9 w( j* {! g( D( X例如:( e% T" v& F5 a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" Q% X1 J8 ~; p+ E! S* ?+ g% B
9 U) ]2 f1 }' \' t; P0 uThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% q8 a) M" n3 a' g5 X
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 E" \+ L! c, j5 `* O1 J
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 R$ o" }* M8 l
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , q A6 y: {, }. A& c2 h# ~5 m0 a& M1 F/ F7 I' X
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 b& B9 T1 _& k9 Y
% z7 z4 }9 X7 n4 C$ AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): t, n! }, Y, }# K
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- r4 {+ Y" A# u6 u; o
- X4 V$ @5 i) r& M( CWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 s5 a/ E% |* G* l8 Q0 }
* j3 i4 Q. w2 O4 g2 SPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " ] Z# R! x2 b" `! \6 ?7 x% O8 i( Q2 w8 A2 U& X- M' Y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 g' a8 X' u. B* b# q+ k/ H / g Z* d$ J: |( g( G: X3 O6 y/ {: z) ^; G 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 e% d+ u9 q5 A- ~& u9 O: g
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例如: * ~$ T' ~ M* y# ~3 W3 x 5 {0 c( k' V( I! Z" v, cAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - o ]& g1 `0 v " R7 a# ?& M. q1 hDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 I [& T2 q7 C0 a, ^ ) k5 ^3 p- k8 H' I* M1 C2 L5 DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / Z" z# t3 P9 \3 I; v: r8 o$ R( g ; X) b3 G J0 s' z, Q+ ]4 AHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) I. C6 _7 @# Z: a' A. l
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 c0 q7 x. H; u* Y
# ^2 B# i& u# P9 Q: {7 I- d' sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' E! O# m$ V. r3 j2 l * h7 `+ y. u4 B7 @0 nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & {& f2 W7 _9 X* H0 B' }3 F j/ i$ }; N! @; v
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# q% S2 |# @; X* [/ a
( I$ g4 q5 |( q) F# W7 ]; E+ M: QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ `' n" m# m3 r. V/ f% z& d
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ F; f* D, R' j3 p! `% N
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). L$ W" r e# t
! n5 h/ r7 H/ T9 CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" O) ^# |" X; l Y' C* F
* m% F( e9 M! Q$ O1 F% WWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* y, w$ g% H0 c L o6 }3 b+ `
/ z' i3 W4 S) }$ ^7 D! [1 j3 PEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( U/ W+ H: \8 _( i7 z
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . Z, B% b) x& {. m$ ^% Y; I' G% w" @: G* Q# i' O6 w* |
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 D6 J1 H$ z/ N% |: `9 I3 e
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6 Y' w- r M/ `7 u 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - T3 o/ ?9 J; ^/ w: H0 @# o4 _* M7 m; w4 k. \6 u+ ?1 Y
例如:. R: w& S$ w7 z; u
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 `0 I" t, ^, [ o& I8 b
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 ~# {7 E6 C; v6 Z. [- q* `" e/ A5 S3 W
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 j" _0 X$ @! s( r$ T9 r& j
- s4 v- B- Y7 Q- zHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 B' R" R; X @3 f. n2 [% i& n, q" O/ ]$ b2 o; j8 ~
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) B G" j/ N; M3 O/ E- `. D, K. @- g! M$ Y9 G8 w" n
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 k1 J3 ^2 Y' z% ^& e8 O! d- q! n0 S# u' @5 H
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 `+ H! g$ N2 R1 O- B! R4 p; t5 q, S* W0 S, |5 Z
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 ?5 N" @/ G. V/ ?0 x0 @2 @4 r 2 H- u5 m3 e2 z0 K4 [$ C& k6 i# M* c$ n7 [同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 m3 X1 ~! Y9 U* c# v2 S
! ~- ]3 K. K. v# M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: y; W+ Q* F; S; q R) k% m; ~
/ m! A: l/ z/ W* K; @对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 x8 L# I- a2 Y) U* C/ \$ }0 p& G C. q : W% t, q K" \, Z/ ^9 K对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , T0 x* I$ a( m. b1 c' J: f5 }( I! G
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' ~$ y# y4 v2 \$ F4 u' M+ t1 J / \2 O( l/ W3 w5 i对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& w, [. ]1 p# g' M
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' `7 \% I/ B: J' J, f+ a( u3 {* j# C9 v/ |
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - C% \& m: ~1 L8 T9 D$ x ( ~" O N; @$ D/ a% a有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 `! ^6 ]' s. h% j