本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . J1 {% h* S0 \$ Z S; s) ]1 Q3 B
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # c6 y! s% @5 U; |% `' U8 I/ W9 A5 o& J - J0 a! }; m/ s1 K例如:, z9 v2 e5 N, s$ f+ O* i
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & i }6 _0 k; q& G# j6 a$ f7 i, [
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* ~6 [2 v: f9 r, x- M
0 a3 s# X# M" D" U$ ^& x" YThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 b1 D5 J! y, t3 _3 q4 A( c+ t! J. q! B7 j8 T1 ^; f6 O: j; J- J
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' w. ~9 t | V6 @# E# T$ ]0 z8 O4 I( a" o+ h
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 Q2 r5 V7 ~1 `: o! J6 Y
6 o: ]' r' t6 ~ R: ZMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ L) N! P. Z% F- i
# _0 q' {4 x; t& U1 |2 O# v% |We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / ~( Y: P& ?9 G+ y k; r% U2 X. k5 }/ V" y) D4 Z- R2 ^
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 L; Q) w' c/ p7 @6 ]& H5 J0 S+ H
: r4 H! `8 f! @- l8 B/ DWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 V, g+ N4 K% t }9 M! ?# R
7 ] K! g( `' XPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% L3 W$ G& B' `9 c' c
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 I; g0 b g, D2 \5 ?4 M
" C+ H. B/ }$ L; e' H$ X& {8 @7 J 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 C+ X0 R' H0 c3 a, h, a Z; A b* j! J* g J# l
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- f, l' N- C4 D8 C& n. Z. p
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 A. \" z) b: L- v5 d ]
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " a4 c1 b8 k# C" U- S& z2 r3 `8 U0 R3 Q/ A2 V& h) w
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 v5 N# V( d( M# A1 y. k. `* v' J. F7 }- E4 S0 u
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), X# ~6 `& {: o" i( n: k
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! g1 I& H/ }6 D2 m% i9 B 4 S/ E# G6 o: B' OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ w+ f6 F5 d- Z* e! v$ O+ O6 O& l
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 R P4 s; w7 Z9 a% T5 O( @& D7 u# @+ a$ D: b6 T
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 f. |: m# i6 u! Q: [ : ~5 ~2 A E) e8 a) I4 h. qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 ]1 ~4 X4 m) c+ X. f6 S; S1 a- N' ?7 L9 F. u
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# K. h$ B9 F- u2 E/ g1 K
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 F- g/ m( c) T9 W" L; o/ A% c( S9 ^' K+ S5 r
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 m- a9 ^; m) I' ^/ }: s4 [( K0 j$ L
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 a! l V) |& i$ k7 u1 x
0 @6 Z8 i/ L# u: F5 a写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # u. o5 u" y/ _6 u% ^# n- L! w; r0 F& S% W# J
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " K |5 v: d, e8 S: t. j. n' R$ V% ]1 V4 U$ d
G# o. U0 G0 X8 m) Q( F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % _- q8 H) L" _% s 6 }- O5 x, ?. a# W7 H例如: 4 O3 V* V6 @1 C0 e, O# ?5 A l7 e% x* M' D; I, w- kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% p* p) n @+ n/ u/ W% q+ h7 _
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 U0 N$ f- c& f: t. i# T# ]! M6 F& |+ Z# z& d0 Z
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ Y+ r {/ w# O2 y$ j
& f) X$ P' N7 q7 s- f" Y/ jHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / a# u- g! i# E5 k+ d- Y7 O2 R4 b! X! p3 z
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! V! u9 T% {" G, W 3 {7 ^8 q3 `1 Z& i0 M$ {Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& k1 u& c% b. A! R1 D
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) w# t. W6 T9 X' P2 K # c, u- U9 q( ?4 Z9 z- IStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ W2 L. G6 g3 t& ^ Q$ \8 _
' R1 ]" u+ U2 i8 J+ ~同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ k2 v6 S% j; O3 ]" ?5 z7 q ( ^# e+ h, ]+ h$ `当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & A! Q0 J- d" d # l% Q# [3 @4 O; C, R L; g对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # U: ]% j% Q- w! h" A) j # O( b# |; d, I5 r4 \* c4 ~" T2 J对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; m, f9 f+ m1 S E P) a# w7 U/ _1 t9 O2 p: \4 ?
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 ]1 K1 |2 F9 I
6 z& z' U6 ]3 R; n对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- N- H7 d1 a; O2 u; E. I
, [4 K Q7 N3 E" h/ D至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 _% ~1 ~/ l! ~5 D
; s' l' d H& [, l, z. p6 O还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # D4 J) x5 |8 }( \ 8 d. G- r& Q* u- b有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . e# n c2 I( v. f7 {9 p