本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * v5 l! K2 y2 a# c; L * Y: Q i6 s& {2 P, L7 R- w转帖, g8 f" M z9 h
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 P; Z4 v0 |7 G! S. h! n( s2 `3 Y
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2 G+ M, O$ h; V" L& b* SMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + A9 Y* g. V: b! z$ Y( C! ?% u ! s1 s' _& v X3 a/ tThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 }) }! r X$ V% |- e9 O
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + }- x0 {0 k! v& z. A( m. A O1 j4 x& K
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 M7 [: I% e" N+ z" ]3 c* h# r+ r4 a4 |: _8 l3 y
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). L$ ~% ~9 R+ y$ k5 |6 r o
1 S1 h3 Q! T& ^/ c7 DMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . J* G/ Y: T$ U. V# W/ ^5 b4 M6 M# ]* @) f5 @* p9 t1 Q# u
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) i' s, c% A) y5 r9 W
* u7 f7 S6 g, ?8 B5 I# QThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , W& a% \- T; w6 i! j; w6 ^4 ^- }" e) Q1 I/ [$ N
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + ]- Z% ~; h" j: ~3 l2 Z! H1 @; e5 b* o3 ` A, r6 c7 {
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # }* D0 O/ u! J- G$ c5 _ 9 `; v S5 v9 }/ H0 h( U2 W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 h7 I6 n" m$ H' E5 T! u# W6 _: q( E3 B1 ?6 P( H
2 ]1 J W( V, S& x! D 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" d: r' x* @; y. P- }; q% x
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例如: : i2 ^4 b/ h I6 w7 v0 o/ X6 F1 G% r7 @6 x- ]
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) E {: a! ^1 D
" n: l9 E1 F" G; U! T1 \. pDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # C7 ?" b. g* g3 } H3 P1 \1 x! p3 [
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 a% P) {5 ^$ R# ~4 M: c
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" P. R8 w& D! x* I: B8 h
3 \$ a5 M+ S- y5 i0 o" a4 ^$ Q! dIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # r) I( k9 Q9 T: d8 u8 i9 ?; B& z " M$ K5 _" F. eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 V5 X& s( P) N4 x& l0 B5 T6 e7 Z& |0 J; G: z9 V1 u
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 S5 L9 q# b) [6 o3 r 6 y8 |6 v% {& m& O8 F+ J& r8 ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 g5 c% B, N/ H# }3 C8 h8 j+ [
3 B8 r/ S+ T4 FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * Z Y3 B! K& t% z! b5 ` ?8 }$ |0 u) q& _) G7 M/ _
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) m# F2 s. x( E- a. {" j4 H% q; W2 c% y7 h, w% D% v1 C
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * M! G. K/ H3 {# \6 C' Q9 T9 L G0 S# }2 K' X
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 z' T$ p- J$ u. N5 A( w+ d# e2 J; ~- b; N" N x, H* ]4 H
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ j4 h S6 T9 l) q
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . ~2 P( @3 ]( R* M( R( K- B; X- B7 M
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / T4 h# _# w G/ R+ U1 v 1 y0 S+ @) m6 Q; N& H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) c1 d* T9 S/ l) u+ w
1 z1 F2 M% b, B2 Y, h & @; p9 w6 G1 e3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; j5 C# w5 b1 z7 V& e; y& z. M! s . Y3 H! D0 F' D# I) x, g3 g例如: 7 @7 p: f2 e& H/ c% p * o' }" X0 D7 BMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 U6 a( V+ [7 V+ f0 ?2 R- b
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 d" Z9 v( P, s/ b" J9 |# Z
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - H+ Q5 [# T: A' J# _$ G1 W / I, T& ?! a' j1 ]; U" L6 fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' Q) x+ w0 s v! C$ ^- B$ n, F + g. M ^3 r; U$ UMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 A# t+ y* H0 D2 o! T8 s1 b+ _ " j" c8 N4 ?/ e& U7 y! jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ B6 P3 _5 D3 B! w2 f
) g5 j- m5 k& I1 CCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * @5 f. w$ A/ x) U+ k( u3 M0 `6 J6 h. j- H% t' s% w$ O$ r( Y& {( |1 ~
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& G5 m$ g) r+ N0 w8 g: A8 _
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- s* I$ ?+ v. u3 w' I. q4 `- g
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 |" K/ k7 R! K3 S/ p1 Q4 Q9 _) h5 ?7 D; K& L
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . k/ a' L- y' ^* N9 C7 R8 [% N. o2 s# F2 A5 U
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. q% {8 K R, j' Y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# n( e; X. r% Q5 v5 |; |
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . w) H: E. H8 |% Q1 ]. q$ I3 z9 \ i, E- X
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 g' J" d# s7 F' {% f
; S! F/ `* B; u& |' [- |" Y0 g还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; Z1 R- L8 [( t* w# j
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. X1 D& o! G/ N2 Z4 f: Z