本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . @" K8 P. \; N: u& R6 s$ m: H# B* _ 7 Z! g+ X$ H g9 h9 M( T s转帖' U7 R! t$ u0 F* m1 L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) S' I& P2 u9 A7 d! C }; l' K
8 q7 q4 b) _# v. g8 ?5 Z例如: : _' [6 p4 `' s$ v0 r ( c: G& V6 C% Q$ o1 lMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). J. j8 y3 i) j! V& q5 N
$ B0 {& G! o1 S/ f& eThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# }- u! j- d/ X6 q; |
2 x+ h, }7 R$ L: L# m7 S2 Y jThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 H5 L* K# F a0 R. W9 G 0 B9 A% o& s# a8 }The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 V, ~1 S. P7 p% `# d & b3 h+ B4 H: i! K/ FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 z* A2 u8 c1 R& s1 m# I- i5 s
- v' r+ ~: w" s- TMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " u+ l. T$ x$ M6 d5 { 4 F, c9 @* s* T* D; ^$ LWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). V( P8 D; P6 S& ], L) O
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - Y: W$ v" r8 M2 Y% B. Z _" `& o' s4 O( }+ M8 l$ I' CWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 f# N$ B4 s# q9 a& M, M / P0 E+ u. N. T0 lPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 K' S8 f A: L' G0 f
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 `5 I1 ~, X% e5 ]; w/ y4 K$ A 3 O! E2 @6 w1 ? C- U! ^; a $ e3 N+ S) X( P4 E1 X3 Q* n+ T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 A2 N! [6 a- J 0 t: Q& J3 L3 H! a. G6 p例如:3 }$ o+ \! b4 Q6 p" B k+ b4 D# \
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! ?! o9 I7 t1 R2 w) z- ~1 |( X3 `
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & R0 F0 d! k) M / p5 a8 n4 i' d* e% @( SI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; K: W( z' U5 C - g7 Z; l# {# Q: z) a) nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 ~# P7 i$ p$ I; u: W$ n2 l; x
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). V, k! u2 P- X( f
# `, y0 R# A! V7 e9 f# B* CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * u) f3 _! G1 k ' M L& D: v8 ^I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* t- M. r3 j' v: H5 P$ s" @
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 N9 w9 i& s5 T4 h7 @. V- L) Y' _+ Z& I# Z% g, @4 g7 `
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 e6 Y8 @0 P: y" F2 C) p* P 6 I5 v2 Y: C4 X- f6 H0 c" R' V* EThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 A; A/ D3 \5 X5 D
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; z8 D( I8 b6 O% N7 Q) j. K% C" J4 N* m) z' f
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). a" y* i- i0 Y( ?
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 n! y( W, C/ q8 [; ^! N ^
$ d X) Z2 E5 P9 F# h' T% nEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# J" ~2 W. G8 f c* B* }
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / l( L: H6 S9 m" J- x, J! b4 O5 z1 @! ?7 b& t0 R) W$ v4 T
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # W8 Z& ~# t5 c8 x7 r& U 9 c5 Y7 @, z2 [( t6 I% o+ x8 O% D' u: c6 C$ r 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 O& v0 ?5 K- T$ s+ v
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例如: ! ]6 r( A, i' D1 @7 l5 \+ W( o2 O/ ]! N5 J
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 A" i E _1 m) Y q J8 d1 U$ I2 x+ T& XManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : y, L' e/ ]$ x: H" x6 F2 v1 D, ~3 P* j- ?) N. F7 ~* n0 L0 w4 `
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ s. s% I8 s, }
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) M/ v9 O3 m, k3 r7 H7 U9 l% U
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). X3 `/ k" u7 S5 X( m7 E
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& c1 B# V- i" _5 Y8 e' r7 `6 M
* W9 G- G6 D% j4 @* z- RCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % j& Y" P6 Z/ d+ _* {/ [' @3 Q% R: \# M; G" I& C; `
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 t4 [* H: U+ B1 l1 c9 w0 f$ j, Q- u
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + v+ D) t" `, G, R/ g$ @7 W& w 0 p4 _/ w, Y2 Q" I3 G: e, N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : A5 x9 q; \; c9 A8 M$ J$ _" T4 D% @0 V) o
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 b8 l9 n# I" `" B% x6 ]
$ G+ e1 ?; I7 i! \* q" U9 L# ^( v对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& E! r8 _4 i" l. \( s$ y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( l8 V p v& g5 U* I o$ O 2 N! q" f, x0 j, ^8 [# _对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 v" R/ k6 K4 u# O' z. w 3 {' y5 F$ Q4 o6 R) |至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; \) ~) O2 ^6 q. a* p* D
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! G, M7 j* K- v O) [# v8 S0 q ! z# E$ z- N. o) k" |+ r有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 D. b# W6 S9 o: V7 }