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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 B' J6 W# t# r) Z) V. C" C" G
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' Y4 {5 c0 J4 E6 S3 X# g4 |
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ J1 F# A/ q+ k3 P8 W$ R
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ r: d s4 Y- C: H2 l
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) L1 t! p3 ?; ?7 G# A: q6 m5 j# l+ j, I 7 Q) A6 ]% \, q; RI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % o8 ?: z U$ L9 w: v 1 n1 M# `0 } Y" nMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) o7 _2 e. ~) z$ w6 y ( U8 C, R9 D/ t! Y4 lWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 b# W8 }" [; H3 P6 q: o" Z
4 f( d* `! M- lThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' u9 j, y M% O I# i# v5 T# Y' O# Q1 x
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) c: `2 M, }$ y' y, \
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & S+ G, N" Y/ a+ o* {3 l) O' J3 t- b! m. _
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 D6 Z. H3 y" U- l
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) R ?' S* L# R# n5 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; L6 d% L- m- e2 B1 F7 ]
G2 V: \- ?3 Q例如: & [3 y( }9 l, |# I0 W" [: _ 2 i; D% A( F# Y* }2 Q2 x2 ]/ yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * ^5 |0 R6 F* f3 @. X % w- q; M) h( @- ]* z1 @Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 v g& A1 [- D! ]! h9 M5 Z ]+ E1 S
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 J' G; o0 C" c
% N9 [ t/ {+ ]. q2 Z6 DHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + Q; P6 H7 |' c A' W : q" y) R7 C1 T# z: ]2 u, G R2 GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( a/ \" _0 x! {" B d" b* k4 E% z0 O* U" V! a
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ a. r, z8 x+ r
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 L d( s5 A d2 H' j- @% M7 l; ^ % @$ J" D% K# T) B/ W* F4 d如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: O+ e3 E2 @" U S/ ]8 `
1 H, |( j4 r4 TThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . h* j; Z9 U7 l% m$ ]6 |* ~ " _+ N$ h, ~. [8 ]# H6 h( b3 T# VThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - H5 T/ Z& A; N% P 6 G8 P- X+ o, z+ \. F7 {3 [& RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); Q! O7 _) z" p
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); P+ w9 I$ M$ I4 g
' j: v I9 u. i" `; b [0 dWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). q1 F4 w8 b; Y) L, s
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) q9 O; ~ R6 c# N n- e- q, ^) q. I
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* Z% s' ^& E+ x2 |; j
8 K$ o5 ~3 c, b P5 ]! o此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 t+ X: M5 ?) v0 a
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$ w9 y( M( m" U1 ]& ^) U( Z& d! R 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 d$ Q" _& y2 Q" A8 ?1 J) E
( L( V9 @% W% a' I例如:& m, e. J* ] @) h3 l k/ ~
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( v ?: r4 w+ J5 x! x# o , T5 h2 e) X1 T# p/ @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! ^2 n8 V1 I. g
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 g& [) N& D% c6 |/ F; [% L
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * P: _" \8 T3 f! x / c( u3 \+ |* ?8 t; q+ DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 T( F4 O' k7 |; ]' [1 `1 K9 f: l
% d& V1 H0 D8 z( p. C, aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / S# ~6 P: ~( f9 L, ]6 o: D5 |2 O; p/ s7 q: r
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) {8 c7 F8 ^+ B6 Q" _/ Y
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 D K& R9 |' ?& w# z% N0 v
) z# q- l. g6 m/ P+ G! h5 }, d8 g同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. G/ U2 e! @& t; h+ o
2 m( i0 P1 h' k3 E& y1 a: C7 @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( A" d0 k' x, ^6 K0 s+ P6 g3 e. Q1 {& v
& W/ k. ?% E* l# `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% `, i7 U; F( V8 Z' q1 Y$ r
P# z8 t, r, ^/ @! ~: c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 `( X( f9 V) t' Y. }' C5 ^2 @+ S, w; F3 F
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 M( N n6 c5 J" `0 o/ J1 ]% C/ h5 ]% D4 V! G* y
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 v7 A* c8 W5 D3 j2 o
2 p" ~; u f: Z# o+ C6 }至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# a; V I) `' V) T7 X
- ^/ B5 t9 `/ V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- D' x! \( E7 N5 r8 J6 H/ n1 @
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* @7 t! `& W1 w, p