$ ]9 w; q0 s; L5 h* _( p* ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& g- ?; ?: L+ v$ w1 L6 j
' f& s, F3 N6 [: s( Q$ k- |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 P! Y. O4 V; x- L6 M# @' p
" @3 X L/ ?$ W2 q) \* |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 E" G5 V) ?6 K3 X. C0 m& @' j3 H8 b6 M1 b, z) d: A
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' y( _/ H. z ^$ ~9 A# i* t9 a
$ ?+ l6 H/ e2 n5 FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( k3 l7 ~6 M4 p4 P0 T ) J+ C' {+ J% I* D5 hMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ |0 m8 ?8 M+ X* i5 g N5 m
+ N" N- I I2 z3 J+ ], LWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; }8 d6 j- g# [ 6 S3 M6 C, ?/ p& u" C9 DThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 c. ?1 {& [( \% _2 s
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), M+ q) h" w3 Y T" ~5 b) l$ Z) H
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 _% `( L( I1 F3 y
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( O" D+ }- ] |1 q1 l9 Z6 o. B7 {9 a$ m( v& ~: c5 G
; A2 k8 H. T0 g% T& @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' U& n0 @* J* ^& k
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / @1 k) r: L4 {* f$ l* [% ?# ] N& I) b4 \' m5 [
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- J6 w$ k7 @' `! o4 l8 R% T% D) Y& d/ [
. }! J* {% w. Y( ?" s2 uI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , k+ a, D! e/ T) d. ~) l# ?! u+ T7 j( f0 o1 A, _
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 c& J; H n' ]" d
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# F) _6 r: s; N6 \5 u' q% _8 g
, y/ D# A' D, J% h( ?She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / |, d! x9 D9 y* r1 p& e; I) o, p9 O7 {3 Y+ O4 V
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + t$ L# M" [$ O5 ^# A# C1 M2 R3 P5 l& L/ h
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 }+ _8 E+ l. f0 z# {" {7 C: Z8 t& L
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ x* G- K' e) k3 O/ H
6 d- G1 i3 X9 e. o f$ ^# hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + n' a u; L. V' d( q# b+ W# g) s, z6 M
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! t9 D0 {. R/ F# f. V" P
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 M4 D4 g$ K# |# X! [# r 4 b1 T0 ~% c, X8 qWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ q/ `2 G+ T+ _: Y) c
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) S& b/ I% i: L1 _# e" A
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( Q0 F% g) E2 s
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ]9 {) b( u2 w! K7 ?6 z : t" n n& a% U# ` [( e& r" G9 g& M# A- P9 H& s' [ x! v 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。1 K h, Q3 l* \4 V
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/ D: _0 Q# ?7 w7 q& {+ kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# V+ K/ g! ]1 H! m9 }$ ]& ]
2 [$ T- H; ]& G2 D; e8 s# h* xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 |8 \6 k% m4 o4 F. s$ O2 H% l( B( R7 u
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) K/ V8 i9 ~- s& Q$ r, E; | 3 k& i# R: \$ L# Y/ X1 w2 U) D6 pHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 o8 C- C' P; v% T" G( m+ k; }5 T, a" @. h
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) R! A/ `' {/ p) P/ k; B' E" {- ]5 W: E6 ]$ d
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)* d) r9 @0 N5 M D7 a. b
8 {. o4 a1 l, r% g+ d3 BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 {6 `* ^+ B3 W U) A. J/ h* j. A U
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 I; Y1 _3 {% s7 U
( E* h* P! H( ]6 J; f" x* P同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 R9 K N4 i, x! b3 h9 f, H7 j $ g6 V' S. W. H2 `2 p- v当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:$ |4 B$ ~5 A: i: B2 q3 G
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) Q& v+ k$ s% w
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ t+ H8 P. d5 Q0 y% O; i& Y: V5 Z. Q- i+ E; o
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 Z; J5 j6 o. U- U0 x3 W ] a! j L5 b; I9 j! n5 v0 j4 K( M
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " I3 E: m9 e- A& x1 t0 g7 R0 a+ B6 U/ }% e, G; K
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - O/ C6 u2 N' | v: B; ~) O) ~6 Y$ N. C, W, O
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 Y: D- i3 R& G% I' c" ^2 { ( h; ?, Y# D h9 W) d# o有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 X: n8 O% G; o6 ]