本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , d5 Y: o, [9 |; F6 l) x" L
+ G( ], f7 \: K; A9 t转帖1 ~8 G6 O3 H1 h2 a! d, n
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % e ~7 z7 C2 U + _6 ~( w q/ O例如:/ L: a5 V1 O$ J
5 t5 B' P5 W! KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * V' m3 o+ o% c" x( Z6 I ; B V8 y t' ?Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 T9 z% O/ V! d6 M- p9 y5 L/ c( G + h6 d1 J0 g( c9 YThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - B% Y; D% e" ^# H7 A8 ]+ Y- W8 R" H" l. _( d/ P8 B
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- e( W+ m5 K0 e( V+ Q( j6 W
6 u& Q& I! N& q5 \$ V3 E
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ~3 @2 c9 v; M& w5 w, m9 u, U8 G; V) s0 t' h# x/ s& N% l
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % Y/ |9 q0 x) x. \6 q& p# w* N' F4 y% [$ Z. G7 ?% u
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; e* _6 ?) ]$ m1 {' s1 x ; S0 A! H# N3 y) xThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 |! y. N" V8 ?$ Z- @: T / O; H* i) S% L- [4 X! ?We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 J+ n# S& x1 [3 t0 u7 ^ - X5 X$ k' R8 H5 y3 VPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 Y& e# D. } O$ C4 p5 L' S, [5 }* T' J `# N# r: c
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * v6 B0 w# R3 X8 v8 i 1 V4 T# r4 T1 g5 q3 l ) ^( `/ A3 Z- c9 @/ \2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % E, Z8 r# |6 h; K+ R$ v / i* f; G# j3 U例如:1 @1 s! i$ e4 G: k; V
. W) P+ G$ w! {. t
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 j' ^& w x/ ~; \) h6 F- [8 ?1 v6 ~ v; ~
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- T0 T* R- J1 z( w( n
1 \/ F; c# D; hI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 v# y* s( Q& C2 {" l8 i + H. U1 L( [( {5 e8 E- ^# FHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& A" {" C/ i7 q( a4 z( r' R- ?
- N5 Z. Y9 Z6 Y5 S% Q% L2 C/ [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! X& F, K; s ?* Y
; y& q0 D. z) s: vShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % f7 [5 I* Z5 U3 L. y% `2 F. N( @" I: _8 ?* u8 T1 _, W
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( t3 q e9 T. Y! ]- }7 y/ q
% V5 L+ P( O7 A+ x- |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - e( `* i( r$ A% b$ ?' Z' h5 H0 {9 k x% J: @7 Q
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 T3 y$ I; M9 z6 y1 m+ S4 C; c1 b. J6 r2 @% h
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # j' i4 k' g# m+ O* J; [ P% G1 q1 n0 f, N) S, U' ^
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 i+ Y9 M; |( y& g2 F! p( |3 J1 E7 C& @6 L1 B$ p' n9 M2 h& x
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ y7 C' i' H4 J& k
5 Z0 m K4 e, q9 M6 J, `5 `We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : i) s1 b& h* A1 v9 r: L" w& V7 L5 o% [4 ~" A5 q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 L; u( \* _2 Z P5 i7 @; i
; I% A( d; a* o: r- ]写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 F) | N$ }. |
! b( o, { Z) U" l此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . J z8 C/ B4 d( G' x) s3 J0 [/ Z# G2 n0 [: {" _0 e. w" S
$ C L' s' N6 v1 M3 \ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 X8 o6 P1 C: |; U: l$ }" r) x3 S' Z/ a' h$ Y- p' h
例如: , q' x# r8 q [/ S! Q8 Y% \3 i% A
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 E. I* s9 ]" s( w" m# |" k) u, o4 f' C, q! r! [
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% m. A( W6 I* X9 F
" G5 h" O: G+ E6 N* y) C" G
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 q+ a7 Q6 E/ t; M' c6 Z7 P7 t; B
3 \4 O9 U- d* q1 a6 B' JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) q) s3 M4 z7 Q1 K% b 1 Z/ A7 J( @1 B6 b. dMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# `7 j y- _3 `, W2 G; f+ e
% }- z n# z- A/ _; [0 W: c
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; O+ B; v2 p9 Y. @) N, I. R4 R 0 N7 z: R: m2 D* N4 y; uCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' E: d) ~) s' h# e8 C5 W7 Y$ p' J
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 H( ?6 }% o& X) G 8 q) ?2 {; s; W/ O. V7 d同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. J5 p- a& |* W
4 q+ _( W+ X0 z
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 W2 p* @* |/ U& x8 j" d * u v! S1 b% D2 K对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( O8 Z V& B/ M+ N+ Q1 f0 U # E& ~$ ]4 t$ q4 y: m对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 I6 p! h+ z j9 P2 T, ^
1 S- a3 P6 Q' K, |/ N0 v; G
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( V, E9 `# f) X# t* H
' }) i& t* w1 Z; u3 F3 g
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 @$ q3 T/ Y- d- ]4 F3 o2 {1 T. L+ H# k" l8 A* v. S/ V, M
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . a7 y: ?9 x* p2 A6 Z! ^/ r3 U / {4 J6 ~; p/ V# l还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! j% V* ^" @+ X" k) `1 e
+ k! C& C* N- G' J: l1 d4 q! O# K有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' b$ ?/ ~! R% q: @( j3 W