本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' W& h2 K' t$ p% Q5 ~* c* R; r- T' ]+ P! r9 _, Z8 y 转帖 9 l' N( `8 h1 S5 Z! {1 j) q9 z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - w5 U( `3 V% L# N |% V) R8 G- r% w* H* ]' _. ]% F
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 G ?& l" A6 y8 R: s( E $ I+ y& e; X5 i! g: u, pThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" M: l0 a7 x N2 O' O
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) \- N1 w3 _2 D C* u
* y% A7 c1 U4 {) LThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! X8 h2 `5 R$ u0 S4 M; l3 t( X
/ }3 d6 ?4 O1 f# g( c9 _6 {# yI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + ^) I- t' l/ E6 W/ `& Q9 n8 u/ c& v( i' }; F7 i9 d! r
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : P1 c3 f3 I: I" }( \/ l0 {5 e0 n* y/ w6 K5 I0 G M
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 x; q. u( S8 @4 S* v4 @* G' v4 Y* D
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & p7 Z+ Z1 l- y3 u; Z1 O4 S% t/ M7 g9 U' R9 \' X1 |: ^
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 M( B1 V4 N; }! g( C" {2 E
" m6 R% g3 ]/ i Y; r3 LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + u' n4 q) G% l0 B E @8 W; V3 b7 c: R1 l5 R3 n
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ d# ?6 ^8 ~: r7 q+ x7 o& d4 p4 D1 D1 e E5 N
+ D8 E* O* G6 }8 n8 t+ J" nAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 s/ L: O, A! h L/ E8 Q$ X7 i6 F 8 ?* T) w! ]( V% V7 [6 E+ i- w# ~Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ J2 d' U! q8 d h) ^) r% }6 C9 I ( b( J# C' |- Z( ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , x" a, T! E1 H9 p! h; ^1 R; C& [: ?0 F' D7 h4 o$ a9 J8 M# p
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . |; N% i2 f5 @5 M! o 9 I9 B! P9 j* l1 K f& w( IIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 I4 E8 E& f+ X/ q, g% q6 V$ s2 B+ C9 C. _
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); E, l+ [$ V0 v8 J# v0 R. _
m5 S. D3 t. O8 d. lI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 _! R$ h# B4 o3 {% h; V0 k s : ?7 h# S8 {" u7 j+ h' e0 u如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 @" }: Y6 ?: I# D# Z! Q3 Y+ k* I7 B% v$ B1 ]
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 ^7 r5 @0 Y4 ~' Y" G+ y, T/ Q) p, n4 F' M4 Q" i( N
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 ?- T7 G& E3 Z3 H4 ~
+ G2 r% J. _) S9 n9 NHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& }* X6 W+ l7 y
; S) V4 K) h: f% QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! r X, o. C% K( I2 U! k
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! `# \$ I6 s, Z8 m8 B- Y# ?
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 g6 [6 V+ [: _$ V3 P3 Q2 D: t- h0 A" j# a3 S& M
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : O, V3 ^- v1 }$ E 2 Y; Q9 i3 V7 a0 }此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ y8 O2 i! q2 m: b1 n2 Y4 {2 A
: y4 G, w- ]7 K2 m% I% K( ~5 G/ v! v/ q; ]# ]4 @ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。* M9 L9 n* |' G) ^9 q. }5 V
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例如: 7 L8 |/ l6 y7 s3 d& P9 n + v" a( l3 m( R }, e8 I6 {& sMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , {" J: G* l2 f9 a% H6 q + s1 G$ s2 u' _6 g$ w. `Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / A: ^) d5 S# X: f: ~; H# x2 l' y7 |- z& z* ?; ~
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# v* T0 l# B8 d8 B' c8 R" _% q
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ m+ y' J4 X, K* h/ C" ~# v
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ F4 g) ^, P2 O2 c
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' ~2 M, B9 n- F) L( Y; E* U1 e7 W; p 6 E# r t( E, W% wCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), \8 |# F' W0 T. a: k7 h4 ~2 h" I
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 i- e7 ]7 x% |1 ?) m$ \0 ~- v& U" ^) _$ J+ s) {
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 P* [* z u% V- U8 j7 `1 L# A5 P* T4 y: |) `5 \0 e
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:7 j( t% x. m' G! {
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & M% a# f) W" _2 S6 L. \9 N& {6 Q ! V9 _6 ~+ d5 y! p+ }$ O) O对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " {* k$ A3 \4 g% R; x+ S1 Y& r: V& R& j- g3 Z! T; T7 U3 k
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; F% E- Z0 _& o$ p; Z: }+ ^ 7 Q4 D, z6 p. Y6 N" L对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 N; Q- R% G& w/ p/ O
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & o8 w) j1 W# x/ }( k" V- N+ B 2 D8 P d; g* i还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( Y0 ^7 d b& G; T$ T3 M
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! G7 t+ r* Q: c X