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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), a6 V/ H3 p" d. T
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 c7 q: Y$ V" } 4 o( R% p3 {6 F; MThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 g8 y9 h) A2 l4 @
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' k; c- f- x0 B& L9 P
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- L& `# j1 \, z' i
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). M0 B+ C* B E" f4 X% V
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' C/ h C }2 B. t( _+ w9 E9 S- x. T; o+ U. V6 |' U
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) C2 ]& `; W4 F: | d+ q: g 7 E- C. I& s( {2 `We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 }3 C( ^# u2 N0 c6 E" n, n8 X( P l8 @) ]
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 ]% m5 c& q" u7 |; i
' A5 Z! W* u4 |- |这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& N4 g: ~; z& h) T# n. W
. W" {" f7 r( ^- s5 r3 ~ ]4 P. w6 L8 U/ Y5 {: j 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( |" ~- J# I4 \% t8 i, M' u8 l$ L. x @: r9 |1 G
例如: 1 N5 A+ x$ p* t/ Q" b2 u) i0 r# B' O8 b! ]
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 m! y; V9 _9 C( f1 w+ ]7 N5 b& M
/ W+ `. {) g ^# s6 VDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) e% N6 q/ o9 O( v f* t 5 T6 ]- }( {# V( G" cI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- B: W5 o& H2 d: J3 q9 ~; i. P
, z: p$ ~- A+ G3 K0 _+ d2 ^! @, XHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 v) J; C0 ^! {: o# P0 N, `
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 D. A* q/ o) p9 I
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): Y+ ^/ d7 _7 P/ T+ F6 b k' D! o
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 A( [( V5 ]( c; Z$ g
- ?# }1 x2 Y5 \! |4 z( ]如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; x6 H2 j2 o4 _# `& T3 F $ ?6 \/ K3 j6 ?$ n: M: \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 C2 `; B/ I' z; Q
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). Z( X& l) S: S a
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ H: \# _) Z! ?) X 5 v6 L2 E" I: p2 C1 W* v* _4 cHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' x1 r# K' E$ [- u
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 S7 g8 ~* G9 w4 e
3 u; [& x- I, [5 ?1 wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收): d0 e2 p2 D% C6 [) d+ U* w
7 f' @8 \, \; x& J, g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* m0 E' N6 B2 z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) A$ ?+ j8 R# d( B6 \* u 2 ]7 U. ], L. @. X2 L W4 E , T' o% r+ L5 T' E( |9 _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 e& q1 p6 u& u) Z
3 ?+ r2 c" I+ d例如:+ \# C3 {3 C) v
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ q& z3 y' m2 K6 A
- P. z$ m8 y" y e1 PManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). N% s3 w' m$ P5 q: x5 E
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): }6 i! ?3 t7 p- c6 ]6 j. j2 ^
4 Z! g) E! a/ X& `( \. MHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # G( W7 ]0 l6 ? a7 V* p' Y$ ^. c+ N" ^' e; |: V' N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 W5 d$ i9 Z5 u! d# y0 a2 `
u2 ~. K* f! A/ cPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) k6 o, a( @+ Z
$ x+ W/ W4 h i) ?: k: M- {8 I" KCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 ]* j- y0 m2 B1 O8 Y( Q
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" W M0 o0 P% |% f: u$ U0 k& Z
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & z0 R8 Y! \. A$ ?% K+ a# d. P ; Y* a+ c" [+ @' j当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ v6 {2 H' m8 d8 m# ~" S' \
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! L& Q8 v5 g }; q1 k
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 T! z* X7 n; B D3 u* y P# b$ C6 L+ c# j# o1 Y# I' x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % ~2 {4 j+ B9 t. m . @5 g8 D2 k$ J& Z3 @* `对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( L2 G J: e0 f9 I" X/ d - S5 G$ K+ m6 U5 D: |- w, D G至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + e3 _- w) s) |! u) E/ X + t, W0 c. S* T6 t& ~5 y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 w$ S: r1 ?; S3 X# x4 u O
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / l# d$ d+ U! q3 H7 t0 g- H- H