本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) O" s7 T0 S9 Q& P0 a' K" t5 |0 X e3 D2 E( R 转帖; @2 z u! n& n. q3 o# [5 L; ^
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& `, l6 E. I( O [) F
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " Z% |4 I. e# m1 W/ q , S+ v8 |) ?* B4 e! ]1 m2 uThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( S' }: F/ q9 O# @' b 8 `; g% V( K6 r: F* ?This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - b8 [8 o; o( K4 I# t n/ T+ p' i' @1 `* VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! ^3 q1 s7 B5 h; Z8 d" |
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! l) B% @! ^% u, |! o' y
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 @; V M- n% `. i% o
$ Z' T- Y* q2 l7 a7 K rWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). x/ F, R! o1 J7 Q/ u
+ O [) v7 B3 }7 L+ J( c0 i! N! `# `The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # R9 o$ V( u" J3 X " b3 f) R0 V" G7 o/ ]. w* {We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ H$ U! N; G2 v9 e" Q2 e# e7 ?
( f, G0 A' T0 FPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% c% a+ E( {' y
& n' a: ?4 s6 _& g这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 k4 |8 H0 y! _* E
" l+ p, O4 c* O9 L0 ` - ~% Y" o i9 q0 z Y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 n, B, H, c1 Q X7 f . ^ |, w# z. s( u% B, p例如:% q) ^' [' a+ q4 G
1 T1 m: K' g0 t' ]& H" J" v! mAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); e! q4 v& O ]7 i' F7 S/ {
* d6 \4 Y/ V" z; ^" XDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" j$ D* T& N& x+ b
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ `* l$ `) [. C6 `( P' G! D, f: D E
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 m( q) m0 \4 f9 I7 L \! o, }) s$ E; R
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ Q Z3 v0 O7 y/ m" O8 X+ M% ^: G8 Y
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% T. B+ v9 P8 m& y) l' x3 g
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . X, k) L8 x- y% P6 P 8 M& h. F. d! S+ V) ]如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 @' m" M) [# A+ I: P & H* t: y5 R- \5 ]The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 Z/ w, q' M& B' u* }+ Y) R
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & R0 p9 g$ h _* M, B/ d& g- z 5 w8 R) o% n7 j, C9 r9 _He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) W, f/ }& p% K. L
4 o# J0 Y: P% @/ \% |% RHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# g c/ F" K# S8 C7 c
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* [! O1 |# H9 \* t3 i1 z
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( n9 \% k" B3 g5 U3 q, B2 Q5 X! c, b! y& p4 I+ l. S; m5 S* C, m
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# p* y2 } s# v V
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 B9 Z7 Y% h" _
' g& i; g8 @( g' M: S7 w/ j w* v) A8 {4 O2 X) d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ I- w" H: ?) B5 D3 j
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 p( d) @- x1 Z- Z' }, ~# v 2 _* c3 f4 ]! T/ S5 \( I/ Z" xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 o6 M ]& }- ?: d7 i# |
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 i+ k. W; j* r+ b$ [" s0 g2 t$ X- E! v* h, h9 \; J2 S2 }! W
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( @7 U6 b/ U& ?( d
( E" A6 V" e2 cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' @0 K5 }, s' M9 ~5 u' O. l2 d 4 u2 v3 Z0 r: q2 k$ N- RPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ _4 `1 @0 j R( D0 C3 W, o d' j ; A: s1 V T2 bCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 u& d1 N4 s) u5 n$ g ~) K/ s7 d$ i
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), E1 O2 k- v w: h- [
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 @8 e, l, T* T5 h$ W; G: V0 I e* g! g
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % m2 f- f- ?' ]3 S, H. z- G3 i * r7 t5 A. U: m0 f4 h" ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% k6 E- a+ {3 D Q; j% j' v
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) g9 L3 ~$ N D# {& Q( x 5 R; k" q8 t' [" T0 d7 C+ Y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( I0 A- m# X, X) U/ e- O
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- V6 H* o+ T7 @3 k2 O
_" a" u/ w$ @( [: Q; S. X' D至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 R6 T \8 a, e# O9 |' I, c4 x5 z p! H* c1 F7 z
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * j! @( \, L" F. x1 o* Y/ G: D( {3 X9 i1 B& i2 T
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* W% N# |4 J8 V3 U/ H/ \# B