本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 L4 r$ Z$ b, |: J) e: Y & P* f+ V: V5 P转帖 7 }- z) ?, W: E# c2 N8 l' M+ X1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " k, }5 Z# f! s2 i$ V7 J, j: K/ r6 M
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 T; ^* l4 U( K, `) _# d
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 N; g; D& U3 s& a7 V' P; B0 O- }6 _
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) N- w9 Q( V/ U A# X & _& x" ~( ~& IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ?: l$ R, B1 t1 R! H! s3 w
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - [3 ~0 C |9 u/ n, Y4 a1 V 1 @- B: }6 [2 B! T8 WMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); u1 B4 g; Q4 l# a) n
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* U, j/ V+ R% A# G6 v$ ~
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 _% y# @) q7 ` O; ~3 n, g E; e4 F; Y9 }% H7 E5 [% V
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ g2 }$ S# G; m! T
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 y$ h5 U" f+ m0 G. c% D) X, R( j) E9 l7 D
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 z1 z( Q+ l& g( |; L* n- }8 m % `; L! f' A% s$ E5 V8 \: R4 R) ~, L, j9 h0 _ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 d- m0 G4 F* X/ }; T6 Q% G ^3 @8 |: e7 R. g, C( q
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 |* |. G# d1 y0 I+ G6 M) z
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). n r, H/ M2 y' E
" {) w$ d! c% }( J6 HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 I$ g5 W+ e. E4 L) W r3 h6 f _& d7 Q7 @: q7 a: aHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 T, Y0 s' {5 k+ h+ ^4 H3 h
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! D _8 M4 r5 u 3 \+ e0 {3 M; N0 i) pShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 E1 \. ?; L& r% Y" g; X 4 g4 k* ~" s. l [; QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): y3 p4 y) m7 \0 K+ N* y
: I' {' O$ T. L5 a/ b; ]2 F. Y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 y# E ?; Y; z, l7 f O% t+ g; i& z6 U/ k% x. G9 r3 T/ t
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) P. T- I. |* ]& e
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 v" V1 N2 Q8 U1 W) B7 f1 V5 ]
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 _6 H5 i2 Y1 k- k/ q
, j9 Q; E, b5 @, X" @8 B- UHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / I7 ], D- ]! R5 t 1 d+ l: l/ K1 f' l& b9 o& cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( Q: H- C) M: c2 K2 w & U5 w* F7 { N$ oEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% f' {0 g& K& k& H. M
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + @2 ?0 s: v' b* Z9 l1 ] 8 [7 o! l9 I) h- E) C8 | s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 [1 h M1 [9 B - }) H8 i6 r5 y( K $ T% h9 {& [: E5 v# l Z# P3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! ]& p1 K# E+ H/ \4 { H/ m }9 o+ W4 h" J! N0 M# G1 }7 r
例如: ( x6 t3 g; J, L4 a. q) d9 b6 j) V* h$ S+ t" u) k- O% ?! _
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 h. Y6 x% C3 R2 A9 I4 }( e& V' ?
8 l, c1 n4 [/ dManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) _5 r# G: v7 i+ e6 }1 B ) t6 w8 Z4 u! Q" u7 oThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 ~& @; C" [1 o) r8 W# O( s8 i
& ?, c) o( P( q7 Q% R p) ?8 dHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 M( Y& b L+ d7 f( t! ?
7 g% Y3 {0 R: PMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 z* P, j3 e) x6 C* X% l, d- P! r8 N( l+ Y% n! s
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 s% a% S8 s) {/ U" Q. o8 ` O 1 z$ u5 O5 d8 Z# J) |Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ N/ m @7 ^% q* W) j# R7 ] ; b! h% j, U. ~; N# ~7 \/ e9 }Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- H- o, l- c+ j$ |* J+ R: e: J
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & ] P' M! m1 a! t1 ?4 W* q! z( J. H0 U) T" r( h
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" y; `: x1 ` r# q
- C" s g& ^+ t- k! @! e6 w( x对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' b+ A* G/ I/ C+ v( f* U0 ^6 {
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( V$ M$ W3 g6 f* g- Z# _) m9 a6 g
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 c( i/ H& F& c 6 p R9 z) b/ v& l0 q5 {; X对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 O0 w2 _+ l! m! T8 U o1 F) L! \
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) r- a" G6 O$ C( k
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' _% \8 m: G, z - E$ H3 f# R: L# o( m" i有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 x" W8 P% h8 u" }