本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # p6 b4 [4 @, b% ~3 L) p6 w
# }9 |9 V, J$ V, k/ p I; f 转帖" j8 i, p+ z! f- F5 \" j
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / q, c$ T; f W ( w; s5 j. n/ y3 [- q) a; b. Y# Y例如: 4 S" L3 ?5 T) g 2 J1 t- M4 m4 ?& L. y1 sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' K; |+ x- R+ C% R- s
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), ]3 D) Q. q0 @# g5 |9 ?/ Y5 W
5 `2 Z+ u5 _/ P/ ~This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 E& p! M2 J. N0 U0 M
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)& I" s$ \& E. S! A: ?
8 c9 o( Q4 L* B5 H, LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). t& B' C( v& K7 w
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 a' Q4 @3 n8 j+ K. S2 g5 x& i' r+ u& m, I
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" ^0 E: H# E- C: x# L* E; {2 L
, L: K( m8 N( ]1 z! zThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " i1 c$ V' ?% G 2 \/ u+ U% G2 j6 }2 kWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) k+ u( \% k' G7 P( M5 [/ M
3 y2 C8 s# d; x6 s; V: jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) Q# f' t1 \4 ^6 G4 a! ~' p7 G! t! R1 ]
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) q8 o- g8 ^$ w( z V8 u 9 R5 V; W% ?0 K' L+ J1 l- Q3 ^7 f/ I# C/ }3 v4 Q( `" n* r! L# z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) s$ H) X" _, S) Y
9 J+ G% R+ i7 R% y* `8 W7 j' R: F. r例如: $ J: N2 s7 _! z+ X# s6 k. M5 D& H8 V/ j+ C% J o9 \- T
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! K! Z# N; Y% x # ]6 J5 s! R9 g0 CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) d. P; g* D2 R" U% W1 C6 n: @2 [
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 E( K( f6 G: Y' V/ y
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% J: K# t+ ]4 c" b2 J
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " Y2 N5 w1 H! R; p" \$ T1 ^' H
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! Y) m! a8 Y( d8 _( x3 e, i " v K* J3 g$ I3 o5 `" VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 }: v! A/ Y* ?( Y" | : F6 ]! G5 h9 F4 X如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ t6 z J) g+ I; d! y% G
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 h5 U/ Q* ?2 @$ ?1 R
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ [ Z5 _+ R+ O1 W5 y
- W" t& q$ I9 s" H. dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' Y- X* K4 m: B- Q6 Q! I P% o # w) R2 T: P4 ^. s' H7 L/ {He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 ?" V" s9 o( @! N# X! v/ E( t& J7 `. \
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 r1 }; J( `% ^9 k0 x0 p
0 A: k ?$ k( CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 A$ u# v. V( E7 p" G$ y! M
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & q5 M1 S7 M' T7 C4 [9 ?* q- k; S, |; p! ~
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 N( m! b3 p+ j % X' Z/ h% [3 C2 j/ T" ]9 Q0 N8 X * m! Z7 Z L& u" \1 A# `3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 Q# |5 l0 z1 X8 S" P
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例如: . m% D5 Q, p" ] Q" Y0 x: O7 G2 S7 |3 q7 z$ C0 b( w
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 ^! L/ }5 I- t; W: p
& z5 R U( C: X" jManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 B u6 M6 H; i! L$ ]6 I
+ y+ q' V" W7 |- U- G( { {8 }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 W) W: z* W& l- ?
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! F) d) o! x1 I) x
/ x+ _: ?1 N3 J! K( R5 GMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); ~$ F' q% z9 L6 c* _! g2 e
( X5 z5 o. O V/ wPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), z3 z3 K6 W& r2 d( v# F2 i i
% l% C8 o, S4 C! s* @3 pCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 P% A, n% w9 n9 O' L0 f: Q; { + g; V* M; C/ N0 I. C8 IStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + X, Y& B" f% _0 M) ~ D( P4 Y+ I7 H% a! S4 B! I- T" V
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( t' r: p9 o2 A. G+ r
! B2 A" g1 b' n0 a当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: B. Q |- O* Q( ?. p8 ^$ \ & e% ]7 s9 R7 U, J+ }5 A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! k" U0 d0 A! N 8 _ b/ y2 P+ _' [/ u对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, Z7 X7 D! u5 }) E0 K
; S, @& ^8 Z) _) X! T4 l$ Q3 t5 K/ \还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) C; P V* H! V- M' e f+ r) _/ z
1 i( d! s$ S8 o0 u% G. j有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' k. g. j) ~' I- P" `3 e