本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; O5 t% ]# r+ t; U" [5 I
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # d0 W: k& H0 T' C$ {) I$ }8 s7 N p8 G( d" p( G' ^! e U- ?
例如: 2 H$ P6 M6 T" f+ v* ] + O& W% U5 q' \4 X `# pMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) & O8 b0 q/ R$ [1 C. @2 O 6 U5 O' L$ \' c* q4 fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 E4 W6 e* \9 |9 F# {5 d9 S1 y% L" u1 X: J: [
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- `1 P" ]+ ] ~7 q) O3 `' r
T9 ]9 a# W7 e0 e8 `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; @0 T5 F7 I7 t2 x7 ?3 M 9 y/ P$ O* i3 Q: UI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 n' M/ h" s* B# } n) n, f6 z+ l. Z3 V
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) n6 D2 b2 [$ X7 y) r" C
4 W! p( N& k% s& T1 h/ \1 ]We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / i1 {7 D7 `+ |& I! ^ s2 z |3 ?- R7 ^% d: _
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): V1 a7 o* ]# Y4 T1 ?
7 y8 t% {6 y2 @We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 g" l5 c; n+ v* w7 J
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " }. t5 J' E7 }1 u; `7 k0 J/ t. A, Q- Z. G; Q( [
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' w) X# {9 d8 ?& v$ D! T* _; B9 E. @4 g0 a5 r& J0 |# q- \- {
) ?' _# d) }5 U1 A$ Y% T* r, x, Q: Q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: k4 P# V: l2 \2 K
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例如: $ |0 V# f7 y4 X& r* x$ x, ~" d) t( f( X& s! d
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , f* t' A- p) B2 [# |/ u! m/ O4 U$ }2 |/ N# o& y5 z" J- Q
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); q; S" Q, T5 i! B! c& ]+ `5 d
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 Z7 v9 N! g/ x: e: k5 A+ u . l1 K% |& D( J$ E9 F) U# eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 { X4 B7 p: i: d# { 7 G; ?# M' p& E3 u9 Q* p, LIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) U: ~, W2 F( J0 |+ S$ ?; w/ ^
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " P/ i9 i" z8 I 5 G- g4 {% `8 q; H( l. UI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 r3 [ M+ ?" S) L7 ~+ P% C# r0 z6 z( _. X; Q
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! g Y+ q# O) ]. O
) z( U3 p- F0 ~) {6 N; S; nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 } A3 E3 P/ ]; v9 ~+ h2 D2 c8 w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 z, l( Q% a, e& O, m, V 9 d9 ~+ h7 A" n6 v# RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" S7 J/ I4 l8 b; C6 @1 f
: s9 | Y% l, N$ ^+ U3 g. R4 NHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / f( t5 ^2 [1 h9 n- Z ; |* T5 U# F9 TWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): k3 R! f) M% s
# j+ E$ A0 ]0 c Y8 l! l% hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' o6 t& H) c, D $ G9 ^2 \/ H1 F2 E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 f: l4 T) F6 [: @0 k2 l" m' }" W" `* `( F* c% L
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 r# }) o4 a1 W & i0 G7 d9 _! d2 `/ M* ~8 S6 L8 Q/ t* F3 }% b( l 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 N) z. E& k' h# E* \6 ]
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: |# H" z0 j5 V8 m9 MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + S8 [# j' s- x$ Y 1 [# w2 M. s; O9 gManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 D$ ]" \' q0 I" V+ | 8 @ ^5 _' t2 {( t R. c' V. lThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 h7 b4 E# e0 G( D3 p& {6 S6 H % m k( h* |- C6 RHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( `3 J/ c) i5 ^( t/ r* q' T) |/ i; R
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) [$ \6 g5 b8 M1 h8 ]! P6 r7 [: ~+ @! E% F2 i9 B
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& B0 A4 p( @; Z/ m- T
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ l$ f) c& {, e! N) R
@, y. ~( e2 C* K( n) YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 C; T# e7 [ J! {: S( k) N
& ]2 d3 |/ C/ G5 B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- f( s4 [, k+ S8 P7 k
. h; L0 @2 G5 F1 s# g, L3 @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ T3 s/ l$ e- ^4 ^( d" n$ L; N- b. W( W- C
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' t+ ]/ r6 _# _6 O+ l- P6 P! C# l
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 K# S7 F; _1 S' _* i, T
! \+ p8 p* ]! C/ c至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 q |+ `; T. D5 G$ V# w$ v3 f7 \, u) ?+ ?% S: v( f
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. E+ a, p5 O E, w
& P8 t* O1 @1 p# F( ^有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* B6 _* _) c/ C3 ^6 u" Z