! ^" z2 h& w8 ^5 ~Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! @9 K3 r6 V5 {. p & G9 x) ]& p9 J* J6 U/ V+ EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 V0 p" f3 d& G+ B
7 P7 ?, c& h3 ~- sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " h1 V# \. A1 I; G 2 ?$ f( A0 L5 ~0 h. A+ mThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 t A. Y6 T) O% M( u
; c ?1 G4 u8 H ^% D" XI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 m; d0 O* A! m# N : z( u7 L- n; F8 h- {; _% u# ~2 q4 EMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! {+ S/ F* V* N8 D$ e Z
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 r) k9 N) e, }
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ D T0 S2 d) X. v
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 ^+ l2 r" O% `/ {
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 B P; T: O# s a% [ 7 u# l3 M i1 k+ e这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 N) r% W+ q7 _2 ^
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0 I% @0 b3 V" j& R" r6 @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 M9 n1 X W' R8 [9 N* a& M
S3 H. K! \2 x5 H/ I0 }例如: ) G2 Q; X6 x' t" } 5 C9 S5 X3 w1 PAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , ]2 e) a( Q1 d9 ~! j# S 2 \1 s' I- ?. ^! I# ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) x" T$ H/ E/ g& R0 t, n) K% z, E3 ~4 ~* S9 M1 l1 r
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ S/ g& |) ^& U* [8 K
5 M G9 M% \ \1 A3 o! z; A) [He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 V7 w) [) O) m! F! [3 E# ?# s. E. q, e
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ e! v' G T- o6 O; }) `
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 B+ O4 n7 ~( m. G2 U
0 Z/ A# T, o) H: i6 V- ? l2 vI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : n- k/ R- d4 ^& L% o 6 q! f* }9 S' d$ p如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 ?7 d7 ^/ ^% v1 ~" {' n
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + e' v7 Q% E2 l2 E n9 u' U9 U6 f) B5 N+ V/ u9 e. V$ v% K
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : ~1 X4 b% ~, J+ e! b, z2 W( k0 f6 {6 d3 O2 w
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - z' T' U3 l) ~: M* V1 ]. {8 h# v3 u7 t3 m4 D
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( X. W& T& V0 t$ C( `, d. O
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' v9 @/ U* q2 S1 f
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" I9 H3 B3 A* i. T [
; b3 g. a( [) H8 f# _4 t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 S- {( s; `" Y; C" d# H0 {" f; u% f6 h
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % Z9 g, Y" w- r- @' ~: ? % l B5 P- u7 D2 h2 ^3 F6 ~" V7 r, ^2 \& A2 i N 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 U2 l% }, X$ T" s/ [* {, W8 G' A 0 X' g# ?8 g4 _; f; G例如:5 o$ y8 X/ l) v% F0 y" o
) Z$ }4 z/ k2 T3 E6 H# \2 N* J' PMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) W8 T* r4 `, ^2 w4 r5 t+ K. t
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + b1 r2 E' `. l$ z7 i) d% @ 6 b; M$ n5 Y: \7 b5 N. z u& C, c1 g% WThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 n: h. W2 P8 p+ i2 o3 g4 ]6 V7 {' y/ |
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " k! D4 K$ B* Q" c" m: p5 v7 G9 b; x 5 H8 L* a0 F. ~- b$ p- SMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" T) ]( L! ~: b5 R' k" k* t5 b
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 a- z; b/ ^+ ?# D) p' D ) ~* }6 r6 ~+ W! MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ e3 ?4 _# m: i5 b/ o
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 w2 e0 _" N! w u! N- G: _; U 2 T9 J6 c5 Q7 _; v+ y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 k. U! `. V) z6 }3 ~# x" l ) y9 E# W; u0 H) r# |! u当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , d z+ y9 n' c8 u2 [ ' X5 a4 }, v6 w/ d对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 L2 _9 d/ C3 s; e0 m ( X* G0 Q! s. E! R2 w0 T9 W, d对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' k; U* z ?) M4 f/ u5 i8 h
$ V+ G" J h4 n对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 f |$ d% K/ T9 X# x# s# W
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. }) C S7 \9 U
1 C5 f. Q J ?4 q+ a3 y5 D; \至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " b, P9 p7 q+ h( J" Q6 O$ z4 F! w2 ?7 J5 n" j4 ]5 X. L8 U
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 k2 ~7 G; _1 Z' V/ g
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' W5 W, h' O8 G5 T9 e