5 n- O2 A9 E) y; v! f8 ^例如: 9 K( o) V2 Q2 o+ e 2 n: |. `# e( }2 g0 M w U# @* [Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 ?3 U9 [& i8 J7 ~1 B0 p
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ J7 ?$ n6 q, p6 c/ \' z
1 c$ ^' g' @3 i$ S' C) zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 v Z9 x# k. o$ d5 g6 { |+ \# b9 x8 T0 `: E+ J# nThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( G% y) f5 A$ C/ I * }) ]* T/ W. r1 G5 K9 ^4 ?# tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - T+ w8 ^! A* i9 m' D; H: w2 X- L 5 t9 I4 E; Z/ J: L6 ?# @Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): X1 T* b: n6 _, { u0 t* C9 t, U% l
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 s. E7 v6 l/ O" | 1 Z; o2 g7 ?3 E: c; K) @6 BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! V8 T# }0 ]& A. f# i" n 1 {" x6 l, y' w! b1 L% ]% rWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 T( x8 l/ j; }1 u S
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) d) S* ~+ M D* `$ Z x; {# \, Y! I' T( F
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# @6 e8 d5 o( z1 |3 M
5 [6 M2 P8 W0 O* T) ~$ {1 {3 K; w+ ~7 j; k# d. _# h: D& [/ X 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 n& v" b0 E2 |% w& T
$ l1 \ n* F, f5 y$ x5 D+ R9 w例如: / S/ B( v$ Z! V4 E9 ]% P! V ! C+ {; w% j1 X( e; YAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 I# S8 d0 s) i& q* V6 X
9 t* m1 y6 O. k! _" }* DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# b1 i/ T. D) w0 {' @, _" O$ u) Z( K
' T0 T$ T3 S% l; Y& v: H: q+ @& R3 YI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 V4 ~* Q$ a. b * U4 y% T& p5 W8 W- @He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); n& @5 {# e4 B$ J( I/ l
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : F) y* Z& T; C% J2 G - d. L! F( }- E8 d1 k1 sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 \; n: `) N- _! i: f$ g7 ^
. o; ^4 _) ^* U& S- xI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / }. }6 q `: Z# U; M7 C4 M0 s $ F- o% _# X8 e1 @5 E如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 O0 y S( {. z2 y& e. F0 G5 G3 T% t6 ]; T+ n! c/ a4 b( K, B
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 k/ @$ |7 I. W- q) c3 Q! H& U% S 6 L5 U7 f% j$ O0 {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * \, n) u! d- b4 ?! _. s6 L0 B+ G; k& ?3 m" \) }) |6 W
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : ^7 e- M4 @+ z2 v! j. g* r; h: `$ e, y( |5 _5 ^
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ y: B$ A6 I7 w! s3 P6 x 1 c, `2 o' L9 W9 ^( b# ~We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 b( Y W- d3 n8 Z: r2 Y5 J( X6 ^( ?3 h! i9 ?
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ i( Y! s1 R" _2 K0 v, w1 }# o: x
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 R7 Z: e5 i, \/ s8 A
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 `0 [& q. T0 p& J3 p
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$ x( d$ M$ w4 Z: P% I 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 M8 n$ ]4 E" P, [) j0 d& }5 G& B, W3 W
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. \+ I7 n7 m- |Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & r5 q8 r7 l# f T- f% `1 I) B) B# t
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . ~' Q- W( \; b0 f' M0 ]* t+ a9 I+ ^: b% U
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ U3 |2 B) M c8 A' S$ Q1 D
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : _/ p. z5 ]0 M! v; R, i4 s, _+ u $ Z$ r+ ]# {! U+ }: v# n* |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 `) i$ M8 t P3 N7 W5 z5 t7 k! B
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( j3 O/ I8 Y& Q; K) `# V }2 r4 E+ S7 p
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 j4 R$ j6 S5 f# r
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ Q& A$ A" O; X. ~ % c. @7 k ~$ c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; B! @. g6 l4 f# g* c! Z 6 V6 k9 E2 E' A. E$ s- K当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" ?( r2 g. w, p2 Q
; ~1 k& P5 U+ U f& A" m对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 h0 }! {6 {6 q) r% `
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 {" ]$ b" `4 ?: Z8 u, ^
0 r, V6 a- Y, u, i对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& a! ^, |! K( \4 H" s
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & [* _& B$ ^2 C& P& Y4 m3 ~: ] |" _+ n0 h) s
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' e$ z& e. O: Z0 b8 L
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - z& ?, n/ k# n+ B& W" _& T& ` 3 L! u8 s$ l! Z+ ]有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * y, U1 [+ L$ z+ W, A# o; m( o