{, x. O( L3 X* u' w6 x0 r& Y5 K7 W+ xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 o) n: W$ d/ D# [& U, t* Z# ~7 f1 D% Y/ B
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): i. p% e* j0 H# R7 P O% X
( u1 R' f% h% y3 b. _4 T* i& Y! B& `This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + m1 L# u; o: O 7 i( Q6 h' O0 W# I: p1 s: c; GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 S; e T$ n+ B* o: u' T
- Z4 {4 A& K5 _ A8 o, gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) r5 l% l" @' V# P7 u5 y6 e2 ~
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 ~1 x d+ o, @4 a0 B+ Q9 g8 y
) a+ d: i$ f9 {! Y/ |3 ^We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 N. _9 | J6 F; F! v
" g. h9 S) q7 P6 uWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 Y0 X4 Y$ a' k/ o , `8 ?/ m6 B/ S& Q6 MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 t9 t' w7 Z8 v7 G* _4 r' f( m0 l( {* ?1 Q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! n) ]! [ @# V- L! y, e, }
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5 X+ L# ~' r( k" q' a& j ~/ X: n: s2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; _& p: z0 O! P. h; K Z
; q: e& z% \* i9 |例如: $ {" J" P- J7 P5 e. w% f8 e# z2 d6 W4 n+ I! a9 y- s
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); ~2 _" i5 Y6 h9 m, f- R- i
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 k/ c1 M( _1 h% f) C$ E
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! L- e5 P9 h: }2 k" x% j 4 V$ R: \9 i! u2 _. x$ @$ ^He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 X- }6 s& X0 ]- v* F . c2 {8 |6 b+ E# E$ ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 P1 s7 k* [% G% _8 A/ M( I. I 9 y! |0 P4 D3 |1 k% m! dShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * ]8 \8 ?) g. X4 h2 Z7 h9 a; z% V- W) O. W7 j1 q# Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( q J5 w$ J0 }, O/ w( A2 B
6 I9 o- J( o/ n+ T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % |. E) X8 h/ s' O: e" P) t! ?2 y5 B2 m% F5 j& v& a
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" p4 d) Q( x# W, \& ?
( M( X0 g- F/ |The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 @8 _% }4 S- Y1 P7 o# v2 g8 G3 M1 N2 a2 T4 _
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( T5 m7 K* ^4 t+ F4 ^9 `1 s4 Y4 j6 z9 q& O( C* q y
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); T$ }0 j- Q7 L+ o& _6 g e
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 L/ U& q; A" p9 Y2 }# ^8 w+ \9 r) e. r% U2 l( o7 F
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), b6 v/ f- z9 @2 Z1 i. B
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 t! v k$ a7 T" c+ t7 x 1 U4 t5 N% J# X9 u此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # A2 A$ V5 K& h) k% r. T 0 h* p) \/ @5 ?' o6 }- x ' v: i' R9 j' W' X3 Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . y- U+ b5 b' W" z& K) P8 R" o8 Q1 b( u: T. Y/ a
例如: ( N+ }% y" U& x3 B% T% {% x ( v/ f+ @$ R1 V3 E9 cMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 e, \- v" D9 r q# Q6 d0 x7 ?+ c
7 F5 T# x- D Y7 S& n9 A8 p NManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 r1 H) C5 X, \& P+ M- @3 [5 F. d; |, K, ^! z {
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" i2 S5 p( |: V7 D( i
* N7 I$ u/ I2 y8 L7 QHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& P; y v0 ]/ C' b
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* Q' V p- u4 x1 i3 e5 u
4 Q' t* a* W( o/ O* g7 F4 zPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% c7 B+ K: @8 K- a0 i. G. y
" D! [ t* k- o; w, v4 L8 ECongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) p( P a6 i4 V( s: f/ u
, {7 Y3 J5 |$ x) I) @& \2 A& WStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 \5 c' J" S# w& r
2 e+ h0 d, b: W+ B$ A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 L. c5 K% g: W8 H0 I6 _$ z
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 L! w2 v0 I4 ^9 d& s( g$ W, C0 ^, b+ |- @, K: `
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + N6 _) ~2 r2 J, c& L- |% N; y9 Y6 q
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! B) O. M& q' u4 M9 r2 l5 N , v" L; O$ g1 [对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* f' A* `( ?/ s o* A2 D
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ N* L8 i, a* C
# y; D$ e( d7 ~9 X2 I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . T: O) m: ?) x4 ^: Y. T' m& @( t w