8 ]5 y2 N$ z5 h, Q9 x8 |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( C" ~9 ~5 i! |' W; r- p! x; W 2 V! |6 [& S$ E9 E% V: k7 a9 ]Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; _; V( R2 r m* Q* ]8 \9 {) i0 \# o2 r' X/ J
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( @4 M2 t4 d( C: O5 i8 |
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / } \) P4 B$ {; F3 h H1 C7 q6 T1 Y+ u- _- K
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % q4 ]0 w; O* a/ T: \$ y0 X) d5 E9 h
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); X' q# @) [+ W7 d" N( V0 ~# S/ I
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& V# `6 N0 i+ y2 v; k( j, b% w
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 R4 y0 U, W. G0 i# A
" ^; Q1 S& b( I5 U" j- u, `2 AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . U5 U; q& ~9 t( b2 w! B' b- ~/ A5 e. A
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ y( b% s' H0 N M4 ~# [( D & B' H0 g" r, V( G这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# Q. U: v: S9 M. V" K* h) j, d
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3 N1 }1 e! Z+ x) o9 {, b 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 t. k$ ^8 s( Y1 W' q
+ F( N3 b+ ^% y% ?1 e: j3 d例如: $ t* s' \# | ?6 c1 | - e6 @* x) W2 U2 }7 M+ V% I- c0 \! ]At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , V' E9 k- [. D' f9 Z$ a* S2 B* r) m/ x3 s
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # S" c1 l+ } }+ p8 Q2 F0 ?1 T9 p * C0 l' a+ z6 w6 ?" iI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 C. |2 W4 d1 B* W3 ^8 B
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 j; k6 s$ y0 }% B t 5 o3 g( V8 Q* H, m/ a$ t" B6 r' L HIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 a% l; \5 k) h* j5 t" t' e$ i, c1 h" R& D8 T3 y
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 j0 D6 f* b$ j3 g( O, w/ ~ ) p4 F. A( f- l. PI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 G: z* x; D* O8 N2 g4 K9 w2 b
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# C/ _( F7 k, I F2 B; r
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ }4 j4 g# n; v0 c Q
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): ?8 s# W. y y" p2 W
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) X. [% h3 u4 Z0 j! W2 Q
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 0 G; ~, z4 Z9 Y! l8 J 1 k+ p# _9 s; \6 V1 K3 `4 E' Q' F g5 T8 UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" |% @* g% q% x0 t5 b0 Z- o( }
- j$ @; b& c+ Q$ }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / t J) y# a; u# z8 x( f% ^2 K" G K8 O% D+ z: U$ {0 q6 n! y# B
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( ]/ ]% \1 y+ M% H0 q' L
8 {0 w9 H% H |* Q, @ f此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 H n5 n: F, r8 H1 X. C) J: `; g5 p1 D# h1 K& b" K' l9 `, _9 C
% e3 E: V! w/ b- C/ Z/ V# I7 s 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 Y, W& @& b1 E) z; R 1 k2 y9 a# T- N: P! R例如:! d( T: f: `6 l1 @2 [* H
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) E! O; U# V" m. n5 D& A
1 A# l" _8 `. d) dManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); C+ S E5 G3 H- Y, p; w) H
& w$ @8 I3 c2 ~. X( yThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ F" T- J S4 b8 V2 G
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 U" h% \' y3 p" Q' `' S; x4 u( g. _2 x
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ U$ H7 m* c( `' Z+ \/ |$ P% u* `" W9 \& T
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 z3 g+ Q! O A' S* ^& M+ f
4 Q( S2 L ], QCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 S% k6 t$ `6 U- W5 h" U
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 m6 R. K; H0 E7 Q 0 z& Y/ T; ]9 M2 O/ Q* ]" c: P同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 s. i, D1 }/ _) L {& H6 A2 D/ X. E
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : D# t9 `) D: L3 o7 g( U" ~ 5 z& e* l* M3 p+ Z1 ^$ J2 N对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 b c$ f" D% b* V+ y
5 a" K t- J3 e, ]9 D) t1 q$ k! E对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; k" I3 y7 O6 P4 w7 i- N- _" U 8 k4 G( u& S# S2 q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# @0 j4 }- q b
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 2 s( ~& b. R. m& B& P1 C% F6 c/ M, Q4 `3 D( B
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: g' Z4 j$ n1 r% D/ q, j; a1 v + z2 R. V* L/ j- e还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 w4 K; h$ T! C" [9 E- Z' l
( F# ]$ B# Q' |6 l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! B+ T$ K% v+ n& u# P/ t. x# ~ x