本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 B/ L' T/ x+ w6 {0 E, v( C' ]7 N- M8 i6 i6 n 转帖5 w4 g) ~2 e, Q# X
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : T' @# x9 o0 Q1 c5 O0 \3 J $ Z" P e2 ^/ t/ B, }: M# r例如:, [8 ?4 V: z) N2 m8 E. C9 L
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- N0 L) f- H" n
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* Z }+ [, v1 o2 @
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% e5 L0 e/ F: B' A, g7 ]
; J' t, n, w# |7 FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 ~, R! a6 t/ P; g. B
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! ~/ V: Z* ~2 ]. x+ D. x ; ~' ~) E; b: C8 B" f% jMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . k- x: F/ V9 }5 ^ v! \1 m7 u& m9 x, Z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 T- L$ i3 D4 l7 i
4 A. }* ?+ E8 P8 r2 BWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 A" y$ l) N$ K9 c6 N# L9 B0 N
7 L5 ?" C7 w7 G5 g2 ~8 t5 T0 UPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + y- h7 X" A' l2 U5 D I4 X% ]3 I. \9 h5 J1 A" Y6 y# o8 |
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 B# B6 q: a/ N: ?0 r
. Y3 ^0 i. L% w8 h) b- k Y M6 M q8 f8 W5 [4 j: b2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 a4 f6 G- G0 G6 d2 m+ ~9 l4 I l/ P& |! X% e+ i
例如:6 v7 z8 o+ ?6 D7 r
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) U% j \$ [1 |% S% K9 w1 X# Y& r" {( [3 H
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 Q5 W9 Q- T$ y" D4 B7 `9 p5 z2 W$ j3 }/ u( J' v
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ L0 P- V' `) [' i- r
6 T7 \& o7 H, r+ a. c$ Y/ B% UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 \/ g. a! O- X* y1 G* ]: B3 Q' x9 t2 U/ i$ z; q4 g& ~
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 l1 W8 S/ I0 y" v+ G" x5 L% A) O% E
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! c0 z1 J! l/ P. k" B1 X T 2 P: Q/ R, I. l- ^) _1 L+ yI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # l% C4 F- l5 r* d2 T0 u . c* H u: T2 |' A9 K% Z* }) R如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! M9 [1 H5 [1 {8 S6 `. k) r7 q0 v0 @) i
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 N! T& r+ o) n7 N. n, ~5 J1 r
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ g! q5 I2 A- P; F2 A5 M8 p
! a) F0 w: M; z4 V d5 ?8 N2 W% rHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 C' A: w. v- B X/ G; s4 m G; n3 i& i- H7 |4 y& p% {
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' Y% n% Y, G- S7 x
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ p$ K2 }3 q+ V9 `. s6 i* p2 i" X& Q
- B3 v( K* F( k2 |; h) k2 A: rEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 f8 A3 D; f" c 5 Q$ x# I5 w k0 P% @3 ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.). M0 z8 i3 l; n2 @" I! I
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 J" k2 s4 ]7 C5 U( [ * x) ^" Q' A6 L9 q/ ]; O9 X; k! B8 P- z u9 A8 k/ E" H' g3 n 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . i9 y& w j& w' c, x( R6 K2 Q" R2 \- c& j# b/ V
例如: , `: c% \: {/ Q2 U* c* u ( l; @7 i! I8 F. n, }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 R7 \& }; P8 f9 |: D. {# \6 Z0 H ]7 ~4 j
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; ?. Y4 E7 R3 T& W2 C) h! ]8 b. V+ T+ b& H
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* I4 ]0 r v6 n$ o
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) S6 U' L' M- M+ G7 R! D" j ~ * X! b6 R& l. D6 @: t7 b' ZMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 @1 z7 a$ D- M' J u
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 p c5 C/ M7 Z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / ]7 D8 p( Y6 p! I, U 5 H4 K+ g0 W- v" V+ o2 [Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! {" Z1 e+ s# E: F6 l - S$ W7 I q- H7 g6 w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 Y6 U7 F6 ^( w" [* `# K$ \. u) C$ Z+ B( |% D& L
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % U, z6 F! r0 {# W. U - x6 \& \( U4 r: b1 s对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" {. D) ]6 t1 A9 y2 T
: C# q. | c! m" N& Y8 O* l对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: O- \, N [$ |. ~+ w
, m3 g, `5 h# b/ T/ G还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 w4 J! \. G4 r7 q8 B; ]' b$ w9 O. k / x6 c' V. `: p, G% N5 v$ Y0 c有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 X. u- ]1 L7 g) j# k! P( x