本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . N( \6 F/ I1 ~; U0 E! H
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 z9 L ~/ h6 f' M% }6 o3 r- B6 k5 Y
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例如: 9 p& P* }% t' Q $ V7 y5 U, W% S9 y; p( ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 V! \# `9 |+ C4 v * w0 j5 l, `0 r, u& CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) n6 U- ?/ X8 G) H- @
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 q* o. b6 j: b8 w
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 |6 E/ K# d! J1 ~7 o5 ~/ c 5 X9 v% S" g6 @/ f/ _I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 s. k, q* i4 ^6 W6 y! ^+ |; N$ `2 P
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & O- C# l0 D; Q! X% n9 s& R& u& x, ]* f- J1 v
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " Z; H/ b1 g9 b! ]! D9 C0 F" c {# Y- j$ H' ?6 e5 I
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! G! {( _* X6 f; L% @' ?( c/ N7 O " ^( f7 e: |: `/ xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 X) i. _1 E3 @/ A) B: b
* h3 a/ k, Y: j6 FPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* s J* C4 i) Q( Z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! f7 \+ q: H. y8 b
8 l" A' q1 D8 C. i- | 3 O* K& U% m! l& i( J' s6 l! L2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : o& Y# E, a" A" x+ _! _" \% e9 }2 O& ?2 M( z: ~- X
例如: 8 W. I) I. p1 s; C! r* v& X& c1 A+ \+ J8 i
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # H5 _' n/ c& @1 t& P& e8 y; b) o3 n a# Z1 j8 G( F ?# o
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 D' c9 y1 Q! s' x$ u( S
0 n& q8 G6 H/ {I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 ~ n& i6 @$ r ' e8 ~' b6 e: a! QHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); Q( y7 G# B! p; E
% e0 s. C5 z% B9 L2 qIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) b5 N% c) Q7 s2 J. l- m: F" x" k4 b/ p0 M+ j( ?( s
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- r: d3 j# D. f, h" L$ T
1 a% X5 t3 }3 }) ?8 s7 _5 {I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% u! `! f' R$ W2 g- v5 y
9 O2 Y/ r3 x. W8 K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! h F3 j7 r; [0 A' r, l/ c' P* X0 I* s" m1 |% ]8 ~. `
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- \. ]/ \3 O& x8 o0 x" X
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ @, L) H. C2 L8 A4 B% K+ |) S
+ X. k6 C% T* Q t4 C) AHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 u7 T3 N7 Q; L7 b2 J: W; h# _0 |9 T- u( Q2 H/ T# Y- @9 N
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 t5 Z. C# n/ l! K: B/ i$ K
! V3 f7 r5 @: nWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), h% }, z4 F2 D7 T1 j
, c, X- {1 w, v' yEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ W" J: c) Z/ M7 U9 Z }( S* ~. _: |0 K X6 q2 n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): Z0 ~6 C4 I( T q" H
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 x, Q* P) V6 G" W3 q/ a3 P, P4 a# X+ T
3 x6 l5 \( }% v- R Y例如: 7 {. ]1 D( s* J5 o 9 R% w( v+ u3 j& e( X0 s; eMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 r+ r% p( @2 [5 V 8 u# I( Q5 A/ e, }) S0 S# Y6 ?( ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " h* y1 _ E; V5 c$ ?( p$ `! ]: ?# j; R) ]8 X
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # K/ r3 U; b6 i5 F. Y2 j$ ~ : T1 V9 A+ ~6 x Y' ^9 _He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 X" A5 ]/ T1 |( n , @2 H1 m) S3 Q# FMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - w" R* J& i: h1 g5 W3 ?' _6 y, l: \4 r* |, G7 z, X
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( H0 i6 O2 c2 G* g' b) k
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # P' Q* u) V1 t% U1 r 6 P; ^* Q. H0 b% X$ i' l/ p/ n9 u6 P+ N! IStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 e# m# c- H' D7 f7 R4 `6 V3 d 3 R* J# }( F6 ^同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) |# }% {. T( ?% e* v( V, o$ @. z8 x" X7 X/ F2 I) P8 p& B' R U
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. O% e- R* C, l# \0 U( n6 }
; J4 a. [; D% B% b' z0 B& l$ n对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 J+ t- e/ w2 t( S( }9 `) a. j' @ 2 U/ U* Q2 x* o* ?: c% `对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! `/ O [/ b7 | W3 w5 x# K# T" n9 |+ q
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' n) `' h# h$ a: j$ k- K" b! `9 F" z; b1 q
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 X8 p7 i+ S4 i: L2 J* q2 b- p3 [( ]0 }4 L, N$ }; u
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 M/ M2 T+ p% W# Z8 h- D. E+ P/ Z6 {/ z* Z& S1 A0 _$ E% M$ \
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' _! L$ k& a* o% y$ n) d
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 X+ Y0 q/ W1 [. c. a3 S6 x: w. s