本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , x3 w' |) { K( y7 T+ q5 F
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)5 b5 f/ M- a6 j# ]
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例如:9 [$ q9 D- g: B% G
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + V8 \' Y& `$ F F% s$ d% n: C' c
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! n4 b& |& z+ n
8 q' [2 t+ H7 x) J4 AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . C9 b9 O6 T1 O3 G# B. T/ R$ {2 x% E7 k% p5 X; c* s9 L8 J3 C& z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! h6 F2 |8 L3 }1 J% m, o% R0 ^# d, v3 U/ X% Y( X
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . }% I7 H3 |" I' T* ?+ D& L2 ~0 b9 n6 }
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # l, ` s4 Q. d5 q0 V 0 n# k! k. F( D+ kWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% j$ _; A; ^1 f4 }
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' s) j+ c/ W7 i4 V
! b, v2 w9 I4 r5 F' MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 M4 Z. D T: u! T$ ? % E7 d1 w( s& Q) \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 a/ Q* C7 Y9 A( w! i" A- ^/ ? p; t3 W# T) I+ V7 K9 O
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) x; O# V9 n) E$ D; d$ `1 f2 _: b
; f; }: `" r- u) t- V $ m O1 t/ Q+ U7 j! j2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 A4 O! n9 E8 P! K( h
i6 a3 W" \: z: {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ _# C* _$ I8 a2 P, u- Y, M7 l6 {3 g- n, Z9 g% q
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' N8 X' T9 n9 J) g M% R$ T* q% ~- O( m% K5 Z8 J2 O
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): \; ^' ^+ b1 a# V( x& m
: B4 C6 }' C' F' m5 W$ HHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' d4 m9 G4 a+ E7 O' }
! G4 Q5 W- \+ {0 j7 GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) R0 \+ o( k1 z j. A& z6 \5 |: `. U3 \
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * B/ a X! Y; e: f. q9 p2 ?# F$ H! q7 m/ J5 U K
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! c) |' n3 f) t5 H" q
2 }$ G; Q; v+ @, t( I如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 q; {- ?: @- M5 d
' L" W4 \" B5 @6 ?/ oThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) n7 |# \) W* ~; H" M% L, j" K( s
. r! ~3 L4 C' S$ m9 J9 e- ~The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ ]4 M( f7 P7 ]) ` y , f! E' @: Z5 g3 A! N8 _He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * L% ]0 L; C8 t' f }/ b 4 c& J8 u9 R! ?/ N iHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , t: ]% Y2 {3 b' U0 G8 }- C: U" @
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' l5 X2 f1 o" s % Z9 W* }- u3 S; d, f) ?- xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 X6 V* F0 O3 G4 M# U% \8 s: U( ~6 P, ~& z6 Y6 E" \9 Y
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 y6 Q5 ^! ]; _7 T v! Y* Z0 M* b
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( f- n( j* o% n! L . F! a3 I' J9 [; U ~, W' O/ X1 b 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 o# I9 O+ S9 e! ~& R9 r0 W
9 \( p3 z/ L/ Y! ]" g# g例如: ( A. l. G7 x! Q . U7 N( Y8 x& mMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 x3 W9 {9 d/ K1 T4 K+ n9 p- v0 o
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , h0 S" o( @' ?. A% }6 L! [! d4 Y9 O3 p# @! y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - ^% k+ ^$ v* u. H# v 4 S( p* o+ {' E" g+ A& ]He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 x$ }1 S' y% H0 u" C: r# Z 8 W" O- D2 Q8 z# I% k8 PMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), K5 n/ J3 D& U ^4 V
; k1 T* u$ D5 y. |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / @7 M+ m& U' ]1 w( ^" ]" R, C) Y; U, p' M0 {
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 u b! ?8 b) W* [% A$ ]) j
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' }6 `4 A" J- y }* ~4 h$ Y* Q$ R# f
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& W" t/ f# }8 |- H& J
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , }/ p- D8 `' k : w- {3 b5 B8 F8 A4 |( q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! n8 H/ D! m' f/ s5 [