本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 Z! ?3 ], W* e5 B! x ^
y' G+ } k8 F 转帖 . c9 p2 f& j3 c1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : f( J/ B5 g# l- v) F0 b# }. X, @
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 ~' k6 F4 n* `: [
; x! y) `. N% q" R {' m9 qThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - \ G0 | i1 A6 z. O8 F: k; d! C1 l
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# ?$ h2 Z: d+ u4 d) v9 l# J8 {
* R. X; P5 A' I: B0 o' f" t% PThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 s) E3 M& J# x7 p
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), T% x2 W |, I8 J8 g0 R& d
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! Z' P2 |7 v" v2 f r' r* e, v6 A3 W& g% j: q" B% p
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 N* s8 V) b- Q3 d
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 X+ {: b/ }# E/ V$ h; b. b- b * h2 o# u/ n, NWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); p; x, L3 a: ]' p& B5 a
' f/ N5 ?0 O& jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). i+ i) l8 ]2 d @/ s* j$ B/ _; m
$ f" h* _3 Q% s8 p8 v; d1 W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" I: Y" h1 l. z! Q$ T
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" v N+ r( h1 g' E5 s 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 f/ z* I( z! h9 @' i ; ?4 Y( [3 t: T, G) z- a6 G$ R例如: $ l" }# z {5 D( f. n 9 Q" l7 @& k$ c/ g9 wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 ?5 i( T$ q8 L; f4 N8 h* y/ h2 Q0 o/ F2 ~* L
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- ]0 T0 c0 ~6 p4 c( e
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 H4 N" K7 F( q# l- V* S 6 r* E3 Z$ |6 kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , s) t3 j4 D3 q1 r" _4 b0 s 0 s5 `, q3 U" b1 t1 B/ r. o5 ~6 pIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ ?. n: q+ D6 o6 i
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / e8 d3 Y: i: G' b* I% U c$ e" _5 K6 [9 ]/ T- l
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 B+ ]' J2 d& y. z: R/ M9 s
# v# ^$ d& x0 l如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 e% [- c5 o5 r# t& N, x
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 I, R* T- M) [/ R! T ; T, K8 O- Z6 n3 wThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % g: g5 f3 R8 K! X& d, D, R6 K0 V* z$ g% u
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * S! C& O2 [% j! @9 q2 j+ p5 u# y6 J7 S- C @
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; J9 e$ ^/ F% a ' f( W; A9 L5 | }4 k7 L9 {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' w+ h) Y0 h0 x+ W; N4 w; W 5 X1 A, h4 S+ x- i- n. JEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 ? S: J. e- p) ]. {
: b2 b4 f0 x8 p' s. d9 P" W写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! I, A. D! _4 e1 R& b. \% Z8 l3 k& o% N) F4 h1 U
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. S6 i+ ~/ |* ~1 v- z
+ f$ d0 ]3 J% F5 y) q% v) Q$ T. M* n" r( I # j4 {2 v; \7 O. b3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : `1 w9 C) b) E% a& _- R; F# O8 a% v
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3 @2 E1 B O7 W/ F, c. M. ?Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " t) o% v; U# k+ u+ T, p, e- N; ^3 t+ v; s. i/ \ s3 n. @; M
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 ]+ W- b1 q7 D * W) j: T) X1 ~8 q0 E% sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); l! }2 O* l3 I- `: P
" _, U7 J c8 k+ o/ B$ f9 wHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 J. q- b) v0 r+ b/ _' p# o
* Y9 x% A% r, E4 w. d4 K6 sMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! ]7 V+ O) T& k. Z( G
, q- T; E) m0 Q3 ~( |3 fPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 }* U' t9 L1 E$ y. E
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 d$ G: l7 N6 }, N; u, N& V$ w/ ~+ ^ 4 i- |! U8 ^4 Y0 @4 @1 eStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ z' _. t% R; p/ }. S1 e% d
: P# T6 f8 P" i4 K/ G V& |" O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * j# g( S+ x9 |: K. {( I6 A. G7 [7 H$ n3 ?& r. w! V/ I
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% v7 S: G; z9 N9 d- s) d' L Q' A3 O7 t( q
& w+ y0 K, j/ G5 y# r6 N* n6 \$ E ]; R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* }) q7 X. o6 p( f2 P- Q0 O+ S; c
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 p% N g7 A& i9 B) B
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: }( ]4 A- u" b
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / n3 A4 {1 Y: K5 ^; _6 @( |. y 2 y2 r2 u5 l i+ j: }6 P$ J, e3 N至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 t$ S+ R8 Y/ \9 J7 f' z& E
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 r/ x4 \% P9 q, `6 Y . x+ V8 `# K' ^$ M8 E+ `7 D有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( r" T/ s& K2 N0 G/ g$ Y