本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ]& u: W, i2 y" `9 N
3 `* Q {; X o) S, x3 o转帖 / N: s, V. @& x, f1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 w8 z9 _# a* p; b1 c
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , l- d2 `& v! u, {" h; |2 @1 `, Y% b
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) D" f$ J, [% _: \& m% S 9 q) m& X4 B# S& {2 Z, ^( dThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 `; `! Z$ X" k. @
3 [: _2 C9 U+ Q, g+ SThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' \1 s- j, H& j# B % ]* P2 v0 l) A5 JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ y" @* x& R5 e2 S6 Z# T ( i* l7 i3 j0 D. G1 e" E2 zMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & k& K/ c6 J/ ^# c* F' P i9 L0 ~! S5 I8 W* {# y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ H. y- m2 }9 Z8 q9 |
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- F* k6 |: u0 H
4 B8 I9 n7 d9 j5 ^2 n; z$ k0 MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 s) Y: a9 B o4 R: E5 p# D+ U* l% q8 C$ w
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 [7 e! ~) H- @# [- h8 j- V2 G+ C: s! ~& V% Y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # @2 R1 a( B/ A' ]4 r2 [$ [5 s: Q5 u4 R) W- f8 x. K# L' V
0 @; T5 ^' g8 E5 E. V) z% l* c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 J. s3 `" P) H" N/ _0 d, l
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 j. y% x& S: g; ?* T9 p3 {
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 e, {4 d( f$ Q, s8 H
+ H7 F9 F, l& G) J+ m' f: II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 t5 M# @4 }5 b+ ^9 h- n# v
0 A" z' n) m7 h7 hHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 L& z- s2 m1 S# H+ K
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * s T7 O9 D( T$ x. S9 e t$ X8 [; h8 v- ^
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 ^0 c6 D6 B$ d7 ?' @3 `8 v/ g% T2 q* F4 x g# n* q8 i" N: r
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! [8 @6 p2 Z3 ^$ V
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 j) E h) i( \
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 C' X* }" ]5 B7 Q/ X, z0 G- X8 n
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( `+ {' I( G: q7 k. x( z% o ! C, h) j @# @' U dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & o1 U- ?5 n4 }. A& o- e 2 `( q8 l2 W+ c) X4 [' CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( y5 j& M% ]( T, \0 {% C' G6 [. l& p9 r( p. `; c# C; z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / o2 J0 z, J: O3 l+ G . T8 i8 v3 [; @& [/ |3 l# FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); H& o; ^/ Q1 m, y" {
7 j( X C& k \. _1 v9 U }写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 B3 m' c, ], w1 U 0 l# b( A3 O7 ~) n3 \此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! c. x3 D V. }( V4 ?
5 C2 D5 p4 \ m8 V1 B1 n3 P. [- l4 s: |4 b1 W1 n5 v& v 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 N9 o) J* }. i6 M% q' E: q" r4 @3 n* {- a; p x5 J: p) @
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 y: C& |/ F$ e4 S0 q# h
6 t$ r1 n% Y4 w w# ~) P, c G9 H* \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * \( s8 k, [0 U. X9 K( R: }6 H2 ~4 [' [9 D9 S
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . A: t+ ~% j5 k' ] ( Z: D$ s8 F. D/ LHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , h" I$ A3 X7 U9 G1 o8 K: F( X; Z% ?
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & W- w0 A! n/ Q9 s6 M/ d8 h% T+ Z) j% \3 c a
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); b: y# J' ]1 r; |7 X
4 d0 x( ^0 G, D0 @! y! \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % ~5 k# {4 h% F" Q$ F1 J 0 H" ]3 I3 }$ w4 j# o SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) R" n5 \$ v6 {6 S& k: l / C: k& S* {; M( i( }3 v+ W3 A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& y3 ]1 f2 m) Z3 R, g
, _8 ]! g# e3 j; e" a当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ n9 a& y! ~& ]5 ^: Q2 c# u
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% V2 l1 @9 t+ r, {0 S
) i- ?& l$ M+ Q( K; Z+ j! @" h4 N对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . Y. ^1 k* O0 u8 k: E, J4 y, y5 }7 H- ]+ t6 r& w+ p" E; s5 ?
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ }( M Y4 V/ T, u
5 Y- x) ?+ q7 e& f# `$ H对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 `+ C* N8 Q. E ) S) Q+ ^2 r, F/ Y' o; e至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : I% u7 `& @+ U9 V5 B, L. d, ^2 I( |! s! z6 ]" X
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。5 {. `1 [9 I, n
$ ?! ^% G g, D3 y) F有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) d# K& H% P, ?