1 g% o7 N; T# g% V例如: + g6 s% m! C. n0 \- m9 w- U% I5 R( ~8 l* d8 H; I. J# s
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 e2 s. e" r0 f/ M1 i0 \. N0 e% n+ G8 b, V K2 S# ?& J
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + ], M( o: W) b6 V3 E6 z 8 @9 c1 o9 b4 G! c1 bThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) x( Z: p" k9 t' ?. ?0 _/ G , [6 X+ n. j! N" T2 ^/ JThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" a6 S4 ]* r; B! P$ }0 o
! `) M: L& r5 n8 AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 P/ \* |% y9 }; l- Q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 @% T; E1 K* }) b' ] - J$ Z9 c, s6 B8 f' eWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 g9 T3 M- {9 a7 x, Z- l5 s
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + d6 g' d( u' W8 o: X- {8 D" t( X5 P1 u+ c& E
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 _$ R& e# g, H9 P" E
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! J4 }9 H; \" ^( a! I0 m; E
% w6 N' {: }3 A! B4 S这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 a6 o- n6 N2 M! [/ Y ( Z) V/ Q$ j- _. | S* V! K( c1 y8 d+ m% v1 e: Y1 R 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 \, p# T+ T1 W+ ~( U/ J* `* ]% f' S3 F; _7 M
例如: 8 _; B V* {8 c8 c. I; l$ T/ k n7 P3 f& D% F) ~1 b
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" S! I& ]& \! D. \) \
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( k/ ]5 j+ A( y/ n
3 B! K" s! g6 cI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), d: g$ y7 ^" h6 E
1 I+ i: n8 ` `1 yHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " v; M/ H! y$ Y n" ]9 S0 K) k2 IIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 ~9 R! L* c% ]# n0 A: L
2 b: e$ T$ |8 ?3 cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 h$ Q1 O( z/ q6 j 6 B2 `9 i) t, G. E8 S. NI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( j0 O4 Y& Z$ k: O# C8 @2 P + F2 G! R' f8 J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 Y- s- [# S) a& p) ~( ^) H+ Y; [* L' T: t/ S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ N! _3 D+ |0 F; Y$ f5 B
3 r7 s; ~; P$ lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . h& x( s N a. Q& p* Q f; F , S4 J0 m( Q' G6 B7 ~$ }0 [8 R# H+ ~He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & R7 I8 r3 z u) I8 z 4 y( q( e8 Q- V3 y9 aHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) h( X/ j- z; g( t3 [/ m8 h+ o
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * V3 ~( N I2 Y; y% V5 O" |" v1 r- V. P }: A( K* n6 E# u' f/ g8 i# w" G. b
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 C/ P3 Q% H2 R1 V
; W* a2 C" ^3 N& I6 s写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! V, l- g9 O4 X4 e% `8 u* [+ @
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 ~. m0 \& |: A
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, G$ r2 N, `1 i4 M; U! S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% N* ]. M+ T1 w' X- ~
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例如:! T4 Y7 J7 n# _6 g3 v3 F
8 J+ b% D- R- i* n! LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 e H: L4 U$ f . m4 Z6 u4 {- L5 F/ U2 HManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ s6 n: f: y' N6 j/ y! g1 c
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & I6 U* z# s1 K% J ; o! p. Q" E: H2 d/ @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' {* L0 z% _( A$ I
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- u) z; N: ^% ?; W6 K; A
9 h' v: a5 j3 ?0 lPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别). ~7 e; U: f; n" w- y/ V1 e' B
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) I1 a; A0 [7 O1 T, a" f; q$ m% j
5 r& C) G* B; f6 P& _3 q* N2 Q9 r- N& oStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # g( S, A0 y f ; Y% @: k, S7 x8 r3 H/ H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# y$ i/ n: Q! n# B
0 @" G: j) }- j' \; l) k当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" Q; A. n2 l. t s
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 x+ h( H/ ~" ]' L
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 I& n& b! q$ B( k: s) Y$ I$ k5 K& J# y! R% d/ h* O
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& A; u& _% @2 Y8 w0 P
; {, {- O! a- {+ B3 ^! A9 Q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 L0 h+ f# A: j/ @' u) d$ f6 y! V6 w* Q- g
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 @* v6 v: I/ f% i5 b8 q5 u8 X$ M3 e2 ~# v: Z: A
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 ^! t( I/ x) D
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / q7 N7 W- C0 ?3 z- b/ q/ u' m8 ?