3 @. |1 u8 |7 S$ s. IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 x0 B& C" w+ I( w& B+ Y & K$ @9 q( a' u9 D8 Q9 k; q, EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- l. u; J5 h4 }8 m# A* [
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 o3 p! x5 I1 `5 ^1 Z# c. U7 s: D- [7 n6 f* B
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' z7 Z4 A) V, x0 q' [1 y4 E$ C
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 d) J) z5 k9 |4 X: _. d ~# w0 I1 b. A( `# ~/ p
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 t+ F9 R% A9 X: L* g" b
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " ]0 ]/ S3 k* a( H& q' z: {& _2 L/ i* W
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , x) O/ `3 `( D% o5 m2 K& W * {" n9 O2 Z4 q8 [' N4 `We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 d& x2 i P% j2 R' R
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . t! P7 p9 U5 @3 H) o / e, D* _% b2 ]3 N; k这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 _8 t1 w+ m. h# V" V8 E8 s' k- `. }; x. \) m
9 \7 t3 ?! v4 ^3 W. F例如: , f; ~" {; _. L: \7 o 1 h7 W% G, c/ xAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 T r/ D3 V& a* x! G5 L8 |# r) p( J4 B2 } }' _2 A3 N
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) S1 @( Q, T: o) A* G 6 q, o( e5 p4 M1 k* JI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / \( i# C" S* G9 n, Q6 ` # z6 d' J' v/ S( q9 y) Z" C# P+ a0 xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) j' ^, {9 g! v8 o' d+ Z ( v; l8 j; b) {# u3 aIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) t" s/ ]! Z! Q3 H! J& E2 F: s1 | C# B7 B2 Y& C+ l# F$ r$ U" V
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; n |4 {$ L0 q, b* }& e; m. i# A Y : _( f" D; P: r2 v6 G5 f% kI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 v' g) I" w8 n2 H+ I6 Q H 5 E) i" ~+ H- F6 Q k! `如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 U5 j, r; f4 B* k z# c
) N: ]8 \1 q! h6 K6 k2 {! VThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 w2 E4 S+ I* R- {2 y$ A$ j7 b2 }8 O. u) \) k* k" E, j
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - r# h( a$ s) y' k8 Z' c6 t' _. S; B# `/ V3 g9 ?; |
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) j' J6 s- d) s4 {" g
. K& c. I7 E0 |: M) VHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 [2 [! s$ S5 V5 Y4 @4 Y# u 3 O* A5 {- _9 g4 ~" N. cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); c! ^+ h: N5 b- H2 J
( F) a2 {1 j$ \+ CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , W' ~- r% n& ?! X) J. z( g2 m6 z6 q$ q0 } p8 M3 e* x
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % T) _6 ]2 d. h1 k8 a2 d0 @' J2 h% M# q: ]
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . C- @* |9 t# V% `- R. l! [' ?+ k9 d# U g
% o+ s8 t7 K6 I4 S) DMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); ~3 _. e8 A1 d
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; g& |! f" x* V' A' N+ v6 L ! Q( C: i' b& @* lThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- v4 \* u9 ]3 Z1 {1 B- J6 n
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! K ^! E; K1 o6 Y8 |- G
; W" Q$ d. H" kMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); I/ }# `. n- p6 Z; _6 Q
$ w2 |: C5 X! h/ V }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! I: |' {( z: C- c J& q& \/ U( _ 3 X" l3 @ k" hCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 [1 b! U6 o" k 2 j; \. F& |% h0 MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 f; g5 K8 F* K2 Z+ B- h5 c* p% L5 J' u" G- N4 D+ b
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - l) c& h5 Y9 H. S , T a0 S1 o: e1 u- {7 p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # `9 z: X3 P; F9 f. |. Z$ c' D ' {9 R3 y9 O! c3 b# J7 k对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % T9 X2 P& K5 [* r1 G, S! o2 w! M+ z7 T& {
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - f% i5 s( y1 @4 r 7 |2 `. { h0 O1 { c; e对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; q+ o% m6 |! C& b# l' {8 B$ D) C' U o0 N9 E2 r/ C8 Y N9 ]6 D
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, t/ \/ G. A6 ]7 x( r
6 D" c }' X5 a$ i: I3 m6 v+ r至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . O$ W Q4 U3 K% e5 J ' S6 z! p) ?9 X' m还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# g" A. ?% S6 P4 W6 I& P. j3 D
, L0 h k3 [/ K" i3 x5 c9 O; `有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; w, D7 W( @$ ~