; i/ V; Z5 L) i! F8 U$ a) cMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 j4 B; t6 d& T/ l
0 }3 B. \; O* b9 p: W* GThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); X2 S- ], t, o1 h; C
9 k4 C9 u0 Y+ _! f' wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& z% ?# H; z5 _0 x! K7 [' h
* T+ X: L# G$ c3 e8 t! u; m: c/ w, Z' J% pThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % K, m( _. V3 z$ T- s% ~- [: K, c7 j- C" O4 ]3 Q
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 q. n6 x. \+ W* }( n
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); ]5 |2 Z/ v6 T: k' i
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& c/ H+ t) V; q- r& f
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - s: h J6 l0 Q, O& I 6 t$ o: B4 ~) u3 q9 AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # N+ A- P' i- M( y( q1 Y0 y# H% C/ y7 C, z+ U7 u) b
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ J+ W( U* i8 e4 \
! Z5 O4 O6 E6 x" _+ _* U这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 h" C5 M1 j0 E& t% D . U& [* M; H5 _) h3 `- g+ d6 P- o. u9 l1 y/ n9 b* Y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- F4 p$ Y2 c& x* H5 M `
' I- }8 t" G' B' N例如: / L( f5 u+ [, j 6 W" \- T, F+ ?+ L& m) @; z4 oAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % s) O0 K/ U1 G$ t4 o, X5 U2 M8 d" a* Y % y7 Z l! d4 d$ EDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 A; I( L7 J% N, j6 R" {( h 0 k: g' p+ P- o! n: o( zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& b- \ \: e% E
( V3 n/ b% D, w( J$ MHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + W3 B7 _$ \5 q+ i, U0 _: ~$ s& k% ]* r, d1 t
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 O4 Y" }& k1 U9 |* O
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) n( \5 r' {+ z+ C+ y
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): w/ c4 Z0 _% b' l* g' x( F, L
" |! N5 h; H% g j. X, N0 d+ u如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) o. {! j; |! S1 b ; k, z- l7 B: Z$ [The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % H2 Q; w) H. c! \ g. Q& O7 i+ R& P$ a1 L1 aThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / S( V+ v, x7 O: k% A) T/ q" ^- I" W% z: x0 K
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# o, w% a9 g, a; Q. C: [$ p% C
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / _) b1 A+ Y. E& f, N( H/ j/ r2 z: Q3 Z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 C* e0 U+ m9 g; x1 Z7 O* W
) ~ p. G5 N5 u& L* {% OEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 Y$ z! a w" W
o; [* m, y( s' b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 z3 v9 f5 J" l
" ]. ]; k2 U2 F. `. S% x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ i2 y: l2 T! F' H: Z
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9 J9 T% v$ X/ D. y& q6 N 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 B6 X5 d& W) p0 C3 d$ {) H - O \& w" s5 @# }( K& f- ^' s例如:$ A1 g4 n( j f& V A/ ]8 }
, @2 Z; ]- W5 Q; a7 i m+ Q" ?/ X$ uMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( `, H. \0 F5 @3 N: W# Y. B
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # f. b& z2 t! ^! K P # b, C/ V) y( c( s( t, e! kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 Z7 U; W3 D. t6 D: V7 M+ X 8 d# A, S0 k' X6 N0 z6 ]3 vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); ^( ~5 i# X" D3 u& ^! K6 I
/ G1 O' z4 `$ n ~7 y- I5 vMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), X1 X7 z! ]0 Y: O* M9 q2 C
5 g: H" r4 P1 [: T0 ~6 N8 ~, y4 IPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! R; G! L+ W% b: S
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 N: B5 `; W }( J& m I
$ L! N7 V" r$ ]9 s: QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . Q1 B! p% k' g. a, | , p l; _/ w$ u/ M3 F' c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! m& i# \) T$ K8 d8 g' k; Q 8 m) w$ A* X/ Z$ V% ?9 J3 w- |% X当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . y+ R) g4 j( ^% c) R8 j; ]& s& u# E( F% t
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( ^7 h* i2 Y" m7 |8 W ; F9 m7 r/ b& k) T( V. m9 `# j对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 A, L7 w, U( x9 w$ Z, r % Y- L' |/ S- ]4 }% e( u对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( W- s* `7 M$ c/ U* x5 s% K" X6 ]# g2 f
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' n. T- w- J2 b: M. b+ s " z. _" t, p6 F; n8 u至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' i. f* u/ v/ G( w5 ]2 G& R/ z
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ n R1 O( ~' b. e, G
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' s2 l T1 T* r0 }# W( b6 Z