" d/ Z1 f* b& n. G! O h1 [( [Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 d* }# Y4 ^6 }4 O' O3 C0 D7 b( U ]% {7 M. G- y2 ?" I
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 Q1 u+ c% w4 F5 S% V0 T1 C+ p6 J) D
% `# p! s; I7 |" U$ a' E% wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % I1 D: `4 L9 y# u8 a 8 D3 G% F8 w; C5 w' @5 p8 [The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % \: c6 W/ [9 P& E; c9 v' ~! c, B0 Y- l, Q& e( ^. v
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 ?' q. D! X* X2 b7 Y4 _0 i b( | $ c0 s4 H- V% L' @; ZMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 Z6 E5 M0 z2 H# _* t( l1 V& V & f+ U c7 ^0 V% |8 FWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 f. v2 ^+ w7 Y- I4 f2 F/ n & |& ^, b8 Y1 ^: @/ hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ g- k- V% g* f5 K5 H4 _, B
6 ?! Y) G9 h; p8 h& E4 c% sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - E* u$ e& Z. u( _0 S* @5 x! ?' y$ U* a
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): w( U. g" ~% B$ m0 E$ X3 a7 }
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % O+ W1 i/ h" ?: ^, R2 H) H 3 F* D2 P, @- `- J( | r& Q; ^/ g+ K1 y$ G4 d; z2 } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ U& Y; U( {" R" K
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例如:5 c/ B0 M8 g3 |4 S" s% q( |
# {/ \ p: |. hAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 B, |. R. F1 ^3 c# d& e 1 G* t! i8 ~) [' [* kDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) M1 J9 Z7 W4 j. f ) m) P! ^( z6 t$ Z% ]8 i6 PI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 u+ N4 W# t ?8 Y* _! M, A* q3 q % A( C3 N/ X7 a2 ZHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) O; Z4 s& D+ M, U! J9 g, T) L2 `1 |# V) u! ~
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + m: i: @" W0 W2 S9 L ~ 5 u' K( u& W. O& ?. n! xShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ P" t) d& s4 i1 A7 Q# h
0 J# y) `8 `4 Q. ?; e8 Y# VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - D0 S6 o8 C- v. z( r9 ~ 6 [- k$ c: L8 J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # I: @5 [( c+ T5 g % a( ?0 n- m( v" jThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . q/ S! H. ]$ q3 G* n# x& k3 H" N* ^! F" Q6 w- |, l1 T1 `
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , j( ^% V& H9 A; g % a3 H3 F$ V3 N0 R( K) yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); |* t" h0 H+ M8 Z( I5 E }
! t" w+ W* h S, V9 `- \He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); a6 ?! a$ f2 j3 N6 {+ x6 S. q
" m5 G* p1 v0 K. I: U( iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): d. I; y, q; G/ D* U* @
; q9 ]$ G* T$ e4 x6 ~8 N' d4 WEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 O% Q7 R l$ D* n ^+ k6 n1 M6 w, l, p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# C' t {% _# A
5 p. ^! \) ~# L$ K& R+ ~7 L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " G: b" Q5 h* W # P" G" W' L+ P) Q ]8 y4 t# D7 t6 w8 f# g) [ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 r; J& ^- i6 G: {) O 2 z$ B9 a3 |+ S/ x( l例如: & T& g" l ^. Q, N7 n" I* V5 | $ p( A" V5 z% y0 O$ T# u TMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 k) ?5 n( R8 V& R3 d
5 S6 X9 `0 N, h: X. T MManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / P- y( S; H* t: ^: ]/ h . C" P6 _" ^% X+ ]$ m$ {This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 B' \1 p5 Q4 k ?9 s
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): y6 ^+ I: r/ c" j6 Q# Z& n; ~
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + i2 U+ w- F6 b: l0 ^8 h4 b; M! D( r$ Z; P1 H
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 t# u' Q8 E! A* Z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 ~* b$ Y' A. g) l
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 o* U" r4 }. f% A
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: ~* h8 N7 s _1 t1 `
5 l) y9 m! z0 W7 u2 l当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + R8 s8 S# ^1 [! A7 u! d/ I/ r6 r
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 I. c; i& ?9 z2 H+ Z* @
$ k V. n9 e% J" S1 D: w" B" N+ G对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / R0 N: W, d/ }. @. r' v& T4 v. I" r& G
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: P) N A# s! ~3 J