本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + b, V4 V' H/ P8 L* f# u ! j; }2 ]" e9 R$ V+ I% C转帖6 m) \: L8 }$ w3 `3 O' M5 H. z8 M; o
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' Q( _- s q. U 5 Z* T$ k6 ~$ r( Z4 g例如: 6 h- C' i* W0 z ; Z' E; Z& Y% ?% jMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), p6 d2 x. E- N8 b
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( C/ q, v+ ^& J- V 2 v+ b# Y) |$ @* zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- ?1 q( g! g% g, Z- k- I/ n
3 k/ u. N% C1 t1 H+ G' k: u$ ~/ k: pThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : _5 B" z2 E. _2 A+ W $ z9 p0 N H2 |& _8 {: o' \I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) `9 s- G' _" I, m( E* F
1 `9 @8 y! ?8 c' {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# i: ~( [& {1 y$ G& Z3 x
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % j; F$ k) \3 t9 s! e 6 V$ D* R Q' Q* _The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 I. Q( ^% G M2 ?# V6 ]) R0 }4 G * t# c8 [/ j _. eWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 A+ e: n w* }0 w X
. H; r0 N: i' X! y0 X1 G9 OPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# t9 ]& f1 |9 d5 P z6 D% j, M, Z6 j
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; }* |" J* F0 e, Z) F) v& w# D: E. x/ o
8 _8 D: o, t4 [1 f) [, p- n2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& A y1 b+ r- @- N5 L
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - E/ p+ c+ I. j: b0 K9 o, j . h5 X# q$ d) aDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! a3 A* q. v5 Q
. Y& @3 K- y$ ]/ G' o' LI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 x5 a* `( A4 e! w, j% \) T
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - K( F$ o# f0 e) L 3 t- F$ z0 |! E, e9 v0 ^) K3 z2 `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 C* c7 o9 \1 w' \" ?3 t& N: u" A3 k; `, D# L- r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* N# v6 l2 w, ?( h! y7 N! K3 \
; K1 _4 u" Y0 R$ R- ?, ]4 mI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - o& ^8 u7 a% Y' \- f3 J1 p& I0 R6 W4 o9 l4 j2 h9 o; N
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : E$ s0 O' E% I4 N) B, f8 Z z' m, W
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 ~( A! p4 h! f% v
2 g9 ^8 c; U! ], i) L2 LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& I' g- ~. c7 S5 e# d
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# ?/ X7 T9 R T+ ]! T( ]
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ s2 M! i5 s# `" w, b - z7 I L+ q; y. C! K' `We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 ^; }# k* ^/ S" Q2 C( R! N
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) q* Z/ V* l) x. s0 e9 Z" L* p
# o1 }8 U* L" [7 w" e X6 ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 {: H. S0 T" u3 V+ d 3 a4 s# K: J" M$ c2 ^& Z% G# L# i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; \" M5 q4 M. a( v# S/ J
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# y" B6 [' ]& W) k5 \$ \8 R 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: U/ ?. w, A) }+ r `
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例如:* W3 t3 B& C# I: i/ k
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 M$ x" l5 t# v ?8 T! \! q! _& `+ O+ \/ n5 N- x
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% }- S3 o1 c6 ?
: K, @. l6 ?, n) [This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( i) G( M L I
& z0 R1 f* L3 h3 D8 a- @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & V8 ?3 |8 r* g6 ~1 H6 _- j5 |% F% i6 @! A; @" b" d( D4 B
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 s. s- y" I ]7 l: ?
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " Y/ [2 @4 J- m' h 5 ~2 h+ u. _6 ` }% Q2 ^: N; vCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 n, C# c* u* {+ a
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' o; |. }4 g% J' U7 E O1 _7 f) Q) b2 F. r9 p: p8 s/ ]5 c3 L
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 A: }, |( C8 J; x! t6 x* u1 W. T
' Z8 d3 v0 @* G# Y% R当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * O: L4 `/ D$ @% @3 S: q : N& z4 ]+ @& b1 w3 W- B6 j3 \$ R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ D C- @* t5 z
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# Q8 e2 q. ~8 B. l$ D0 B
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # }6 y+ I2 D5 A/ |: j0 o ; ]" f0 E; _! ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* z1 D( T9 T! ^
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , j* A! @1 ^4 y# I6 W+ O7 S0 d) n w' s/ a/ e0 i6 n
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : d3 ^5 S1 Q5 C J- u8 h" i% ^/ }3 c% p U6 R/ j) `3 i& j3 ]2 h
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 }' [. x6 S* T2 ^