本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & }1 L5 M- t- F) I& t
2 e5 @& y$ U1 L. o: u1 p0 R: e& g 转帖 4 p; g) l' b/ i" o: Y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . q2 Q8 I6 r" e% x% \9 R9 l : \ B4 v) n% o7 ~- b/ w. m, L例如: , B* V2 Z" S" J. [ H) m1 M; {. x0 V% G1 `. B. t: g
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ b6 I* |! T1 m) p1 _* U
0 v3 k$ G8 l: U; s% Z$ vThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 o& b* x4 W- K# C6 H: E2 E9 C9 p/ u
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 u. v5 \) v! o) J4 m) E
# t( `, p! X, m+ v }1 l4 hThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 f. w. U3 h U% N% {/ `- `
! g! N7 t1 E% c4 q) X; X( ]5 BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' ]9 u5 ^2 H: c! J: H1 a* O$ M- I# y* Z* b2 Q* V
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * Z0 k' F3 [& C7 r $ g+ g7 w4 r; ?- U9 g9 L1 DWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 x3 m; g* _# l0 A; r9 q
8 X$ u8 I0 Y+ u% n; _+ TThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 f/ @5 H) v% A3 I0 X 8 d W' e" ~7 s: p( ]% zWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) X% T$ m2 ]3 p6 g' g" `
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % o- P( T* _( b" {& \ 0 {2 ] c: l5 K& B这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% D, L. S. V: g
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! ?- W7 r+ n) P( O G 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ s1 L0 N4 Z! D. l6 g6 i6 e
3 @/ }0 u$ F7 d; ~. A" P* l* n例如: / n/ k3 Q) P* Z! z P2 K# g0 ?. h% [2 H
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 ^$ |6 h5 Z* j4 x1 H) O3 k! e+ F( v$ u4 Q: p3 u- }, w" B7 D
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 `* U$ T, g, D' L7 s- k1 p& O # V) b- p# P. e! @! _I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - {7 i8 C8 _. k, j. G + Z$ Y) y8 L* GHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) K P' Y) ]/ F& X6 w
1 \7 K2 I: B. Q- V. y" C' X+ ]" s4 WIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 F% Z% K& f3 h. a6 ]3 F# `. D: M% c3 J3 L2 W
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); J1 s0 A0 W7 r. b' y% H+ f# O
, v Y$ G8 G& o. v9 ^/ [I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; s `9 E5 D5 }; C1 F0 s9 [6 u$ z( l3 X* j1 |' \+ P
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - n- ~6 _7 B, [' B4 i x8 R; g+ \$ }! K' z0 U( C
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % \, t2 p8 v, U& Y/ w4 V/ s( ?( q. n 9 |0 |/ W- q; ^2 ~) G+ n2 p0 WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) |- Z( F: H- L- k8 `" x* u M
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 `, s/ Q+ n, c" \% B! A |# I
, e5 e9 @2 o; w. ?4 a x- B- dHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- z8 G$ R& Y/ ] y, P/ n3 T8 q, j! V
8 w* Z( l0 |9 `6 O, W# ~We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" F8 L4 D0 X3 w$ R8 Y0 Q) Q
- \+ d% a. q0 ^( E x3 a: d7 `Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 w7 _ d. W, B, M! B , {+ z/ S7 k, ?$ v& d5 _写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 W4 V: q0 I% {/ H, z% ?- {1 S
5 y& Y7 h, ^* t+ n, {4 z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, M. [% @. E" I' P L" K8 M, i
% O! l2 Z9 U' M( _- q + X, @; N4 B! [6 a+ F$ k# R* ^3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) \8 X0 `- x8 ?
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例如: ! C! O5 ?; p# r0 h" A* W + V) {. e: T& `) n6 v4 Z. oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) s0 e4 e" R" c# C' {
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 a2 Q6 Q% U: |, d
/ S- ~7 L7 K9 t1 fThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) w3 A8 m& y' R/ i
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 g% T8 k- k+ y4 b- O8 O5 v- r& b+ ?2 z" {; B+ p( u( I" o
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # K7 g. m& s3 q" p% {$ n ! ]: Y' P$ V2 a, N Q XPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 A8 l7 t( v G: N( G1 `( K+ K5 k& x5 s( c
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( C7 b3 {1 I; w' _ ' a$ v& [2 V, ^7 G& `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! C" C; {: N# p0 ]# u n4 b M8 o0 o" d; U: R$ [+ ?. K3 G
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' f; x1 |+ Y! ~0 F0 z
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 ]: R1 C0 r4 Q' ~3 M1 L! N4 q ' a" Q# M: N( J8 `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 x9 T f+ [2 m l: Y* e
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 q, I U" V' ?5 G$ r
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; E! m! g& S' S; Z8 r- P V
3 q! O* t1 o" |2 C* x, ?; d对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 k: L T, n5 R$ L& h `4 d- r) X# D( K
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" M( _* o( t* u6 v; `
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 U/ D8 |2 Z: D ?/ j
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- ]% b5 U; [5 c1 |7 N