本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 c+ c+ k1 o* Y) D$ z0 D' Z8 L + x. f& V Q0 Z0 B+ L/ n转帖, Z! `) `& H: g2 k' q
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! A+ f' v! @/ f% p# @; T! ]* M1 |' p! ]
例如: ! ]1 X D9 t/ w$ D( B0 ^% e " a! y6 `6 X% LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' d$ M( D4 Z% B* r# P
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " \$ U* k b; y# U9 A1 i- N) e) [" J. w) l1 E! e% T5 W$ l
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 g7 D+ M! d$ A1 x8 S
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)& L) o* ]( V- x3 T' B
) ~% j, s) l5 j( r N6 HI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 g( B ~# F, P6 n- H$ C8 x
^: q* Z7 ?0 ?- G9 R) o& hMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & @* A y9 J0 }# K; ^* T9 T7 j4 ^, r 0 T" n5 H) S: M- A3 d3 P& FWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 c7 U t) A; F6 W- ?1 m8 o- v8 d; h9 C# v8 K5 M
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * T+ T& p' W5 b; K9 e% m, @ ; _3 F* d/ I f5 H, y) SWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* Y0 P0 D s$ r" a; N. J
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); i4 `- N. J$ G+ W; \5 _
. X& z- g) ~$ m/ }# u这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * N( N1 x5 G+ e( d; g! X9 C- b" x. H: {+ U* G
5 b1 L; v2 T( \' p0 @, }例如: * O* ~9 q2 k' D) o' s9 z1 q3 ]3 B* G- ?2 t8 Y4 K4 ?0 r
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- p3 P7 B" ~9 d. L8 L J, k0 Z
: g4 O+ @1 Q+ d/ c" {- L5 {Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 c: U' O E# O/ I$ g3 Q3 q5 k3 M
9 u$ {( r* N, \( T! n& p0 aI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ H) V( j4 P) e9 M4 |% S9 V3 j- l) r: K) I; Q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " V y4 O6 j; e" Y/ B & X7 b8 h5 e8 h$ Q. P% M( y# tIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - G3 i' F+ A! {+ ]! l 4 Q/ x, Y& J. W3 ^ K1 ]. GShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' s& N+ A5 `( C7 Z; y ' o6 D. ?* O/ f# W" l6 bI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" o8 x* n' }5 R
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 x& s' W. m2 Y1 S3 N ! w+ S8 i7 D, z6 WThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / U! S, C$ \: M2 S R2 \3 x: V ' s( M' G) e' [( O8 {/ FThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / R' p! b$ r1 }+ Y* V0 a+ @ 5 C; @8 L9 K3 F9 {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 B% o( w3 m _6 ^! `! p; L2 P: h2 x! Q; x( u5 N' o9 [
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / v3 \, \ D4 V" ~* L' ^+ d ' F8 _% P* |8 @) lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): q2 V4 i3 v1 F& O: ~2 U" @9 V2 R
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). e( w! \; m. M0 y6 g/ l" l# p
6 g1 R" Z, p0 D! A2 ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' `. L5 @: [7 L* E& k" Y+ l; l 6 B' h' H$ K- p$ z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ C+ ]7 w: |1 V
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# t! a, x0 f' a! H3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. q- y1 }, i/ X8 b. d
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例如: * M& b- ]( o; J" ~% T* {2 l @ _
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ @" J4 T- l- V+ }
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ N. n5 c% [& n9 }( W
+ i( h1 R9 B0 D9 u* V$ _# eThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& s8 Y: K: Q1 Z* [- F
/ A( l+ u! V0 S! p Q) f8 H- }3 X/ xHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # `8 t+ e O x: B/ J$ b 6 ?3 V e/ d9 X/ ]4 C8 r0 t' u) V- DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 k1 T9 ]' r* q
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / ]; F: o2 c: W( R+ q - f8 x f9 u, Z: t n# ]; UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) s* d/ E& d9 i9 k K# ^
3 m) D$ o& d- V8 Z: NStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 g2 X0 W" z5 Y4 {- a! ~
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " C. G2 Y. z+ x7 E" ]# b9 s( f; r3 ]" w
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:2 K$ {! ~7 B9 X7 B/ I
; P4 U( ^- P* d( a对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% Q/ l p: c! \( i
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; F4 T8 A: M' V2 R. p
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " Q: {7 e# ~/ x, [0 E% a # w5 _6 P9 y7 n& Z5 _9 |) k7 Q% T4 A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 h6 m$ ~* L" s# n% ~2 X2 B/ I+ O/ _0 G, K8 f6 G
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# f D. W) X2 D8 Q; [
5 c& z% c% L1 ?" |! m6 m& `5 R+ W8 B还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 H' G. P; Y: z- @3 G
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, }2 y/ {7 H6 c1 c) C