/ _: U3 S& z1 _. _! Z' D) y
例如:6 ?1 T3 ~3 f+ w- P0 `/ s
1 r6 {3 P) l6 b' \1 x
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - s- Q/ L3 {1 ~: C# u4 Z5 u5 \, q4 l
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( x& u8 b) W8 C" }
+ z6 S4 U8 d7 c9 y2 }; X# L9 m
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 ]6 I$ _) o% [3 n
) n- x; S7 v$ M# W5 O
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) }3 f! ?" U- X# n+ `4 j6 _
7 U% d E! {( Y# M/ T: w
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 O! m! f! M' n1 X
' G5 i" `1 K5 |4 g& k/ y: |
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / w3 L% m) a" o% [9 o6 h& r% Q- t6 t. i6 m
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' O7 I8 _1 y1 X, L( P
8 r ^, c6 U7 M" r
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 v7 H' R9 K ^* M
2 o( }/ @: s# d5 f9 B) o9 E! J
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# D, ^) j* S. q7 C/ Y
5 V1 P7 l; y' K9 I3 |1 D0 E
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- u V$ f7 ~; R$ s, W
1 y1 L, O0 c, I对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& u3 c ^0 W+ A, C- ^3 D
8 D: q0 D9 z' O7 u+ _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& G8 i1 G8 p- o