本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 y- x% P' w/ B; y$ D0 e% T$ i9 D- d) x7 z& Q5 ^; v 转帖+ V- K! T6 E& w8 k4 t: Q, a
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 U$ W H" T3 \3 L* R 5 I8 K5 [# r% W$ W$ r# T% E例如: \- v2 d4 N& g8 s m1 u
) i h) p y7 HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " U/ A8 V4 p- ~' x; E. B( V c% T, S
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ H$ [! g* Z7 _+ Z2 q4 \9 h 4 q. i* K9 D) ? v: fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 E: a# Z6 T% }/ ?' T
9 ~ c* i0 y" Q3 }" JThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) Y; \ s4 _/ q L% z. `9 { , Q3 _8 O: l6 t/ sI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : D) o" N% {" i3 {7 I$ t 8 i5 H0 b$ ]6 w6 m! A2 w& k2 K( F! sMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & |2 @! N. E, c: {9 {5 p: T 0 n( k9 r4 z1 h! MWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): l: U9 Q3 U& L& A) l3 w6 x
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ y7 E% G! {+ X& C! K* g& A( `9 r% C; K4 K
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 l% j1 c" y2 H ?8 T ! K7 h& z/ Q A$ T: ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - I' b& j Z' U1 K. r( x( I 5 ]6 B6 E ?) a4 N这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 h" M4 O: s+ l' d9 M 7 @" h! W1 O- p/ ^ 8 e& t* R! ?. W [5 M8 W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" l# S+ F; K H! N- n2 o& y, [
/ x# u- F I1 t( t例如: ) e* D0 c7 H _7 T: _! d+ R * R. O# F- Y8 eAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 Y4 L# }! V9 j* W' M' z# T0 C1 ~0 L O! j8 }
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 x, O6 A8 t& `
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 v* L/ I: w+ w- L6 T4 u
2 o1 ^+ y! v$ l* ]He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( J) r- d5 x$ ~4 } . A2 N: b3 r, L6 s+ Z/ nIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' a+ f& t w, Z- N* {, B! o
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): b) X1 Z! _5 i& R% b
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 q% A' N) m# n0 }& R- I - J& a8 j& a7 D. r7 N, m7 U如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 @5 d$ q/ r' ]
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 g/ u, J, H. A. P- U: @( y- s$ Y & S/ `8 Z# K7 L; k1 UThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 G& h" ^+ S! }% b# q Q- S i. d% h6 b( F& c+ f1 uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( o& I2 P ^+ X
( e5 [, l i. _+ XHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' {$ y( g7 c* @6 z- G
/ Q" a4 B% B2 N. r" SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , k5 `5 s# n" r3 l* g& i6 C4 W9 J 0 i- O# B9 e: O- a# s+ JEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) L! @3 \6 d2 B+ F. j7 h5 P9 {2 k$ s/ C4 x# N
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , `+ H9 @0 D$ [1 d; ` 5 T j# T/ w6 k' J此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% {, r" s! p! n5 X7 q3 o- E
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; t+ n6 \% z9 g( J4 S: R0 B# P3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。* r% e( O/ Y5 \! @
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例如: ; t4 r# ?# ^' k, S , |/ G/ ~2 P, `Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% U) ]8 ]! T: [( Y! @7 t
5 x- |( t# ]7 }6 @3 O. c, XManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 C! z& f6 A' ?! P) Z
: x% y2 Q- t7 c% v% }& @9 t$ D# j, H1 EThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * V- j) s: ]- }4 T+ t $ C% e* p8 f9 C g( g: gHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; x. m( D; @9 `+ o* m+ C% M 4 ]9 N5 V, z6 T, A( ~, A4 |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 n5 @7 g* l7 F* Z& } / i" L5 C/ p/ A1 qPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * d& k. J$ |1 m/ m' A3 b. d3 h0 a# p# H
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - t1 P' c: \( P$ S% p7 R& s7 c, Z8 Q2 r1 W) Q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . Y8 t- r4 _* W1 n $ ^* d& a/ H6 F& |0 b7 Z' y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % q3 Y- O# P8 X/ r2 P+ y o ( S0 m2 y2 z+ C- O3 O当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' E; {( P" k) `- N% H, I9 G4 ? ( ^& j/ s- I/ B Z* m; Y* v3 C5 l7 ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* H0 D0 B& o; `' W! D
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' X& C& t( b% r9 L: @ + o9 O$ e8 P3 L: W: T4 x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 N8 \/ Q% m9 S ' [5 S& U: F& z) S" O. ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! u- u) U% ~9 p4 C8 J I3 V$ h! e0 D) E/ W: u
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:+ H; ~ Q: u- p e8 `2 R
& {% T: E) w) H8 J5 `还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) ]4 |- {$ Q+ P& R. u+ b1 [
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % h! {2 X0 P2 m$ h7 C) z