本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - Q( D" U* Y8 m+ h9 O/ x3 j. q& o. w 转帖, ]7 V, g: G9 e% s( h$ W
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * k: b$ i! ^8 O: @- y$ D ) y* b# S$ X8 c# r6 ?3 T例如:' d% k# W# T6 T& Q& _; D
- D: q( M" Y; A5 e5 d6 rMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), @- {( @& N4 t
N( |* }+ ~! D/ s. S: M2 PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / E" k1 v/ j- W' A4 y2 o* w$ N. v/ Y0 n9 I! }- h" X. U
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) k! o% P% c6 e8 o1 P% M
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : `- Q, i) u$ ~1 k0 X- T" ~% W7 f+ g! B0 M! c# [8 J2 j. @
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- A, ?$ g0 F) ] s. J
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). m( k3 ?+ T8 n: z
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 p( D6 {) E/ |1 c, H& _
7 X* P A6 }1 p+ L; t, j8 \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ M) K6 q5 _4 t! t* q: ~6 X3 E$ u
" u/ F) p3 c) w- SWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( \% \) M4 R9 W( F# y' s
. D: e% z [7 u% d, mPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " r2 p: G" H+ p / q' z& |' S7 h这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 q; u/ k- r$ Z* `3 {# u, q" [
; j V8 R* q, ?/ [0 r/ D- d9 C8 l- t/ s# M" E: W' L 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% P/ F& l" X. r2 @5 r( h7 P
9 y+ S2 i9 B. \1 K% c/ n例如:) S7 y$ }% c3 o3 p7 w- v2 {
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) a+ N4 a) z7 g9 @% H/ `* L # S; P+ Y7 u a6 |! b _2 TDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% P8 f, c' x+ C P
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 T6 j1 P( W0 Q' n8 u) }5 e , p& ]; _5 d) U" l* t$ THe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' n' C5 y4 c$ }- N3 u 4 q+ t+ d0 k2 y. ]7 U( DIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 W- z8 \: H0 U, L; d
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)2 A B4 X7 D+ o
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) a. @$ w* }- k1 A. S# l
& u' w3 U+ g0 v. S7 u) j如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 [( B, C! e1 Z X7 q; A* T8 C: ~+ ` 3 w+ m+ Q3 L% w( fThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 ?& y/ Z/ F/ w" U; e0 R# O. k
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& H& `7 U! B4 y
x C: w! O L3 g8 ?, NHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) L/ |* X- a1 @/ {$ s) B9 l$ ^3 s$ g- f# }3 z2 G/ |
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 T) x, d/ A0 ~$ v7 c1 g* n
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 z8 m) v5 z5 }& U1 B* h0 _) Y! \; S% t5 A$ e6 |
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# Q' C2 q, ?8 {& |
$ d+ h; g$ k& r4 G. A, ^写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! x/ {9 `* k& j
6 i9 B p8 K# w, @9 v" S) s6 y* `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* M4 u9 s" A0 a( N2 Q0 M7 R! ?' _
9 P5 f& b" Y* L& n/ K! g8 e. O4 F( P, S1 q2 r: i3 X- |5 x% y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( `8 {3 y. f! w/ I+ s9 u# G# o) j% M% c
例如: / f& m+ p+ o' i+ c+ f8 u! w% s+ l: f - Z6 k, Z( `; N5 e* A2 [Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ l1 e P9 q( |9 n& f0 g6 e1 e, l
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- i, C' O2 U+ x: D5 ^* U: c" ~
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 k/ {' ^6 \ N6 s$ ^ * {% w$ \+ w. h5 ]. m) [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 C% D' D( |; u" b/ j" w* W: U- Q% w. Q% z1 _1 K- C9 s! I
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 O. c, u* H5 x5 `; A1 U+ h0 V3 o: P6 y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( }. Q D+ l: Y7 ^$ Q1 _- Y0 ~- Z# d( |" W* t
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " _) F/ u* t! h1 d* L3 [- s$ H' N. r( s4 }3 F
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) _3 J: P+ M+ w& g2 j* t) i& }- ?# j3 r) f4 h2 p
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& \0 P- [. l/ g2 p$ P3 n! D+ C
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 {2 k( p$ M# m% }+ Z% v7 s! j2 A' O
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, T5 R4 @- w' B: S _
4 L: Y* S7 S! W1 T6 b有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' K! L: s5 M7 Z6 V