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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * m; g5 @3 L* U: t, t 1 L% M" _' l' [; j e( I例如:" g# o) o/ X! }; H1 T" ?; D
, |9 j# |) x: E5 \9 `3 JMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # {) @% Q9 k! ^1 ~ 3 y1 }: r, b( `8 H6 P+ U3 @! aThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% @; l7 [. B1 i( z T. Q! B* O
8 L( M+ c$ E# r8 T+ sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 h) f0 k) ~7 @/ o) E3 C * |! i6 F" ]# J' h3 `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 R3 R4 {* R$ P. c# F$ R- u/ r+ C/ U3 l' Q7 k4 O" k0 z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) a2 [* Z* f4 o. H% F6 |$ [$ I/ Y+ P, D
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; y# T: j( L8 t! Q3 _/ I8 p' k* p/ }8 |
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 N% h! P& E8 n) F' I- R- v% P. b 9 I4 L; a8 f" ]# J+ r7 s5 {The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! y* f/ y) R5 w+ ? & \ z& Z+ |' p8 ^7 H% R: G+ a0 XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 x& o4 X" U$ R 1 K( a3 T+ {: t; r/ a+ vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); Q# s; O w5 u! X& }9 D) L
8 \ @4 D4 A' ?/ B) V: b2 g7 C这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " A8 x; a! [" i3 W8 l" U% \ 4 L6 B# o6 d9 \, V* n$ }9 J 2 e) ]$ s# Y( v) D2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& }2 J! o2 r. U2 l# k
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例如:" i) t0 J ]# M2 i" }: Z
! v4 d) X, u3 f0 x' iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " z! A; g# w( _2 V% h1 Y4 S6 E 4 b0 ~" ? Z w; W9 n }Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 k( Z& S! ^- o+ i 0 {( k) Q+ A( S; i7 }# b4 _ dI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# `- f4 d! k, K& u) O0 i: f4 [
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 T6 K5 v. I' z$ j. L5 W5 ^! ~* Q' y* ]: z) n( |5 Z; J% O/ b
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * k+ ^4 L7 _; i* Y- A [1 d% S2 ~: F
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ t9 Y2 u6 f0 H6 X! G" \ S7 C & f( h8 `: b# I# T7 n! `9 Q8 @! S1 rI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% q. y6 m$ n; S
& S9 N6 y* j0 C: Q" k; P如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 R, Y" s) D6 T/ X4 U% F 1 ~7 C' T. n( ?; S9 K" BThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ V2 a& p; @- E6 n6 n l) @
, f- }9 C+ R. Z6 T( u6 N5 sThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* o0 m3 V! ], p2 I$ O- Y8 S
8 v V, k) v8 QHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : l; L3 ]9 T5 B$ R ' d u9 ] U5 M; Z3 l- zHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 P1 H) F% ^/ d# V* V% x' p L0 i$ p% n8 R( D5 h/ y! m
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ V" K. m8 e3 _, |5 M1 {
" n7 U& @$ r9 t/ t1 bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 I0 b/ w; i6 _* d% u. g5 I 6 \* n4 c5 n2 D, R$ b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 ^6 j. x7 {, x2 K) Z; a8 k4 n3 U6 U8 ?( R9 T( G. ~* u$ \0 a
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# r8 P5 y6 R1 j
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9 H: }6 N& f& h5 W( pMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 ?: B7 o0 [/ R6 e& i; y
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 |2 M, i' B! _+ e+ u# L3 V9 b % Q. p/ c$ W0 ]This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& o1 S. L. q2 o1 s: E
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); v! Z, n) }& x6 K" K t' t
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * i8 O& v# l( V' S* G) a % n9 m9 ]$ A# j. G3 \2 x" ?5 pPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- B- |: s1 v' }: S: {; F, L! v
. f7 K& ?8 d& ]1 eCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' X7 @% J# G" V/ k6 [/ U5 H+ } + ^1 X. w9 o4 B! e+ p& H, BStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + X) Z3 h: w4 p$ t5 L6 H& H- D# w e& u5 U% D
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - B& K, B4 X* k% s9 u# b9 |7 W( @2 I7 p0 C
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - n: g1 _3 q- Q; T ^& N' f D9 h( O: V2 F0 J, r
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 g' V9 N8 e9 z/ Q$ |7 i$ v; R. t! f1 L! |/ S
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 A% z, Z1 n! @/ M
3 g! s6 |: M6 H6 ]/ y& ~有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " T- V8 z# m8 g