本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , [- l# f' n& x" t, Q 2 c; O+ j/ @7 z& Y转帖! ]& t; w* v3 b
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# s% S0 u& j8 X
# E# {+ h% q) ?; P( r6 u2 o
例如: 0 k2 C2 f2 ?2 }+ v# p! N0 m) M+ v# A0 D! G2 f$ I/ p
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); f3 h2 F# G- S4 t
, X5 R' m: {' p, K9 A5 {$ CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# W+ _9 Y) E- Y; k: a5 o
' ], W1 u* h* a' PThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 ^! g0 }0 p, v* `# K( l- H& _. Z# H) s2 m- z$ }, x4 D
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 y6 h( z5 V# @" C3 Y( d, m" T! `" ?: U! g" R2 F" J
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , O' G# a- y* N0 [8 z. E2 t9 r" m9 V; W) t$ m. \. n7 W6 Q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' I' q2 A( j% Q# S5 q! z1 L' G
. l$ _. Y) v+ _
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! Q1 `% V ^5 e. \# N; [( K & f1 j: o4 z+ i) g4 d, p" [The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' y) _+ j9 x# b0 t/ }1 v% U4 C
/ E; | y6 h& P: z. N
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 F9 k! v2 @1 O7 i m& [
1 ^' {+ w7 x/ D J- R8 h$ ^% v
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 a2 A# W& u* V* n
8 B; h2 w m. E1 C7 R! L: V这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 p: N3 G {) I5 ]1 \# V; J
9 B/ b8 \$ k4 f" _3 X s' W+ J& {& w* `4 t 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 U3 {: ~1 v" `# T9 B0 _7 X) V
- H* {2 ^6 B; q% V, ^9 B* Y
例如:# ~8 }! r& O! A& n
" d- o; E7 J4 U
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . e/ q- z' \# Z3 @8 ~& m) ~6 ^% |% G6 ^/ a V7 \' g! Y( y# C
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( M) r6 D4 m @( H* [
' u4 B, q8 R& k- v: m5 _/ f
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 X" q# S. a; ~& q& {' p8 r A$ \: A
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). s" _% L& A1 L) r1 L7 f
# t$ H7 d* u: y; P8 oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ r6 O5 Q- y3 K5 D& b
3 u- d8 F" ?& j( b2 L' G/ PShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& f0 h: b* _7 m, ?% Z
% T7 b$ f$ t C3 i1 q' w# u# b
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) t5 F5 X" q+ h" N6 P/ x. g7 z; x4 k! [& T0 Y% T% L
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * I ]0 m" |# E0 q1 @4 l & r) _5 c: X* F+ N* s D* EThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 O$ }- C/ m+ |9 k
; f, c8 E! y! V5 P' X0 {8 ?The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 ~+ c# T( L- k3 G3 i1 c2 m- k6 x7 E4 _: t: D/ q+ z- d/ ?
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) e) E# K8 C4 ]4 n3 Q* R+ \3 x9 f; |$ j
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% X. z; W8 I$ }: D" P/ s2 h" O3 ?9 R
1 C7 }0 \, Q# s" ?
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 B! V+ y' a: R+ f
2 b, `) X" G# `# B1 K! D7 q/ S) E( |: e
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) j) \7 e8 i( U/ o8 e$ C
p3 t& j. D, z u4 |) A6 O
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): q7 ]# p4 L ~- n z9 \0 M
, w( X# p4 J9 A此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 D/ \/ v, Z4 r! {7 F* [8 V* Q6 V9 B& k+ A& L4 b0 x, u% A$ w" t- c6 k
+ T0 S& `7 L2 P5 K* ^3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ d, z, X. F& |/ c ( k0 z" U+ M# }9 ^4 E例如: * _- y' k. F \# ?3 s7 f/ H + ~2 Q: O8 `% \! cMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 w: D8 ?/ d/ V/ g7 f) A3 \, o
- R& P( x+ S! Z
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - s0 p! k# ^! [+ G4 ?1 F" L ( ?0 [# Q H" SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 k c( A8 w, ^# N' Z
4 q% x: z' i+ w% j& J% v9 F$ A( P% nHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- ?# z' g$ ~ Y/ X
; a" _; [* O- t. aMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): ^! P* K1 f8 Y3 u
$ w- h# p6 n' B: {& b. @% r
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 T& C" O g. K
" p7 w. S9 [7 J( ^+ x) P
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ d1 z: _+ O1 C% F
2 |6 B! B4 l. j) TStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* m: k8 f! }/ a1 j0 G1 M
; X1 f1 Y- g2 Q0 u' x( p同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" s; e' z) }/ ~" N0 D* U
E: s0 P2 Y7 ~/ f4 d3 J当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' z, D. i+ d! K. A) X$ } # w$ T# G. s- B" S- V% a对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 `$ h' K2 P/ ]. i! I( r7 {" J1 B' N7 r/ A! O% P$ s) r
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: ?/ m2 v" C% x6 G. e. T; M
: E. `3 l# K" z4 m
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;7 ]( e9 ~( M2 Z( y+ u
( T! b* b" C' ~4 x4 o
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / t' G, I/ l! W) _ 2 V# B: M8 ?% u1 [8 _+ }$ P8 S i至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- h) |8 W& ]. b4 D. ?7 g/ s
8 p# P2 K. Z% ?5 U还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( A* g3 D7 H% T4 }; B( E Y5 v1 X5 J2 q8 a" _9 L C4 W有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 s$ f! R% c+ V" K5 i& g2 p* t8 `