本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; Q( U2 [6 Y, s9 y2 Z/ o# v. V
$ G' i6 ]: W) h ^& `+ G转帖 . i6 U' T/ I9 i9 ?9 A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # D/ q8 c0 v8 y% M7 @. y " w( y5 e0 p3 a) j4 P* R, ~例如: 3 K: g, Q! Q! r5 u6 g u% y" G; W' X$ N# _' `8 k5 p+ f9 h8 x3 a
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 E0 Z5 j( Z: Q: f8 x
/ }3 R& T0 I/ f% m# u2 \Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ [$ |% q5 r* A* d8 g! E2 o& I; i$ I0 d( R
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& F' N6 `; m6 C
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( ]' Y( ^9 W8 J* D7 B$ N9 c 6 k. V% \4 l" U. C( rI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 Q* S. |* }! y J5 V4 p
7 G/ o9 w" j! J) ~Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ ?, Z6 A; K# P" T) M$ g8 K 8 |, {& H0 C/ \8 ]We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( O$ ^) }0 C, e7 P5 B* `0 {! f+ f, k- d
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 H5 v& j9 i: [3 v5 q* O$ Y+ @, N3 s( V- w! j, n
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # X# P5 L5 N. x) E1 w: ~ o! l & G$ e8 G/ C/ NPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! \* F7 L$ H) {/ ^9 {, _
# K! c# g2 a1 _: }: ]* i这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 @% c# b2 ~5 \/ o 7 U' E5 K0 q% {1 _; h* r! j+ q( y& t; @8 v5 } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' p% Y g1 W5 m7 ]
( ^/ j' ?2 O. n) C9 v8 S6 C. W4 m; z+ _' R例如:* C6 ]4 _, n7 \' F% J, v
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 r: H, c, j, D5 ~ + P0 N. S% i9 Y! X, o( H* cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 S( F/ @, t6 ^% z1 l . D$ n& F# {8 X" Q2 FI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 h( V) ~/ y* b6 Y
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! B+ P* l2 m8 ?6 }6 W# \
, m& w! j6 X6 x) r6 w- E% I5 m5 b: LIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): B" ]& t U1 d6 m6 O+ E" E0 ?% @
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 P" C1 N5 \ L; J! L% _( \ $ w, ]2 K0 a) w; g* vI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& X4 } T) l3 H ~) V" R
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / Y( v: i: G* T# H% W! z, k: R- y8 _ : p* b0 U* [- n2 r* c/ CThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): b3 B2 r' U( f3 m$ d+ m p/ N
1 t# V% O' d$ yThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( m3 s3 N, @+ d; _; j% I7 ~; }; w: n( v
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # @( g: f, s2 { : G! \" |; m* A/ J# H8 YHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 M0 d6 [! _! Z1 c
3 x, m6 i2 [( B# H; hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 [% v4 |0 V( ?3 _
) i6 j7 [/ i6 f, |. |( ~Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & _( p4 |* f, Z" @8 U' L$ j' d+ l , a9 ?& E4 b- _5 R4 x* X# n5 y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% d5 h7 U5 q9 N8 Y3 q2 s5 Z+ ^8 d
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' e7 E& k i' r0 E* x8 {8 W7 j( [0 n6 q+ k. m
$ n/ }* l8 B7 g6 ~$ ~3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 k9 q7 D( ~# K7 e1 u4 B ; I4 C+ l, X7 A3 {' Y4 E例如: $ x3 U; p6 U1 s2 J/ S/ T & a; o( [! L0 ?Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( \' n( A* S3 N! ^" N n
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 y8 h) [( n7 P, K : p9 E: U: Y# W' x* T5 I4 d* O: z$ U9 VThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' k N& }2 { b$ F% u
0 S5 E% \ L5 j0 p: m! MHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 I) Z- p/ b8 i8 R' S! Y8 r 6 P4 B/ E. ~* d: \8 |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ J4 U# s, ]; H( N& ?" ^4 X: U* Y ! @/ @/ h/ N! O1 r5 E1 g! YPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 ?! l2 X7 l) K) P6 }7 D7 @+ }
' [& Q) z3 p+ k( i6 |Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 U' z- Z; q+ f! N ; `7 q# Y( B+ X! iStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)5 f4 R, A4 L2 u4 R' L) h% u
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ A% ^6 C% z9 o7 g4 t, q L! F
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# F( @& a0 \1 f' V
, [: _+ r% ~8 m S4 n8 c4 r对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; R1 Q/ C# q( Z- { W: V1 e' v+ `
5 E( s& R. B7 ?1 h" \# U3 v1 m对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 g" T! L+ }: U9 ?8 u+ R
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( T; {' t9 ]4 L8 ]- |. b F) A2 b
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / w6 L; `6 j2 f+ \, {( g* l2 D * j/ S" ^: O- g/ _5 ~$ k. h0 K# N至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / T# m6 @# }! V% B0 s3 I/ b% P7 k! s* ?5 n) d
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, E0 d+ R3 P6 q; B# b
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 Z; D3 c- E, g$ K; i/ {