本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( C B! t! X8 d2 r& @$ b
0 B4 M+ E* m& L 转帖 ' Z% v0 K: k# Z' P1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - d. g" [1 c+ z1 T! W" t! G * K; ^# l) E$ U3 @7 l例如: + m: Z+ b' _6 ~1 P+ K" o' H6 @ _! k* D% F- I
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). J. m# R, l( k7 m6 L' p7 {
, ?) S' l/ N- ^3 cThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). x# H2 [* X- J0 W/ g
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 g9 e& q b# q+ G1 ]* d: Z7 c + l5 e6 D' X1 Z$ t. {8 ^7 J' G' jThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 i( `- k* S! m& }0 [
6 @4 D+ `2 q3 H( w( CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " Z# q# i. s i. T 9 x8 V/ R2 H$ D! vMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- b/ L$ X& ?0 ~0 ?1 p' I* y
! @# B1 d& t3 r% D7 M5 O+ e7 pWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) h4 H! Q1 G4 a6 R
8 q& j7 q1 ?) ?The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 L1 f$ {5 }4 U$ v- |& J# _ ( D c2 ^; w \1 u% b3 \4 n$ YWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 G9 y1 x- z+ A4 p3 q" A3 Y0 z. k# e# _: z3 V+ U0 x
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( \, Q: k7 A t- ^- W' b+ p9 x
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! ^! R& C- i$ ^' _$ P 2 s* N8 }" k: H$ X# c 4 ^& V6 W2 G, n* k2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * q& f# n0 F8 [, B 2 b. ^, U( L4 x% G4 W! K例如: 0 C: x% V7 ~; ]6 G$ D $ N2 Q2 }$ }/ y5 R% p; k6 d. tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 o& u% E) ?0 Q- \) }9 H - Z V$ c2 a+ K: e5 j2 V5 F! vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). h3 ~# a9 e1 \( x/ e; W
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / Z) h, A4 O! `! r% V % ]: J7 ]6 G9 kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 _( _+ _! A' K' p E+ N% J8 ^& z$ J; @4 sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 F5 V {% B; p2 p, j0 M1 ]
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 d. F. a/ o2 j- X- T
' r& K: o1 D1 W- n4 `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); V _4 ?4 ^3 Q+ S
B! _: c% c: q3 w如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) }" A) I4 e7 t5 ]/ A
, B/ J1 N" ?1 H% B# ~4 QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), w9 C. k+ b9 v* V! s7 Y
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( V9 M0 x' M6 x
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 C5 l! S2 E3 c& e4 I! J $ h" y9 W# z2 L3 [9 d4 UHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 _8 X2 l0 ?1 p d4 r 9 |+ p8 B" I; [! g a2 F8 DWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % F8 B7 o; w+ {! G1 r7 T 6 Z* l# X' f. A6 l q/ \* @Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; P6 F$ v" m K, j / d+ y: i! S G. v! R2 @, c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 X9 E/ i3 Y% P
# G/ h& K5 G: `; {此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , Y1 a2 O+ X3 b0 b! h$ r8 m ; z6 [3 j9 z+ E j+ r# Y$ v* a" R2 B0 Z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. p# d* W" V: [( V2 [9 t
5 E, [; Z1 G+ s% b例如:( \ X5 `5 p4 L9 q) d, K
0 f- G1 b7 {7 ^) iMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , e: Q& i7 N# r# b# x- R' b7 ^8 @4 Y7 N4 q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), w# k8 Y7 q2 A$ L
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 T3 G! D5 Z# c Z1 k
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" l/ e& m/ l1 _" e) m+ }9 |5 B) T
" x; W" s: X+ D& |% g0 M6 m) q# kMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 e( \ s" E0 x' E% {8 g; i( U% X$ ?, M% Y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 n: U6 c) S- c& x7 n# n3 p t) U+ Z3 O8 P
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : O) P7 x1 {5 M% V0 z7 d ! h) S4 e j2 k; yStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , ~0 H+ H0 R" h4 H6 R: }' {) f0 Y: o+ F1 K3 u( B
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 e! i8 j- m3 ]
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' B& H% I, \0 Q$ S8 G2 {3 s
1 @/ t, h/ x* ^$ J+ R5 }/ g/ h对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- Y: `; G' E9 Y% V% v
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : R4 j4 q# d( U) n' i2 a7 Z4 l. L6 L j6 ]% \
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , h) v m1 R1 z1 g 0 q8 C) @" e& `% b$ o* x" t对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 r) ?( M6 J3 Q7 B! z 8 D5 f) l9 B$ l8 n+ F至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; r' R5 d( _ ]. N
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - H/ t1 C8 @* P K* t9 d9 q% y" H : M- ~3 Q2 F2 H. g' f3 v有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" k& H4 p- c$ `- S/ O6 g