本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % s" {5 ?; z0 C( K1 {- I1 X
$ [* d3 c1 v) x: b% I2 e: Z转帖 / ]# `( @! m3 Y! ^, n; \, D m% }1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - E0 `/ Y% [) @* a1 g: J( M+ L5 |7 ^* u+ S) k5 E) _8 t5 Y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 q/ a ]0 e# q5 g( y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). w+ T0 d9 @2 v$ d) V2 |
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 S& C% ]6 ]3 `$ A) z6 o& M
7 V4 g H- V+ TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 p+ v! ]9 @4 G$ J, J9 G
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - L1 E! n( B- I0 T / ^7 U P: B; L$ \Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 G; e4 o3 K9 W* j7 l$ G- Y ( h1 r3 H. C8 `We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # C p- l# n8 b% t1 \3 m . ^+ z- ]; I7 S+ ^6 t: JThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 P- F8 ]. a& r4 Y / A/ w! B+ N, Z1 wWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& b. k6 r# @/ F; T# U6 ?
9 j6 Y K: d6 t' Q. l. qPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), k% k1 _: K" N! m, d7 h& }, x
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! o$ r$ X; m, e u, J2 B; D: L- {% _1 p4 l
0 R. N/ ~' A5 F2 `" m/ s4 L* }6 P2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ D; F1 [$ z1 ~
8 p9 x8 T; C- s: ]- [ U2 i, K1 G' ~At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 c/ Z* N8 _5 f1 }0 F
) K" F7 x& i% `5 gDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + x0 r- U+ x4 |. E5 A' F+ Y' o4 j# m
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * Q9 p# m3 G* R; v5 \/ ^- G( @) z. m
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# d5 Y0 c$ t$ j. L, t3 e% v- e5 j& f
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ n m1 A, S# C, T6 Z0 d
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; \, J9 ?$ E/ M$ _/ c, ^$ q V: }* Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) x7 O% y7 N+ }. O6 n" Q
4 N! _# {1 W& x& z8 z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * T. b' }1 k7 `, ~1 F$ @1 ^% y m& m+ v# _& J f0 {3 y; J
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + e! _) Q- b( n! n, ~; ~3 b8 @ / |) R+ ~# {; u qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * p7 C/ R+ M7 J& e7 D4 ~( Z. v 9 C. ?: M4 S. }: FHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ G: a, i2 }* y- c
) s3 v1 z# L; P. }5 cHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 ?8 M* S; j" c
4 U4 H% r) ^( w0 d6 C1 [We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % \1 p; N" v2 ^2 Q/ \4 w* }* I3 f- m! q2 b; N+ Q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( P4 D9 L" c/ b# U/ X8 a: m* {1 D
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 \0 r( \# }( G$ L. a0 w
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 ^' |5 V6 [" G" C, C+ l* q) I* i' A# W" J( C
* P% H' f$ ^ D5 C* g7 X- N. y8 | 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ h" r3 c+ M9 O# u- b0 t/ ~
& K( E( h" W8 E. n' }例如:! f5 v) w7 ^, y* h% Z9 j
8 E% o$ U+ Y, z9 nMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 W; U5 ~4 ~ @( u! D* Q- O* _* U/ O! N3 u0 x, @" U1 Z1 V0 \+ t
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ K# h0 J. s; c1 q0 }4 ^; E
0 Z4 S0 Z8 j+ t) f8 MThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : S2 o n3 E9 q( k2 o( N. q. N: @1 v$ d/ k$ W2 W+ A
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 K+ Q, t! v k4 Z* ]
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 A" T6 f3 B, m: s" K
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 w, Y9 l* Z; Q! f% Y5 M* x 5 t! T; `( p# @1 V( FCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 F7 \9 m+ L4 P! d* r# Q( ?$ z" }/ Q$ J6 M# b
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; H; o2 j' y: y/ x5 r+ m2 D9 c' s4 x' K. s% f
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 |8 s+ `! `0 s+ f* T- p" p
. k5 k* m% I2 A当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 N/ F7 C }) \: W0 g6 F7 j1 Q) H0 u* X7 s
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( G6 Q! B m: Y& }: i; T 4 d! x' n8 H2 X! w O对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 f& z- {0 G& u0 c2 R0 o 4 t0 e! d. D: X6 u8 _; p3 q% u对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 [' e% o9 q3 p L2 \ [% J) e* t& m* W对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;5 l2 x& J( n3 M6 y( }1 g0 d
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" k' ^/ i6 f4 ^3 T5 E) b
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# H7 e+ f- t& A: n+ z2 \! A/ }
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / N: g' _; G3 x* h, S/ M. }) f" {