3 }4 p; ^% v! K/ cMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ Z: H: H. x! |( I% g/ r, A
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 L" O& Y* J1 r' f/ V4 e3 w, n8 W* g" T j* d, X
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " l7 {( r* B: m / o+ h1 _0 P2 e3 ~5 ?; PThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , H) Z: |: _- K6 _5 h5 k4 M2 m7 K5 N5 W" [. b; {. j
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * |! E3 W+ G& M/ b7 k # ?( \7 X1 y3 ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 D5 ]. z2 A5 k8 x
1 A7 @" ]5 M( B8 V0 xWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; X: ?; @- P# `5 D4 D4 K: i% x4 T8 F, M% c$ ^/ N
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 d u( @. \1 p$ R, e1 \ " U+ ? |6 }# O! |6 zWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), P- i5 h) @! C. A% r/ n- g8 N7 m
8 E3 R; E* c% |7 ~( z$ \! ^, R: aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), e8 L7 n9 Y) t4 t5 @# C6 N, A
: l- M. `( l, s4 R b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 q- `1 ?. Z5 y7 s/ X+ n1 L
3 Y) p$ c) W; M t, f8 B J8 v. j) `- d6 U- P) t 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 V f) B3 Z3 q
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例如:6 s0 n- U8 J' n# c, A4 H7 }# m" O
5 ?2 p* S W3 Q; b' z$ U2 k" YAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 N8 B4 w: Q* X 8 B; {5 c+ H: c- v" t+ BDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) {4 \5 {9 `4 P
7 S# \" V. D$ n' M: d ~, P t$ S, uI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). X8 y3 j5 `1 r
4 A I( O3 S8 E+ n/ x8 W0 B7 OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). G$ T) M* z( m
; R) H/ P; N/ N: f; B/ t/ x4 NIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 ]( E C* }9 S; A3 p' c! w8 q- m7 a: c& K' d$ X) c+ S
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 g& ?' f; ~) R# w: ^ + H# y+ A9 J* L/ ~" U' C$ {1 b7 II will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- {+ M2 x6 e" M5 P0 T5 v
C' L) ^5 b( o% J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, C2 _ l# L- S& l8 k+ \
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : s+ _* ]1 r, @& }5 _7 _0 d$ Z, d1 P4 U
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 ~8 N- Y# a; ~6 o4 S3 m+ R
9 p; J5 M; G: u0 x i8 D% ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 e: X8 ~; m e9 B" Q
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* D) f" |* r7 S2 P( x- `7 _
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 j4 V% c# {) j. X0 Y s) s6 [/ i, y/ h3 Q& ~/ `, m* A6 e; V9 M" U
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; s9 S6 B4 I& U 7 f4 g* i) C' {! h7 R' i写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % o& M j7 W+ t ]/ B" y% L: F: G' i( v V' r5 _! K) \( C" ?
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( {2 P; {% A) G0 g
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F- n+ {) H& t" g9 z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! f6 {. h5 o* y* H# H8 p
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例如: 4 k" H8 P* }" ~ $ w% e5 h7 b1 t5 D' ~3 Y: n4 s# ?Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# G- V# L$ [7 a- P7 T
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 d% N% f$ }& e* Y' G5 ], i% A9 `% ]* e
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 u/ ^8 h V1 o& S- y1 C3 G }1 ]' \$ s) d" I( h) |
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' k! H! h/ H8 a8 F. o* u3 P
* {) w3 [3 `+ Q3 EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) a: s% b- h U$ l) r ' E- W& {# q5 F' HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 X: K0 u+ f0 N
( |2 D) N$ l; ~' O j: y! G8 uCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & p1 o- ?! A: i" Z4 \- |# i( |" M6 o/ S6 B4 R
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 \3 |' d9 o0 l1 f7 _