本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 O9 B( e$ Q7 [! Q% H! B
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 A4 t) ?! [2 a
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例如: / u% _6 [+ ?' [ [ 7 m4 m2 k! T$ j! X" J kMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 _) |: Y) {4 V+ @
, I6 i1 _. W( g) v& IThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); V. A# J9 x* G( v' u, i
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* q" i- z( J# K7 K& g1 I0 Z& w
: d2 W, o( V2 F% v/ D) hThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! }( f) D3 p; W: B4 y/ M" }9 E& i* |" _: V* K5 J. }) k0 ?4 ^
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 `9 z7 d# V2 B$ S0 [: D% }, V7 r6 t
1 t2 h: J9 |' A* W5 { dMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 g6 X& l/ o# t( M) |) d- B1 S5 r+ x1 v5 k
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 k2 f. _; ?% d) k' E6 ` ' o9 w+ |! J/ UThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 f; @- @- n8 P6 x: @ . _$ G& Q( J- j* o. OWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ U( _5 v1 K# l% `* A9 i0 ]$ H1 N # b: K, }6 z4 k: O l6 @/ GPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; s1 i; m3 i4 ?2 S, L7 O+ y3 L Z; s" x+ S
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , a$ j( ?9 P$ ~) f1 V) N* @. q, t; o7 E/ f6 M
( q) y1 |4 ?2 z9 T3 o& p& L 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 w$ _$ \4 s- A) c8 C
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例如: 4 z4 K9 O* C; |# i % u$ T6 d, t: dAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% T7 @$ m; V; |$ w3 E( D9 t# W1 h6 w/ {
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( [" t. L4 V \ 2 X7 P& M% h4 v' |2 JI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; j, s+ @0 K% U " ~. R2 L3 l: D# ZHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)" K; s1 C5 w5 t4 ]% Y/ v4 e9 G& E
. L5 b, L+ I& d) ?9 n) o3 C/ g) oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ d0 b' c A- }2 r% f) b% v" t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . s. C' _" y& w/ R 5 O) _ p) y) z6 @7 s8 m( gI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + V# X. {8 m1 v$ J " I& _5 N! ^- ?5 g/ u如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ E% r* C& l ?; W% M6 Q, W
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; E' W* s3 Z3 J- S% q# \9 {7 m- S0 `7 X) `2 ~7 b. Y' d7 [6 @9 q
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 Y. L5 d6 R) v a
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % H* g. w3 E* q+ H/ y" t# \3 o! ?0 E; J8 a
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . l/ ~: L3 F1 c+ e3 S% Q) l2 F) J6 H n% c5 ?
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ G7 E3 s9 P* G
2 A; ?( H3 Y- M8 |7 fEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ x: F+ Q1 t2 o- e
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ }1 _+ X$ r9 f+ {5 B" J) C
0 e# A9 Y" M$ Q& h% @0 p此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 B }+ Y7 K- [7 A; l: u7 f [/ g7 ]. K! \
/ a, ^, n& _$ ]8 d9 G1 d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. W6 U* M' ~% r5 C. E
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例如: 8 w( O0 a, P7 F C: G% b2 H! Y, Y: W: J$ x; y) I
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" U0 Y- d- D p+ {3 ~/ }
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 |) C7 I5 s- q: s3 r7 c; i* o
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 i9 Q: l: g/ q" g6 Q2 w$ l8 t W6 }/ U. ^% s1 A+ q/ f
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); o, _5 g+ M. w$ V* d. ^
% ~5 N. Y1 X. q' v n: A1 Q' `Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# S3 ~' h& E I5 q; Y3 n% ?
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" ~2 l) G1 @5 C" G9 o- r! o2 o' G
) ^5 y' i; \) p H# bCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ K3 b+ `/ C9 d& {' G7 n
- h# ~) Z6 }: j. u& r( h5 ?Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 y" `3 }( _1 q4 e4 [8 I
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 a9 j( r7 m+ F s, U5 m5 s; b# g* q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' q& U/ v- n; C4 x. S6 ^ B4 l7 a * R+ E- E2 U6 {% n2 q0 i对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , t( i, k6 |( |& Y7 M h2 D5 t9 l. J6 }" L- e' b1 ?
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - l4 d. A2 i: e- u' k1 k$ a3 U: y5 s4 @3 y+ Q# z6 m: Z4 a* C
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 _0 X4 Y4 ]4 L7 h, W( T% e
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . ^5 `9 |, u d: ^ b, { ' y# R; T( P( c3 v0 k至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& c+ U, y3 x& N6 u
5 z: @' S/ z' A7 y& x; L还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 J/ c$ A0 W( x% R' l/ h8 t& ~# P" a) R
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 u; ] Y. q6 G7 E/ X