本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # B# Y$ w7 Z1 H2 W3 e3 R$ B) C# R6 o: X 转帖 # A: G% s% c! U# ~9 {# f e: ?1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % O1 d* h9 J4 h3 u" A. B 4 k# t4 W! i! H* J f% J例如:, o1 d4 O. v' v
3 x9 j1 F" q2 i0 H* C# K% [Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) G2 E1 ?/ u+ r/ [/ Q' ^5 Q& | ! H! b0 O4 M3 i: Y& y! B: {5 TThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # n: t7 }, W. l# s7 w ! q# M! d8 e; Q+ IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)5 a7 B6 N6 R, y/ r
$ T/ `5 R: p$ s2 V9 e% Y* t) x& ]/ CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), I/ N4 K# Q( K$ S! R6 _
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 g, I/ m; X, E . Z& i6 {! d) ~) n/ L! G1 D6 |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# J* D2 q) H. C. R6 l4 {+ N
$ t) K0 I7 K% a- tWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' J7 W* R, R! y8 L9 \2 w0 u
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / I# H( E; ]% ]5 D8 X! i i" E3 u+ L8 e( b0 L
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * D. d+ U' J( U' `; v# X9 @$ F# u* m+ D" X p
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 h) }- Q. d5 n 8 V. J+ ^9 P3 R2 T0 Y2 S这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, u, X9 ?) J8 @3 t/ W4 F# m9 b' m
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8 o" [* T) M$ D- z$ i% A 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 @5 o1 {7 I! B, O5 }3 c0 C" ~ 1 f" s* b7 O3 J5 a4 I+ e6 ]9 \) t例如:8 S7 |, r; `' Z+ e0 p
j- {6 }6 R' V3 f/ Z. O, \At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); B2 s0 X. C4 v1 S* j( z
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# X4 A; I, d8 y
9 `1 z/ k& L' u: d& |) eI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ N, ]! I2 @8 N
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 u6 k7 t. v9 S! A( \5 M( h" M5 i
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) P S) |7 [! D/ B4 {! T" f ; o+ q3 [# b. @. n3 WShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" o. X* O" g+ l$ L/ s& V" j
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; a m# z0 T7 L ; a- R+ o3 ^4 L6 o7 N4 ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. _% R) L3 R* ?
: g7 S+ e5 A; j2 t+ kThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 w( H% c9 u1 `9 b& M
( l9 n/ k+ Z- H2 ^The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; t8 W7 p: j9 Z6 R; q / f) O: l4 m, A4 a+ SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- }$ K3 {/ ^. T1 Z7 }7 A3 ]
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 t$ i" x3 w% A4 W5 \2 q
9 N" n7 I6 ?, j& NWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - R3 I9 p1 c. D) ] 7 g4 O# f! N" F5 _' H8 ~4 m* A+ |% jEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& ?. \, c q6 n- \6 `
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . N, D3 p9 G# T1 F: e5 y: [5 G! r. J0 Y8 V6 Q
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . {1 O- q2 ^ w0 G, L " ^+ J. F( C5 V. e0 v4 _# a 8 N/ p5 U, `9 D! U! ?3 ~3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" o1 `: X! {4 \/ |% Q g9 b
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1 L% K% p9 y: p6 H' y) J+ LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + |4 X% Y! x; Y$ e2 C; o: s " d* G# L1 x( A5 F- D+ D9 M: `- bManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 W( K% L$ @+ ~- M0 n+ Q3 h v+ D% e# q; u* v7 O
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , w: D1 P$ q( q7 ^# u W) ^/ h- b( ^2 s" f7 \' r( L1 s7 B
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ \2 y7 l- I" R4 p/ w m7 e7 l
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), c" z* I8 w: p9 O& J) y8 u
1 [ X, Y9 U7 z. @- VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 h+ [& c+ z3 S+ G ~ o& h- J
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 V0 n( W% ^1 N/ O! ^/ m6 x* Q# H* D& ?" p
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 A" Q1 C, t% y 5 _8 e1 Q8 E O) T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' x) I( Y5 \" | % T- H9 i0 u6 \当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 F0 ^: z* S. m: s5 t$ I: q( h- n- ]) t9 H0 r8 X3 p
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' _2 k) {0 k0 q" @% C- c- W4 r3 A- @3 R, Y3 @# j8 p1 }
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 q5 J/ ~' a* J; G( u- q- f; }7 f$ \. l
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! ?- N" ^$ i- h. j+ v8 I* f* w
( Y) o% n {! l! y; b, X- ~. V对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 C5 }, j8 B. |
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # c; M% O, ^2 ~% a" Y. k, D ! N* F. H+ v& p$ ~3 R还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 H6 Y: U/ c5 p0 C( B2 |" q& |5 z0 W& P+ [8 _3 q
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 q8 |/ O$ ]8 R+ d