本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! @, m2 Q" U- i$ y9 g5 K1 X" K; _) f2 [ 转帖 ( j/ }: A* R; Z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( w+ Y! p2 N; W) O/ r
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例如: $ y5 T6 L* m, c/ c! V 2 v# L E; {& r9 jMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" l) w$ z) ^8 }' w% B, `
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); K9 l2 _3 M3 U5 Z/ D( X3 _2 P
0 e. J2 q' M$ }3 a6 JThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- W. l3 p/ g0 _: z' `9 {
# ?. \: M9 ~9 M# A+ [% e2 {2 qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 ~, m# T. ?$ z* \* j# e+ C$ N0 n- C& @, C5 X% V0 l
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) s) n; q; o& ^$ E . P, o& v4 B# {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + `$ ?7 c' W6 C& C/ G+ i# e0 X! d; h' j7 D6 T2 ^, l
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* o4 R" a' L0 J* {
" l" B5 M) a" h# C" x, \+ h8 \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 q0 A2 G# c f9 r+ H ^1 Q7 a! z( L( |) \: qWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 f/ b9 ~0 ?/ f5 N' I& c2 ~ l8 W9 [. M9 D. X5 }
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' h* t! _' `. z& U" p6 \8 i/ G9 ]5 A
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + \ |& K: x6 S* f& b* D) ~8 t8 B% z9 i6 [6 |
: e5 x: J" q" }* [4 [1 _& j9 J. ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 K% o4 G% |1 [- c1 Z9 X5 ~: B( b. Z, D' P K0 z
例如:, g6 j& Z2 B1 _* i
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ c# Z$ C5 \) J5 [2 M" }
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 m4 g( V8 d9 t3 V" Y9 A/ V1 ^ 1 t2 i, t6 C3 o" tI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& x$ ?! \. ?2 t; a. v) A5 ~
7 R4 c" b0 ?6 ]1 F- xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( s! `, C$ y3 W# b' w( M 5 g& E V, W: ?( }9 I. pIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 \$ n4 [2 P% Q6 d" M4 }# }& t + h; r$ Q* i. H" _1 HShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 J, |# D. }! c6 P' E# p
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 L1 X: I8 b% I d
+ P6 I( M$ y1 C如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 B2 |! i5 \7 P n ' j2 \, I9 j/ p. |" X* [3 I: uThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% c1 @2 |% s0 N& A: m
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# X% }" k4 @+ W' i1 W( v1 W
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ k' t' j% M( e! `6 K0 L: N8 g
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + K( C% K) o4 a6 @3 d2 O0 f+ R7 E8 ~5 E7 l7 z" ]) ]: s" _4 F
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 W8 }/ F# ^# L: o4 _/ C ! C- c/ ^" Y; l+ Z1 K1 u" ^( YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# z ?) O6 T' v" M$ z
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 [6 S7 c8 n! U1 y! H 8 `% h: y. U; `* F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 g O3 i) Q# D
2 |' e9 i4 [, f $ U4 k4 Y& L) n P3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" `7 S$ ^6 j; I V: O5 O0 w/ p
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例如:* H3 m2 M: ] W# @3 W" R
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ R6 U3 I8 I& b, E! {
9 C6 v/ h) f- nManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , P v" T# p, H 7 Z& D. s" L/ p/ b* kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 q3 X O$ J. a* W9 |3 ]( h5 C3 R" Y
0 W. w/ H. g& f3 `* d/ [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) I* K6 ~9 C/ A2 S2 \/ y7 [: M: F! Y9 `3 b/ ` E5 _) E
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " C7 C6 C, \2 U& O0 r& i , [' t' a! s8 g0 B9 `( LPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 U2 x" v1 g* \ l5 X3 c0 D) \
+ c) A8 M7 ?, x" v9 b c4 LCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 c8 w/ O1 f9 E5 \" v: `3 {8 f 2 ^3 z: I# t: x# ~6 y0 Q* {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : [. h. Z0 x5 J2 {+ Q- k% Q% d" r) ]
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" @& T7 K8 ]6 V6 M
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 x+ C V' o" [4 I9 y$ Z( }# g% w. r( f3 d) R& m
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! O. ?) P3 R) J5 o, v ( m M( M/ F; s8 n7 U2 z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; a' A% |6 ?* h0 I* C+ y1 `* {6 A & w( w& r ~4 _; i: q, J. w8 t对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " |" \9 o2 F& T) i7 `/ d * J' Y J# W' l5 S- ]3 p$ r2 x对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 N8 c \, @; b2 j. C0 O/ p % a5 x4 i! _" ]至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 \5 a h3 P/ z$ J% j/ u2 Q. f! J
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : K6 K/ |: X" V. n6 ~7 x0 v 9 S0 H# {7 A0 ?- o$ K( @有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; s0 s0 v8 {; r: t. v$ W