E& K- p7 @3 x, u8 J, vMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + _) ~2 |3 Z+ h4 ]- \7 s/ o \, U/ S- P# [9 j3 d" c
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" m3 w" S8 {5 t& Q. Q# V% ?% z. U1 }
3 F2 f* |/ E- j6 E: hThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # g$ i9 d% R+ x0 ]; i# R% y 7 \' j5 ^( v" p3 k: p. J, Y! oThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ |! j4 Y# e, C0 Z& K: x' ~
7 G9 m" ~$ q& |* ?7 bI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ O0 `, x- _/ h. R
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 O* [% N$ w( {( h, l: C% R% g4 f4 v8 h
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 d0 _, \2 e/ g7 s' y; S& F$ `
: s' I% }# f f! t; P& `- y1 N) oThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ [4 j: g$ F- R* ]$ G3 i. W0 @
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 ^1 b& R* \: Y8 h
v0 m: k0 P& G# CPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 M5 s+ L h7 D7 `5 U/ F
; l/ Z, U$ Y3 g5 o- X/ d2 e这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 S. D1 b% A! i; W6 S( Y" d0 X, q% i# B+ e
9 ]# d B+ H, O9 M2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # G- R F6 m/ d1 O; n/ Q6 _ , b; b+ n+ q* _) H" E! q7 ]例如: 8 T9 D3 F7 w: D& T3 ? " V4 V& f+ h% Q& }' P) {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 O3 D* a" P% n: t$ l ) O/ s" d( [! e( ^3 C# ~# KDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% _# c& n: [* I! z! T
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 G5 s# m Y8 O- Q# ^, Q; O2 Q5 s$ [0 N) Y! Y( z! s6 I
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 K; J1 j3 B2 Q" z 0 b. Z% v* J( T% WIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 Y5 G/ w j- g# O$ [
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 p/ Y. x+ ^" L+ i2 `9 ]/ M / V0 d- [/ [- R" gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! h. S7 X$ X: q; | ' S* S O/ j+ i: Q9 r+ M如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: K* T( k- E7 q9 N
1 k1 q" P% F, p8 b* ` uThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 O1 s; K# i& t. P1 R
, [3 Z Q9 v6 k; M1 ]' _The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; Y9 e$ }5 O0 _ 4 x: ^# E5 k; y6 l0 y9 P' DHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) X! V' N! v7 J
0 `# Q: H" f& [He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' F& _4 z; g# o 7 Z/ F/ G% {- C) kWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 {; A2 W. v+ n
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ l* y+ B1 _) m9 j, H & ~: l7 I3 O5 S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) q, x+ v. w+ ~3 @" t* g& F1 o/ j! P2 U- @7 y x2 d! @0 C3 q- L
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - g8 V3 c6 \6 ?' k! ^& ~$ l$ F& B- D' D: Z4 L* v
. J5 O6 C5 l! s: x0 _* R+ y% m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. {! e, f7 i8 \% m+ d) D
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4 i2 l5 ?. M3 a( pMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 x I1 f3 }; \ B' }4 {" J) ?% K
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 R2 x) C. {; D; m8 x1 Q/ L: [* }& J6 W5 L( m
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( q$ |1 P* M. |$ k2 M, ` 0 I+ z. e% t6 V" G& l& rHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : e+ i; k- z: y& I3 O2 { . R! s: P' D5 {, B. ?Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# V0 @& K: ^9 S% w- F" F2 K1 `% A
9 k+ c3 t5 h; m! o, ?Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 r' I- M7 K8 K3 ?& x5 |
8 y6 w& T0 M& P: mCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( ~7 t: O' R' r5 ^- E7 m2 S0 ?$ Y1 Z" Q" }. j
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ e: M. z x) W9 R4 s" i
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; M* Q q+ {+ |3 G% O % x9 Y0 z8 j" K5 Q8 R. T: @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: f& o* l* A9 ?- @* D4 ]
5 X$ w0 y" C* v; j J3 ?' _对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 [1 I( L( v: T w
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' v" d- D! {* T6 S" N1 r8 o
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 r/ L v) I9 x* f
* f' s, g, V) c对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ~/ C, F. s. h
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 O& t8 x; @3 @. A2 c; o9 Y ( h! B- U& V3 X; G; i还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 a1 L7 d @9 b+ K4 k
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : G6 y9 u' ` X$ e' Y* l4 Q