本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 |; R# U( C6 o
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + o l6 l9 t6 q+ X' k3 U' f# W `5 Z! V0 Q6 H6 u4 ?
例如: ' ^+ q3 ~, }( g) o* v0 K 3 D3 n0 @' X+ Y3 P. T- _Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' a" g3 e, e) @ J
+ X2 D; N/ X7 ?2 s4 U8 @) CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- }0 g6 a9 o' C4 S; Q7 b2 u
4 l7 ]7 q' P; u EThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / `7 |4 F R7 g& d5 N- }: q5 m. \& v- V7 c0 P
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 b# V6 u1 i) N6 s6 W; A) | G3 L- T
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . b0 j6 C9 }: S9 a! e ! Z, _# Q+ }- T; _0 M, ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " o( n. R0 F& d: L) N/ G& S/ z- f 6 @/ J% D. _' o8 `: O) f7 eWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + g1 U3 F9 I7 e! F 0 z; z+ i) |+ ~; w: B& AThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : Y7 L* I3 X1 l& |6 i0 k3 ~3 c; ]4 z( d* U K- ]
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 U0 ]: p/ S# C4 U8 Z
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) c" K: v; g( R4 [: C% m# }% c( b
4 w. `+ d; m; n2 G) j# a这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * u4 z: v( u2 B: T 9 n/ w" x' `: y, o# i. C ! t% o! z) T1 a2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 ^0 f; Y# z; z
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例如:! N2 L9 r9 s+ N* J ?9 u8 t
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* e; U* e: J( A8 r1 b! @; R; }
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ g H. t' H, C& w, p
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 ~" z; D; r- {* s4 N+ o+ @! r$ ?6 S3 g
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 a" p% n w/ H5 y8 K8 T* R$ @9 Y
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! C! a8 R5 ^2 L( N2 a
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 L- L4 k9 C( n- q
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - C# V8 m$ V( J; H( d" g) o) H7 B6 x) d$ z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, t& x, U& I3 D, E% {
; c1 O2 G& E' Z+ J3 O1 J6 i6 iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) `/ a1 a8 w+ z, p1 t% r Y) ^5 L; F3 C# O" e
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 b6 E* g* ` k2 h% I& T+ s7 `
! ^( i/ Y. E( e t _' UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ Y7 H7 M1 L+ V6 K# K; X8 k$ s% K 1 I+ {, B1 _& B: W. I# q# pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) q9 N* \) m/ ^! ^
0 e U1 F% _2 S5 E' OWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % N% J% m9 ?& n; V* J ; \' T( ~8 k5 u2 V/ n7 X9 oEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) o9 b" w$ f. K% I: y! d; G$ ]0 ?5 d( h' Z/ e6 N
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) B' y1 L5 Q4 S5 U
# M( Z$ h& c, |此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ q% K8 R+ Z; `, ]% Z# B
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* d6 L1 ~' i: s+ \3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' U$ p: {# s' y6 K2 K ' T9 R; Y I6 F+ |! g9 R例如: ( x2 y+ S$ J8 L% V" U* e! [+ F: d! C) Z
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* v- |, N6 C2 I) k P
6 \+ o/ Z6 x& SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ a( S- I2 P1 o/ G( I; i
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! K) f3 H' J& g4 c4 M) z2 v% o
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) @- N5 I1 U* r L- E
/ }% ~) p, w' Y" nMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& h4 _* E. e! Y/ T
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' `# e* c: c' V* B f1 j" b6 c . ~5 h5 s" d! E/ d2 Q) t1 \1 N& HCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& o/ S1 C( o3 x$ I3 U5 z/ j" B3 D
) o- u: Z4 H2 E5 H- g+ y* [Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 z" d$ k7 B7 C% [8 `
: \' P; |) v* S& L4 o有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " C' N- v! V* s U( b" N0 k