本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , o- x- S& {# q; K3 X2 i
. [6 z8 {9 F9 p- t0 b6 t! \8 c+ y 转帖! V v: @( D3 T% j$ _0 J7 g, E% b
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ v5 L4 M& T- h5 E0 ]+ t2 R
/ Z, y/ w- s4 Q0 @) ^0 P
例如: + ]9 d$ E1 [( G& j . q) M( J- t9 |! M K6 vMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ y" |" L8 N" n
" ]- ^# ]3 B* ?4 J4 pThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' b3 c+ |4 j _( \* m% h) G: y/ L
$ m; n5 X x7 h- q* n) FThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 y7 X- d2 ~6 ]) U& U: U/ w 7 `5 o* e# Y. T- `5 O4 aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( X1 K" W4 A: D% t. S2 w/ L9 @4 q' e* r: q7 J7 U+ e
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " n) c) j' |& I4 a d8 \! g* _3 x( H! I# A
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 A7 i) A8 `2 g; ^' `9 d4 a5 h9 S% |( A0 F# T& k1 q! A: G9 v5 v
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 g$ T0 N% H) h: T! M9 r: i& h+ g. @) \/ Y6 ]$ a# O
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 e& i! @" S6 K/ \/ I9 f+ |8 f9 r) T' z, [: i( n
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - m1 \( h6 N2 N7 b Y- A * P& `, R5 a) f1 a- j9 DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' E0 j0 i2 u. @) B7 U3 V1 j( t0 P4 ], `" [7 I/ k- e! E+ _3 g6 B
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! }5 `# `# r6 u8 ^* S9 c# [ / J( j' X0 j- k$ z2 B! a5 J! ] s5 g$ ?" W* v6 E' l. |, r/ k. T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& j! I9 e' F- ]$ u0 y4 e
% I6 U3 W& [* Q. G+ I) ]7 n) {8 ~
例如:& d2 l2 J3 h4 a4 ?
, F4 K" C0 G) AAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( {- a5 P' h* a6 x: L0 x; R* E$ {2 u/ \" H# @
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - U' u( x7 `/ V7 M* Q/ R, i ' x) P6 @+ r+ H9 x+ H% o$ N' gI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' r. C( |# g; X4 t8 M+ b: y
. r% V! S0 F( y. X$ }% |$ M" cHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # l4 }' o$ q3 }% ~- F) S: {9 s+ e( h* l
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( F( E2 B9 b- t! v2 O
. e; G- T) y: [5 aShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , E9 M1 e R o5 e5 M 0 v. X+ o F$ r, O- hI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 X2 F Z2 ]6 c% _
i) W# i1 b& C% N7 m' T8 P+ t5 O
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 Q& d d$ d4 [, x5 i2 P
, I* ]& }8 f" u. c/ C
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - T& @5 V5 }4 Z ~' |0 n( e: g) B5 q- e# ~
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). G( _( i e; z8 \3 R& N
7 d2 m/ m( `3 ~% S, S
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# D3 |$ j& E2 \
: `1 D, b8 H0 O$ E4 J; y
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) M( ^, t4 O o8 Z# a
" z) r6 F! U- \; _* g
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % J9 f' f( a% `% J: l % p# R2 {: ]5 A9 W/ W$ [Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 t2 }( O1 m1 {( P' a# [' c9 L$ l. R$ i
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); J! s3 B' m7 S& B' l7 g, _$ m
( m. A) Z$ t2 X- _2 ^
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* r$ K9 ^3 `" o; y
+ v$ _ J, B) p0 I( k. ]# I4 i. X* v 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: x* V8 y. |2 n$ e1 p& l* J+ O' D
# m& ^. U8 y3 _" h例如: 2 m- k4 }# x+ x' v$ t- P2 n ~ 5 W# [3 n, X, h; \/ PMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + v' a i6 N0 \8 L( {/ |$ q 7 y6 |! q) ?" h/ i+ g8 y Y# G: DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 e: P& J5 l ^4 @5 y8 q: p, y
2 v# u0 }" O) q- c/ j' l
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# K& h, H) Q0 c* e& p: ~
" l# ]0 `# K' Q1 QHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) h2 V! N/ L3 i
1 U+ Q$ x% H) h" v5 s. H/ d6 C' OMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). n+ R% \8 Q& q2 N# X' j7 X: P
- S% S. f* c7 v& dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 N3 V! `+ z1 x+ X' W) d
) f1 A( k& T( CCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): _, o$ G- X% @* n
9 j! w% {% o2 t% ]% E# l; W
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): n5 S+ g0 @! `( K* k1 F+ y
8 U3 J6 E- W( d8 N, g同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 c& U* A( i' V) |! v5 G& S* a* S5 Z' ?
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: g @2 q2 W5 C% u( H