本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / z6 X( ?0 Q0 k7 K( g; X
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 Q, ]% F a5 u+ @. C$ Y5 |$ g; m
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例如: & x# B3 z- j! b - {1 m' g9 d/ Y& C, pMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + K' k7 d; N. z1 Y8 P0 Y- ]$ q% C1 q2 T+ x" M
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! z# j6 H0 r- X: _- ]( k- F$ O. u4 v; ]2 }
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread), C. b8 h! Z% e8 t1 _
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 e( L5 [7 _- b/ r
8 ?( X u; r5 EI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ O; N; n4 v, I+ O4 Q1 M: X
+ X* x8 \0 _! o% m# pMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ h( w: n- d2 p+ f
5 D6 b5 Q& O! ?6 ^; y" B) yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) g" |* G! Z9 b6 a: C3 w1 I
$ M8 u, L* v1 ?9 j% s+ m7 D- _7 LThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - n! A8 Y4 D: y' t5 U! ^4 T. G% {6 Z# s
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 t/ Q$ `: N% q* Y3 u: Q6 M3 M5 Q% M8 P7 s
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 z0 [# Z: l* ` 3 b( H5 E" j i n2 m+ b4 v这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " ~' c4 N8 w" ]! r/ s/ O1 @9 a; u( T* Q6 ~. j5 I, \& G9 w
% e6 k5 N5 D8 ~$ |2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 n3 [/ ^; s w. {, O/ t G
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例如: - A* a$ k# [- E: h2 d! p& H2 T6 q% m) X8 X* @$ u1 w
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * y7 T N, w) Z, A" t6 Q- ?/ x$ x S# n$ Q# X3 F) n) M
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) M; b: v, r" ]( S" R
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 j' e- ~+ T8 M, q3 [) e$ R; e# e& Y [1 {% L$ v
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 f( k7 |! ]: G7 B; i r3 w+ s H
6 ]. R7 C" z1 O8 j! T# C4 r/ ^In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): ?% T4 Q. b& \8 G
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% |) p2 G( g2 R) B
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% I, t9 ~. m! X# V1 `. b
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- c4 ?" w- ~6 ~% r9 X+ ?* l
) i3 L' @, }4 Y- V/ \3 qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! n O+ \. `+ j! [) w( U
8 B* f5 Q* Q. Q: X8 vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 C: v, L& n4 h I& T( Q; n, C; ~' j
2 S/ L6 W0 O4 k0 ^+ m3 i `( g ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 q/ N6 b. _% Q* H# E3 n$ \ " y; M) p6 _9 z7 Z2 V9 p Y. CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * ^6 _' h2 S1 H- D+ l- d% q! T" ^$ Q$ q% @* W: o" H& ~ U
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- u6 K! P5 }/ k$ y: Q4 y! z
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # A! Z. [* e) |/ ~9 n4 G1 m ! s# c; \9 ]/ { @写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 O/ K$ X- B3 F z- v. i6 d. [) ?# x; c" G: O# S* ]% X* }
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 r" s$ h4 ^! z4 c) t( Z5 s' Q% J' k" _0 |3 B+ I3 [% q& I! b
% S8 R @8 x% i2 z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- j7 w& k6 J6 E0 w) I1 v% F d
/ M; z, O, I" ]8 c# `/ N V例如: / A5 U( @4 @2 n' ]/ R; v9 b+ [ * h: w) j# c* }' b8 a: uMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * E. R2 L! J( h! G) _4 i & {4 Z% C3 N$ k9 Y' u7 `Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 U) \) }6 M8 e: m' I+ o( u7 q. ~8 J9 b: w/ @: J1 M
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! L( j9 a! v/ y9 V, F9 U. |3 w
* f4 V9 r5 w: D% }$ I& O5 N$ h9 {He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 ^& m' [, I* p+ q 3 K0 _4 \9 \, D. jMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! }/ y. n1 w/ D$ I+ U 0 P! Y% j5 {% E* K; p# C& GPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 _' j9 C: ^& T# k1 k s0 t n9 V$ [. ?
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & e' ]3 D% ~5 h6 h X5 r2 Z; [' V: b m4 m" x* `+ V( }' v
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ V* W s( Q* ~$ @7 s+ t8 ? 2 \* D$ ^3 P9 ?: W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ }' \5 R/ R l0 K
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 k. B: S1 A8 h4 T$ Z2 s( }( E6 Y
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. \; Z& j: C. f$ S: J) I0 @