) i3 Y8 @) J( u' W/ t. r3 wMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 B4 u0 V, X, ^) |5 r# Z; S& p( ?8 T9 d6 l B: K z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - T8 H- k3 ~& V, y6 C9 w- x2 I$ {# w- S$ g8 H% R! G# t$ j% b
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . }$ D! ?5 z, U 2 O+ c( K4 G5 F. `3 \ r( IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 A3 `3 V! o" S% d6 q: y! j 8 i. d. O# \; {3 x, t0 n6 K0 G0 B5 WI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* a$ ~1 ]3 K5 x. E
7 q% y6 }- ]" `$ q' QMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # h1 {! z$ e0 Z: S) [5 _- M9 T$ J( ~/ e. X5 H3 q, {0 @
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " d9 @4 f! w" p. W. t( v: N" ]( {7 |2 h9 a5 c' n+ P3 l
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& M5 Y; V- M/ H
' K9 b: H8 h( zWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( j% k! |2 @ \' O& g/ L
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* |( a0 P; C; I
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% A3 l5 D5 J& K9 J. _9 r( Q
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, P9 v1 G8 z8 H: f2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % ]; A# i) Q: ~ ( `* C N$ ]5 q. V# L0 ?例如: 0 T7 U6 t( S/ m: R* f/ o$ y/ h% x* @: V7 C' y& p
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 p, w4 e# z- M1 q7 D) I, l7 y3 \" S2 g+ i- |9 ^
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 `( b) b$ @% g+ E; @+ ~$ {! J* |+ X) a' I
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) d. w# \0 U2 W, H1 Y0 @2 M6 X
7 G a6 S- M# `; m- @He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : s, Q0 [. X7 V4 ~$ H' q, C" X- k- }! A- ] . g8 ^3 F R, a8 A: q8 B" cIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# Z1 z5 i6 Q1 ^+ G5 R
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; M6 N! M; V0 b0 w9 T# l, r7 o% X& ?5 u' a( i' {' g B- `
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) K1 n. N b* A" \9 ?5 \+ Y% {, o+ l; ?# N3 |, r# @" }2 S
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 N0 _5 D2 f! u* M) \4 Z3 E' C% S+ M* k" J2 T- h
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " i, |4 ?4 W. i1 N$ \ ~/ B$ I 0 s& g& ]7 U. `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); r* P; M' B0 q; n! y. z7 Q
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ {# M+ Y! A4 J" J1 Z
8 g3 P: H f! b1 j6 f7 o2 OHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 z, y# q; C/ |
' ]" [+ @+ w: E0 ]1 Q7 ?We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 Q0 X+ B$ _ Z$ V, O. W4 G* E; E/ ~
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 ^8 v$ v8 |* b# y& k( v, [$ B9 P7 l' _
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 C$ b$ e6 C& ]$ X% U 3 ]! F& a- b3 ^! F% V( w, S此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' k! r( Y- i& x) f2 j! b5 p
e g+ `) G2 g8 H! H " k6 @, t' t, t% l. s3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 z0 [3 S. @, M1 l
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例如:5 _9 ~7 K$ B: ?$ g/ W( \
3 V' V7 c* ~5 C4 M3 KMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - w& Q9 l) j1 v/ g& D+ k . {, B. E- t8 o- VManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); K2 s2 V3 J, b+ g( H& w2 B
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 f2 z1 O* c1 g0 g( F
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), A$ q! }. Y L; H6 s9 S8 ^* l
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % i: d" e. p3 _" i3 G7 ^$ x: u# r. ^( S% D
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( U5 z) Z! h& G3 b) X: p0 E ; t( G3 H7 ]' A% k8 }+ P. C% WCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) t6 X8 B/ q5 J: H/ l/ A3 p( a
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ @9 }0 g/ ~2 S& V% X
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 Q9 I- p/ H& c9 R9 Z* S
" E/ l" ^- I! U" d& k7 s [- r当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ }' c T6 K. H# f( P+ {
! k m3 q: s8 v9 V% z+ ?5 S. I6 n# G对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ r' l$ B- i; o$ z% v( M; o" R) U
% W* d, |. Y9 B: J I" `对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 z; c! ]* J( {4 `
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: f8 x8 |8 S* }! V! I
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( t2 i% O3 z! ~0 X- u7 q+ ]6 R ! E3 w0 B, P; p, ]0 L3 N, f1 M7 ]至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 F7 O6 p8 [- G1 p9 G
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / K3 U7 \- t3 u, O9 W / X; T4 J8 P7 t& u2 N有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" A k0 j2 @0 W1 p! ]3 V+ g