本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 z. w. y* e9 I* U- v* O ; t$ v7 M. u. k8 A) ~8 [$ {- k转帖. @ i1 j: a# m0 U
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)' X. z* [5 Y* t& h* }% B: p
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 N! l1 K$ }( ]( D" M* J
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; _# A! `# \, @ ! b% A/ ?5 v7 V7 ?* K' _) x: RThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . s$ }. c9 G" Y4 Q) f& o4 M2 t 8 I2 u( Y. q7 Y$ z2 m& }7 _2 FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)& w4 H6 t9 l) G8 t, J' [+ L8 u/ \. d
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 h+ j3 \7 e0 i7 Q1 C. x9 |3 ]$ E
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 F3 j* q, P8 P6 I
7 h( k* I9 d6 qWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! l& f$ @3 s1 K: U$ O* y; U) ~
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), f- v6 _( L5 _( C& O/ |+ z$ `9 {
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 j) ~8 m3 G# K( \) }; u0 L: ?1 N6 S' P+ S6 v* u1 n+ r( q9 h! [3 G
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ v6 T7 n4 D3 ?0 ^& p w) S2 B
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% a2 x* j! j- z: t) _
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% [& M$ k$ R$ r* ^0 w; \ H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 Y Y# p, b) x; M 1 e) G) I a9 P例如:& P G4 g, |! C4 m
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) F9 s0 N' j1 {3 [' n7 U
# m( A! k' q* h/ d2 S/ i+ ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% O& c( r) R `4 Q# N" M' a
, g% m6 d, L" {$ p0 D; LI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 i1 W# `. P _( g7 G0 q |4 E$ x6 X6 W: V; e$ |
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' h8 |% |. v% M) o" r1 w
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - a& ~$ I$ j6 T' N+ d: q , x7 B: Z4 w, x; u/ }; g8 j( u3 o: PShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ e& u' s7 I# ^: [: J8 d$ l" R
4 `5 A5 S& o6 f* \- L! qI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), y, i. S$ ^; l, [7 b
5 T, |8 a8 T0 O. k0 R/ U! r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ q# E: a/ u, U9 [8 B
0 t* [" Q) X# NThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) v6 r5 \" |! a6 A4 y 4 w' `: v1 h2 D$ q' f7 |/ u+ x8 LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , {% J8 O2 h9 m4 C4 n7 b4 a% N& m Z- ^4 H
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) o: K, O( q$ W `1 U
* x: R5 z$ e' \) C7 p, q% qHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ [% |2 v, B. h' ` " J5 S1 t: s* XWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + p7 i. U9 j" X# G0 z e' p% J% ?( F. `/ g1 G* d! M- Q% Q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 F+ f D( B, V" f1 `, ~1 T + n$ z8 q3 r( D8 z5 V9 p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : t" q# a5 ~) C+ K : r9 W* ?8 z( |( \此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' s @# w2 V' {6 m$ d. K6 D M6 {8 I t/ r* x
p7 [7 k: d# o) t7 R5 c- D1 r 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 P0 n9 t' b/ D3 L/ A* B
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例如: + C/ e- Y! Y% [; W' g9 p 1 i7 V, m* U" d; R0 M3 Z6 b( K7 ?Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ F! z# {( q7 w4 G1 P( z$ k' L
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( w) D, F5 r0 c2 _" T
2 V! g5 k" o0 ?" i" s; mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # E1 t* h+ A5 r4 e4 k/ G+ z' {4 B: g* a7 @5 j3 c; N; @
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 e$ X7 |$ A' e/ n z) K @4 E: D' ^2 V5 v) M2 k
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 t- w1 g2 _+ \( }5 C' v1 r
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): y0 M0 }8 I3 _
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 ]7 n+ M! |- n- O4 ^5 k% E1 b5 W4 Y$ p* t& m: |
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - v8 y% s; P5 j- J' {/ l% ] $ G7 k$ x# {* Y) u同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 E8 ^9 l# X( R8 p- R" g' k
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; I0 C; }3 P5 l" \
& q: `& I# n c7 S: |% d- p! p+ X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% B- k3 q- B' W* T i- r
- }9 @* o% u+ i1 L' ?2 o对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 g& K* Q* f) o& f; }7 I
2 F6 ?* l* Z- U) V' E+ \对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 o+ h5 R' V8 n" T/ ?! A* ^* [: J7 N4 y8 S F* B9 G, b
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 h: }( l+ X, L9 J% B 8 B+ Q6 U: C. B' C6 e. {至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ]2 {. s+ o8 U( C" j- o7 ~/ M* A4 L0 c5 A& B6 M' n
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ m8 _9 L4 K4 t+ T1 s5 B- F4 X. t6 Z! x
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) V6 ~* R7 H) c2 |