本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + H8 T+ w$ E. h. T! I: Y7 D+ ]. c3 k/ Q 转帖7 k: W! T; ~! b+ S @7 n
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 U% `8 t# f& ~4 ?. K; ]: ~. i( H$ c3 Q' h) K$ ^
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 @) P8 h! R5 ^
, @* O/ i5 M) ^6 A: }' [; WThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ o Z- b5 N; x# _1 I% {$ Y/ c7 W' i( ?0 A$ G+ ]9 g
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % b) {7 B8 v8 `5 W5 E, Z + i( o; }4 z* p, ^; Y; z4 V+ a( xThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / Q4 v: k, {! I* o7 N* p; _ S3 w1 Z9 n
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# Q" B2 {) j5 m
7 h! v* F8 O) H9 |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 l' v. y" L& h5 Y
7 p# ~9 ]! E# b' sWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 }5 T% i; U, O* C ) j, F4 w* M5 ^3 L9 ]4 mThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ Z$ m3 G6 o$ b* y+ R1 U8 u' L
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' U/ ?) W4 B5 }/ K$ ]
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 b U7 s7 m' g% j
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- v- \6 T; H0 c _7 X: W
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6 J( w* ?0 G9 f z% x- u2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ x# s2 T" ^3 k5 z
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例如: 1 O& p& [2 D, p7 ^9 N( { # @3 b1 Y# t. E& Q- gAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 M) E {+ ]; r2 R) T' r9 v# U
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 b( t# u* h- L& U/ V( Q+ U
! V4 O* t/ o" A5 MI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ |: U1 x8 m1 g2 r* g4 z
1 G! B8 o& G( Y# K+ n, f! uHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " l1 c; a7 M) i4 Q! P* k9 t- Z4 [- z: w
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# |$ J+ p" { V1 l. u/ P/ g1 Y
* B0 O; ^4 X! v6 t2 c% }She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). K1 b1 ]$ e7 L2 {( G
7 ]9 |1 L" l+ l8 P/ p# TI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 I; P. p7 N5 t( w5 J/ o
7 @. F* _! p% R7 }2 ^- t如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: l g! I2 v+ g- j4 n9 i/ b
R- ]3 p. r0 l4 VThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 X& f3 Y7 a2 \. A: P) A& i/ y5 R2 c! r/ k2 g1 h0 f
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 s0 ^9 j# a b- A' |0 G4 X4 f. J( `. W+ o
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) m8 W) q% I7 h3 i" n. |
% |. M7 `0 S$ p" YHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 _ D% f. F& O- ~9 F7 D8 {2 n; i8 h. Q) r' {. G
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 U( |* i9 H5 G ]; v" w. i. B4 W& o c A; J
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( ]9 t' }+ f$ l$ [ @8 I
! f0 b7 [8 l/ _/ w1 K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); [% Z0 R- Q+ D+ b8 G* L1 n( G2 _
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 ?4 p# x% m0 \ v6 z1 k; D
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4 K+ T4 K2 W$ O( p& g* u 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 M# w: n" L9 ^& s; S2 d7 Y! \# ?% \# G9 D6 s7 K" y5 V$ Z s
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 V% L l( M1 a' h/ j' ]( w( i0 s5 o0 j. q- O/ V2 h5 Y
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- v0 S- R7 P3 K! J9 ?
0 }- g0 Z$ q8 OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 h5 ` }, ~4 |* M$ {8 F2 K0 a5 V8 s( j9 H
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 p1 L6 G0 S0 F& \* m
4 V9 o2 M9 Z- S# U* ~$ mMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( i3 \" C. @: e( ~' u1 F) ?
) n/ X0 U* G2 U$ m2 JPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), e8 M" o, S& b! C
" v0 G C) c& M7 N" m6 G, f. wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 _8 G! l; g+ _* H$ [* x0 K* i( a& C3 Q$ B7 x; N& G) I) v8 l
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): p T( X& q/ r5 H( v* c5 L: y. n, c
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 x% Z1 O7 R0 ]7 d' E
- w% d/ G$ M, q* b1 a9 }8 A0 ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:7 X, w* L( `- p, A6 G n2 s+ d- l
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ A* u4 k; w( j; Z" Y: v
5 W# r; ~, m* @0 m! f- Q' L Q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 f) f. a: Y3 H
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 j# E, V; Q: Y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 v6 J/ \9 S% }, p& J0 ]3 } 6 s8 r+ H& i' \; S# O! E' Y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( Y8 X1 u1 p. q7 M2 b+ @" d0 z# o( \6 H9 G8 m/ a1 r: y
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 g- F( }& n+ g1 A2 s2 Q; m' q$ T1 I+ V. J+ S5 @( y5 J5 o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ ^( ~4 W& b4 o0 Q