本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) N. b. f3 M8 ~3 X5 ^" }. [& W
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , J% v6 C R! f& p; X # |+ }0 r2 X' C+ Z例如:7 Q8 j- d6 x+ L0 Z
9 c& B2 S! K9 ~* |9 XMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - W; m! H- g+ z3 z* ]5 P0 T j9 v. c2 K' ~" N b! q' A$ }
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % C' Q; O6 Q! N/ _: G' {6 V8 ]' n ; b# |7 m- i5 ]/ _8 o! Z- c ^This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* W4 A4 ~# Q1 [/ A) A% A" I8 R* i
6 I% @& t4 m* B# D* JThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 q2 j0 |2 Y, I& w
" K. {0 o- S1 V3 |2 J: l- `- DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 i! d2 |) s: d+ }
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " ~/ D, L: X2 n% N; G! F" Z3 X1 Z8 R$ f' d
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 s6 N/ s5 L: p: D3 \3 z4 Z
, v7 @; @" x! Z% G; \/ vThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 w) B2 R4 m" F) i$ R
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). C) }, p8 j8 s N
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - s# e) a8 q( _! S5 Y, w7 G4 q3 F* ~) ^: e: a6 Z0 ]
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; v& X. t+ d+ \; }) j
} D3 v# v7 R% g9 f7 x/ m 1 V9 q# _) V) s4 g/ U2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ Y$ P2 D, a3 \( s, U% [; H; j
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例如: . L5 ?: I+ g/ O! k- m1 ~! D5 p% @" K$ G6 Z8 Y6 z5 r
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 r, B" B4 v% }6 m
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), g9 e, i; ?' I7 I; F% e- V* v- s7 @
9 r# l3 D! l. dI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 R! P, H7 J; ^% u- g
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 i. o. ?2 u3 E1 h1 p+ d) r- }# \2 r- f$ y3 L* }
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) p0 k6 H; o& N8 U 9 F$ i7 j \# ^4 J1 uShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% I3 u- v8 m7 V! T2 K
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) k N0 X& [3 O- a* _& @; X' H( N
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 A. p" [- N. e# Z0 E+ b ' Q3 A. W+ C w& K; J2 O) tThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; O2 y5 i5 ~+ S" j* r, D& H . [) A+ b5 s( d9 f, f: }! `+ e# GThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 I' S7 e) T0 P1 F* e- ?0 m. I
+ S: i: k- l& R- d# B4 b1 EHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 ~) E5 o# i% a1 Y o- ^; z+ Y' J8 v( `$ t# ~* d
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% R* H3 C7 B( T$ k) U# a
- l* X' R) B+ K ~: r; y `We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / c) e0 l2 F7 V- ?* i$ v7 f; Q$ C8 A0 C0 O% p# s7 y& @
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; z6 F- Z0 \+ C/ t ( h- f# d$ t6 D5 p' X) `写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) {( {( F- M5 Q0 E# ~4 h6 B; f, P
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 P0 L' J4 a9 i3 L3 s0 t' H
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5 j# E, f0 E% B* i% p" g) dMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 s/ G7 L E! x$ [. H; Q; t6 r
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + T; A/ g, G2 _* u! K3 ~" D9 r$ m+ F6 }6 Z+ A6 K+ b- E& z
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# X& u6 C. O+ I7 L8 Q
1 |) y9 j2 n* C* B: lHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 `, D P# Q( Z0 R! s8 ~" W ) ~' J) a( T6 X3 E. B' bMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 r% b" A" B) ^; ~! ^2 C . Q$ P8 S7 r& s) ]# y% RPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * d1 p. {6 L& Z- m % N' {5 P: h+ W% `Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / T2 B: g+ V* ~% f! d2 J1 a* ]* D5 K5 k. [2 ?
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + S3 H. S3 X# v, V; l, s! y2 k+ V' W% H$ L _. @
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 |; s% T& u, Z0 s7 J) G$ E
+ @2 H. D# o- C当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, x) G; X% R/ N' k: W' o% z" y/ T
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. i, U$ M) \" m
% t1 c1 X8 [3 r( Z* G对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 J* f2 c& Z6 S