( ~3 B' @3 u! |1 S. d0 ^8 G+ E例如:! s: l' T8 H1 W+ f7 c7 m2 d* L
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " B/ v) {) g3 @+ O& X3 x H+ P$ L, n7 s4 @
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) S( d9 O) t/ b5 {1 F & }! T$ p3 ?* v( P' W+ }0 gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' D9 [4 n0 R/ E5 K4 i
* l; J/ M7 D; e6 ~: }4 ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) K6 C; t2 ^# i v7 @
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 J( h6 D5 M' |/ o
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 n1 P( C) z5 ?" D; R/ N5 Z% Q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* I( ` z; N7 _$ _
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 i! u0 M' n; `2 F. q
6 o! b% D1 Z8 ^4 J/ qWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) Z* F" b2 d! G2 A$ c+ [8 `
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 P. \' |1 N" U# c, ?5 M
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 u+ f9 K2 E( y+ e
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: R2 d: E2 b) j* D. A1 D7 m" {4 |, h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ Q& W- `2 s. {8 @' V4 B
" t4 D9 a0 n( n$ i# r例如:7 ]! n2 U R7 l* c: B9 ~% N
( J" S8 o9 L7 D. f+ j ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' }) a4 y- o7 _! S+ e& s7 ~" l- ]2 c# {/ z2 K
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ g8 U4 k9 {5 B: Y
0 t( y1 u' x: N) c( g. OI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( _! U2 F* Y3 u
! q. F6 a% B: O9 f# k8 A1 cHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 X) `4 R9 w- H8 w7 J( o
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). v$ W7 K' T; b( p' u/ f( q) Z
7 `+ z3 u! D+ t- w7 a# w2 Q) J4 N3 nShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 m% K- p; a' G: ^; B+ o, J5 w+ J9 M7 s
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 K2 e" |- W4 I" a& B+ Z9 Y % L% v& h% z1 Y. U& Z5 ^8 Y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" A; I7 R5 ]! ]0 p8 Z" T" ~
4 k8 B: f, C$ {; }) d* f! mThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ Z" |$ ]1 ?2 Z2 X* K9 X# a8 R' b r/ _8 E9 S* o' ^3 P
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" c0 h0 r2 m: H2 n& m9 g8 Z
+ J* J. u& y6 Q$ VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! E$ C* W' ]1 @) W0 ^, ]3 A9 ~+ Q. v+ p
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 t- K4 M( Z& R. Q" B* P8 `
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 S+ f/ J$ D, }0 E1 q! R1 d x
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); o1 a" \+ P6 k8 p! R# C2 T
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 v, X/ M! k- e4 @ G1 `5 _% h9 g6 n; o
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 b: a3 x. o' L K1 ]2 [4 P. u
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ \" q0 D/ B) m5 q3 I" ?% H' `
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 e/ ~; L' e) D# M7 d8 F
# Z3 G4 ~- W1 Q- G' G- y! x# dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) C* e) P) H8 r6 P ; X4 U4 h6 X( |% t' m( NHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 J/ D( h# J6 |& u! M
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ x4 R6 F+ S7 A
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # |# v# Q4 E, c+ x- U5 { ) O( L3 U9 M# m! k \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; J$ m" d7 {, K: T2 _0 t3 s! q2 u9 P3 Z2 A
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , D7 J- F5 K5 |, ]9 A 2 E; M" P" ]; e* V' {同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - v: e) u+ w3 M0 P0 y+ o& v6 X7 l- P8 ~' w. V' I) D
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) U% w9 l# c: g6 a- P/ n! y 0 u9 @% G! C& S" n& O. y" N8 L% J对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' b- H6 K' r+ y. e' f9 N+ U+ d) A# m# ?% B# O
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ K7 H% \) H4 d
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + _0 l' y4 d+ y, \0 D : C$ W2 ^2 F7 R$ _对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' N2 B4 ~2 s; M" @* a0 f
0 N2 C7 I) e4 ^' h! h至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: e" L# s F4 A( `% r/ u+ b7 k0 ?& x: e, l1 V3 X# k
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- ?" i7 t/ v$ F( N; h
3 @% s! T% o* Y有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( ?; d0 y. \% M2 V5 _! J