本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # s9 [" R& x2 h. ? # V6 ~1 Q' D4 z转帖; `" q( f" o& e# A: Y. ~, C; t
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# N6 O6 q7 j+ ^2 A$ u
6 l3 S" |$ Q2 C例如: 4 F. L `% s5 p) i 2 R0 ~1 `$ } ^: W: L& [* tMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% [% F7 H3 h. z4 Y1 _
& o% I" [8 z0 ~; Z8 CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! Z; _2 W( h! [ i/ H2 i7 T! N" R
1 y& f7 {5 T0 o3 k7 p# @3 vThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 s8 r: Q1 T, Y1 t0 k8 A
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) M1 Z! Q* F7 e3 \1 k4 `+ C6 o; s' r ]
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 B! ]4 u5 M& N
5 U- ~/ m& w, J' @. ZMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 Z/ t/ b4 B+ x% c9 n% q / M0 h" e1 y* k2 Q( }- eWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 a g" B! r1 L! p" f$ H3 Y- s; ]; N
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + m! _1 |0 l6 b3 [9 K/ M $ h7 [! Q! n, I( U$ d: HWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! o, X4 S4 ~1 t; \
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# ~& {4 U: j5 b2 E
. M! H+ h8 R1 O6 J( K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ W( l5 ^3 e8 d* U+ X
* Z i" ], v, G7 X8 Q+ K. \1 \ k% k- l K3 T+ _7 S3 V# z: i+ S 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 S7 k$ W8 r q9 I& K) u7 {0 |) R9 [7 \/ x: H
例如:9 M4 n$ _+ s9 Z; |
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 C. H y' R; K3 m' f- D ' S2 V5 I7 k- q# F' e) U) MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * v" D$ j* E6 \5 i) ]9 Z# s" k$ E! [2 ?: u3 X8 e
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ u* F8 l3 ~. {. e. F
l) Z6 u: D# ]' ?He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 j3 l; y; [) j' F . O+ D+ J9 R9 M5 F( Z1 RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 R8 g: u& }- v$ c* b( i" M) g1 j2 V6 V1 t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 \, o C9 R& A4 i+ r 2 m$ P* G# }; D/ ~4 L0 rI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) [5 i2 l& }1 Z2 @+ ^. e2 ~) Y! c g8 Y) {
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + V2 Y: Y$ I1 r+ @4 h$ h c! O4 T: N0 x* t. UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 h/ n9 b/ A3 W5 J( A 3 }7 c1 O$ d) WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ H# \7 a3 e/ |1 {0 j2 D# S7 Z' i, U6 q4 t; n/ I+ Q4 }2 V# ~* M, E8 B
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & E$ v2 B. ?. y3 _) A5 D3 p2 ?% H" Y ! g0 v& Z" X- MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 t, n5 M1 [/ C0 t( L# k
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 u' K# ~; z, A3 m
+ I/ S) F/ ]* J5 k1 HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 {8 U/ M* ?8 x8 I
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 W9 n- Y: T( k
! h) K# m9 L% z8 A+ \* V( q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; N( j7 B* B% ?7 m! J
7 q/ t4 B+ b! y/ Q; x + b* |! }( M% ]7 j% b: l: d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 j% S: t W M! A1 A; d. A. K. N& O8 q$ P7 [+ ]7 x7 v
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0 U! j- S/ v+ \9 _: E3 D% e! dMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 {6 h9 m$ d# {! {
. n0 v# A: U/ k. E4 [2 IManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! U7 M" i( i6 c
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' m! _# {* h3 @( f8 J& w. N# B! O3 b4 k' C2 [3 O
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " M- O; ?( k0 i3 y8 w, X: I4 t i ' Q' {+ Y% X9 T: ?! G- _: XMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , o* _& O) Q0 E( y: f& F8 W; P' K0 g5 T! H, z3 `- T0 V# v
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# p" t& R0 i; n% R
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; ?. z$ M! f, C$ j" o7 ]7 f # d( U' \% P( g$ ?Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " y6 \, n$ k2 O7 f, T2 U. ^2 `4 Q8 g4 k
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& j6 |5 x) ]: k' s* \" H
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 A) K/ n. t$ ~6 @3 ^. q, H# I5 t y4 C1 ]6 a
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" @3 k+ Q6 }5 y K6 @
2 {( ]4 p0 H3 ^! B对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, ?+ X7 A ?6 r
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( C* p Y: A8 R( K
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( {+ l. j: @! B( d" m
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 I# y S$ h; E* ^. z6 z, d! L
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. t% J3 c" T) {
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 g! K' ?6 E, V2 R' e$ s S% b3 [