本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; U! s7 R/ x: e/ H8 j$ ^/ M* C
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 ?! S: I' l7 t" L* u' x8 A1 y/ K8 @! m' n- [4 m
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ n4 ?6 r" U7 _% K2 f) ~- X0 f- s
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), j* j# {% j, t, c" B
' t0 @$ `) c# K4 L' UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! Y) `! w8 Y6 q4 I
$ y: ~0 m, Q# ?0 @0 q# k8 W3 NThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) g2 [' x7 |6 p0 `9 A1 \8 ^4 G, r" s; ~
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 a! N$ g2 B. F8 u u3 G " f; n: i! U5 ]4 [: X3 EMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 [; s4 f6 e. @, Z# ]" j4 r1 i4 U. K; _
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 t, C0 f6 O" Q8 l' o8 S& O$ ^
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 M0 q' Q5 j. q. j
' b. l% s) a! R# d: X1 LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 O8 U3 ?9 s" f$ p7 |; f. q
( |/ B/ N, f$ g4 p6 DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" `3 C3 `4 _# O, O
) o6 K; h( S% q4 l& H$ `+ O$ M这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' t7 V. F& G9 u5 j2 ~0 m; I ' Y; j" U- m D% c v) [! u. i! w- ~4 s1 v; ~( ?6 _" l7 V, P$ X0 u 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 l- X6 G4 S- ~0 p9 {$ K: W$ N+ {, _* ~0 b: n2 L! X
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. r) w. @* F" c! F$ rAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 r, P: A7 |( j/ W" `/ A0 L% ~
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* I: V1 B& u6 g$ [! D
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 E$ n) B# {' j
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : O" R( A! v: s# c: `$ G0 Q n2 c) B
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); ]2 L# b8 }: s3 F) e$ G
: Y ~7 Y+ R5 n& H$ r/ nShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 @& \( h; C' p4 I: k
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 d' Q- U. c! M) \ 5 @7 B6 z8 k! T9 h: x. d( }& L5 o+ ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 X* }' p7 m+ z2 K% p$ v , \/ T: Z+ R: s) J0 A1 e: t# nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 x" h, a) [2 n) V& l1 k) M5 n+ M1 f7 y; q& Q" D
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " B3 O8 Y; S# |1 H) a2 }8 F8 Q: l & v' i4 U, [, R0 u( VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 \5 N V3 L$ Y1 o
% ` V' S* K8 {- `He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! ? }& c; Z2 O+ d: R" E \ 8 f6 X/ D8 F6 D+ ^, |9 DWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% z/ v; W( n, s5 s L) M* L9 i
: j7 J' `5 p9 F( ]3 k3 @2 XEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ w5 I0 r, c+ L5 n1 [- m
5 s; P, u7 @; U8 K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& h% z2 b- Q; S. u" v
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' n0 l1 T7 q; {3 V1 K4 X6 p0 ~8 }1 u2 J' O! H. p
4 h& D2 B+ @, B) i7 h 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 L2 i* |6 V' w1 ^( q: D. G) r
$ g1 r9 m- p3 C/ f* U9 g% Z例如: 6 S1 ?& \- \5 i9 A2 U$ w1 ~9 e4 x. N. }9 x* d
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( P* Z ]% T( N( k5 f: n* Q+ i" Y2 h, e* e. q O
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): ]5 z0 F, _$ i% U" i
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ c6 }3 ^5 o7 v) @) B7 o8 X* }9 d* ]7 Z$ C" r* T" h* [
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ R) h& y ?. m5 X; A
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - K' D+ C9 y# G' |3 Y, { : P, h4 z8 ^$ X, ]Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 p+ m# H# w9 v2 U( e5 m2 h# S& ]# r% k# q
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) C( c3 ]1 W7 S8 y3 h 7 l; [9 V. Q2 D9 rStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 v5 a9 q$ \+ @+ d/ G7 ?) B; V0 A1 W1 L2 j
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , F# I2 x2 h3 P) K% Q' y 7 s4 m! R+ E- A3 o4 p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; E8 Y0 ~- }& t# l' E- {/ f) h8 q: j/ Z: `( b2 a0 o8 R
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 U# C/ @( ]5 |% v 1 [8 z' L9 R2 M: V; s" x对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : }) O" K d9 j, x7 m , x$ \- n4 U8 |* N5 V对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 a; q& y) R4 [% k / b/ n7 h2 K* l0 e8 [/ r对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! J8 ?, |8 p& f* J+ X+ u7 t
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % J2 [# N- }9 K% v0 j 2 ^ ]; g1 l4 e! E1 ?# S9 L$ T' \还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - h- P7 o4 r- b. j0 } w$ }3 L5 a4 k' F1 N T: r6 e+ t, w
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & j2 [+ X2 |! v- n) l; S" _