本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 b- t2 _1 \$ @: g2 C+ N& R- D9 C / n6 @3 y0 q* y转帖. t. Z; D8 S J4 \+ @ k
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! d) `9 L: v* E3 y' b9 ]% J* q' ?: i8 c4 [0 o
例如: % c- a5 ~* Q( Q! `. `+ q% a; D- z! Q, t9 n% d( P& p
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 n" L% y& A$ ?5 Z$ {, e ?2 d8 {% W
$ Q' c8 g9 g9 l$ G; |5 u" zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 H$ e ^3 ] z' K# |3 s
. k. I/ c+ F8 B6 A* D7 ~8 U
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ |( ^3 _$ p' r+ P7 Z4 I; r
1 l' s& r* G+ mThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * V4 |$ @5 S. Z/ n: l" f9 j5 o( D M9 a, _ |1 N( O
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); C ^. l. ~! C0 ]6 Z; f; g& C! [
) o5 a, f/ g% O! J+ J! M; o
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % I# J. a% B# w$ D6 W$ s0 ^, V! Y0 G, A: E+ F! q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! Y2 m: r% g& r
* c& C' [/ n: D* _4 o5 MThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 C4 @. s8 U# A2 p# ?8 h `3 `6 [" x* Q& P1 y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 ]$ q: Z2 q Y
4 X0 A6 P/ Z; H" u
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* ~3 F( Q- d0 L- ]& X
# f6 u; W8 X3 R1 V1 K+ x这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" J7 h* ]. X5 `* h- x7 t: a
) g+ ]' g5 F$ `6 ?5 ~8 p
5 ?( S7 L$ T" A' Q( Q9 Y: b2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ~' h, ]; Q# d# I& l/ v$ o
2 X! S6 w) Q F2 q- k! u
例如: # x0 K, v; \7 H9 Z$ c( Z$ B - A" z: B/ U2 M# sAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); I% B" }6 B' }! C
5 M+ g5 g2 M6 }7 i
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & {" {& J' E" K( d 4 g0 t1 X$ ]3 l% |1 l9 GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% L# w) h3 |( K
# N# s8 B; J# i0 f d
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " S% J6 @, n& T# u& W / t! W4 \4 H- i& ?4 [* kIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " A4 d d5 u4 t c# s 5 c$ z5 T+ W Q( \6 zShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* @( D$ a$ ]/ V, T a0 ?
+ Z/ [7 L8 z* Z; V( H! n, B
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* p1 ~' w# u7 `# X( x
- ~4 }6 V- T. U0 K- L& |! e# a如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 U2 Q8 L" l+ ^7 n @5 ~: g4 ?7 \' j) p; @5 Q. o9 i
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 B, m) H! H% H, h6 ~
) \& _! f6 S( i1 f, k9 lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 {# q+ M9 `5 D( }4 ?7 L1 y+ T) J
% t! S+ M" G0 v$ s0 V/ CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* I6 M) f ?# _* w! a
! u( k; p9 }+ }, d4 c2 lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), _- Q5 L' ?; p2 h
4 D9 I) V. x* q' o* P8 A6 c
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 K5 _# k P. [
9 e1 v4 J2 F d% Z' t, aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ _: j# G2 ]" i j 3 a% T; v: D, D* a写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" ^1 @3 Y; G& K \+ M
* W/ Z" Z4 E9 f$ _" A- a' q
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 m3 {6 J3 u- @ K. J% Y 5 ~& D6 n+ }7 c/ q9 x : r0 C! Y9 L5 S6 Y* V% c8 R2 M3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , X0 z3 c- n9 {3 M# \$ q- Q8 S6 I1 Y 1 F2 h0 B! \ o: @例如:! ~" K+ v3 B# Z/ w9 M, k; u
2 r7 c/ Q! [; y ^* u3 T
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & r: s0 N7 I+ @5 W! T9 S1 r* B0 S' j) s7 |
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 @4 s) h3 m: t: d# k7 T$ H6 W 7 z8 g+ N1 R: u+ P% j8 l( w9 bThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # w( u9 x) H' W$ s# J1 }# E2 ~$ y1 j' O. W- D
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) u5 @8 R0 o- j' b" f4 D
4 w, N3 @3 n: _8 l7 N$ AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 d6 C5 ]) \4 ^: R: ^ ' p* H7 m* x0 Q+ L1 FPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" B& z+ }; g) H. e3 U2 t! u
% Z# V0 h$ Z5 J% B, D# CCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 @7 R/ S9 y7 ^: ?! o
5 C7 s: |% F+ t' _/ \Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( U( _3 G, |+ X
# y; I" e- g! I2 ?. m. K# W
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & _6 t7 m% [9 q1 | ? " y0 m. |) E, O+ R& _) H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % Q- P7 {. Y$ x$ }5 t' N 7 u; W& H2 h: ^1 ^2 ~# f6 B. Z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; o! w1 a# `) o! j1 B& |4 a
& ^8 ~4 a2 K8 n. A7 y) g, N! r6 H对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 [( k, C( u7 ~0 i, j5 T) M2 u$ f; D% S7 P3 R
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; ]! J5 i% ~9 n
6 w( |3 ~& E" z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # N" k9 {- a' P% |- z* K1 T" K, H4 B& Y% Y3 z9 `* n2 j
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 E$ u2 W V5 f( Y2 k3 X P6 F0 }% E4 S4 p
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# F$ R0 }( C' L H& R! M
: }! D ]" y# B0 {/ @% f& A
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 c p6 Z5 }0 `: E