本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 c# g0 I( F g/ R2 ~# A% |
/ H# G% A! B( \9 D2 i- ~转帖 / M) d) Z6 V: K6 N1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 N* X) h1 l( z" } X6 t6 ?# ^7 o. b, l9 B( S
例如:$ S9 J4 p* u' ^! y
6 E- F- b- q1 Q8 w6 k
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); L/ Q. `4 j, I4 B# z d1 h6 Y1 P! i
$ G ]# e( `+ l G
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + u f$ P" a; S9 Y) f4 y 7 O( x2 F2 b' F* C8 q; VThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 U3 M1 X' ^3 T3 P0 y ; S" d Z$ f0 t i- FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 v! H3 e) s1 G0 T - l6 I) F+ N Z1 w5 OI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 r" p! _3 g7 p6 k0 c: a1 k" n; \) @; p7 ^1 g+ r( M# i9 O
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 o/ X5 {1 l h: b- B: F' c( v+ z
3 z, {; ^7 @3 \/ O f$ f D% q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 G* Q5 n5 h$ q c
# d, Y' G E+ U8 s) G
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" |3 c9 D8 ^/ J O* Y
+ w `' y4 K, e* w3 m; M) S$ [We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 ?( N3 _ U' C0 v 3 F4 c3 [7 x4 Z: w- K" fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " J7 Z5 n+ }' M2 P6 c: s; @ * X0 k' R6 j2 s$ s W* [/ T) [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 v* P/ D) Y" d- m4 S: D ( {; f0 x$ E' }) K7 W 7 Y% U/ M3 g' C4 E& K0 c1 G2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( M. Z% w7 \0 J' \, ` J! `! o+ r: H4 L' B( z! k! z
例如:, Z" Y, m* I9 R) l3 J& b9 U$ ]$ A; @
! t5 s. v, p5 F7 N& T, k6 Y8 }At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 D1 [* r/ F. `5 L/ n5 v6 X
' k5 d- j! ^) I6 iDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( ^) Z/ v# t7 [4 l8 ~: Y/ s2 M0 p4 M8 [% U+ F
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 g7 P" A2 C- ]( S
( i9 A9 [: r* o+ T1 Y9 MHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* k1 x( i2 n) u4 G/ }- _5 X
" Z% e' e K0 rIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , o# w4 |# {& b# @9 k9 z' i0 D+ C! b! |
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& d$ B: f4 I. K* X1 T
% W4 m4 h7 `; Z9 [+ k' R- o+ O* DI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / t6 I! n! q5 d- i$ _' R! `# |: A" i; q x1 P4 I. ?
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : p9 M& [* ~$ ~' [8 r- x% {( L+ B$ g: p
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& T) z+ }' |+ a; M" Q" P3 h
- M' k+ r2 e: ^8 J8 k
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) x# E2 b7 ~' G
" _2 s/ K6 {. @: i7 HHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" `: S6 [8 Y6 J) X, O4 X# l( `; m& }
! y/ {5 J* s" a' b8 D. ?
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% m1 w) P6 Z; O7 ^+ i# @/ [
! m: {+ g5 Y# U# |$ c
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' u3 G0 M4 w* r% k, o! h' n x# {% M3 g
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & J/ i, _3 Q5 P# [! l4 @; F: o. t2 E* s) c& F
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # y; B2 w, i' h" G- O . m2 g' }5 A3 p! _, {此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, g. C, I/ x" R$ z
( E# n/ H8 w, v; H2 s0 K9 Q. L ) x* V5 G2 n, d* c/ }+ k! X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 A E& h* D- d% @2 U" X; ` W7 W . q" E2 W* X+ d* V$ e8 C/ _: @4 w. E例如:/ y, f, ~( ]( Y& ?6 f' n
7 Z$ U, x' F7 d P. g% @1 F5 fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 D3 M! e N! I/ z. Z ( K( M. z9 ^9 t* M% UManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% k) H' Y+ E7 F+ V2 p7 N% f
% E, k8 y# S3 C0 M, d. K0 @This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* q2 f# j. T6 h' T) W) O
- k1 x: D5 X1 s2 F, a# ZHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : {, k }+ o6 D) F# J* f! F- e' |% F- i( m4 h
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' W$ @: a, ?8 G
7 ?* S9 T; p L, k# DPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / e% x0 [9 J! U 2 b6 e L' M! yCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 P- |3 A9 J, n7 l
" f4 i y. B" }Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / y/ z, M9 [+ P8 {: a) x+ J" { 5 J9 \- }! z- Z: }$ }) i9 I% S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - p# X2 Q Z/ m. W& f r1 A' [3 |& D, m' ]
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' X8 L" B9 b$ N e7 @3 s3 E u4 |0 w( l9 G
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & F$ a! n" \* p2 D/ l; S- Q9 R' H- \+ \% I, a8 V/ m4 {1 F* i- a
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* h( m5 C l, z5 r, s0 W
% i0 [9 S: W- \; Y* i8 i" R对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, ?. f/ c( g% a. }! N7 Q, u6 X
' C# M, d# r6 K0 j9 U5 \2 P
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;% }, L3 b7 R& O
+ n. ?. ]8 x& r5 g
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# W7 G5 ]; o/ ~( b! }
% j- H& l. u4 e0 b1 u6 n还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & \! t* h: s) W! l, f! \7 g0 |( A9 E& o" S" v! y% K/ l: t( B/ }6 r
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . E1 W, S: g$ r2 ?