本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & _% K- ] L v9 t0 F L @5 l
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) n1 o% O. C8 k5 G) M3 b . W( L( M) S5 c' ]$ C8 D' V例如:5 S3 A# d6 r: Z0 L
; v8 T; Q5 T( [5 zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)* V5 L n: s5 N5 a2 o/ u
6 J7 H7 Z+ c* `) s XThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) P. F! a4 i6 R! B; q0 @/ m" w/ K' y4 ~% h2 Z
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 o7 D+ p! g6 l2 @! e5 ^; f% C: f1 p `( N' w8 K1 H
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , s* \4 P1 B" I6 a" z: V( [4 z: y+ h/ U
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 D) `- z2 F) m# T% I: {4 ]
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) V4 W$ d; I. [/ O, Y + o* U* y( \& y0 y4 \9 h! PWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 N& h1 l/ l: m" J" B; L8 ^ d4 q ' x! `1 L" O- [+ z8 VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # e0 G6 k) v2 G0 J8 q8 b , w* g& q' l$ {" B+ CWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 \0 j: J5 E P8 D6 H; F/ V( @7 N7 m
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ C0 W+ W0 }+ o# \" ]9 i! i2 J
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: L6 z2 t% j1 s# y) ^
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2 L* [/ D$ G5 Z. v' ~" d2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 N' C% W& e }
/ d6 i3 |8 ]# N2 \6 J" `例如: 3 k! P9 f, k/ g- L 2 l3 j7 s7 X3 m4 @ y4 iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; ?) t) W( O- o " Z( @5 h; P" V, E- p# V4 RDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 y! f" y2 x+ J# M, ^1 V6 h5 m* X8 i' B
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / O) c6 o9 S6 O' |0 Q - y T3 k$ g; |# ^9 d5 cHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 R$ k9 r) @; v5 y& D" ?" ^/ z0 u0 j! J! r) f% S
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 u0 X n- }1 c7 V / g& t0 U$ i) k- J6 u3 c+ HShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 e1 M M; N7 K ?# w2 k# Q# Q( w2 W* r" L6 O' d% B
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 C- r: l0 z- z; w( D- v- @! z. }& i% O! A: v9 L' j7 L' I: }1 ?
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) R& \% f9 |/ s: ~; o1 z b7 ~ H* b - v: e+ t7 o B& K8 {; b8 QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ n! M% `5 B C! z
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& T H/ y' Q' T* I
4 L1 i8 l" T5 e" M) k' AHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 Z: w' b2 ?% o3 r' q4 d) l# e 4 @+ f9 |' C8 h5 Q, ZHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 p3 y6 g1 G, }- M6 g : p* B' U& h3 z# k* \We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - p; v$ X3 G5 S4 C4 Q- F7 Z3 L: o' x+ G( K7 E7 _$ ~8 D/ x
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 E1 e+ P$ i# Q. s9 `
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 G8 B3 W3 ^1 p" t4 M. W9 c& t# z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 I$ c @7 E+ n5 i. x 6 H/ ~, O0 v) B; W. a# I# o8 z. ]+ f9 Q5 k& V; [& p* F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, l8 C& Y( ~0 i( U! Y
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例如: : y/ |, o% A5 O* C6 u5 p. w5 i/ Y5 j* P& c! U9 t5 {) Z
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 a* Y) d: h- a( d- I# x2 h6 e7 |3 f' R- S1 }% R
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 N# {$ P- U7 ?* s3 J8 ^; t+ ^0 }- y- W9 F; \& J: C* W
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 S3 Y3 q7 ?+ p6 I+ M' \ n 1 B( v" s* |) B* [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 l. L, h1 i- h' c, y2 f
# X, G1 K2 Z( I% iMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # `# M0 o1 r7 ?- X( T8 _9 g- y( ]+ S$ L6 H
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 j; s$ ?/ Z7 x( _3 T: J9 b
: ?% [: w( p5 I$ bCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! l! U- V+ ^) W* A' C& ~5 Q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) V1 f2 Y1 z) W# t9 D4 j 5 H9 T6 |& R' E8 }" H* K, a同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ g* P& Q3 S9 `5 e' D* K/ s, {: S1 x
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + K; U6 z/ G8 c! g: x7 u1 Y+ [1 Z ]4 p
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, ^) M5 L; K- r# R
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 T3 m) z# P T5 G3 G+ q
4 S+ v( C l8 W2 T. ]5 t$ U对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* l$ V5 ]0 M. J. o! Q+ i
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* z! ]! T$ R5 z, D
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + q9 b0 U/ X9 [5 {. J3 ?/ n& E7 K9 d V
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 a) }+ E2 c. ^( k) e) ~: U ! h0 `4 ?4 W H1 V( ^6 W有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 }: E2 n" u# I2 a$ C2 k