本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 C- p& x/ i% t. q9 O! M
9 S2 p/ y4 C7 F- B+ D 转帖 B" j; m Z. P1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 ^) u* ?$ J( ]0 i* h ( M( g# c3 U9 k- u l例如: 2 Z& L4 J- X% ?$ f6 { _! V4 ~+ G2 X. \2 }/ O! b
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . p; m( N: I; Z% f9 c4 F% {/ m( O1 U7 C
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 \: h3 x9 M# |9 U) _! @
/ S8 h* E5 p& x# B3 k8 ~& KThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& o: E5 q7 K2 M8 s6 [; V# ]
5 c4 T3 [+ j! qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 }8 V8 H# {' E6 \
8 g4 w" b. r! y) n6 j7 E. P3 m; h
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . ~) N* W$ Z8 r* z0 z. ?8 b ' S# t. |" d- S! s6 }4 J* x; d1 lMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , J1 m" m8 K2 [6 a& Q5 N: \) R7 e; [- }7 P5 A$ _
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( t, O1 T: K/ X% a
: f& R t1 L; E& w
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 R( J6 H. T- ~$ g. Q0 ?# i! C
# ~% i4 G2 D5 u8 B8 r# U* qWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 Z3 q, E$ W7 V# O7 n( @$ [* I/ t2 U6 ^
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 \$ q! h! ^# R# z9 C% H; e * U( _( N, l0 h- l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% q1 W3 ], B8 ]+ O9 v( R
" L m" M- Z& D, j* {2 U7 g / {5 @2 C& t1 C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ }# H% s2 u; g! U, w
2 r+ m' g- F+ _0 u3 N例如: 7 G% |4 ~, h9 W$ l! @2 P- r( J& T2 T8 o
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & m; @4 R! g' [ 3 k& D N2 j! Y& ADespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # b2 I! q2 R" F& Q 9 a6 v( ]% }6 E/ `& ^8 X# mI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& c- a- e& T9 L3 ~9 G, H
1 ]8 J. `" j/ o$ O
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 k: ^2 P$ l2 c0 w" e+ }
+ c* a8 v( k1 Z x& z+ vIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ C4 V$ X; ~- \4 h3 O( m6 p- }, Y% V3 m9 p# ]0 R4 V
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# A ]+ _ ~# s# S9 J$ Z5 k" Q
( X5 c, y) _, Z U
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 _# f% w# a- D2 q! ~% } 6 [: I j F" {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; h o1 U9 S4 P" G& p. }8 `' D' M( z# h& x$ Y4 U
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). B- _4 z4 ~ M; ^; _' [
0 ^4 m6 R5 b% A! b( F9 l/ h- x
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 F9 G2 Q: Q- o' N" W$ O% T
; M1 t3 j* `! [) E$ S# GHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- x& n- J" f7 X* J% M
& B' X; g8 l f: ^ QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ s/ n- ~+ w! }( P: @) @
6 R$ l' S' f3 M; M1 G( A! jWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ [# l4 D% `* k! G; Q0 V! ~8 K% U+ K& Y% {" ]8 u" k7 k0 V4 I
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 o; a5 L7 O1 ^. b' p2 z
" i+ R, T/ T4 n0 s8 l写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): z8 h& F7 l& K$ p; x3 X2 u
' @4 N; p' ~: L0 o, ?
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : b& F# {7 G: N& a6 o! g% G/ T/ u- h- G# v e0 ?' C+ i
E, V: p7 h+ O4 h3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 I/ j& ^0 y8 y# B" h, B4 l
0 P" N- V* j4 q; q# B z. w
例如: o. t f( q* I0 W / k0 n7 V' N( p- [7 OMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 ^5 G/ w+ M1 ]- C! N# R) E# ^. n, @. C5 a" m$ l; k
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ g& v0 g% v1 W7 T1 b6 I
: d* t6 P8 T" `. @! y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! b' N" C# \# ?# @0 c9 X
% U( `& T7 A& ^, g% R5 @! a
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' e' [/ Y e. E8 x6 U( z
! }* k. D% R8 i" p0 f5 {" }
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 p; J$ a5 ]. K4 v6 D U" R" x- V1 d6 S7 m+ T. ~Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), |1 ? U% X- I0 L/ @/ M1 i
. p) N. [' M$ O; m6 n# o7 k0 w! y1 A
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): K/ k7 {8 V5 d2 {- T
) o& O, I" [5 [) j* t$ F$ V( pStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 Q3 j* F& B+ B) s+ M( O
: L* d- I. L5 i6 m
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, M$ X6 T# e; V6 c
- [, L9 i! A2 B% [! l" R4 E/ m
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 `# G; X9 l$ k2 _1 X( ~& B2 P6 h" f3 @9 i, S& V
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & _ ~+ f, {( k- ]4 S; T1 m) L2 _/ n2 |: E
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# D3 w7 V( i- f( N0 E
* C ?7 ^: t- i# L7 W7 v; \对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- x" X4 x' ]/ d `: u
, v8 j. H- c$ ]4 x7 w# z% Q% a
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ `( W9 ^8 m |9 }$ S. C+ P# T) _8 k' m: r- J& a- k
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 s2 |, M& x" w. U' \" S3 k/ e! F6 }
; ^! F Y: `" a. ?% O1 F5 F还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - A- W* [, u2 I ) h1 p9 ^8 g( T( V0 }2 X2 G有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% D/ I8 e4 w' ?* p