本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 Q [1 H! y. l; |! w! Z- ~' m3 _ ' ^! V3 b8 v4 ]; n4 ]% u. y" G转帖 % P, N( P w8 v9 O" j& s1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; B7 X3 f% O2 u7 Q& Q0 [2 Y& \$ W4 P. M e. L
例如:4 y7 T- C5 H" p& p( c1 I
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 Q' t$ e) X( m: D. |
% G% X8 m+ T' A* M( _Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 n- S) {2 X* H9 I- p* V$ b; a/ K
8 E" \5 ^2 @( |3 H- V3 JThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) ]+ h0 x7 o: A
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); S7 [3 O; F5 n7 R: a) T4 r
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 {/ q! F7 b% x+ t+ r; o% C4 u6 s. W% X; B : {; B9 P# w& k: B* ^) Z4 o1 MMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 S' y4 R! O$ _" X1 Z3 O3 q 9 b' [1 m) ?! o ]8 @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 x* g/ T7 ]3 ]. p! }6 c
0 D4 K' a3 i" Z0 k- hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 G6 S' z, H5 s l: Z; |% S$ i
4 e' o& c3 v, AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 d1 X2 N3 u: u3 K( W u
* g; I& r; o0 P6 kPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 }% ^1 Z) O" H4 m8 @
' c4 S7 D& ~7 \1 o0 [/ j这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 Q% T! Y4 ~8 k8 z( [$ s- _9 n8 n. A1 M$ J/ S
) u3 S- z3 R) A2 x2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( q: z1 w- A; \$ H1 |! e. o9 ^8 c9 S& g0 p$ _/ |4 u
例如:: {# I* C! N- G( j+ Z$ r# Q7 d* I
( X5 I$ L, f" u, mAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 R. o" M. z$ y1 A4 j7 k 8 Q5 l* f' b: \2 e, \( }4 [' LDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ; p! A' \9 B; l+ [% z) O; v& s7 n7 G( d* l+ U+ C2 X+ `
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! y/ |$ `- H/ ~5 O J* h$ a" s4 c
: [- D/ Z4 Q( |0 h6 x% q K( NHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 H- q3 p8 g# b9 T; D. V5 K
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 s) M$ m% e' h; U - a6 w$ V: y- y, Z0 m5 i/ e( I8 ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 j5 C3 I( n) P3 |# q; l( @
! i0 B: t# I9 V7 HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) q1 v/ O; m4 c8 u& x% I" v" x8 W4 Z7 s+ ]
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( o! Q4 Z/ R, r1 X/ `* n# L" ?( h! K6 S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! n/ l% M! p9 k' i + E9 ?6 P' B$ Y6 [The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& H) j& r) `* @0 z& A
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # @7 i4 }. h" q6 _2 K9 { # N/ |4 I# U8 M! E. n1 V4 D) kHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 ?( q* S0 L; y. v3 F: Y 6 E5 e. e" i% f# ^$ C& \7 P& `5 ]We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 ]( |' z; I, e* V% ] n' t; A 0 U# w$ W0 f" GEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! S% c$ u0 I n; ~% ~
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 W: y+ ]& t) f- K
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 i- g- L7 }: a/ a# ^3 w5 W/ l
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4 d6 a7 ^+ c+ ^3 Z: B1 T7 ]3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# B! [/ \; I$ I9 Q5 `9 v$ Q
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例如: ! _% W: M+ {- ` + u* x0 D# r# v$ l$ s) W1 s4 s- f6 CMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : L- T) I% r" C/ N/ c4 m & C3 f; ?0 q# p4 cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! ]4 I/ w& m2 i! r# G, v2 r) W* {! N
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & i. u0 v' k: Q. z8 b, N* M # f' j' N! d% O$ }( GHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) A! m! z- Y) d$ g+ o" n3 r 0 C6 D+ ]- c0 o- h o% C* {# CMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 ~! N2 q% ]5 l( ^8 D2 ]
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! W# |# R3 R" J+ S" h; ~- G5 c6 f
6 \) R. B2 O# k$ ZCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 u/ d% ?0 m: c( W& h V( c }5 b! i2 K9 [% F$ c$ Q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 t' C4 L8 K# p