6 B0 ]( z" t% \ zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! j& l0 D7 \& Z1 Z
|" U0 N: h6 [ d$ X* [2 m# K# o2 SThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 w' G; j8 V2 \6 ~
! u2 I6 M6 t1 S3 v9 [" x, tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " V5 s. z! ~8 @* S p' l3 f$ E7 e - @/ G$ w A- DThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), ]1 U1 l; v( [
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) Y6 q7 p% y3 A/ J" k( q" k+ M1 O " f( x. o' {$ i4 GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) I9 R% W% g& _( P4 v" ?& p* s. Y' n
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) I0 E, s# i. J) \
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 _4 s& L0 C# g1 I" \" a; s- B9 d Q( m3 l) P5 W( l
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 Y* ?9 f3 T$ b. e+ V0 A, x0 f3 A1 Y' ?" c
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 X S: p. X: a) G" Y ( J, z0 ~/ \7 O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; Y3 J: a p) O# L* _$ @, \
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4 W& I8 q+ d& ^" L0 s) l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 @( r5 t" A4 ]' B- S, k
3 q7 O! i8 C! l- p例如: + t' U- N5 b) l6 \4 o8 ?1 J9 q, _" I# H
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 _$ W/ c; n$ A$ v( I; A# F7 i6 ^
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; ~6 t) U) {2 h9 I" I3 x9 [7 {# _8 c: s
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , {; y u: q; c3 i5 P # P! G9 `6 K" S& ? D& YHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) T: z0 `, g6 x- c T6 t& s# e' c% A' I1 d# I
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), N- i6 J& f9 \( D
$ g, a' l" q( M4 }/ I( HShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ x$ d3 }5 G. o2 L+ f0 G
0 I+ M7 S! g3 ?5 z9 B. I! ~1 `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! T0 \% Z9 W9 n2 X. D1 \# K& j
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# T9 u2 h! Y$ {
9 L7 _ X! Z- qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 u, I( W0 q5 K% e; y/ [5 v : a5 F4 p5 Y" ^: q5 r+ u- eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" U7 e n! @, U3 X* y# z; r7 ~! F
" \0 o# P) U2 T4 m2 oHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 w/ N9 D8 f3 Y4 o+ M; J
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * D9 w2 F7 V: ^! V7 T8 E- J* z9 y# \" r" C! E: @
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); ~ E1 V- H$ [4 T9 ~
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & v1 e& l4 U: c5 ]& h: p8 q1 ?6 j
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ d/ i& G0 i( F0 R: _. x" L
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& p! W! y6 i4 I& y0 p4 v
: z, J" G2 p' A& w* a7 {7 T4 W" c* \4 f, }7 ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' r$ P" i$ P7 X3 U) ?" x# y
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例如:: Y5 p( Y8 h# S$ q2 B0 v
* F: h- y8 h* A, J3 D4 _2 _7 zMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 I: X$ k: g+ \) b
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& t0 g1 U1 t) X% m: U
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , |) B. U0 s- K K$ J, v 3 Q) b1 Y3 f! K' F3 G) z. QHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* M1 e3 R) G- j/ W3 Q2 B
/ A4 }2 X& r5 I [' }, Z! J1 k. YMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " U1 T4 k1 a! F$ y 8 e& E, r1 _5 ~, |, ?2 v2 W# EPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 l% x5 s& ~% y# m( d9 y ( P2 R' M% ^& dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 S# e2 b" g }4 F$ [( A' Y" y/ U% Q; y4 a, K3 o9 e# H D8 T$ r
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 V5 E' T6 e: F( x3 U0 o! S* ]
3 Y, ^ o3 L6 a同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! ], a8 u# e i 7 @# X5 h: C, e A. ]9 x. ?6 k8 L当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , n: V2 R9 p; q# x, b0 U1 ?5 k . q2 r5 G' V2 [- w对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 I8 q& F7 C' M7 k
5 b6 p2 L$ E& f4 r' F) i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 M$ q- e! k L m5 _) A$ ?0 V9 Q2 p+ e$ x* B; g8 D0 V2 x" m
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" N& ]: d+ w3 P+ g# s