本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 j! Y ]. W" g4 _/ A
: B: c/ J+ f8 v- k1 | 转帖 * G( o+ Y# E0 F8 p: j6 \' L6 H' S1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 T/ e0 h- u* c) U6 h/ w( _# @* a0 I# n0 g
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/ K9 {% ~4 b; F6 Q3 N$ R, WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - g/ G' F' o) K: ~/ N/ y, w3 z; _( L; q: H* ^+ T
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( X8 c. s+ e- K- g- @1 [6 V 7 f F, e) K6 |* H; J6 [& @This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) z( F! o+ u' H' ?! k: j/ q% C, z {' F
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) t* b7 M" t8 O# u
" Y- ?, j6 Y% ?: }- yI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 g# L' ]7 g. A3 u; m3 N
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), v' O3 X' _* G6 G0 W: {
) n$ P+ P! j) g+ k/ KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 W$ a9 p4 g/ |7 r0 K9 o0 v. c! y7 u: c. B
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 c; u$ r$ k8 W4 X. T* v
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - ?- R! P$ P3 M# G9 k- b6 X% ?5 u7 t
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% L/ b$ S2 S1 s( S. y( {1 P U* H
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - x% s5 U/ W" Q2 c/ s 4 P6 {0 o0 `* M+ y' i# D& ?' D' v5 {1 u8 a 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 b4 A1 ?* I. F6 _% N# @
& ~! z9 v% [) f例如: ; Y4 o& u( g) c: K6 V 8 g- |) x i: M8 V+ B3 \At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! Y; O) ?% e% v4 Q/ [/ Y6 |1 t & E& i# E' d) \Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) |7 P1 T% Z& q; G$ b
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 q5 X& N$ _2 Z$ b0 ]! s; {, U0 s% I. N+ m+ Q5 z( o
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 d" |' F& B" K \/ `. E; x$ R& Y3 V: V c4 l& |
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 ~1 _/ `& B8 T
2 s7 l3 P+ I M5 uShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 r' I- s4 _/ X) ~# O3 h0 y0 E5 I , B8 Y0 k3 K* ^I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), K& m7 _" }* r# Q& w0 V* R1 r
0 O9 k' u! Y9 z% c1 E* C( |/ c( J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 u) O$ q7 _0 [) J/ } / ]$ H! k H' f& pThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! p6 C- w. q& ]% t / Q# D% X/ O6 l7 l. HThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . c- I" }; l: a# z+ A# L. ^, U7 V( i4 P
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" Y. a2 F8 p& C3 Q$ H
+ [. m/ S3 i% {8 c a1 h+ `He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . J) H# Y7 |6 \ % h. o1 A! T% g6 P$ U8 F% s5 @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" B0 D- z3 \3 o7 I' X2 ?# J
4 Z- z `5 A4 I* Y( g- C! FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), u; M6 M( M. H$ h
7 A$ z' M0 c# i& z$ N% J0 V* L写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 R+ D& H8 g. S9 [! s
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 ]& Z2 }9 j6 v( q. U+ j . ~. A8 g7 \$ g1 K d5 Y5 L6 Z3 [8 `% x: |9 s 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 d- N8 }7 ?. u
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 g1 x4 y+ z s9 a! {7 G
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 N, v+ G1 a5 N I" b: N
" Z6 P6 n1 [/ o/ j6 d e, sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & W7 V2 `1 s) O# m2 N5 t! J1 i) n) k2 l6 M0 B6 u' y
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : u$ _5 {* Q1 u6 |1 }) `! c; ^1 k [# B( l) w( f# m
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ V7 C& W J6 |% @/ s- c" ^5 `: v& P+ L A! b
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 {: \! ~ Q/ z: T b, I / W$ }/ b0 }! _/ B( o2 M3 j; uCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; I0 J+ g2 i( u* j - c. ] g; M6 U8 Z9 D$ ?; r/ [6 t/ `8 fStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; U; V6 H7 R; D4 B8 P; @ * c/ W3 t8 ?. H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! G1 g" U% b/ q, y( b. g2 P) s7 Y5 L' `+ ^
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! W) W1 c" Y8 ?/ i
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 q1 g- C% |( o& b- W' r: q- W
2 {4 I, V3 u3 Z: P% ~# |对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 G' @( [4 ]6 C+ r) h. J
$ ?; T, g/ ]7 h% E. o3 I* v( @( _还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# n# I/ Z3 {; M: L* J w
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 A" e" v+ y, D1 G$ P+ l