本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 |$ \6 Z! F- ~9 b. e5 Y& Y
9 z b6 }0 j% \$ j. f转帖" A% h' C% O! y& a, I
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 a5 T' W% t5 P+ i ! N J1 C" M; C例如:$ N7 W. x; |1 p: X
, z. B9 q8 h3 Z" B' M4 v x* ^, C, P1 h
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 y- `, }" X3 ~3 [5 R8 N : V' Q" p% }' O' u3 AThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 H1 K$ ]6 N4 U8 O + j4 z/ q( ?; _- ~This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) B' h5 [" @3 K+ F& Y$ g
9 U6 t5 ~4 w# |; `1 }8 c, V
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , a3 `( {& C% k8 F# f/ ^' n2 z8 y' Q* g. o5 ~. Y+ Q# V( ^( G e
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 f1 i8 L/ }% o- A# a 9 `3 l" @3 O+ _$ {& pMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! c9 R* W% s$ Z0 a( o" k. m$ V# K3 ] L7 R4 E# \. f# ]
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' q! \+ q' K- `2 q) t' k
9 X9 ]. W# ~$ I: @6 BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' [5 l9 }1 O* E0 S5 _/ X0 T! n3 m0 U
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 B. U: H- I7 j0 l% O& y7 z$ [& t6 j
$ z/ D3 d+ g. y9 U" u% n3 a
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 r8 o( z0 K( ]4 ?+ v" ]$ s6 U1 ^ 9 B4 O [3 U" L5 { D这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 w: I0 k/ |$ G* [: p; N, x: v 5 Q' T$ d/ \2 W' c2 b% u( e# y- l ~ ' U' l4 _0 l ]2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . F) A4 g: x1 T/ P8 s8 _$ f" u6 r1 ?; \) @6 V+ |! s" I: l3 R
例如:6 D. b7 R& k/ |9 K8 @! A
& z; l4 s5 N* Y* B. P: G; Z( ^. V
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ }! r9 e7 y& h+ ^# A
6 Z3 R! h' r7 {5 I7 k
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / F, Z. a2 A6 ^3 I0 h! G1 L- Q' v. w- [
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' m H# m7 Q* M0 k) Z
8 ]" T4 Q8 b/ U* K R0 ~He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 ~9 j. u3 T2 g 3 Y& i# n8 ^3 m) p: I8 L2 |: uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : g, M4 m- j8 k! o/ n, O j6 ]8 `& f# _* K/ X
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! f) X* A& ]) A! S0 G 7 @8 N# [: O }9 t/ rI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); h& p1 `( j8 H8 j! B* T
7 Y% L' r5 }+ n5 L
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( o% V. o% c _ i, Z1 R" b9 D) m' V
) G$ k( j3 g1 O) i- p3 o/ ^The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + w$ E7 t; _9 X$ S7 i+ q! z2 h# j( \- i: E/ T% F# Y7 g
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- O; z. Z0 \! w
6 A- g. l, e8 _/ ~7 _5 wHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + E. ^6 u& h! y4 T, f / J# e+ {3 j% [) cHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 g! {# x5 ?( d5 D, A# ~ 8 R# e$ s( i Z9 K' O wWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); m0 l+ M1 s, C& j5 V
' {4 R4 t, O+ `; k
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* R, T3 f6 z% k
9 l. Y, ?# p4 j. C! r6 P3 t* K+ o1 K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) z4 u% c" l0 E& ?) q* x+ c; N& k$ ^1 F
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ ~: e+ ~3 X! I; [
, `4 ]0 @9 e) G" b$ H0 `/ X( q, g , R% ?; p A: O0 m3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) E. L1 o' f9 X$ w/ C$ U - f% `/ q$ r& V( ^5 n0 {. q a例如:# ~4 s& k! d* z
" O2 {- P* \' y: u! j9 |* UMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 ]" N/ P% H; m6 K; m( ]9 `7 I9 Y/ `8 N+ w8 \; G
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / f; C0 }: A7 O/ ]: _ * }1 u1 u4 O! C+ c! A: V6 SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ [/ C* n" A: X0 ]6 r
* ?5 B% t9 c% h5 j
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) N0 X9 d& c& D/ W& Y) {' ^5 Y7 T: M( B6 A! T1 l
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 h% b) L8 O( E
2 V- P" [" k7 }5 M' v
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 U: @ J2 Q' |$ {0 ?- z* }" H 6 m3 j& C, s" z9 |: [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 `- B0 X4 Q1 r- r( y e $ E. X" n) T3 P, U0 {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & l1 F9 m8 |, i) z: Y) v5 L" }& F: c1 Y! j
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ T2 s0 O0 u, a; \; l: D
3 {7 `5 s. d& l( ]0 r( ^" x0 z% A
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! S: R) F: S; F) }7 v4 O
: ^8 Z' B& r5 y
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 Z& y5 }/ B9 j% t' C
5 {; ?. s8 Y, G9 D8 ?4 @& `$ a对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 t7 R+ i' I3 u) T$ @0 o$ h, z, e5 S( v0 L% L" W& T" H$ o
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " S( \3 T0 K$ Q% A* @6 O9 r& d$ l) l( B2 m
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / `8 S. d( w# I) f& p+ W' G, Q/ F5 Q/ D* i* b
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " I7 T% u p* B 3 f) y- U) Z; V. ]还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 t% d. X$ y5 R/ @
0 u$ t. @! k$ @! S: j5 T3 t$ [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. c# I! e2 n7 v6 N" T# R