; c7 [ h, u' F例如: * @3 C8 y5 h9 t7 o1 U4 i- B4 W4 Z, D/ k% ~+ p
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + j" l; x3 Y, |' d" Q $ E3 A' \& I3 B* e& N' KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 `6 C$ n8 Z3 E- p% {
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" h( f/ W$ [# M# p/ g* y
; Q( F9 C: {# N1 p% R! t& _3 wThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - G* V4 V# t. r: x. N3 A; Z 2 N, B7 {9 j- y& OI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 [+ ~& k% H' g2 a5 @7 f3 e
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : z+ d" H3 S1 _+ t! `0 E3 l- d8 i- }- P" f
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) }5 Z+ e0 G) O" n& E5 t. d( u2 ~1 |' \* P, U* @, }0 K+ L; Y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . t; F9 Z$ [# r* _9 t0 ^6 G9 ^" H5 Z. b* b. }
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): O. ]& {/ \; O
& ] W* C! |+ u! GPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). E; `' b. l( ]9 e% ^
- i# W: W) m2 s* v, {; Q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # Y6 p4 |# O; ]0 J0 S! [! I% U, D( }; U$ h& L' ~
# @3 g O+ U3 G) h9 f! V 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 a0 m( V; i4 x" @4 |) ]$ f+ v. H
例如:, e0 i4 z) w+ d4 Z( l* l
: w+ a8 _1 A5 y! I2 l8 X. q5 {; CAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 _5 Z4 S3 W/ r5 m, y8 a8 l( r
! a8 E( z3 q; I k* r6 uDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + B5 i) U$ V7 [! b0 J6 o# o6 p8 y
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ E' |% T% H% \# h9 h1 g" M( J1 T( B$ s2 r f* H1 a1 f: F
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( P) {8 w: m$ t; u8 q
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 m+ f8 G; b' Z
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' @7 W$ @3 r& [& ?3 f
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + x" @8 u8 N% u8 m6 ^! }1 s: b ' H9 A6 W8 P+ Z" Z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# i1 z3 w+ y# a7 m. x* O
8 o) I$ J7 u* J4 W: u, o" j% t, dThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ X3 w5 E! j( s" I' `, B
1 p! N, W" A T3 a9 s3 x0 `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& u5 X; k, l; \
4 {. V8 F# [3 R$ h" b5 B! M# oHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& [' `' e/ q% {5 G4 c7 @5 v! d- a
3 j/ V3 E7 G6 F8 A' R/ O C. AHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 y0 a8 x; _" d. e" v - @# N! p* o7 c6 BWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - ]' U+ _! K. B6 D4 A; A 0 G W2 }: x1 G( d8 z" a g- QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 s8 }4 c3 P4 X% p
% U' k1 M' d! Y" p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! n' r* p* _/ V o4 R3 u+ E 8 e# c5 M+ i J d: z* B此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; j, d3 c7 o8 n* A5 ~/ z
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$ p( K1 [; v4 A' {( d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : \# g. w! E! B2 } v/ P; ^# n* X+ h" U& F
例如: - x% }" v6 S( [0 \9 f% b: L" [8 I
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) r/ Z8 j) ~& D f
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 A8 v3 `% {# A: r q- b ! l# g3 m" ], b5 y2 R4 J9 AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( c* h6 F5 z/ h/ O) t/ q, t ' G. G0 P! W. U! h; l) E; }He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), g3 r; n7 b# A$ c8 J7 ^
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' E% G |: x/ O* @ 5 \: ~! ~% z- z E7 G7 WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , O/ j$ }: b4 h* k+ O/ r/ s 4 H7 R5 z* A; ]4 dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% M; }: ?% N' H! @. y: j
0 F& K. ^9 Y; H) n( Y7 S: b2 gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # _. a! E& |0 O; ?! ^' r* n( l8 f. u' X3 S% C) s
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ n7 o: q8 A( P# z0 b& ` O' D) _* c* h0 Z5 N7 ?( n) J& W
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& Z& Z- a6 d. K
) [9 p- L T4 {+ v- h对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! x7 J, L5 e. t ( k3 L$ _( v4 H* p0 ~5 j; B对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ G/ X% q4 ?; H! {) C0 o# X9 [
) x" H S2 Y3 T还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ `8 l/ d, E2 \' [1 j/ F
( ^2 [; K0 D3 ~, r. j( P有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 A6 C' G; I) i" \. e. _4 C G; B