本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 X7 a4 t3 M1 G$ T p9 E v
7 D+ q! ]# e( o( e1 F6 N2 ?- I 转帖 8 d/ y" g% f) `* K( ]1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 L- ^: d3 y* m1 [: S# C + B( l; t* {) S: S8 T例如: ' b" |7 e* l1 V8 a$ }- F$ X/ F; l+ @- ~. X. M$ t
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 D3 l) n p$ H2 x9 S5 B
Q' Q4 h; K: M, R( i. W7 Z" ^Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' m- K6 R% D+ @4 n1 x) u
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; l+ g" R, d q# B% l q2 O* U) n. D* [ % D; f/ G K! N9 o/ _) }The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ S3 K% B7 O% W7 A2 R1 y$ \
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - k$ s/ C" P P! A! S) L& y1 W! y; O0 c
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 q7 N! s) A% ^0 C9 ^( s
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 z0 j3 h' }* M' y9 ~/ q$ @+ D* l; c" j) h$ f8 v
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 P8 U, A9 y& ^/ d4 i! f
) T: e$ ]3 W! n. VWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), P% W5 f5 A& T! Y( k3 d* m
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 t# v w0 a- p/ _ L6 {6 `' g1 Z# Z X) h, b4 Q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 U) d) e ~: N9 d8 U. ]. X$ f0 q4 [( j! X4 Z8 i" p, c. F
2 r, I6 n/ C1 L" h1 F/ H. ^/ i# ?2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) y% C- B. f& K( o7 c, N K w6 i; w
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9 I4 Z+ c k7 \3 G% e& F$ M2 N4 |At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! m, ]5 E/ l% E, [3 N2 _) T' m/ T
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * `) F( k! s* @1 a9 \% U. D* v& m; e( V1 D+ H
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % l( u* p) s7 E6 t* d ' e- \5 k* h: M2 k# eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ W% b t* O t5 y' ~) L7 P
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , G& q$ U1 R: r6 A9 ?# f$ t% u4 w; d2 H4 F9 v5 h' j# B
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ T( Y( F Y4 w0 G/ }1 Q
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 h6 _1 r2 I; t! t% @% s& v% t) G' @9 c; h
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - U) t# s/ j' R) \) t8 C' }7 m) a2 ^6 N2 X. b
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 O, \' Q/ }9 \, h
3 _- { E/ e+ ~5 w6 m' A% AThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + J/ L% |4 O; G1 I H: M9 H a! [" }
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) j4 ?) r1 d. p# B% I9 a/ H% w1 M9 q6 o" Q/ D. [, A [2 b
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ s) c6 I& a& h) | t E : m" X3 j- p' H7 C+ bWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 @1 J1 t9 \; s7 A
8 N" E V! I% `7 e3 J! p6 cEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 u K5 s" C8 [8 `$ x0 w! V 1 Y' K: \! p' |- ]9 p+ o# [写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 r, _% V" O' }. T& E: O4 L
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( T! ?4 C3 |8 Q% W% P8 K) x
) L# Z$ A% J* L' Z ' C7 h" v( E& k1 S/ h+ l* _# k6 L3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - ~/ U+ {7 R1 p: e3 V+ Q 4 `- N: v% y, R( i1 u2 ?( j* N例如: ( | A* R2 r+ l. |. I% ]" y( s+ o" U: G8 t( d
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + G+ w Z# m: O: `& H * c1 d2 B1 _, w" J1 sManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 x& [3 u6 V* \) H1 }* r; G" [1 p& {0 b' x- D: ^# U8 Q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 M# R! R, D. G! A; \. v# [9 _; O- \) }1 }- V# w7 N4 o
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- B( s2 @! i! r# o8 q' }9 W5 k) e
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ O, o8 }& }: z5 W! Z( z' Q
$ F) P' u" \" S0 VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ S* D0 _2 H8 F! k* B2 b9 `8 i0 y4 v* ?) ~% n# k; R
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) i; T2 j: @& g7 y& ^3 r2 f8 J
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * L/ W" M4 l- h4 o7 p # ]) D O. z1 Z0 i6 r* e) ?# G3 t2 N' ^同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) [) `( ~' U+ u4 S) k3 F : W) I% V; W" a* B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( H* N% A2 Q7 k. e
8 [& }2 ?( P; b3 }5 t对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # Z% G% b6 L# u- h; N! P 9 P. j0 K3 ^( X9 }2 z( I/ X: m对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% Y4 [2 v8 r+ j4 Q a
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& e$ c! L: m9 R- I# { M
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* {9 @9 c8 ?8 E7 d7 ]! I0 V
+ I3 p3 e4 O+ r1 P. X至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 m: {3 [ C7 b. I/ V+ o' d- T
5 S& r# A$ V& w1 H* ?有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) z( F& `& s" I( R: o1 D