本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ M" Z. @: I9 H' l+ [7 S
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - l- c) F2 Z" m# u5 m0 C/ k ! o2 K2 z- E) y+ ~( A; z( ` ?例如:) R q! h+ ?8 o" N5 j( N
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 e8 Q/ i# g4 f& T ' z2 V- P% D5 a; u6 p8 |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & X7 K+ R" `4 Y' ]6 ^. Y* z0 T. d0 |9 b! L' G) k6 [# H2 C& O
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : w! R! S; [" x# ] & |9 w( N& s$ ~; w4 U/ h! oThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( S8 {% S0 g. z5 L: \6 M # a! l7 U- M3 B* |6 zI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / u" V- k* t2 ]2 U3 k" S4 l0 s j2 \0 |$ |$ A
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 u5 W" J9 c# E: ^* G
: r! v/ I$ k( u# n" E/ k O8 o; @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 l8 Q# d* `& d+ G
7 R. x( D7 M+ C& K% d g: v6 nThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 l3 e! X" P) y( u" F0 u+ C: i& `/ n
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* j8 H6 \! C9 |; S, r
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) w+ ~' B h* q( P9 @# K3 q & K3 x. ~ K; `( h. ^ ]这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ F2 _3 j6 Z2 ^$ d7 `
& [" q4 ]/ n# o: K , @, U, G" K1 I2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . V* P7 p5 d; E+ b # v, I, U% I" m) p5 ~例如:% g2 M. s, B1 Y, {) I
0 y/ D8 g! i7 J( v5 `5 P7 S7 EAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 n( C$ o W* [+ L# n( k
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 ~1 R4 n1 ]% _: n1 \
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 N2 u# r) _* v3 ]+ v
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 ~, C% h; U) `7 _7 ?4 h3 _* q/ ~ - r8 x; m4 w) Y$ U# |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ x/ f2 n _0 t; x
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 F" S9 p7 v5 K' C" e" t" `& o$ T8 Q/ w8 N& }2 O# H' y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 U' ~! \! |! s- l 0 ]. L& b- x1 t' K9 h如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * r6 ]2 ]: v# `- r R" g0 f* p6 q" X) ]
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). v) t( k& `, v' k: ?9 x- A
" \3 B) r4 S8 N( j9 I3 @- xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# Q0 N3 |. N- y& V" @( |% I
2 W3 g" C/ p1 A$ t% a: e+ E. J5 FHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& Z; K/ k+ h5 S& e% _
/ g L2 x8 y8 r; {He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 ?* @: |+ U+ ^4 C% |- z
' z2 K( D* P6 f' P5 r- w& ^' MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- H; F& P& T: \7 P" \! }
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' T& X' f) N4 G: I, o* L
( J* G% M7 ?; M1 z% R" Y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # }. a; ]+ U! z5 F + c# J q) @% ~此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 |6 h, o6 l' O
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# m2 C( q) X' K/ d; `# k+ F. j/ M/ `Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # F' k) q, {* H. v4 M b) z9 P2 A! l! H1 X& b
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 ?: Q9 R# W4 O
8 b9 A9 p }" H, eThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), d. t* K9 V/ k
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % Z. j/ B [ @ 0 y: l. d: I# R9 q) |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% e; `" V6 G+ \
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( H5 _8 K& F0 ^2 T! n! w1 p1 V7 X5 U2 V, k8 K
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 7 v% |! I+ _$ r4 M9 j8 i( k" X* I. ?1 e0 n) |4 r. J
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 V5 Y" [- R% i
" b i1 x& M# }7 y& w8 w, w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) b! ]) J2 A$ H( _. y% V0 X4 m) l
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 a" s( f7 Z6 y( ?) E ) u& o% P: l! {, M K9 U1 M" R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * a" E4 W$ q! m* [3 a# W* G 5 Z7 j \$ H( G对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 x( r( h! |3 ]/ y6 V- v8 j: s B, S5 k9 O$ j3 o6 q! l
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ a) D [7 F, b* }! S$ W. U2 u" p# n8 |1 z6 b) R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * p, q& C, L4 L0 t9 A. Z# D) s- E9 V x
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. h0 a( a" F6 G; H
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % A9 h% F8 m' f8 F2 o4 _4 m ' J g! D) n" m- j有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 v. j8 `6 Q, |! M5 N2 h