本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / N1 T$ }) x& s N% U6 U, V
/ |* j% @1 o; m9 F4 J. l2 g 转帖 * I6 e* h7 O" B; k; t h1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / F" O" i5 T. }0 k* v9 m8 `; u9 m: z0 v
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). o1 O8 ?9 X7 u7 p; h+ T' y; u
2 z1 x$ @' D2 L- h! g: B% k" x3 VThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' ~! ^3 S v$ I. n" O6 k 2 ]7 N1 r) y* y1 _3 r+ ?- C! _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( P% x$ }# l; P2 v. T 3 D. t8 A" a5 F) F8 k, H) zThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) L1 @ R0 K) R7 k" |( y. S4 P# P# Y# v
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 ]6 I7 S0 F! |! R8 G, K4 {! m0 P
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " n; j2 X- g, A& O" J! Y8 @% T: b" z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 C+ J. T: K& c; h ; X# @) `2 e: r( f H; wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) Z) K0 m3 q( s/ F 7 y- S4 B' {6 b; J: q- e* O( ?We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # z( v5 L, n- O( O 8 \# s/ E+ w+ h5 o4 cPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 A" c7 R' T! {7 t# o# ?$ z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 r2 h* g& |+ R; Y3 K; \+ ]+ X( M$ z' a
4 o( x y7 x8 D 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 j) Q! ?4 f* \# g+ [
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& l7 y" A% [; Y* D5 c% P: |At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% g) W1 {3 q8 X f3 r: H
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / D) z h% @5 f% j9 r4 n: R/ [; t8 A# V! j, g8 [* n
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # O- R5 c( \# M' u4 Z$ ` / |0 c( H8 {2 }+ e3 Q9 g" m, aHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( V; h- @/ U s( { u" Q+ N% [8 S- X5 ^; s5 a3 {% f, h/ F
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % J! m" o0 M6 B8 L% d: c+ j! s* ?. a
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % Q# I2 m1 @! y 4 ]2 g0 P/ j* w; R+ p, e0 gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # x U. P$ Z; } ' l8 J+ a' X1 @: V+ H如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 F6 D: j [+ n8 ]# {
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ {1 e& W: W: [9 `. m. ?
) D6 A& l% J1 d+ n% z: y$ d9 cThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" N- R# }( j/ R' o. ?8 y7 s
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 _! x. u: n4 K, |- ~" U5 M
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); o* K7 g/ J3 d, q0 i
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . k9 w6 Y. j9 H+ m! d9 i 3 m4 L1 j7 ?3 T6 GEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 v* b# ^1 I' w/ {' Y7 H: Y3 ~* v1 i% H
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & g7 C$ s8 M; Q7 u1 E" I$ n9 g6 V1 J% E
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # s+ m, y R# X" q: N6 T! _2 M, a: ?, a5 k
( F+ C1 N- U+ I1 b/ R. X4 D例如: 5 }& F0 J+ r2 c+ q B; ?( q) c7 }6 S% C) l% kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " F3 a! Z- N6 Z 0 Y0 [' V2 ?9 B9 K2 `% SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 x# i$ H) Q) D/ Y c: ?. D6 F, v8 t
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - b; O0 l1 l0 a0 Z/ E5 R( ^' h" O# ]7 l0 C: x
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 d$ \ D# @ j9 Q. Y7 n. F " N. Q! m8 g( o! `. v4 NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + @! U9 ^$ Q) }3 M: Q, ] , E* d5 [6 ]3 `) [Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% V- Y. w) V' S7 w" k D
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - S; U8 \1 O2 V0 z$ ~9 }: b) O. ~+ B2 Z
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ W- T: W- e5 U/ S1 R3 u* Q6 f g
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; a7 ?2 v9 t% \. E* J : J+ v* F+ Z- ~; @* ^* B) k当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 l% p/ n) ?7 G. k
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - O7 a# e* C" L$ Q8 [ 1 u$ f1 X7 r% B/ l1 a3 [对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ B: q" m1 p! K* E
; q, S: f7 ]! a, q8 Y7 ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / W9 G$ z+ S# z. |! I" B- | $ {( T2 y" d9 V5 t5 W& O对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* U2 D$ O" V( V2 X
) D1 \* w5 i! o. E! P至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 u1 @( x2 I; M$ N4 u: Z2 I" V
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 [2 o+ v* N/ R, g! }
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # X2 X( S+ N& X2 N( Q% F/ W# T