本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 M5 H; u3 w6 J% E! u s) w( c" m / Q6 k- b9 P5 Z' S转帖) W4 h9 E; b6 W7 Q! p. G" k( K' G+ d
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 x7 F( H4 t2 D1 N 4 @) Y% e) W E8 j6 ^. C例如:& C8 }$ t5 c2 _0 t
8 j" P; q; q# WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 B/ [' J. I" ?% i. g* @& T& d
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 c) o0 Z# E! c- N2 y
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 y( V9 r+ R. O; k 0 o3 m, d& f' }* C8 }2 D9 }6 _% VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 g5 N& M5 p+ q+ _" P9 F, K
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) u/ l2 R$ F, S3 t5 {' I
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * D; y' I0 i; Q0 {( G: d& F( `! b3 V8 L( [' w: {' |
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" F. C) c- L3 ~+ o
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ g( Z% s9 J5 x8 B, L/ O
% ]3 C+ R5 B" w7 N! GWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); z+ A' y/ }0 h& D) ?' l% ? `; Y
# J. ^. b9 ?$ kPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 R; ]0 @ Q* J! A/ p" q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! s, K* ?5 W/ O1 g q1 H* }5 o
/ B' R8 J6 m' L+ j/ a5 V; J$ {" j4 g8 y: f( } j& y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 ^ l9 p' p9 [; A5 C+ L5 G7 O: O' d6 D/ F* {: [0 l
例如: 3 t+ a3 B% G' H7 C 8 c: ~* Q; c+ R5 kAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + a4 x! H8 m2 F6 b' e- a0 }: O 3 r( S4 V6 ~% X1 T2 ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) z) G, L! I" |2 |6 M* Y& v% _ ( K! r* w0 E" x% DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) v: `2 |, g& x8 M; @ ' H% V$ p, Z( C6 Z" Z0 D! R. kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + e7 \( @5 q; L% u2 Q6 D' Q' q) p* q! D
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' O! o) @; {' D. \3 r# v7 A9 ~! v/ l/ v; Y3 u8 b+ Z
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / G. N4 x' M& q+ M 8 [- h6 n$ [- M" B! K$ {, yI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " L# L1 Y+ ]2 p/ V/ e; R1 Q- r+ ]+ F0 j; J0 r3 f
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ R4 q6 F- V' m c( y5 @1 N
" {4 X- p6 Y4 ?& {" A/ u/ CThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 q2 R% [+ `/ |# n& S% t
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 }( j9 f( w0 L: g* \- k
& @7 _% b# o) e5 s7 aHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * F( x5 i' v: _/ Z8 [! T, l% G! o : S+ l& N* w( \3 fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! I& `: D4 s5 F/ Z6 q" i" l: A; K G( Q! w/ d% j
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * h) S. m/ X; s( u& H, A : ^2 \! g- {" W+ }# T, HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , Y' A* q& E% U% h, m b5 d# e' |' O$ g
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + Z5 d6 Q1 w& I) e L. p! a& M9 o; y! ^3 Z- _* o, @
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 K* V6 V O& _1 E $ }2 h5 e, X8 P) P; x" f5 q) S4 t7 p o+ ~5 I z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . S! n% P) d0 l% }0 M5 d8 W4 Z! }* m! g0 c2 n8 V- c; m6 d' K9 H
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/ i' t. x; C* ^0 ?9 N' A3 s) iMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ K3 ?6 k. T P
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* p. G$ v W9 J) F
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & G+ R% J R, A; s. ~ ; c5 D$ Z5 C, U( R. u8 s4 o( JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' W, s3 a+ s, A0 ?4 K1 W: b9 k; i$ b. J" l
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # R* R9 I8 h+ `) c1 _1 a ( ~5 ? s5 D, X) S6 aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) q: C! \. L2 B, D
% t# P! v3 d7 w8 h, {8 d8 t: |' MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " O% @7 _6 g+ Q6 I) E3 e8 A9 X ! i$ ~# E2 O7 X+ d6 mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 q r! T9 Y, e8 |4 M, L: L
0 L* A/ V; G) D. T9 v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 ?4 ]* W9 K( A. p( J+ s ~& J$ a; K( h5 a+ H" a当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" \/ p& y1 N% F% U* F- u6 Q9 n
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ T$ L0 `# a' K: b2 J' d+ U9 a% r; J% V$ L1 h2 k; U5 T9 b! D
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % q/ g* u( h4 Q5 h8 r) E4 s5 G5 ]: O& k& O0 Y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * ^5 p/ }2 _9 V+ {1 \. t% L+ X; V: m5 O b
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - u. f/ p8 G5 A( E" x2 Q8 H' i" J7 x9 b- D
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" ~! t/ \1 n0 j2 D* ~3 g
0 s' }7 C8 c/ x' [: |还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 h1 U' R1 h' o3 V7 h6 X# O" Y/ [4 X8 G$ ]; l( D9 b: p% y3 L. s" E
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) D9 w$ `8 ] D) T" \