本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % ^6 J2 Z$ A5 i7 M. K5 ]/ U% i
2 s" o0 H+ G5 v4 B2 I" l转帖 7 l2 R4 C3 P' ]& b; `# l1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 M! D: m9 C& E z* I1 Q2 s: o+ r0 g3 | M
例如:* {) ~2 ^5 C9 l' @- o. I s2 s
- _3 c t! G- X& \4 _Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 ?$ M1 ~$ Y, n1 {. M0 N8 W 9 v: [+ s/ x- w) Y5 E2 uThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# S6 N: ?: L+ b/ M$ o4 j
% p0 R/ d- b/ g. yThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* N/ ^( @/ e1 T" r9 h$ r; l
1 Q L n& D, V+ \' V+ Z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( {( C( M% y5 d1 `
' V9 ~* `9 ~; V( g
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , Y0 X2 C! _& P4 Y, d: @( h- _4 D6 q4 |' q4 B0 }
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# B7 S3 q; S9 E A
( A+ K& o" {9 c3 g2 {2 Y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 v4 e3 A4 ?9 c' Y0 S) P* [. y ; p$ h: x$ K5 W1 @The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 R% v6 ?" H2 T V : \9 ^4 M8 n. v" ^1 Q) AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 J7 N$ b' c9 ~9 N
, X' A* w ]6 P& z/ J0 L) VPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ N2 s/ D( S, O( u+ z2 f" W + ^& C+ |. W! \8 Y4 q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 v! Y/ d$ R8 B% O. d9 h% t+ t5 [ % a9 s6 t. |7 U# p" g% X) n) J1 x2 |% I 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ S# ?+ @7 @5 g6 T % s) [0 E7 c# A0 ?例如: 3 B$ Z8 `1 X- b7 ^0 |2 g + F# V7 W* I. wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 V/ R% K* J s" x$ u' E6 V( }. @/ I
0 N( P# _6 U) ^* g% B i
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 \5 [5 v7 }5 }& W* N' f& v* C/ T8 |) f8 D8 e
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! K' n7 f3 B$ C# i. `# i! _# f {6 w, q [( a+ V
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 i* s1 y; D4 L/ i2 f8 P- k: T
5 X3 j5 j2 [ H( L$ E- RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 y2 j2 j, {4 K& N! [0 \
( n+ M6 M7 X1 Q7 z7 L! w4 J
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ S+ |+ V: ?3 L
6 g* Y& H+ R# b. |I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 c- z- i" N: l. K% _/ E* G4 |6 r1 Q" S+ O0 f! b& u
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " S( y2 ^+ a3 X! k$ e) @) D; L) q, S/ o3 a( o; A, ~* C
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 H* @: C! D6 ]
: V! b) n/ E& P; A- R$ q- N
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ U+ t. E4 x; Z2 p
) S B; J1 h7 J% P: b9 {: _! q2 uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# Y* n; `; X9 X
6 J' v; `7 H# s
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! a* y" {* H' ~8 N6 g% V# u5 |
8 q( E8 m; U0 I$ vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( W) P" w5 n3 {) t# I' m+ K+ Z* t6 W& b$ f/ k
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / N* j6 r* c9 x; {7 N( ~( c1 _; r2 j5 j2 w+ P' W0 V
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 Y9 b0 u1 C- S0 d- m- i
- ]3 k3 m- F8 K" n( s
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 a( _* e( O+ b9 i; Z% {2 Z6 ?" i8 \: G 8 v+ A4 P; D2 v7 N7 O' y ) d$ G" k8 p5 `; I2 z" u3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 X) E" t" T4 t- r5 g# q' c9 A* E! S3 |0 m7 ]- \
例如: 8 B, A5 U/ b0 ^0 O- h ! Q9 ]6 p8 y, ZMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % j! L1 R: |: f; M7 U! C) C/ \' `! } R6 `& c' G8 H
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ x, p0 f3 }$ H* ^( a4 a$ F
, j& s9 D D5 z# F) J
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - I& [8 J: W' w7 \) b T' d) ?5 M
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). l( P$ O* e2 D" \! g7 k; I7 S( j& v; j
3 i( J0 |0 X$ J! d* D4 c
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; k; r k U. T3 c7 [3 h( C % y+ u0 \9 [; }$ O; vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " C8 f" @! y/ f 1 ^' s/ K1 V8 @* t eCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% I0 u8 D8 n' ~# B% D& A; n: w
- V$ A( M; l2 `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( _; ~' M* z( y _6 g
, v h8 {8 n; I V- x
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 ~4 P6 ?" v. X L0 ?9 E: C P4 a; P& t q ?+ j
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& H$ L( ?6 k5 S8 u/ f" {
+ j$ i8 v3 T/ g* @! B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 p; {# b( r# C3 `: }( L* D x, q/ S w2 T$ T) y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % u4 B! k: a5 a* G& A7 U) K. G, G$ r3 U" K- L& p, r
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 m; b, B8 r* Q
4 H0 f) z# l f) q( y8 ^
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& n/ Y9 r! W# c& P \- q
7 D, E5 ?$ l O1 @! _* @
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 r' C- u0 ^- {) G# b3 T
/ M0 I* _* W9 c L
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 R J: G! J8 y2 Q' n1 M/ m, f7 O* C% R' U' I
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : i! R( I- v$ N$ a