本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 \+ w. z$ @/ G( W/ `: e4 g
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , C% `# O; X# J' n0 M 0 ^, N5 K5 O. N* ?7 f例如: . d4 X8 v" {7 F# |8 D, Y. Z8 x/ k9 G7 u6 w
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 X' \; T* N+ J8 f" R7 b
9 L! ^/ m( [1 [" B, x' NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " d: c ]: {* A( ^0 I K( O* U9 ^9 [# C1 N1 S& E
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) o% h+ r. S" ]$ h8 O1 c9 j
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " q. \4 ^) \ x! o + o$ ~6 y" v; T. ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 H1 y0 b* t9 N9 y 6 f1 D! w+ d, O$ G. }2 U; T& r& OMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# U6 U* f4 w3 ]+ [1 C1 M
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" a: h! C; Q9 H* J4 H$ r+ @4 Q! e; E
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 U4 i1 O/ y" g+ r% D0 ?$ i
, z) S$ Y& C4 H3 [% kWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' [" C: U4 X/ k: ], ^
2 ^3 f% S- }* B `6 q& QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! P; d2 }8 D/ A7 ~. f7 ]) @$ ~
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 @" Z4 |, O" k. {1 Y \8 s! J
# J; n& t0 s& o0 V7 D1 U* J6 a6 h c( ]9 `8 I+ q* E 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * M1 Y* b( k* l o4 @: T, B7 l% h! `2 S: B4 Y
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) O* a$ v- E% V* H, d" R 0 a$ S h) Z! ]7 IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% v" X6 t2 K- w8 w
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# s. U" N5 X3 w2 E3 j+ |
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* v% D# e4 }- O; m
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- K9 W- v# J+ `8 ^
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ X m- {$ K6 h3 `7 G- b; x' d
" t$ Z5 \. v! U4 P0 ]; [6 y. Z, iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ {" T8 Z" c2 i/ W) K0 `. X. S
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; a/ O4 T5 i6 b
! T1 t. K6 T# p0 C9 y0 [/ B! PThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- r) ?% D5 f5 Z# S4 ]6 W
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* h5 w! @2 c: V
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * E' M, m# F1 [1 S; o/ ~. n' X$ f. O" g. D' u* N* R
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* C4 g, L# m9 q) A7 J
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 e( |2 t3 H7 r2 i8 J- W( {! p
& d& Q f/ ?/ F) yEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - B2 F4 F4 h9 J X7 ^! K( ~2 m$ @$ M
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & p( A$ x/ U- j9 ?. j! m ) Q8 z& B, }1 {: Q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % O. s% ]) C& v' e- y- V- y( o % I1 n% { @( `+ ?7 F. N8 @5 }0 Z0 \$ A$ t" `, o5 T( Z* J2 d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . Q9 U" z7 I5 x) H( Y# e) t+ K. p& h& K3 O
例如: 2 ?" X! p' o4 n1 [ R& S) J# U4 ]* u/ MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - t& E( |, S5 Q; F" T$ X$ H! l+ w/ }/ ~4 |8 X1 a* b* I
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . A" v" b6 S; i6 [$ Q5 l; O$ T& }9 I/ Q0 C6 f
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) w. h! p. W% g! F
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 D% c* S5 K$ o9 u( L+ X" k6 v
0 B- w, \3 a6 R4 q2 qMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , q6 @2 S" r+ D4 H- A6 B2 J 4 H6 G) M2 K- m% f3 J6 DPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) F2 E9 t& S9 `# u# V
$ x5 `7 V5 V! e5 cCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 Q+ l" ^; B* f$ @' Z; \8 \2 | / k* z: k: b% I, S$ _Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) `- d3 J& f% {7 b' o: m3 P2 w! N0 l- w) ]- R
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ ~) n8 F3 @: y0 _; d