本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & _9 k# K( Y$ y+ p1 e g1 x9 C7 u" b% D, s4 p( {. }2 h 转帖 0 Q) Q' |4 W9 p' V. E4 j1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 l+ \# Z+ w6 |% g) m' D( L% Y: w 0 H& i( F' t4 O7 f例如: * ^0 a |7 _; [ , z; z6 p( o( \5 L( G1 d& U/ NMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # ~3 V. F1 M: Q7 R5 t( P/ ^. H) `# E: V
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " h6 m' E: j: I7 d+ v9 ` , q! U! H/ Y) B/ m' XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 b p' t4 j2 W# `8 h. l% c & O1 T9 K: q, {. S6 e9 h( rThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * k* K* T6 W/ x3 f( L # Q" \6 r& c2 v3 L3 Z9 dI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): s' l- b6 V: |. B ~8 V: p6 Y
$ R4 P& {: z% m+ J V; tMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) d& U9 ?! ^- Y& n
- I: Y" u# Y$ f: \. o- [We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 D: R( ]0 \( w- B* p+ n2 [ / |3 x! H, ]/ o$ |The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) K9 o2 I) f0 s" K/ e3 z0 v# G- i5 d6 B
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 h. Q T$ [! B0 \. b" q
/ c4 X! a8 l2 d1 ~, O$ F; ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- N7 G( W+ s/ e/ ^& a$ j
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" T" E8 x$ c3 G4 l
/ V/ U. E' A$ U& [ 8 c) x: P) L1 \8 g- x8 z: ^, y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- k& c( d% V- K0 H) |' \
; U7 R, r' A- E: d P例如: , Y, B W9 l! g; }$ D! o6 I0 h$ o $ Y! i- X- E- Q, RAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 F5 U3 x7 y' ^7 _
7 ?( h! R! F& r3 _: r7 E9 `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) O4 C# {8 _. T4 _+ U% P
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% L2 O/ i: w2 u" @: `& ]% V
" w. U- a. [' {He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); e; [! y, A' g- k1 v: C
( b7 R1 K6 A# m9 yIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 f% m8 y+ ?! G2 _; m( u; {# Z# Q
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + }) z6 [$ l6 u+ l3 O3 K O4 A4 O' G6 ~
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 N: Z! A% ?* S6 A' F& Z3 G8 e- {/ E, @/ f+ {5 a
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 k) j$ X; `# m! Z2 w2 o& U& f% D
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). i$ z) h, u* {6 I" V
6 O1 u$ R' Q( u' EThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* v6 A b/ y. r: Y! q( v: Q
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 b4 [8 P( `& c/ J" u- d5 G, ]3 J8 b8 U* s2 `9 A, I; ]
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 P% Q7 w# \- V' i' ^# Y, Z2 t$ p8 j( x3 D
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' a& z$ e/ [, f2 M( Z7 s5 P1 |" T + z& ?0 T. }4 {. z: `: h$ ^Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' P+ c% m1 A0 x1 i( J( t/ ]
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & m& F1 p% |) _" Z" x. [+ g; p7 t 2 S3 L ]9 w, n; w \: T此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: h. o& Z! A6 S# G" N5 ?( y
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- E+ z: E" f- R4 L; U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( x0 d7 V* J1 {# ~# h. p9 {6 h4 }" Y
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例如:; t1 L& y: k* \$ W% _
2 Y9 K; L% _$ S& T' dMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) }5 M) k, _( J8 G% ^
$ \9 z3 U5 ~7 D! n' d1 FManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) F& c; J# e+ n+ p! f$ w! B6 S5 U9 c" t& N D0 a
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 m. R. }. f0 D: y: ^1 F9 c& j. [( V+ c; |7 h* m4 ]' J/ Z5 n
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / D$ D4 Q4 h+ q, b" R3 v; l, x$ b% w7 Q) q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * y2 q3 d ]! \ z0 I/ A& g, Z
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* a6 i5 Q4 D5 A3 ^3 e
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ c/ J8 \' l# e/ T2 T
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - e8 i' \* W( G! T H5 ]+ f; B X+ Z8 K5 Q/ a同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 V. a$ B9 ]: H. @/ v4 s6 b {; [6 o: i% ~: b. w
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. f- k: L0 b5 T e* h) u
' r; x+ f' s/ G$ e9 o' E" ]0 L8 T3 `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: I% r! w8 a2 x% q/ K; L
9 j; G$ p+ Z3 \/ q1 P对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% h6 D* S+ ] E: m
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * W4 P+ Y: z2 d. k. o# H' d: C7 N2 o4 r+ j3 I) c
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) Y5 t6 ~6 i/ i7 H" }/ o5 [) E ! N" T9 Q+ m6 X; {9 r至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" |) G" ^0 h s4 k% B' _
+ E( ~) Z/ ?! b" {7 u# o$ }还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 a" D/ N0 k' u: b5 A$ ^ 8 X: U A. Y$ d( u0 x/ Y: U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , u) E3 @+ c4 w, m! D( F5 W; D1 u4 g