本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' C+ i6 u3 Y% `: }, D4 S- f" u- O- R7 Q% ] 转帖 / ]& d- \9 A7 I2 A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! I* s2 i$ K5 h$ C8 j3 @& k s9 }' T: {7 K
例如: 8 t$ I& V5 F0 p" s ! w3 _. ?4 `/ ?/ BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 I/ M3 U7 W' q% H1 b% e
2 a4 w5 C; f( C3 M6 M6 R* LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ W; e( O/ |; F! ?
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 @2 ], A' I2 j Q
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) u+ ~: u9 Y" ]4 R- f: L
/ q0 J/ t. V; D) w! t/ q1 S) u0 [: |I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- }! E' [$ l$ Z
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) U7 K' }) T" u, L m9 j 9 a+ P. O, F! R' ], DWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 t/ E0 O8 s% D" C2 ]9 O( _ $ b" u# L" h. p! p c1 _5 p4 uThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)! M) a; X K3 ~6 _, \: Y
2 _6 `6 J2 s) V9 _8 y4 I' MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 ^, Y4 L5 v# P' z7 O, w
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% n6 T* X! D! m% w5 i0 ~9 D
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 p& ?! J5 a+ X/ k. a( u6 ?/ k2 g, h8 B, [5 L0 \) B/ s- }
* w0 c+ }# |6 C! w4 O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" L( G2 C( E9 ^" Q& H
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例如: . Z+ G6 @3 s( Q" a8 ]* o6 [5 \$ t* O7 i: e. W3 h
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ k# l1 t6 o. A " T( t& }5 M0 {0 G6 `7 X# d# oDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- ~# _& ?/ p# d1 t
/ e( G8 A+ C- E* _I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 a) F/ X4 M+ X$ a3 r* l' o1 i
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 J( [4 O- p- m
% |/ t! L- S( {0 ?) m! n( ?In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) . w R" s& k( j / S% y$ L5 A- m/ Q+ p9 x7 iShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 ?. `1 X# P2 ^. [7 O
* f2 _6 f# z% q& ?' sI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' d) \; C% ]1 w& K# g) H0 J
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ b1 J7 U* W; t8 s1 j7 F/ k
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! ^: j3 J, |) m2 H0 E) q: h# _# o2 B/ p1 J8 Q
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 _0 b5 P- n# w$ @0 {+ I+ Q- A; h# e: ?& I1 e
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 ^7 W! b/ r+ F4 i3 F6 a, I 0 I1 T- |5 G2 a" e" _% B6 D) pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 \0 B* m/ w8 ? N F$ k1 z. M& J $ I. [4 N. E, u; O: w6 MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 J6 ?3 n# N* F* |: y 1 _% g$ e0 ~" e5 c4 z5 ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 b) L: G1 C8 y
1 F3 c9 x5 Z5 ~ v# H写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) _* S, E* Y" A% {" ?# g9 h4 N, e3 {; I. ~) F+ N2 B/ B7 h
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 l5 \: R% W, l$ C4 g& h, S ( Q2 L8 b" y5 p- X0 L4 C; L2 k) k' q' H; o2 a& T! H5 \ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' h5 ?" u! `6 E* b$ U2 s5 ~: l. \$ |9 d0 G
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4 ^0 Y/ n% n8 J( oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 H& t7 b' ], ?" g- ]- A* q- x8 y: I/ r1 [# P" L+ P0 S# J* e
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). \% U/ k- U. x
, f- t7 P' h9 M# kThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 S% Y }+ \$ J" ~; D& R * B0 K5 V: C( L! U& C$ l/ n! G8 ?# iHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) _5 S: h- c( O5 k3 _
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * ^' y3 ~6 q$ l4 D1 W2 |. V2 u: T6 X- B/ w$ T3 h, J
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 r$ g! \! u8 m" x" J6 q3 N( Z ; S5 z; m; k. H tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); b& g' G# E$ m( S5 ^
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 d3 f2 n" C$ ]1 g2 h; I- R
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ q/ I- H5 {$ t6 k r `3 j/ y
" G3 Y G$ u8 x8 Q4 v6 g9 M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) l: r. z* R0 F1 |2 l. Q. o8 k: u) v9 y( j" s& _' p; A
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - L& S9 M$ A' u: e1 X* i5 w ! q9 x& |- E. ]; s5 z, s9 ~6 }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% w% s8 }, L4 Z' m' w% }. ?
$ Z( u, r$ `& ]对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! A, l" a8 N9 q: l/ R' D* w9 ]! v2 T4 I
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 i1 E7 G, l+ Z. Q
8 q. l" }! {! b7 S至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - U8 N, E" y ]7 h ; U" E1 g: @* v* H- B还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 @/ O! i: n2 Y& R - F% i, k, T/ R9 M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& L* d; U$ R( N