本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 W- n' `8 k( o $ h" H5 u0 J( T0 l转帖 ( a) }1 @3 Z) _- \1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 \% ]' H* {5 z, w, x% E
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); M. s1 O' f# Q* T- d, ]2 g
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ~! m. r! y2 G
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 L4 E7 P, q2 B# a
: ~& T8 z/ \7 TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ V$ M7 y) Z5 @" c# r' a3 H% B
: a1 K0 Q/ _' S: ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 L) M; O- t, G# `
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % O+ N8 ^" j- \; N( ]4 N7 v8 h `3 T
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). }! t* V3 j9 R4 p+ j: i
( w4 ~1 e" Y1 c* ~6 L1 O2 g7 aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% T2 p' q# |& c0 g' g8 k: M7 z; z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ H$ F( V) u3 \9 ^
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% W2 S) G7 j; I. r9 P x* z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# Y$ L9 v9 ]3 o3 A' z
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1 ^" i) ?, H4 X0 ?4 u- G2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 `6 E9 F8 y( D1 {8 ^& R4 B0 q# V6 c/ B0 o
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 s. s! S) k" }6 A0 D+ z
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 D: C- q f# |! P2 `
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 g5 n2 p5 Z e' h7 Q# T
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# z& C/ ?+ |* v3 m* \6 h
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); B' h7 H1 h6 C, X8 z
0 x& r7 [% j+ W) q9 c/ h) pShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' j) r+ k' l3 @+ F2 |* Y
/ q5 P) N8 m+ P( T+ u" K0 t! n- Y4 hI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): ?% u, e+ {5 |5 X, z9 N0 H7 e& n
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 n+ z+ y: I; o) q3 `6 m
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% z, S4 U% Q4 O; { |/ T
l. T. Y! C: w6 L) dThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 F5 S$ Q$ P1 w1 x6 B 4 @6 x, F8 O/ t7 J* s7 DHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / o; [; h& I; X8 j- _2 R' ~* L 8 I8 y7 P! Q* I$ M2 e/ @; kHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 ^) l4 S, H4 d _4 v& N. E
: ^6 A/ H' b& p7 P7 @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & W3 n0 {, b+ o. h- Q& \1 |1 E% V, y5 l5 t& `" Z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " O/ ?2 k# T* |8 E! h( B7 k2 L1 o6 X1 `" [) X, v8 r E
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 _4 Z, \2 `: t6 C! o0 O. o& _6 {: q+ V2 F1 B
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / i4 a# m5 V% f/ a7 f8 w5 _2 I3 C: _% Z& \2 V. E: O" C
2 e" ~4 W" a& l5 g6 w3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; L7 C) i# E+ f4 V' d2 e( t+ {( B& V+ y9 x: `1 W
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ c: T- U$ H) _4 @1 G; L1 P / P' A$ ]2 d) J) }, @, m; xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! n6 T5 l) j$ t; ~, @5 X* N7 ?( B/ x8 C! \' B2 Y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- G& v, B+ y3 x& p0 I
) `5 J: {6 ?) v9 j: Y& c7 H; BHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ ], \0 E" Z( m/ s6 w+ W) n9 V
' R6 I, U/ ]1 f9 M$ qMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / b5 I1 T1 R8 Q0 ^& y( } . |3 z1 H1 u: SPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 E4 u; o1 f( C% h1 s V; ^ % ]! F) F7 K8 u# m; K" zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 w5 K+ ]# s: X% n2 N& Z& c! X3 ]" S
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) r$ ^! M5 [# W4 V, x
; L7 R# r5 x C% f3 s* @ B$ s同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; Q0 T7 `* q% s$ H; q8 m
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 c0 I9 G ]0 `. Y # R8 ^; [' w2 V, Y2 A- B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : S% D! U p' S) V% j k) d+ v! ~8 K- f& ~% Z( K$ G
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;; L) S# n) ]+ J' y A7 M' f