本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 x! J7 h+ n- X5 l9 z1 O& f" h9 G. ]
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / t( M' q9 z2 O& A& r 2 ~9 h% c" }* |0 X# G例如:3 y* x0 G3 V% H8 G) J) E
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) n& T5 T+ ^/ L8 K6 j! ?2 S7 l& E' p9 O' y1 e
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 N5 r. ^+ |+ l" Z
: e( l7 q9 a% w/ T! n% AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 [/ k/ Y6 v* q. _/ x: ~. c# v 8 l" e A# p6 J! C3 i; \2 X0 ^3 s) {The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 a' A) ^; S! y' N7 W2 D, \
: N$ `+ p. ~& J( s+ k; wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ \; Q3 ~( J# B! a+ N
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' G, t/ H2 r. F$ D! r1 @ ( b; J" E3 i+ q' m& Q+ g+ p7 {We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' q/ l$ s* N5 D0 Z" o" v
" w# B! u# |! v/ w; y. GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 }! K1 g0 S1 @* c1 _9 k& c# _) y2 y: n1 t1 I, T
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% q/ e& ~% ?1 K& o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 y/ L! q2 e. v" u, B% {. v8 }. b. |: T+ R
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: P8 ~) y/ x7 C2 ~! }( n: P
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& d e8 i- V! Y$ n4 ]% O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ `0 w/ `6 l' [7 j4 N/ \7 J, _
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " g) C3 x' m* Y& E8 g/ ^" E& Y1 M( C- c3 `! P( Z. x) j
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 ~% X# }( V" q: a0 o* x
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% Y6 v& b- Q2 B$ Y. e
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 E0 j! U9 M! d3 ] ) E/ p8 \2 U; p0 f) V/ cIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . T+ R* @; g2 F2 Z/ K; a& y3 t7 V% m, n" W$ U
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) D2 s( a) ^" k
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : W1 a$ \( l& j* _/ G 3 R* t( O; ], P. _1 ~( Z3 R4 m如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! M) {8 F+ Z% ?* Q6 _( p- u% s$ i7 _) E" ~+ E2 v. E
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / J2 X: V! R8 A) o. f& }1 H ) ?4 y; l+ ?1 |The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% d2 d( M9 L, |
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) A) ? C9 _: ]* ?7 r* ?. r6 [% o' [4 D
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): W7 U/ T. w6 m2 n7 s$ j% l9 s
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): |( G; o# R6 f F
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 Q, g' b7 P% K8 S, U: i
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , A' u% T: g x( k) a U" t9 v2 c/ s: E* L" H. O
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . a, T0 h1 G1 i. l & X+ ]& T+ R b, n/ ~; O: T9 v) W+ W7 v3 r 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" ~6 o2 h5 d: e/ B
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例如: * G3 G/ q4 K" c7 u1 B( W& }" y ( B/ Y1 ]- Y N4 A9 I& qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) C7 {, F9 U, [/ w. P4 `# v( M0 k. {5 l% {- P0 @! |. W4 v
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 a7 m3 i* |) y- T
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 C% T: f, F6 u 0 j. X3 a. z+ T. u# V& pHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 F; a& e" S- l6 e. P; }
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 e* K5 r5 s8 X; G, b. r) E
; r* I7 \7 N$ w4 Z% ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( D; R# Q0 X, m( {) x) @: d( j# t5 ~# ]% |4 [* r
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 x0 _! G( i# k& ] : h* f4 E: p* t. K& |Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 e' R- l- N1 i; f& ~ 8 I% A$ O: t7 X, A4 F" V' u同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( B: q9 ^- I+ w0 O! ]1 E' ~ . E3 Y5 J* e; ?) }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( B' U/ M, n4 S
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 c9 C6 I, H% b" z 3 Z5 L; d! z, `% _8 g7 p对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' v8 {* c8 l! H& c l$ n0 X# e' H0 L 2 y9 O1 o6 z, N8 a1 J+ W对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& @$ }: C- \! V/ C. R/ l) E( N
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. B4 T9 [* ^/ ]* d* `
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 F9 J, ? ^" }$ U+ k( b + l4 k! ^, q" d6 j% h3 Y' Q" a还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。& R6 c, j# f4 L, M' n
4 O: V7 l0 V V. e) a# Z+ u a& u8 _有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* `- U* L9 G$ b7 t. E