本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , K0 F% m/ m: S$ T* Q( D0 @8 } |4 ?; m2 L+ w转帖 / n/ j: X! j" B3 w' \1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)5 b4 {+ d. k2 Y+ f7 x* s: n# o |) y
) n- B0 y: I+ Q! ] c2 g$ ?
例如: 8 a; }2 |: l0 L8 ~/ e9 ] 6 J) z# N2 x7 h: g3 B. D8 y0 L$ |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 @! {- X& K" C) `! U3 w 7 y4 T# S5 o0 D$ x1 mThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) s) f% n& U- ^* t, a2 k
2 _ q$ d6 ]' B0 ?4 T$ ~& q+ q4 o2 o
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' `' b5 ^6 B7 R$ B: S" E8 K9 }+ s: T6 D5 Z* e7 \3 G
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 z2 x; b Z5 S
! w# ~5 B `% P# x) d
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): I- k' i- S9 p+ ?( N$ D1 W
) \: S5 V% M) b# s4 D. ?) t, t qMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : H6 b# i4 x8 N' d; z 5 E* m5 W: ?: E8 O2 V# CWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) z' a" R+ y7 }& G: w- ^+ m& G, \/ Q# v. l; Y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , P: d4 ^( `$ z7 M6 `5 t( H4 r 0 O; T+ Z$ K# ~7 X9 M% vWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 ~( w& H7 |# U( A! F4 W
$ A4 }# j. |5 i; @ A% u' V; t$ u
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % V- O% U Y/ n! h, d* L5 I- A& M4 e$ f# `8 H7 U3 T
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 T: y* u. y7 X6 e2 Y2 g% o2 c# y" x" S% }1 X
9 ~# ^( C) ~$ R6 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # {- t6 k2 @5 p8 x) |" s- _; S5 s8 ~- R8 ]# t+ o3 r. g0 P5 I
例如: ! Z$ K$ n; Q- b5 P% b- t. _+ D6 ?' x4 b
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 w/ R* R F8 Z9 n I' Z; N8 R3 M
: d' f, I7 r1 n; z$ ADespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ x6 r* V' }6 n. s6 r3 m
" b. _0 U- d k* L8 n& @% E5 ~
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 N M0 X. {* A) b
, T6 ?2 d& [; [4 h* l
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 u0 D G5 Q9 k$ K6 v: j
1 t* _; ^5 o5 r7 f! B& E: VIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( D( u1 D/ ~" z+ _' X, e6 O/ K
6 T( ], u5 u8 Y, A
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 T3 E2 P7 i$ H1 O: |# s & {& C% w5 I$ |& d+ cI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 k1 F! i% G: `! [8 f+ s. A
/ C$ A1 S l3 P如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / W7 D! ~1 {+ z8 j/ r' _' o% \ 7 N+ w' c9 f" tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' A/ g5 h0 A% i2 y# ]
# P/ A$ S) I) c8 h8 jThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 X' Q0 M4 d O, x
. H7 g9 A) |8 y9 m) l% w
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ L& l2 w6 |8 q W6 l9 n/ v" H ) ], {3 @: X: }- v$ f- s) B+ w( LHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 X! p6 E# r2 a6 p ( F4 K9 C, c! Y" Y* D$ V$ tWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 q9 i( l5 ]% K8 p0 q( i
) R8 |) x* f! a8 @, Z, f
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ V8 g$ J+ \- l1 m+ s4 n # b% N0 x( d4 h' H; m写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) Y- p- d) @ j2 }$ K8 x7 |9 m
% u& S7 B3 S6 ]0 v2 f; E- p, ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + t) i8 L5 D' u4 F8 d+ y. u" R" `. k9 ^ { E* F
# Z$ o7 Z' }7 g3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# W4 _5 b' V9 q% \& {% s
: G3 l- k) o. B! N例如: + H% C+ h# r4 Y1 {8 w2 L/ w" l( w' I1 Z/ w- P
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , J1 l" l- F$ M2 y) N - u+ p, p1 F8 L- `Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- g" E# ?+ S: C/ G: s# S
; b1 L: j- E& \3 Q* }5 b8 k6 mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ X' ~4 h) r' a" }2 s . i/ `3 k! t7 W8 tHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " o( a: H0 X8 V e) R- V$ u% p+ Z' A& o# |: v
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : X! T# U9 J! {0 N' x' k + U8 n/ ], H5 v( A' M; w. E+ @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 d- g. G5 R7 a, y/ S. a
+ Y7 g. g: l1 k% y/ b% D4 V1 XCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ J% X! O; {4 k6 f3 M
5 f" ~ B# |3 V; o( R
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 _ }6 _$ Y8 @# r3 g! W" f1 n$ B 0 ? A s. ]( X' Q7 n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , o7 j" v" k) x* }+ U, U, I1 o) ]$ w! R6 N" z6 c% Z. E* D, Y
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 A* G2 l0 @# ]- C: I' ` 4 Y" \' q8 U2 W- E) B; u6 T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 d {8 z0 C, E$ e- ?& S- Y: F
$ ^% G( [0 ~9 g对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# s8 t/ n8 N* [/ o" |+ m- n
7 Z0 p1 F% N, y% p8 z5 V# M! `
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; T, q1 s) q! J9 l; w1 G8 K: z; ?' O6 ?, \* p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' r. i) V: G, z# y% i/ m- }4 M; D$ Q4 ]4 d
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - [ N( w$ N9 }' P8 }! @ ; n7 _. |. i: s$ c还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , N5 u8 d" H9 S) h& S: @# q- n7 V8 c7 L, Q$ {$ s& |! n( U! u
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 k! L+ `7 }( b1 A/ C