# {: ^. \' T9 _" `; U( s/ V( ^例如: 3 D2 c, E% |# l4 d' x 8 z; b$ g: C4 j0 `% yMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % F, e' L1 x( K" C2 B 6 \) q6 k+ i7 m' c6 s- X1 rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 |6 P" K: O- L 6 F8 ^, b' ?3 b0 d' ]7 v+ D9 h- K8 S4 uThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % l. q$ E4 i4 v4 H+ I! R) S& K9 U3 p1 M+ O
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 ~ O1 p R. v& P: Z
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 h4 u% C0 N% v% n9 w/ C# K
6 `; _3 a5 [) f/ L- VMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , r" J/ c7 O R# a+ Z) \+ J V' j( N9 ~( f) E; _
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , o8 n v# m2 ~% Z0 y6 M 9 L. X2 ~. X2 c" F% T4 z1 D# PThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , g. }6 F0 `% s1 I6 I; r4 h3 d! N2 t" }8 v
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 j( P7 p x: e: B5 I
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 q9 M. j8 Y+ F8 \5 Y2 Q+ A
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , o2 l1 K$ j" A0 e. k) B b 3 Y8 y2 j$ _) p6 w& S. o* p+ R 6 {$ C' ^, k( I8 B0 n9 ^. X6 t% c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: b9 l! r6 X5 V) F
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例如:6 ~) p, D: D/ n& _: v1 C/ r
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ F5 }( ~4 n( y7 }" l0 v
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) O+ h2 g, {# F M J& R( \
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # ?) ^& I' v) ^* w' X- ^ 7 N$ j& C. b5 T$ H# B; X' W: l4 U+ ^& P) iHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ U0 G5 L1 [ H$ `" k9 I1 ?, ^1 D- a% {7 y' ~. v+ B
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % L: c# [* I$ {9 }+ p# O9 `0 y- l5 C0 z
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - [3 O! Y( |, F* D: q4 ]9 f4 {$ K; T: ?+ h% F
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / \# ^# v# v; A/ x1 [# R3 G, @8 @3 @/ q# N' r8 `
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 ^0 v- I: F7 p9 X# @9 i! B& p
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . S" k p% ~. x# W: Y6 }2 ?8 `; K; w9 {
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * u7 K9 c7 o0 H% X6 d+ Y+ c # Z# W3 D9 S: `- U/ v# N) N6 gHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- J+ V5 T, m: x! V( `, n' \2 w
- G6 d4 M" G1 e# YHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 j8 F5 L) _( A% d) M
) V. r* F, P; w3 MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& t+ a0 G( o3 U" f5 ]5 d& Z8 U
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ]- n; X& @: |+ u# U: M: p4 k& m( v: X
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 v; u1 M( h1 X ?3 s! k4 U6 N此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* p: i6 f1 `9 Y( D
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4 ]" `9 s1 E- b3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, H9 s+ @# X5 s6 u
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例如:- U9 J3 `1 J! i# G' s- O, v+ [
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): ~" b$ y( l; i) u z
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " k% }1 f% N/ t. x' T: T; S" C# n- u" O8 g% T" r( }
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % U# m, M; s# B9 T# C0 k 9 M' Z: N: c3 b- B3 K$ G4 T: HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) j+ g1 H' ~& V: L8 v7 U- U8 ?5 d* w 6 [. V6 L* A" e; IMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / B. Q% S- T/ u0 {4 D, R/ B( L' @! ^5 v0 n' c
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 m- D% V' D5 n: c' [ m: }( a+ i* a. E k( o/ ?6 P
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 ?* u: H% X" e5 j
( Q: m4 M1 h. u- ]9 aStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 Z- S- |0 w4 ~ + R8 V# F }- e# J同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% Q1 M8 V& O- L+ N1 x' Q7 C
. J2 X: T9 Z/ N1 a还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ }+ K* i u3 c) {* e: a 8 l% j. }- W9 C" i) v1 s; y8 W有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& p; Y4 |7 T, p