本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + |' u9 X @0 E- M
4 i. w9 r) a# j; z/ a G' K# @转帖 7 ~# H& n, j/ A1 X- a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! Y" C: D8 a/ H+ O
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) v w& f7 H' \- \, Z6 v+ p( F8 s
: i$ S( W9 h' [( N5 T! XThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ }7 }$ F, o, S9 Y) ~0 u
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); H8 A k( i! @$ }0 p
+ T6 W. q# g( q9 vThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % t$ w- d; Z2 e r- Z: ~ y 2 n" B l7 h1 j8 \! [I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 U( `' k4 ~2 i. B' i5 c- w) H
: z9 S/ ^% J' R2 FMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% ?. A: c: d; E q( K2 `
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) K9 N9 k* R" g6 _+ z
7 _2 y! X# ^" o, e5 S3 j4 G# s) FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 d7 ^ t6 s* t
5 _7 r% u% j% V- y; Q" nWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) a3 @' D2 o/ T& p2 n9 s6 c& L* M0 q
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 r: X1 T% o, L) i2 D# Y4 m, `; _6 G1 j- P% a% v! i
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 }' T# D! d" x! C) \" ?5 z8 ]6 F8 ]7 f; f$ ~
# x$ ~% p. O8 b, W 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 X- F- i/ r' U6 n$ p( {
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例如:; z7 d* K1 @2 T$ H
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % q1 n" H! W( T T8 X! q! r ! \- x# w7 W7 A+ aDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 N$ [+ k7 J9 i4 @ " X$ o5 M+ e5 S4 ^; ~. s" E2 m: w) rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 c1 E2 ]0 {$ s
' |; q2 R2 y0 aHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) i& `3 V6 F$ k" s& M& R
# P' Q- G! \- D6 hIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 s, }) d7 \( [7 N* P1 q
' Z! M& r7 ]/ q6 Z+ GShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 t; @5 X0 F- E5 Y$ a
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* ]1 U, z O8 T" O, L- ^
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' S1 V7 v8 ] c4 l( ]5 W 7 E7 P9 p0 _: [/ {+ q4 {" EThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 I, l' m2 E1 y$ j9 J A) `
3 |8 T8 ]) o" x- ]3 p. ]The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # j3 g2 Q& e6 ^+ @' d/ @4 [/ ^1 n2 U$ U) p: S' q
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 f) G2 [+ a8 Q. k6 z4 V
& C' q4 p- ~) i& s3 B7 A$ nHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ?5 z: B% _1 z/ F4 @3 }
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! s0 p" N5 J7 Q8 j
2 p! Q8 C! n7 r% J9 V' nEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 |( ^6 Q4 M) C$ a, p s( H7 p& X7 y' r) }. {) w/ k& z: p( I" A' B
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 A2 i& k) Q2 p7 ^: h' J4 ^) i6 j& Z+ J% O9 z! \. ]
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( j0 @1 V( d; l z3 |$ L, J4 X1 t$ q. W( E2 B1 |
6 ~* S: E% W' _5 ]. h# Z. e3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" o5 A( Y4 O' @, S
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例如: & e3 Z$ l, F Q% z8 z; z* X 3 \, ~, k( V I4 |( K/ a+ C5 |$ i- EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# q- E9 d) K+ }# t6 j
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 O3 w: Z0 {. L+ x6 N' {- p! [4 f7 {6 Q9 w& H
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 6 S0 |1 u8 r' K9 g* T4 k3 J0 G7 i% i. a; t5 W
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' `2 f7 x: c! c- X! w; M; i" a7 \1 f. Z* X! l" m. u/ u. y8 E. x
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # F. I" G$ w) R$ F4 F4 N 4 ~( z+ q: K9 x/ k, G, zPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 Q- q9 `' {4 B6 Z G8 m2 a: Q* |0 k) m+ f/ N3 T: R F
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). p; v3 T$ p5 D0 d u# }
7 l$ @6 K; b/ b" ]Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% X/ J- v9 s( y2 _; N s
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , d8 }; O. c: G y' |, M" I9 y9 ?! x9 i& X% w `) B
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- \) y- k: P6 W, Q4 P
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. u0 q; ]. K- e8 T7 d- q# R* [: y8 r- y
! t$ O6 b( u" B* t6 R( a对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ `; L* d7 ~% V0 |4 o0 n# g/ o3 n0 O* R q
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 N8 G& L3 \4 @+ A: F6 M) j: \; O& b( y2 k; o8 M) A5 C
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! a6 i6 r2 S7 ^( E" Q7 T; x( G* U9 V3 x: S% J& H$ n) }
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% G* J4 P; R& |, {
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , W6 U$ E9 g% B! B' W. |! o) g x$ b4 q3 N2 |$ F
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # D$ ~, E) [: Z7 }