. ]3 y; [) q' A: [1 F例如:$ G8 Y) _: v* u# b' x( M
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 J' u E! H! p6 V
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 B- w9 N8 t4 l: k$ ^
3 U& k! @( H5 X2 [- S8 RThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , l) N% J& {$ \) v# x6 V8 d% G! X( {/ O' ?
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! K/ t! V0 l. S+ M0 o
) ^7 P( I1 [ r2 [0 u0 q; LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # V: r( i1 X2 p) Y# e3 ^3 ~2 i5 ^( V8 ]+ S3 e
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ [. g. ]2 T' V( T2 {) _6 a2 R* ]- t 8 t! b0 J5 n# O0 F/ tWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" u6 Y8 ~: ?2 f* h, ]4 R
) j8 @+ C3 X; zThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 T2 e7 v5 V9 N/ b' m( F% S
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 w. G* P3 @$ Z( B( f" T7 D/ P3 R4 v7 W* n% `6 W
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% H& g# Z& t6 E
D4 D q% [3 [% `3 F9 V# U这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ Y) z# C* [6 Z% M& Y* G: z# J- p
* O5 Y5 N1 j) I) Y / l1 F9 |( ]' ~. b# z1 ~2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 u$ m( ~+ D/ a& m+ D3 r
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例如:. _3 o: B/ U# C1 S* w
* f1 s: |+ [$ p4 D! p2 ~At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 J$ i) z4 F5 |/ o- G% t, B( F: V% L9 S- [4 h( v# \
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 }. T( d. g' Y9 r- Z C% u3 p" r b+ E2 VI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# l$ H1 l/ W; v1 g P
3 G# l9 W- ~! J/ oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ L: q Z" u. D8 j3 q) q
" N: H. Z4 i8 F" d1 }( i) {In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# X" D6 Z8 D) n1 i7 t# j
0 a3 P* S1 D' e6 ?1 D) |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 c* X1 j' m) z4 V2 I& ^
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & z- I( d7 P$ A3 Z0 H: A3 g5 S- K
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 j# p* w6 j9 J0 t; \6 j" Q5 G0 @ Y ( I8 J7 N4 P. O- `$ tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 N. l5 @" r5 c
4 h, y" ?# a" q$ tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 v9 n, Q9 w u8 N5 A$ ^ . U. N3 T. d# f) LHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 A/ O/ H9 k. W$ ]# H, A) X & z- F1 K4 z/ V9 |% ^He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , _2 u9 p3 F: W/ L. o1 } 7 }4 e, V* w3 Z7 u( UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! d, K; m6 q# p9 j7 o
0 U( j+ X6 l! e& H" aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 ^0 Y, [9 ]1 A0 Z% N
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! y+ L p6 k/ {7 P( X( N F
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ V, n# | j3 k
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( U% p5 I4 t% _5 Q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! c0 ?7 c$ j7 z( X. d; @$ u8 k. l- h7 K! _! ~7 m6 m: ?
例如:& d( q- P: E: l; d
( e1 V- E# Q" _6 I6 w# ^# lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), D. x" y3 x5 Y3 L; N/ S7 N
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 l9 Y3 w- E" w: R" u- H9 {/ w7 A# S( g
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , E. A- S: s9 ^& h+ Y- r 0 b/ x- W! p8 d1 f v5 kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; M* B) ?1 I; K; |; J8 d3 g5 c' L6 K' D
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 O8 D1 Q8 n9 V1 {( y
8 C( L S& Z+ q" vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 j- M: t7 T8 P3 c* L1 z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) p; y' w+ D$ _' o/ ]% @% {. x* @4 B! M/ K0 [
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / X6 \# V$ w; J; I$ f1 ` : l& [ {* n( L5 j4 l同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 r0 E& U6 r7 L) _5 j& n: j2 h6 X+ S
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 h, G! {" C+ J% L4 ~+ B! F
2 \2 |3 @+ v" x( d$ G对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& s9 z, E5 H8 j! j( W( A D
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 B5 @$ \: U! N, _. y* j
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " t: X4 l# b% s! h9 Q. j0 Q5 a, h# [* g7 G
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 d+ |: U2 o# E$ N) w
5 ]% {5 T( N; b- d- q' V [3 r& y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; n1 \; Q0 X/ o/ w7 A- y8 a1 J n; u4 g
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 {& e9 {2 V- K' ?1 Z- W( ^' k
1 U% }4 p* v$ b有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 `3 L2 R" C. ~3 E% @4 u: @