本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 y0 Y. A) y8 H' z # J f: O% ?2 o, W" V6 j; P转帖 + V- W. G0 R; C2 ~1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 I1 b' p, d0 k f6 c3 @7 n+ a" R$ f; ]& Q& U" j/ Y" D" g
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 e. |3 e: \ k7 |) ~
* m) E0 t6 k5 W8 [' W, z* ]$ eThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , r/ C3 L# k6 s* J m# [$ W! [" a! h2 Q
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' z* K7 s3 ~' O6 Z0 P
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 z7 T# K3 b! q. X6 V/ h; e. x2 z$ Y" i5 h" O
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & r+ x* ~# p C ; }! o5 K0 U7 b) d6 qMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 `- w Z- s# G: L+ G6 n % i) O& U' o! l8 |* e( bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): G& N" m9 i" ?0 |
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 B2 z: q' \7 c& A7 O$ R& p3 B6 J) l. h% m: t: ]
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- x+ P" d7 q9 H5 j6 m) m* I
1 K3 j) m4 F8 O5 B8 [6 ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 Z h: K: `; _- N, {- _) B
+ \) I5 j5 w0 c这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( C% J2 b& Z2 [# E. ~2 O* [/ X7 z" N+ E: C0 r" X
, L: K- G' Z8 }4 y5 o( [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- r F1 r/ ?# g/ T6 O
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例如: 8 G7 ~1 _. \2 d! S* U! X9 U8 X1 A# f, w+ R: [* O
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 T) O* f4 ]5 r0 c. O" ?* j4 T
' n# d' g/ I1 p$ ?! n, GDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) I# {& x1 U# E( i5 G+ P. i
% _: x. U9 F& s/ N) F) q1 HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! ]; [: O3 M( W1 k% @/ H; z+ |: |* j, z) R) `( c9 Z$ R1 o
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 K- K0 `( S( V+ J! T! m; L
8 u* D& k* t2 o& Z+ \8 D9 H0 \" H3 uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # i6 A- {' d- ]+ I" E4 ^( C. n, D* C. j" M9 ^
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ o6 ?2 J7 F" }5 `+ A5 b- b3 D; i
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " j# k/ _7 r0 V$ r4 i 7 I1 W% b) `+ J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. E( I7 s$ e8 R5 f; k* I
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* h) g+ j( [4 V1 b. O c* K" r* N
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 Y/ u6 \, v0 d9 l6 b7 v1 G) }5 ~( X* @
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 Y) W3 y5 a* J* X2 s2 Z4 p) ~" Z ! ` r! j( s4 S* @- RHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ S# g a. L6 R5 W; n5 j
# ~8 R; k/ w" y! gWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' V, B" I6 v. ]0 @
+ @$ Q8 e' b- jEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# p7 P7 l! F3 V# w
) Y6 Z2 J6 ]8 i3 `6 I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! @& k3 V1 v% H; |
0 j6 ?" R! O: J5 [5 k此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- N) w$ U2 z9 D
. v2 y, N) k. i' W' w% PMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # t0 `1 z* r+ ^$ v% |9 H/ Y% I4 I! ?8 d& ~
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ z. U4 R; ]$ M( W
; G8 ?; r/ Q* a% G2 x! TThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ ]8 {0 L* ~% y3 \! A
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( B6 i; X* T: T1 r; ?& [' G, i& k2 y7 \! D$ a; j0 B
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ O2 a, E( H, } h0 C# {; f
' D8 g; k5 e# M5 {; h. t- pPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( K) j3 R8 `! M
- E# s' M; ]9 b3 {. ]" r5 g% XCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & _. ~# `/ @/ K4 N7 E" s; v* q1 a% H* Y' M
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)# Y5 h" U( I0 A/ D" B
0 K. [. S- i1 ^& Z3 ^同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 s2 ? I5 @: _! Z1 `( C, q! m- E% F: S- T" e/ U, H! b
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' d, ^% i7 @- a3 q9 f* r! u
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; I5 ~6 T* W+ I) @