7 D. `6 F" C' B @5 T+ |, [' _Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; M6 F$ ?5 F ^$ _1 {- Z+ U1 |; }7 y5 J& { T0 \8 o$ e7 Y/ [
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 ]. Q: ^) K# `. _4 ?1 W( v3 I$ g5 h 6 g! z* ]$ B, W* q* `This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! F- _( u& t- q9 T 6 Y; X, v1 K5 g6 u# P |# H$ CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! f; s+ ~+ d' o, v 9 A/ {8 ?% Q/ |/ V2 g7 b3 G! JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # p" L0 O$ n3 j: j- a2 G3 Y S
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 W$ |2 I( Q" h7 i+ k4 M: ^) z
2 h% E3 _. Q1 @6 `/ X7 B1 T( FWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 c+ c8 l0 f y4 l
/ Y" u2 w3 v; I% B" [2 MThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): i5 z7 P' G ?
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 W- l2 G. X0 W; ]; b. N- V1 u
- M' o$ K& w5 D5 Y4 J; C' }Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 ?/ z% X5 \% m1 L5 y & r! o; }- K8 `; ?9 L, K3 @. v" l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. j1 n! [3 O, y: a: [3 ?$ P0 h. j
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" B3 c9 p' O" x$ k1 w: L. a 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 g5 Q9 b( x' J
& D. T) \& M! g3 K; C例如:* f4 q9 b) Z6 M3 `) a9 j& w
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ g' d# B) H, W: {" ^* U
) ?% n( y d5 UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! M* r" Q6 Y! C; Y' ~
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). z/ }8 S( @5 A8 y( a, G4 g: S i
+ m# N, H6 s# R1 V1 V3 BHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 X Z e2 K) e3 N3 k+ u1 d2 b3 g , u( @* Q; o2 \* R1 y9 `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 f/ R( o L& C
8 w) J8 ?0 _. j. BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( i9 R, [; @2 N7 R) @
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 z4 e/ ?% i! F9 E7 D" Z
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: D5 l& ]: q, G% w2 A
* o) \7 `2 Z' R" v7 bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , X; {0 \; K2 V/ E" @1 Y6 p- R; ]( D1 ~) I/ G
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); V4 G; O; v! C$ M: H
' B4 \% [; \" y2 s' Q/ n8 b6 XHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( a. N6 \6 A! s1 j+ g4 ~/ X
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 x$ y- h$ j* {0 f
; E4 P: q2 `+ U1 c( n4 u) CWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 V+ {: f+ {2 M$ X. c& v
/ m* ^' ~4 k1 J( `! f* qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 Z( r. s1 w2 ?- U4 [
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 ~3 e9 k0 j, o( u * @' g+ u9 t3 c5 v5 M: Y; |" U6 u3 _此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# e+ w( X) t/ U, t2 N! o
4 K/ _2 K# F6 | 1 r e3 I e6 U8 p- K5 u# T/ F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ o9 o$ u) \. j6 T N7 _5 z- S% A ! I) @+ `( ~) l) G h例如:2 h& I+ C$ g7 ?
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 d! ?5 m2 H6 T: E/ r! B/ i ) [: s/ `4 X+ eManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# I ]* h' Z% _: B! s) `3 X6 P8 P
& J5 ~5 \: p& e9 s% r! u% a3 k0 TThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 v2 _* m7 ^8 h" h5 Z$ [6 G
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * Q) H0 X& T# c6 C, b ) [. Q- q3 f) u8 ^$ jMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ d/ U( {9 y. U2 P, a4 G( | ) e6 W8 X: H0 hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) O1 [- c0 f2 I# L8 A2 V" z 3 B/ @& R$ q0 ~9 G( @, SCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % S2 @3 r/ b' r3 X! h, r5 \, I; N( j
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) O7 e+ g. g3 w
j/ n2 U |9 p& ]1 ]5 v- m* u同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ T! a4 i% Y* |4 {' z) G
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & ]4 Y& x. C% k; X ' b/ F2 H0 x2 v+ R: ~ T R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 M# M! d* w% ^5 n
7 @$ o4 x6 M b% X9 m& C- y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& u. b' T) v. O6 p: I- |
& y1 t1 x7 L4 m) Q8 }至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; Q, T6 T* w) ?3 _. @ o+ j
- v! J$ `8 R7 M2 L) M还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ I9 @+ x& N# X+ S* F' G
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! Y |( a; _ Z" Q$ l6 u