本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' k& @( x3 @2 T d# m' c# O
6 k: d/ p+ m) s+ Y/ u( B5 b 转帖) y. [7 ~( b, j4 W9 ~
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) v! x; H3 Z! g4 e4 d- T! K/ C g9 R% r
例如:' }$ x* c& ?' |! [
: t5 l9 D; H! b
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 F0 J3 @6 C. h q9 y7 A! I6 C7 f 8 x ^# r1 J ]4 G9 k% _8 Q$ n! ^Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" y) U9 X) z# _5 {+ \( |
- G4 K/ U. l" G2 k% R2 _9 T
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & |9 a' V9 X4 H+ @5 d& L2 ?' U: \4 w4 | V# T: G# A. s
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 d& ^) y9 t" i3 Z( e; ~; ?7 I& _
! _9 [3 N, V$ YI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % J% m9 p; `- O, R+ D , _( Y1 T3 m3 b/ H! J; tMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 F2 \! {! V9 v9 Q/ _- |
/ \7 A6 v, |" w7 yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 U0 ?% L" D8 P. w1 n
* |$ @2 _- T. n* [3 d/ QThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 Y; u2 ?1 B0 } N7 u8 W r $ @- A* W* E; U" AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ C% C( T' q' ]& t; J, F) j
$ p5 q1 z+ L0 O, P) v; {( ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), z8 i, z! B3 G$ h& Y% I( `
& E& l9 N0 y: x. O# ~: Q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- p9 P* ?; q M( R( @/ m
# v5 L! \/ J1 G3 x
. J2 Z* n0 I- R ~. c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* S! X5 g& o6 Q# \
' \2 S9 ~4 r$ l8 S: M0 a例如: 7 L3 e- B# |1 S1 ]2 a8 r" w # V# _+ i# p! m" G7 i; RAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / k3 n% t! W$ Q7 M6 x ' L; L* h" N& ?; ` n1 u: qDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - C# Z# _' d9 ^ & i* R$ O* q' ~ V: ?, Z. b* L. wI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). N, u& G+ H! q: t. M
- C8 i& i$ M4 l8 [( dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 P' E" L( D, l Q6 b- v+ S# w 1 h1 i8 S, |7 G9 g8 W GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 f6 l% f+ Y3 b \+ H0 U , R& Z5 {! Y* p. h2 D2 D3 n) D$ W7 LShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + w4 [( G ]: y" g4 n1 } / Z. M6 f$ F& u zI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) _ M0 L+ E, \
6 _4 ^8 n: ]' q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 A1 l" l7 M- C! Q0 K8 I5 Y# b
; K) J6 Y, b2 RThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 m, |" V+ P4 x2 Y
" \2 y9 A, C7 Y
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) o' P+ e& |- p9 V I8 k2 c5 e
: x/ G; m+ P0 y9 h f( W' K5 g
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) U; V! w, Z0 p
: C3 Y' i6 y2 X, K4 W1 Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) S" o4 V6 {& f, u- d ! x8 V9 u, R3 E ^4 Q% b+ h9 p' l8 n0 pWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . ~! q( J& r/ I& A( e- O* M& h- I& M$ Q0 A& M
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 Y' W, h' [1 x3 @) j- E# l( Y. i ! m2 Z8 Y0 d; E' S5 C9 E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 |6 M8 o, g# s% G ' O$ Q5 T& u+ f% |此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) e* F+ @* x3 j& L) x
8 M5 l! \2 T: e; ^7 W, E _0 T! `, @2 N
: L7 L0 ~# D1 D3 [/ o6 q) f. C 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 `9 O* Y# t" p4 W! m2 T9 M
% ?/ [, z5 y8 A) [5 W0 [( y
例如: 2 t$ _. i5 T/ h( `, D& n, a: z8 ?& k % r! E( t7 [# K6 G$ u1 H" @Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 l) a' p* [4 T, R% ~ _- J$ [9 b9 v" O. u4 d* U! Z
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 Z0 u: t( O4 l+ i# N2 y7 R1 e3 Q6 r) G
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! M1 D7 L& a. e5 p ; T; M- l; g) j, C! o/ CHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) j! r, t/ z. y3 o* ~) M! R h7 o0 e" m& i0 A. A
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + C6 r, f, b' ]1 X; R3 X8 ]5 h4 t: h, |3 E0 {* L( W; r, w2 B
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & j q" c' y7 q( m$ h) f2 z! u. {( `2 _# E: n
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . b. ]4 T& \' a7 M/ _' ^9 k( X! J! i% d% K, ~
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & ]8 e/ |5 d5 Z* K4 _) p& `% T7 S% A9 K. C0 d
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! p3 [9 [; A) T7 w/ i' d( L( c8 \# r4 w o- O
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* G& T- m0 R# Q# [+ [6 C7 q; k
- G" k' u4 e2 \ m: E; I% Z; `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 Q5 r/ o" E, L& S; K0 A( l+ k' v & v( F$ I" W" N& p3 l& B对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 I4 b, n, O6 i. B2 X% R/ p
! B0 B( X# h) L# U至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. I' n ?/ k6 p( v5 ?1 U' W
d- M& T" B1 `8 v. V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% ^# @( M( }+ M
0 O4 K1 m* c& A" k" {
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. G( B- S2 W" N9 E" ], B