本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / e6 D/ w8 y% K( l( H8 }9 H8 n4 s: y- `; w. r0 D 转帖2 K# U$ E, U4 o/ O4 Y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : F. H( n- v9 G6 E 2 F* A( t; k+ U例如: 3 b9 E! [% Y3 U; z& d. O" ` 3 Z7 L3 x' [( W, n) [" bMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 m$ p$ Q! Q( n. z* E9 _
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 x6 `$ ~! a- u
/ i3 o Y3 c T7 y" J A# M$ }( g8 G* hThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - c- l! g# K1 W0 r6 G% Z( g8 E& ^: v3 {6 Y' Q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), I2 T9 n3 d$ `1 j" B) l p5 P
+ v, Z, b7 J* c" GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! q' g3 _" P- s/ F6 x0 ~0 @5 B3 ^8 u5 j$ B& ?; r4 c' p9 x' o
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- j8 t8 d9 k$ P
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% l: i. T7 C0 c' R d* C5 v" ~% o
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* k) i2 _% v _3 \5 H# l4 q
' x- @& [' [) Q$ ]7 cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 I d9 J( i( M& l& x! a9 m: j7 g
3 I2 l" t- h6 g8 u ~Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) p8 k& S+ `% K2 S' V' l" H 7 q" G, Y3 s$ I2 i$ @这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' i5 K6 W" O+ h# O7 V0 ^, B
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% @8 k) A$ ~$ }( ?) T% ~ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + S3 c! c U4 Z t( q# u1 g9 G+ K; V例如: . m' P' }% b% Q9 z h; R: \: `. ~7 Q' U4 B6 |0 L; H, B4 k" y
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ N" q% } @ s8 m9 J
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 f! u! [5 e6 ^6 y' E5 g 3 V/ H% B) t0 w4 ]I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& S- u2 y2 `# B: G8 Z/ _( B
* b: N/ k! v: |' G" I2 ]He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 { _9 D. e' ^! r& a % y: K$ Y" T5 H2 q) lIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 t+ Y8 t# r8 o, f' y8 Q# o' V ; T- I# t, D0 X" H. N, z+ iShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( R, o! I4 t+ _; v, o. U/ T0 r% v * M) l% J! W2 `* ^I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 p0 s1 h: [9 Z6 N: ]: e+ ^# I; z* V! A6 r! p* W
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 I5 v3 C5 V, _0 ^7 P! l& Z- U* p
0 w0 w. h7 A1 U0 @& ^4 p) ]The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); I, Q5 y5 J! S3 O7 ?
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) d) `1 l( s7 P% \3 e2 l
* B- @: b+ q' K9 T( n! eHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # z( W: U4 a& i3 x. Q7 @9 X - A' P0 Y9 ]; L4 k$ w+ xHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - d( r3 R2 ]* A" \( R9 B( R& Y, ~( B% c" o$ h, i
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 c3 o! ^" n5 y6 Z
4 Z' V! e: ~) H2 lEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; X) L0 l# d9 k+ J7 O/ Q+ [( c. \ 2 `% U" }: ]9 r$ Q3 \" \" D, m/ J; J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 M, C$ } E: H' C " x& f: r: x$ _! u8 X' F7 R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 |+ R( B0 i- |2 {
1 G" q; S$ Z% h$ S" y1 d3 o; ^. s6 r9 |) D& _" a 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 Y9 k2 C/ J6 I3 r; z# d' z: f
; O7 f; ~9 o. v9 w例如:2 a* m( Y: K% q- r
. G3 B, P9 ?& E* oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 R% ^ g1 w5 a3 g) M" J1 H% [
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' D6 |6 L) w2 |# i; F7 |1 J' Z# ]2 w2 @6 A# I7 `3 Q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ m5 a4 ]+ \2 S+ f1 l2 B' j+ ^
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 U# g# B2 @& ^4 F( s* l
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " r& F* }7 _8 j3 h* t1 x T+ \, p4 O0 s& H" ?
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " E! n: w/ q3 j 3 e" Q! o% P( m' G5 oCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 s1 o! Y2 X9 a% O1 V' [
1 m }9 Q8 h7 y" h3 I+ `+ n9 F5 \3 H* fStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* ^+ \. s/ z& s2 C
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 u i ]* E0 V3 H2 v . v1 t, m; V* S+ x9 m( h当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. y$ Q7 x! ?) E3 k
6 m" g* @/ N: h `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 X9 T0 U- @. I& S. j1 C$ \/ I 2 s& g) g3 c- O" [- a( U. ~对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , T8 W8 v/ n* J/ @/ k6 J& ~+ R# P: R+ |
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* x! v2 U$ }5 j. b' F) {
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 q- n3 ^% P& U& ^3 t # S) |/ j, U! T+ q( x至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 N0 \' q; U5 j, L# F3 j8 R9 E* t2 x4 W) \# `. p5 C* c
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. b+ f. @) O. N; |3 f! N
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 - b5 y% d$ W; C