本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 ]( y6 R6 v# a. B - Z" D) I- _! x. i* p# P. R转帖 1 I5 \# @- N$ I8 d) A, \: M' c1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* ~* N+ W' C; J! o3 C% W3 b
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例如: 9 M9 U- s" y% v6 g 5 @, s* n: q! [; b# | \0 G KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 g. N* ^0 S) X) j% V
0 w) k( Y" Z( v' O& f' ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 c$ R( W0 A/ }7 K) p& D/ R* q. m" V7 u9 E
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- D, ~% O$ Q2 G4 w4 g9 e
& n/ ^2 c( t6 F7 TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + q; z( X- Q0 q" U 7 C- J) q7 j, Z) E* H! N. @I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - K+ z$ ^7 `7 E; W0 H) u& {3 C8 G# l' l7 g. ^ {; K- I- f
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 J: l# L4 N2 w+ @
. b3 [# ?! y: q4 GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 R, g: W; ^3 R% f3 b7 v" X
* T' P1 R3 [; y* Z) p4 i, L- N6 x0 YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , r% l7 V4 f1 r3 c+ W4 |3 }0 \$ Q C7 I. A+ d5 X$ z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 X6 A. B. [/ b8 Z' A8 M0 E# s" {2 O1 _6 W
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % b4 G/ d) x% \, S! r 9 `9 O0 o3 K2 [3 D这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. X* y# N. ^) J6 u5 I2 i) l, M
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0 k. J: i5 k1 l$ a1 E9 d2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 u8 g; u5 q( a* t, r$ F 5 K# }1 x7 k% \* }例如: . O6 \2 f; l5 \ a " ~$ J/ w: q2 @1 |" |% w. nAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / h2 h5 P; b( Q' x ^3 R7 ~, N7 G f+ R# [6 K- \' v
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) T% _6 u& _& i( C$ ^. v; G8 v2 { K# s
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * [0 |3 g. h+ k5 A6 K" u( e! a, P% n( s1 P
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 w$ P9 ?0 H1 \5 ?$ `( S# E# \4 A' [
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * V; j; y: S" M! R8 j# K- D1 p. D$ \
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 O3 x0 q, }2 Y D 2 t3 g+ F: v3 C9 V3 kI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 m7 y& j9 g- M8 F. v
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. Q( @6 o& C3 ?" U
7 y2 E) k& T; L/ H" e# GThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! h9 ^6 R6 I M+ k, h% N2 y
0 U* N8 i2 k. |: J( lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% r1 A. G7 h- Q8 S% ?6 F8 z* O
( V0 P8 w% R) oHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), \$ E9 K2 l0 ]7 i. k% f6 r
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ Y% B W/ J. z
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): ^- u$ W0 O7 {0 }+ T" W8 G7 T5 N
c6 f- o+ w+ B+ Q' H! b8 {% `Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 O# k( S+ h6 F7 r% c- C9 [, Z
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 X0 j- R) e- i: f4 K( p& a" ?8 B. i, t$ U+ }- {! q9 N* V
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( Z5 I0 o; s3 q5 U0 `( T# Z9 h8 D# y! i- t+ _! W0 d3 \: x
) h0 [6 l1 I/ v3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & H( z% V9 v. c- C! k" ?9 p* V+ J4 J: m5 I' X
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & c9 S* K# M# |% n ; \5 j. o; w7 K( \4 c# K" s3 oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 \; q7 l5 w+ I; m G# I7 a' y% S
' O' e M* P/ u1 T( a! Q! mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# q3 W* ]6 i' |! V- q
, |- o$ A* t! i7 RHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' m5 j* `' c& ?" N# q& n* p9 W
/ I0 m* H- h7 X; b. E1 mMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- P6 r5 a. K& E8 t
4 p' a) z# n! K6 |Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 i5 Y3 h3 L* S% X
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 o3 T& A6 L% p
( Y. b) S6 T6 ^0 u% S4 pStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # \) K8 ~' x- s: ]7 k* A8 B7 s4 w8 A' h' b1 d) G
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; z7 e$ [6 t7 j) C3 T0 v3 i : v( t0 D* ~# n" Z& o( S! D9 d' h当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! H8 M& v8 |% s, l& g9 } 7 d) `( k- {9 J3 S' Q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- n6 o. `+ t. G# }
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% @. o5 C3 L3 L' N$ u