2 y4 N( y2 P6 n" k4 Q2 ]例如: 5 w0 w3 p' M2 p7 f1 ^0 y 2 ]. ?) L0 K, Z, ~/ wMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 a# I. S, P" @% Z3 M9 _7 v / S& K0 c1 S0 V. `- _Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : Z4 t/ V$ t$ ]2 }/ J- g $ L% N B& x: u. H! LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 K# {7 F/ ]/ E9 g6 p
, o% k) a- P# [; x1 [* VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 g+ s: y. R- b* E- p" y) p
- D2 {( O$ A" `: n& \I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 K; Q4 o' J4 Y* r2 B3 }* ^
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ M/ ` {1 ]$ |) a: [4 \0 j
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) i3 |' o8 f5 |. |9 w& H/ ]4 `3 {3 g' P- R L
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 a# d! ^: w' s8 g8 P! _* Q U2 V3 g( Z1 z. b5 S
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ z! l. _2 e- t, P/ J ) e5 W6 {0 D% ~: L- E ?Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 w. D; C$ k2 z/ L1 G" R
) E: X8 h3 u( X+ z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! i( j) u* z8 S' K5 o; ^ $ Z0 G9 n. j4 X" D; l2 a# d - p9 B! g( j/ \9 M5 N2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : p% S$ \$ d3 y ( t6 W9 b- T) m! Z( Z1 ? i2 Q* Q7 R例如:4 ~' B/ f7 x |1 \) N" m3 }
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); ], R2 o# z' p0 P1 G
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " H1 Y. b" v: a% a. B$ M- O. f, {/ [" M! T3 v+ c( {* _
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % m- @- t8 x& n, W7 i% [4 z0 z' C6 T3 Q, s
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& v- n( G' O: q8 ?, z0 L
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 r& p2 {3 g! o+ q" a0 ]) ~6 E4 x9 b 4 V6 [+ w0 z; N/ j$ e" I' C5 H, QShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 F/ W6 V! _& f3 y
0 l- K0 | ]/ C4 j+ [0 l- o7 qI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). `, T; P( r9 @, g! U& ?: ~
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 K. j% D" e0 T* O 8 V$ I5 j6 c4 o3 UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ L' Y7 ]! E/ p3 i4 P2 x: g* _( z5 B
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 `. z/ x( J) |# `* |$ M ( ]4 s6 _6 D, {8 T9 CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ B$ z9 |) i/ J5 q8 N& X$ n
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 y6 i% p. P2 S4 p3 d& b
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 C) d6 {- | b5 H9 T ' S: u0 ~, Z; sEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - G2 O w* r% P- a 5 d- {; O: w3 l写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) [* C8 \. b; R n4 J
1 q1 h1 V. ~: E4 S2 w- E9 ]- {6 f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 i; L) \' c4 F T$ F
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9 y7 N* X0 O# I' C3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" J+ w/ x) h( q/ }
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例如: ; t5 N& H0 ^/ ?3 c* T% a ! i9 g2 i3 @/ W' bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " U" a4 ?5 V4 E7 h3 O8 x, F" T1 r $ }0 Q2 d, @* T' R& z1 `- cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). Z U0 W, P9 O0 d* q% J- s
/ o$ l k, A7 n; X1 Z" CThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 t4 I- f# C6 i' s. q8 q( `' E
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & P1 ], b. K. E( @0 d- C6 e1 T- P9 g7 ~- n5 x) M
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 F/ H; e, l7 U
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - U& s; I' y: T 9 G; X; o4 G$ k: @# ]Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # n5 S4 d- ~. ^/ i7 j: t + W6 `( ~* m S2 g R9 S* sStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' c0 Z! c3 a0 _7 y4 B1 N7 Q# r / T# q9 \3 X8 h! s& t, n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 l8 T# b4 r/ B$ d: h% _0 j/ Q! o5 e3 K
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& l: ?1 p1 _" R \# E; V
! d, u" }0 n! H, ^" _' F* Q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- r" {2 E' P0 `2 a- {' B
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 u; a+ b/ V8 g3 _2 m0 Y6 V
% M$ E1 T- n0 [/ z w/ N$ u& o1 R# o对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;2 W3 `3 x7 i7 r
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 o- z0 _1 s+ r8 y7 v
+ g; i4 [3 {! ^7 j6 u( v# w) @还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 E7 x# P( [% ]4 p0 z
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 f3 N9 e- X* W$ X