本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; W% ~2 C6 C; g: G
4 D1 y+ `5 X: B( g3 f, N r 转帖 / R# }# {- a/ p5 y1 R/ q# F: P1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 t4 M# n& K! i$ T6 n; A# Z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' `( Y# n& K* d) r1 Y
* p& D1 E* E! ]' d# e8 LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) f8 T, ]7 _+ J5 A/ e6 N6 `1 b2 E% L; I; L! Z- ]2 I' I8 T
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # c; @( t0 K* V0 A+ B; J1 U0 b, f6 J
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! ^$ N) ]2 h1 L% _1 c
+ t9 N/ a! H2 UI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 j* \ M& S. A5 k% d" F ) t( j( M9 ~5 cMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ u$ v2 Z* c" j& ~7 p& B
5 N2 Q) M) s: r+ p6 I' G/ CWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / j' l8 U! M! P" n. V3 Y5 J0 A3 e, `; y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 S' m$ J' n7 f2 g H; `9 {
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 ~) F/ n6 r. E. m 9 D3 R! `0 b6 K; n$ S( e7 N4 oPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % F: S; c3 K+ M4 d. ] & S3 Z( x2 m; P- K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 Y5 z+ e- g3 j5 [ : E& f- s7 L, O# K$ v, w+ N/ d& R9 l 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 @ c8 V! |$ b8 T5 X& U& B# i. O 9 n' m- Y t; v* B2 e9 A) q* s例如:) |5 Y* J! M) R1 f$ k3 c! j- v
9 E+ w. C1 g2 F3 a0 Y) OAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 a( F' \) N1 z J 5 w! H* F8 Y4 ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 D# l7 ?4 d* x! h2 |, C
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + d. q. Q: F7 i2 f( X I3 j. c9 j- |* `7 G% d7 o- j
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 U8 s/ i) i* B3 O# R
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) u6 F M5 \4 K) i# W+ B$ N% ?3 ?
/ Y( c0 N: X1 O- i/ g& `She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 G* p7 u {% c8 ^
4 r3 Z( N# V) w3 WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 z" S9 L6 T$ Y
: {/ t0 Z6 {1 S. F+ e. J X# }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' `4 f) r; {' f. {$ W- r" s6 f: L( }
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 K }/ X9 n. s7 d% i0 o
# \# _6 O6 y7 O; q' VThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% |: n+ n( T. r: L$ {. @
/ h, ^' @8 Z! g7 |) P0 M* V! bHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( X/ G- Z! M+ S, k* ?
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% p4 _: h9 C9 O* u
- ]8 o) i- J& oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # _0 [- e/ b! ] + N0 s- i( e: F$ OEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 P+ m7 v, g+ R" `. V& w
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) S d( F- W2 b ( O! z1 \+ ^0 D0 q2 v* m+ \1 N; m7 C此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 L" I8 m+ j a# V3 \% \0 a) E0 L |1 N3 Q) ?7 a6 z
: j! J. z( Y$ m9 ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 G m4 T% A! k# I7 `& `* N/ O4 \ 7 n& V" E s! q: Q例如: 3 ^2 e9 ]' y* A) ~ G$ t: r9 z- rMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), f% _/ p4 Z( D6 a$ h: B0 X6 f& B
# I( {3 ]; [8 q( eManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) K) X8 T$ p1 j& h9 R. |$ k- V; j- x% {) v& y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , h& Q7 v+ P' R$ y1 z: u: \+ G 6 r2 |! ?# F q# I3 g m7 Z( yHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 l: f' k( d) H3 n# `
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' w7 K% `( r; x
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! j& t+ |+ {4 _5 T: { 6 I) {& V* }' E% E9 o! KCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' `( }* R" J; E, l! [4 I 5 P. Q' H* I4 p8 s) o& gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 _% {( @8 E/ \" g N+ |2 a: [2 Q3 k3 \1 h; e# V& i- S9 w. M8 _
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 V' [6 d+ @+ R8 ~3 f2 A0 d% X. W* @9 U
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 L( f, S- X8 }* z8 F7 h6 u) X) I% w) ^2 G$ i5 A# ~) o
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ a: `* I8 h; @/ J# P6 G, y7 g; A
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # q/ w8 f1 s7 s7 O : |0 Y3 W1 U1 ~对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % ]! r5 u) G H' `$ ? ( m: A' |5 T% i) Q: W+ n. f对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, V/ K/ w4 i8 C0 s# |" U
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 I/ u) J3 ]: Z6 ^9 U8 V% l
5 R4 c: A! w J1 N& j8 F6 h还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + n8 p3 o/ d% n/ V& {. J" ~ 5 ]" l2 f% O! r* B5 C9 n6 d, P有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + |2 U' i3 v) g- ~, f) K. }