本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . B$ W7 v' E" X& m& k' f/ T! Z2 ?- ~0 e8 }7 g+ U* E1 W 转帖 & h# Z8 d8 f3 L y. ~1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 }1 j* b+ [4 G$ @
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7 ^" f, p& K* n& y1 {. `* rMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 \8 [: t; Z0 q6 g$ I$ |) E! p; c5 ~ P" G! F* e% T
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% P6 Z0 p; F( l0 V$ N3 m
! i5 {' Z" ~# t$ V6 B# |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) M8 V9 D; } _0 _0 u
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 K; f9 e- ~$ `$ |2 |" F
& H5 A9 M' ]! S' j& ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " N. A: F& h" Z8 Q4 {1 @0 [# ^1 b# ]
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). _' i5 n. o. z+ y" l! f
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & b6 u: j' L9 T1 g: S7 u5 j" G; b0 ]4 j
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* C' { |4 A; ~2 N( ~0 t0 o& S
/ g: d3 v# o2 L6 t1 x: xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 U0 ?, L3 i' a J! B* W- `1 }) [1 R( Z) s4 M+ ?$ p. Y: i e
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- v, @& N& M& ~; w4 c" ]
5 m+ c0 t4 @( B+ {7 s9 ?& `- E这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 _ z( R5 ? d2 t * C+ F" u, Z0 @8 Y2 d6 U; z" o1 a) ]+ @' I6 n' J 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! E5 ]$ ?: d9 H" q5 y& @& e
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例如: ' j A; z0 k6 B4 a $ i. v% N- a1 q5 n, {- fAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 A7 r3 X0 z! N4 r
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' X& _2 A# Y6 X' t! S" y5 F1 T! K: ?' P, X! w- q6 e& N0 x- K' _ h
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), W0 g9 [* |9 ^5 J4 r
' O" q5 r7 W& _4 p! r0 t8 QHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # ^: V% L' F% c" i8 M& o7 p& z5 @% k- \ L8 ~, e
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& ?- N) n, b5 W6 s; g5 z
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 e% M+ o) Z! W# q j4 t4 ~$ U3 A9 U
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - ]) {- L: v' \% h6 k7 }" J; } M l9 b% |2 Z" T4 j3 Z, K
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % d. J' f5 w5 A% @ : a, a& V6 E* [The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), G {) s/ V# |7 N
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) @, s, j" v1 C3 v- j
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 b9 d: X d) a % q8 s! e% Y/ W( {0 QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / z3 @& b0 v" J% R. i) V. a0 ?' f, G" }: P- O1 Y
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " V1 Z0 j6 W5 D8 n: P7 C X" w4 @4 ]. B3 L. q9 p4 l# ^! l7 u
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - V6 [' ^* w$ _* m3 }& X% ^' n* q+ U) w. J1 M" X2 G/ D
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); n/ E6 d2 Q( Y& a) J. X
9 U- M0 z* I8 I5 k, \0 Z# K$ i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' O0 y7 m; R9 r, M
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( u5 Q: f0 _+ Q& \3 e( [/ Z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 Z0 |* g$ c' G! k2 x' W' q* @, `2 i" f- E' k+ b, |, e" D
例如:3 Q' W' x: P( I6 X# [! T
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , x% }6 a- m/ F: U # ]; r+ F$ }/ w/ M( sManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 h# X. o- A$ F* N
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' V5 ]% m( p4 B
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ T5 E7 z, W; Q
! Z: v& E7 W1 f& V0 QMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 p5 r8 c* L2 e$ Q+ B' ~
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! ]# n0 c: G3 ]8 f. W% n# M
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) n1 ~. V5 v. h7 s" n, ~+ r$ N: J& y1 N# ]* i1 ~# x d( B
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 @- p/ @0 w6 ]2 |$ `/ [6 D/ a8 ~6 z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 g0 S, p9 [' J7 j
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- B# t6 Z# @8 z
4 E7 K& _$ h5 p: m* t对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ @3 b$ b+ Y* X0 S $ P3 p f2 c0 Y' f) I5 l9 n对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 I8 i" p. z* _: k
" N4 [2 U% b8 o3 s至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 P/ U. X% X0 g6 d* R , u% q' h, f0 K! E' y5 u还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" l% S7 W2 Y3 J. j
+ r) E( J0 v J) b+ q- L, G9 _2 I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! y6 [- _1 m: m7 K