本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 j- {% U8 h6 |* U, p E% b
+ D# I) A. \/ O3 c; Q1 O, O 转帖 7 p( v& ^/ ]/ Z( x h; V1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , C: q- p4 Y9 }" {. Y2 D& z% O0 [ ) X( x( w4 V, a( r3 k; L例如:0 G- x" ?, `9 F6 ?, A5 Q0 ?
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 A' R9 O3 v% ~
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 f7 \2 N4 @7 w& s: _( o8 T. E8 \
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , v n; q! v, }; Y6 o3 V7 o* f( k$ M1 j
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 M$ O! T7 _, z4 i. ^) q3 W9 X. b( E4 s% o' e. z V
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! ~! Z1 v" m# \) F+ J+ Q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / `2 v! o2 j( P0 x7 t: B0 Y E( e& |& L9 p& S( P6 \. g
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , Q6 g+ `0 M- C1 `; T5 h' U8 @' B3 U6 m' y6 Q* g/ o, S5 Z
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " X( L2 ]0 _, c5 J- F7 i0 w3 u6 E; R. T
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / {* V4 y) d7 Q5 N; _ 9 c$ z: T" @$ \* ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 A- S' j' U+ o( ^- z, f2 E% P1 d7 r0 r+ ?) O V; ]1 _! E
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 l- n$ D' M, S( b' G' h$ N/ H/ w
2 H3 u. h* ?# P ' } o- d. x9 v* a2 E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 r/ p7 Z* y1 e+ v, {2 N/ D- O " b- T/ ?) \: ]9 O! e例如:$ j5 H! O* [0 R3 R' [
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ B+ n" [8 |$ j$ c& t% H
- _9 K: D4 ?$ V8 ?0 V, D! N; O5 MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ L0 Q* E, B0 b* @) O( c$ r; m" v
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 @; N [; D/ L3 d+ T 8 X1 D7 G6 X: S. q% j! Y. i1 ]He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 g' B% _6 y: x- U5 a& l( [9 V, v! s7 N/ A( D* p
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 C6 m0 H _0 p* S2 U7 ?5 O4 ~
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 M. T2 y/ @: h8 {1 Q
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 K( c6 p5 X9 m, W: }6 K% @* j; b C8 i& Z4 s) C
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' k1 w2 F& R8 J( a
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) T* j8 ^7 [8 a o6 }3 y6 R/ _+ }! p+ u8 j' b6 C" z: D! y( ^
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( l; j/ T5 u7 U4 N3 a1 V: r6 p + u* t8 V8 H! s y u! C1 EHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! R- g2 ~0 ~, I; r' D
7 m$ T. x( V; T P; O+ xHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* r# r3 Z, B' E3 V7 {. F" a' K
% i1 F6 H& w! U" f" @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & }0 @1 e" T" y0 z, |8 p1 I* h# X8 M- O6 o
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # b* ?: S& b" ]% b% _+ J3 E/ P9 ?# o6 l* O* W$ S' b
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) S( p0 G1 ?- u
8 W& j \9 V- `/ F, ~此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & u3 C8 K; w3 u# y% M: y0 B . L# ~/ ]; l5 P q& O& |& q6 I- Y8 q! @+ @+ y3 E, z; ^ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 ]% V' I( c5 D8 I7 w ( V' d$ U* y' g9 |例如: + ~# l% G) d$ D ] G9 W- C7 V9 T1 j6 i( }Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + X% p4 q8 U. e2 \) l+ e% k2 _- |# {
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- c/ x: `4 Q- f; N
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 g/ J# k3 m- f
) {. B/ @6 E" p8 e4 GHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " a8 R, r& G) q- B0 ^! g3 B" ?% _! T8 m% W7 w Q+ C
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): ?# M" X8 {1 d$ t0 J V+ _$ w
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) g$ O+ L/ O2 }; {$ q 2 l4 e' u: ?. g/ P4 q; Y" o5 VCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 I, I" S! n6 D. @' s/ B, a! ]9 I+ y
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 b5 l; o$ {0 l# Q$ X
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 Z8 ?! E$ p. f7 @, z8 s n9 v% g1 h: ^1 m0 e; ]4 E7 r
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 f! D& S3 H4 t9 D; R8 n. V! Y4 ?+ Y& L: v% F! j$ K
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( E: L- ^6 F3 C5 q
6 {) d$ Z* f- G7 O/ `* K对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / n% E4 A! A: v2 L/ Q! H) O ! I8 Z& ^/ ]/ s. N, f% C B7 U8 Z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ W# x* S. R# Q7 W $ e; N7 X! _! h" s; I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 O- a; p/ L2 T6 a7 E # ^' x. o( ?/ V0 V/ v9 ^至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % w- a0 h, ^* J 5 ~) P8 U: g' A还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 l6 F& k! \! S8 n ; H) ]* ~+ Q# b S( a. {有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 h, X1 q! \1 o, \# r