4 l: }' M( y- Z例如:! v- P: f* j" G3 B6 D; d
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! f, [8 }" [) v9 ]/ ^( @2 h& t+ E* P( }6 B
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 J( Q2 d/ m/ f
" x5 [1 \3 _" sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! W0 g; [0 Z# A) Q$ _8 } D" {, h5 Q3 x9 L2 y! {
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / E v+ S4 g; n* p3 }0 D" R8 V1 [ M; K$ I
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 e/ \5 ]/ \. ^
% c/ [2 r' i3 s7 WMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " u1 \% D7 ~) x9 w5 _. |: d/ c9 C- s5 R$ I
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 c ]( U2 E y6 E( m) p1 V0 Y; J- I
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 D/ q& ?% C* U
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 b- K+ L- z8 o: h- f& a0 H" J% Z
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / v7 G1 D, L6 p ) L, }$ t6 D: A" C( e这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 C7 r- d( c0 v$ t+ ]
# G4 O& Q' h4 c" w8 C0 s& @; X, ~: p' X* i$ q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ a% Q$ b8 E! A1 V& K2 D( e! y }! o$ W" ^% N
例如:3 Y6 H+ x$ G& V/ o. J. Z
7 P. L( x% g' _6 q5 {, n' aAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( ^, h: r* I' c+ U, K5 e/ W0 B" D, |5 V% R0 D7 R
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 q6 ^5 O1 a0 ?+ s p3 c : f( R; ?( n. d% d( _I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; @! X# l3 R2 i# z4 S! U # _+ Y {8 v+ {He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 Y0 v( S2 I ?. X- k6 e4 P5 ] + r/ h. f- i+ q$ W, HIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " o) T3 Z5 U: H% j- l8 B+ B0 [ $ g: x' }9 n4 z* y7 ^. IShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 f- O$ x C$ I5 P. }0 A0 c5 s! y$ m5 c& e
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 ]4 }/ V( `( \, y3 g$ N4 }' d/ W/ x
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ {9 ?, t5 |1 x
5 S) s N6 `( W9 \: C# ]The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 Y# K8 d. l( V- H8 J& e2 F& B$ p+ w* b+ m
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 c& z4 R& G4 [0 Q : e/ p" p; n2 Z' G; cHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 ?% x# S2 N6 ]0 D, V) B5 B* |
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 V$ v8 g- R5 X" U/ V7 i# J 8 Z' h* M+ B5 ^' FWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 b8 }0 R4 K y- {- h# C H1 ~5 q 6 N% `$ c) @, h* pEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& a# E/ y/ x( K1 E
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * I# j, S2 J9 G4 h 8 {# X% {. @- d) _% S此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) q2 e, A% G5 J( ?" ], ^ / d* Q) ~" x5 ^2 [/ D* e$ s1 {* b( I1 d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , ^& U' b; b K- o' e( u; T7 Z( s, j7 U" Y2 _8 B w
例如: * [' Z/ W n) ~5 @3 ]. E- y% ]. V, Y, Z( |6 G
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % e+ w! b7 \( u) q) I; l' z5 n1 v 9 j; t3 c; ?! d% Q# D$ W- D/ YManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 V+ U- L# d# o
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 x% n( v! ?2 z5 Q; X" l5 m" J+ x0 h* d6 R/ t8 [/ v, T0 T; ?
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! h3 w6 M, M3 A) t1 `, l* J / k( A& P3 M3 Q8 Q8 OMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 o6 |( ` C5 V1 f7 g5 d 2 I1 }4 g! p$ s9 u2 A/ c4 D5 DPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* \2 n! {- H6 G* J6 }/ J) [
/ k3 U) c, x; {$ F0 s8 ACongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - A6 b# v; |5 d3 T8 U0 S K/ o & l) i$ M5 X; A% G3 r3 q B0 b1 cStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' G* |$ s8 l! r5 S, b" j; _$ W) W. ?: Z' ?# D( ]
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 i$ _" T9 {2 I! _ " m1 ]& g) x2 y2 F当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : ]+ T" u$ [0 N( y K $ f9 ~8 J% C- Y9 P. u; s) \对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' J% {1 z1 W" j: U# o1 U$ D( M& q+ F' n% w p
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 ]7 B. S/ O, k$ W0 e( t7 P% }4 J0 L4 W% h2 G1 z! U
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; t' |$ P' ?- c. ^/ G* X
8 J2 N" i) @& |5 x& S6 I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! p: y3 @# M6 Q- |+ J/ b* S. W+ `8 W T. i- F
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" _6 \; r8 G) W- @8 G* P. V ?! I- @7 ?
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 v) d5 L$ r/ Z6 }
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 P- ?3 B9 ~5 {