本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , B% K4 f% [' A7 _* y$ f$ X+ n
1 h" c- v$ U; U/ d! e/ }转帖 + \# W: o# T+ T/ B9 g1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), i5 u5 c2 d# v) s
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例如: ~8 o3 Y# W) H* G % y# ^: j+ o' I! E$ JMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; U0 O4 [$ V% g- C5 `! v, p9 H8 U- k3 A8 y, a" ~7 C/ C, p
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# N+ m+ Y$ X- v* a2 M0 i
2 o( |. y9 T. o2 n! ^& kThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( o. h: H/ K8 G" a ^
! ~) H, K- y) s9 Y/ CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 p/ S. g& V* H/ p % R3 A& f2 o; M. NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) {4 k* s- B! x, c. J - j+ B; K2 h& m) Q* j* f5 S! MMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + V1 K3 z7 c4 v' d& s0 l6 k& y$ y+ @% o( h3 L
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 a f( H0 @' Z. R# J |
5 ~& _$ H2 B- O# rThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( k) @, T- h. J) @/ m& D0 |3 e* s9 K' m- O- u' t3 [2 b
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) y e; s3 \2 X& \2 n; l% i3 k3 B- y' r X r7 g. S
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- N. X0 c& C2 W, a% w
: x7 J4 z$ K7 C这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 R5 C8 y9 @0 e( g( L# m! x
, g! ^8 Y- f2 w$ {! a5 K% U8 e. s8 l4 U! f/ v8 r 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' e# E9 X. Z2 p6 ]7 V - I) O( j9 D1 \6 @! I b$ I% C8 _8 O例如: 7 M( D- \$ |1 j" q0 X $ A5 i: x8 ?5 N f$ X7 w- g! x: }At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# g! x& T3 h q- I" Q
+ Q! y$ }7 i$ R$ `5 vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ~2 G, @5 R, c8 v6 \. e! g2 l8 e, S" R5 R N% ~
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' n, ~; b0 g2 y" ?
( J. l5 w, d: s9 ]- JHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# I7 D- e4 R0 D& z5 {. c( h
2 v1 c5 ]4 T2 g/ o$ oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! G3 I! Y% T. R6 V8 O . \3 S: F; {' v) _# R- s9 C1 gShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' b7 S% `$ h6 w# ^. b x1 x. O3 ] ' W0 N8 f, Q7 H. bI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 M2 a3 B# F) g. }- ]
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- k! U$ Y5 h9 ]. j; @. c
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " I* @: K- _& ~3 G' j 8 J# s1 B: q! BThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* D2 @5 y& C; V$ @ M9 [
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 }; M9 r0 Z* t( e3 ]9 L: r0 d$ U' V% e ) I* G/ t' n) H) @1 h, Q! aHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' c! B! r a) G) a" j# Z6 M
1 V2 b" Z& ?! YWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# L, `7 y f* F# [9 r
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ C3 i9 t3 B6 u3 i7 X3 M" P0 f
" m7 T' V9 C: }) ?写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! |9 D* v/ G4 v; | I' a" a, n4 k) w. v此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 q. h+ w# s' X - `+ p: `7 x' [( j1 \# T, \$ j5 Y8 C2 S; j* b 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & X" w- D* e3 J3 F" a7 y! E8 m- x* I3 H; a: l
例如: ' `1 c# \$ [1 r0 S( S) L 1 i4 \8 q: ~1 @$ l1 P, U% m8 Y' qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 C# `" d; R) `' S* {5 ]& T/ m2 p; `& l( ]
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " a5 B- y0 j: Z* o, R5 r7 u- O 2 P* ~" w1 g- S$ R, @6 KThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , i) s, b7 Q2 i5 O' a7 F 5 V! y: A3 _3 }5 h% [9 O9 NHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . c# V% q) n, L. @9 Y6 d P6 l7 x* y" l) b, _7 B
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , f9 k5 \0 i( W3 z$ q 8 E% o7 w8 R3 W2 QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : S- K8 f: c; M: z( T% C. q % L; @( k* b) P$ p/ J8 ACongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 W: F i4 V& ]* I
! k4 Y& q }# d2 S) P' P4 ^, h9 o9 zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 ?$ `5 b' D- r; o$ j! Q. u o
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, T4 D4 w- W* t5 J6 O
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , H) x; x0 l" Z0 H2 D6 D( G# z5 d " d8 ~& f7 O* T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * K+ I; V4 m, w5 N( x 9 b: s2 x4 `# X% a6 o6 o2 ~+ y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- n+ t. P5 t$ p; Y2 E' J
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 t$ }1 h* d& D
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % y' t5 v# g$ p1 ^ / W; I3 @2 y2 j至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , e! s ~+ x! i# S8 s 2 ]+ k; [, e# Q/ h还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 B1 O/ c) {0 M& f- A6 H% v" E & b7 o) }$ ], Y7 u有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 W( t+ L$ G$ f& A, u