本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . H: f0 {0 G+ {: h
7 q! E% Q5 X$ K, i转帖 / f# a' R5 m, k1 }2 {& h) @& k' I1 `1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 i; J- I; L8 c t) g& Y& M B9 g* }; B
例如: 2 n4 o& c' }' L; j: w ' D& ]) `: b, N$ YMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) g5 v! Y" Q2 f+ s+ y6 f) l/ g4 l6 O6 o1 x; J% K
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; t& [" B5 \% h( P$ u5 U4 R 4 w z! `4 u8 W4 IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& I( v- {" B8 ^8 n/ z2 y. _1 i9 j
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " ~9 S+ U2 \3 v' B! M/ |) Z* e) H; j2 t 3 W: A; \3 b# mI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( E% B9 E4 ]8 M O: c+ x. T* l& n* y; T
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): T3 }; {" p) p; m6 m# O
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* m3 ]2 F' |0 y/ p# l" d) w: m' e9 W
( C/ y6 K& {; z; P: y+ Z6 {The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 X7 C l( e' ]9 y, O6 Y8 P: X: N2 ]
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 n/ H( Z/ @6 V; C9 R- @$ A0 E8 v; j( ~1 n& W) K I, A
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 ]5 ^' `* E, ?( p
' _& v' W: v. ~, P2 U这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. s1 v! Q, b" O5 w7 K
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7 W5 ~) G' D* H% E+ Z/ ?- _1 N2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 `7 k' d$ n$ d3 R4 u1 d; @; H
. c- ]% c2 Z! c: ^2 I5 M3 E4 G例如: / Y' P/ M) {2 i. d$ ]7 `* }3 _7 {+ Z& g0 n" b- b9 }: e; I5 ]
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). J% k% j8 L% P
: ]" C0 ?9 j0 J$ |& Y+ jDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- R; |( V' }" g
. s3 S! g {7 A+ yI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 X& {0 h! Y* C+ a a
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) Z9 |4 A7 v8 D% w. |0 c3 u8 \( w1 c- r, j
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 \! D6 V# {0 O0 v$ |! T) g2 _3 c) ^
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 T9 U2 G- H8 t4 P' `7 A& j9 ~$ K1 u: e7 z
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' p* U4 _5 E* \6 f3 m( T1 r" Y5 i ?# Y! @8 `( z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 d: E# Q7 U0 }' B% I9 [7 Q; }3 s& q; e/ Z4 M3 Z' P$ E; ]
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : H3 K) J" h% G- t- p- `# u5 h 5 t- c8 T/ v) l( T$ aThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) s2 H( m, ~% z8 _* w) d) \2 ^/ D8 e3 T8 q/ D, p6 P) g" f
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% T% X" w) L, G- X b) O* F( F' }
5 o$ A; O }: Z2 J2 _( X- S- uHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 ]! }' V+ A" E
; m' E$ ]+ f0 ?) Y+ v! P3 v7 U DWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & K; `& ?1 b( \/ J L8 A7 P7 J8 [! Q- W B# g, D/ J, q' ]( O& B+ m
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' {, f: Q4 N; C! C. N * q @/ {2 ~( T5 z% q1 l" O写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! e6 _$ S4 Q6 y* ?* |3 X
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ] u; j5 j) i: J. ]! I$ Z; ]2 C0 n+ a( q* u; e
) C$ l& Q3 f* R9 Y y" m; z5 b 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 h# k Q: q$ A% g% i5 |1 g
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例如: 4 y/ E) \: M/ Y/ m# J: H$ u: D# E4 k) C. U8 s V
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 i) a1 `& R5 m$ N* o' l+ x/ ~2 o+ H
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : A+ C5 Z( N- L2 z6 r! l s; t6 V+ a! ]7 t5 z0 A
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 ~4 e* [2 ]! T . L& @2 L6 B4 M9 [5 D. hHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) F1 F$ f: o. V( z2 S" T# l( X2 }9 u: m* |# ^
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( ^6 S6 a) Y5 n N" s# @5 D6 `/ iPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 [5 @5 K+ {6 X# R; ^7 |7 {/ w) Y- a4 Q2 S8 u. g
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" R% w; `+ c3 @- X& s
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 `& P% ~. {) ^ {4 Q& D# t4 k4 q! {$ I
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" W3 [1 f% H+ k i( Y' r
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:2 A- ^( P9 w$ _) V0 d& c0 p3 i" l
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 ]! T% U8 O* ?8 `7 |
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 w% a7 }, L. [( E8 K1 j" `2 X+ F7 X8 T1 h7 f
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / P5 e3 ]4 P5 x7 I4 `' i( r& Y7 ~$ R& I# {$ H5 G
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & B' s/ T, O: T6 l . L4 s+ ~/ h2 C8 B b至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 ~) F7 \3 E2 `" w) N; ] ; ]" ?) b) P4 L5 X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 o6 O7 f, k* r: |( g2 {4 P! l2 L7 I: ] U, V$ I- ]! N/ D
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 f* R$ K3 D/ E" U# e