本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 B8 ~ E1 l" ^0 c
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), A. e! p4 D N1 l
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! P2 M4 d5 e) x; o* a9 q& W" j4 n' V
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- h4 B; z! [: H+ j
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # z8 V& b1 I! h8 [) ^ _* X4 [ , y2 R. ?& _0 s0 yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 m1 }/ L/ U' Z1 F1 N# s" H) n( y, p; ]0 P 4 c: o7 D; g" f$ y( o/ \1 SI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) x( T8 l: R* T/ y8 M& a( L 0 r8 _0 N% H/ g! y" m, F- _- LMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , @, p5 m5 P$ `$ ]& q+ y5 o7 E% Q) A8 z. H; y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # J! I! i5 h% O8 ~8 c3 Z ( n6 j; c4 r# y: YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . y5 ~& I+ e6 E; l; L: _" l! }# U2 ?/ T7 i: K) }
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 Y, W/ d3 O8 `* ?* M $ ]( A0 n# t( z2 \, QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) \1 T) D/ J- R; O' B! p9 Z3 }: u: P
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; ^3 `1 Q" m' W9 `
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6 s. _! S% |* q: g& l1 e 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ h0 N6 ?4 M9 G( t
6 J% V" l7 Q. L/ q4 I例如:1 ] G& r/ s+ y; u' {! ~
* B6 I% Z$ \2 _7 y# cAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# u6 T0 I! d( h/ r$ }9 E' r
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) : j- p4 _& W8 C6 ~9 @ d1 Q6 F) q- m7 P4 d; uI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* N( o/ L3 o' k) P
{+ |% q/ Q; g# Q/ ]2 LHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); n9 t) Y% J( Y7 n
9 C6 F# g7 Y: v: {8 [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 z+ X' [, c: j V
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 t6 m& s. v* ]
; r8 \, x" d: i' Q- k2 }* CI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 }. ~: Y! t/ J( l8 c
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 h8 A6 t5 k+ C4 L
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( ~/ `! k8 X( L @
, Z5 z2 @+ Y3 T8 c0 ?The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- U0 ?- G, |1 Q& N
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 o3 B* }; D1 r9 a
( r4 I6 {, o, X: zHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ h& I* X0 @3 S & r) R# `* @2 i1 _We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 R2 ]7 Z2 a# o. C( r7 q" z7 @7 | B' I5 v2 {7 A5 G
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ y+ ^, {6 { q/ {% k& G& N* q3 b
9 r# W. l9 p" [, x8 J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 p p4 s! S3 A( c & l; q. p8 i/ ^2 d& O' ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # p1 U0 Q0 T0 x7 U7 Z" L - y' T6 ?/ T. Y5 r% B$ e- d$ s/ Z4 j8 h" g 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. w4 C& C! v& Y
6 n* X2 Q- e- f2 o( m3 A例如: 7 x: w, v5 P6 {1 M3 p* f, r 4 x, h* \5 i9 R2 G H* fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 v' E0 \! j- i4 S4 I/ p, p
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . [8 y2 ~0 W D& [ 6 H3 d+ v6 k' d0 `This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 {, t7 i d' i7 x9 n
! ], @% U! ^0 X' ~: UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% {, g! |5 m4 k' o$ c$ u5 c
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ E" c5 j% n$ p
- u. C0 r) }/ `Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ z) i' Y% | h7 `+ x- Y
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 A! l2 W/ e& F& g' ]0 C% V 6 U2 ^! i1 |* S/ Q" _; gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' f0 R8 {9 t) ?; Q# Y4 ] % k+ [8 J/ R' z( j) Q0 o2 Y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) B! U; Y* |( _3 f1 @& h0 T# G
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- D3 Q; |3 y( N4 j; K
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% z# _8 U9 r/ A8 {. M. w
5 H$ \0 _& j2 [' l对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; S0 f. W# v3 P1 u! r, O( U) S$ ~8 u/ V/ V$ S% e# B! A h p7 S& g) S
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 R O+ E$ I8 n" T3 O/ I3 E ' l1 A* o( h$ ^, r# \9 R对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 J9 W1 S. _; H* s; p5 W2 z# G6 C6 F9 }8 O* i
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 f+ P% M m2 A9 o$ F0 b4 _
1 t' D; @" d0 c K: Q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 o6 C& y# H: U* \; G" z! [! ~. E9 A2 C9 l1 ^, {3 g& F7 S
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 x# t; u1 D4 b* e3 |# F