本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 J+ s; b" R) T3 `1 T( T. Z+ l# [( @ 转帖) J* {% V4 k& ?; }
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), _+ W( k/ k6 T; E
1 i. d) L* F3 M0 I% J/ k8 a0 z/ g例如: 8 L1 h6 C0 O- T: i" x3 C 9 m" x4 B* s$ x/ f$ _/ LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 s! {! T; v/ o# Z- Q
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 W' q" o, N: A1 @/ X& o! n8 `# u
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 }9 ~4 [ I1 W/ ]# z! U0 ?2 } 6 H- T6 G% `& a9 X: P8 C: v6 MThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 s% Q! A" v4 w1 B$ [" C ) I0 K9 j0 a: U$ g6 Y$ jI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ c1 K" T9 h, a# m* \
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; M& b* ^8 l V6 X9 |( }6 S* A* J # x5 _2 X: k! K. ^( {1 sWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- m3 o( W8 n( o/ ~
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), n& w/ U& e# T& f. @! L6 V
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # G2 V9 |" S5 ^- b ( O, p8 Q0 ]8 `: z" {: H6 [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - M& N" D! N( a* g9 K7 K ( |9 ]1 @: X# _& h2 N9 o这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " E- ? R/ {' M6 b; s3 w$ a8 \: Q7 Y" t; \6 I7 A
3 ^ k# O" U" p4 b, g7 d/ o 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . [' ?3 h0 }) t! T0 A5 X% w 4 G2 c2 k% a( h4 @% `. I例如:! z( u+ F: o# r& m3 e0 D g3 d: L
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ N! O8 U5 l. D; y3 w% n! {
5 P' r0 ?4 J7 V0 D/ _: j. nDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 i+ q6 J7 V5 D1 d. c; v1 h( L
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 Z6 D. A7 V$ d2 ^+ q( \6 X( v
7 U/ Y2 E9 p. E. T8 x) h+ L- RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . {* d3 |$ g( O w" i+ J/ ? S3 _' f' |4 h7 @* O: R5 F
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / L( E, `/ [5 m4 R0 u X 1 L3 e2 ~" o) E; }' j4 Y5 G K: sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & W' e' P6 g# O6 A C4 g + i, J( s0 e" q0 a. h9 p( uI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 I, v- [5 F. g0 E8 _) v
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 h2 L" i& y; k& q8 r7 T! W( S+ N3 d/ H8 k, M: E2 ]0 O
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : s8 g2 d" q! z7 J S4 S % R3 b6 W/ i$ {* ~$ RThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% |! |* V) m, v/ c
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * I7 }& k3 u- I( G! N0 I3 u9 C+ h) U0 q, r M, o
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : A) K1 `7 ? @. c: w6 a& w1 {/ e7 E n$ J9 Q. H' z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 S% Z8 g6 g. S; t- ^' D
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 P% J% i. h3 o/ ?% R# R$ z( G6 ? j: r o( j A
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & p- f k2 \. M) D$ ~9 y+ Z X# w3 S: c; j( [/ u
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ J: O% t' o# y% `, W5 G9 R% R+ }6 I$ G
8 { p! L3 `# n3 C* i3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ L4 f$ q @9 S* Z) S! X/ q 8 L- w( l! ^% b% J4 D# Z4 l4 S例如: 3 M: U5 o* I" N8 _4 u) E; p# D" [: R9 s: r$ Z2 Q
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), p. m. d$ u! L( U3 A8 f! l
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% ]) y' q9 O7 T0 \. o3 s
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ A$ y0 n% C) Q" T5 ?9 i0 g X) O, ?' B% z/ d- k1 L
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! L- U/ U1 V. k. w u! E% A u, X
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 y9 ^. | Z; l9 C- w 3 R- S0 N; r) W/ BPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % g+ W1 H9 Q+ _" n) M 4 S; ]5 l5 |8 v" C. H4 H$ zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; P8 i8 Y( G# s5 q1 J( \ 4 [7 c9 |1 F) Z: r+ oStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); W; h1 H8 K0 Y3 f3 A
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* o- k" T5 _, [+ M6 {6 T- W
$ O: ~3 g$ O# Q# H( @5 B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & b) \) _) R8 o# f4 Y0 f. q1 z+ F( r9 x$ q- l
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 X S2 d6 i! `9 m3 k1 X/ f/ K % I0 x; ~1 c, o3 w. D5 k: K对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 X8 x% W6 _7 _4 E8 [( ?/ _