本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , i2 K- S' N' ?" q; B
: b. T+ S. W, k0 }% T* C& p 转帖 " V0 X4 h( o( b; P2 L3 h" K1 D# B1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) M& x. x# B( O/ A( d$ k
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3 ]0 C0 m9 _3 {( f- z; ]/ ~6 NMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): D0 @. [5 {. u1 e
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) m `) W, K1 @! t8 Y$ Y3 j 8 M" T2 F8 |) u. eThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); p z& ^3 F" n. H) \1 R5 G
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 u5 t' g, P) Y4 R( w, V! r
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): ^8 p; o, K" D$ I8 C" t' q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): L* U2 r5 @: T! q& M
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , W8 i" I. Q( Y& C ' Q+ f: {, L% N. l* {1 A; c5 PThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# C1 Y, f4 Q5 `9 U$ o7 C) J1 F
# L. V; F3 ^- Y' \- o MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 O. F+ f, M( d! J
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & {) y( F8 Y5 _, r. F2 t ) {# J1 Y) }; {' F- p; _. r& }: @这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! h7 ^& `# m; z6 |8 G, k4 }8 K- A, l! S. i6 a8 d+ O
$ ^5 j2 M9 T4 x- B. K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 D+ J/ ?( K6 k( C: t' s; W+ R ' |; W2 @+ x* U' H例如:" P7 i/ I, ]$ S! |* v, _
, m% f- R$ N) e3 m/ b# y# j$ _" UAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 q; G$ V; y8 q- C* Y+ ^
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 g! ]! M: Y$ g1 J: y# P8 H: J- g* }, P
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 k4 E4 g! a! E+ \/ T# m- q
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 H% r" U# v' r, t3 r6 s3 T( c/ C, T" [( I
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 r( Z8 c3 N& Z& [9 V( `0 u * {8 K% u6 w4 n BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) l) Q! R/ F ~' h
^! _9 e7 C& o# F& s7 y9 o8 ^2 wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 h1 v I. Y- A# Y0 ]9 y' s1 K* T' |" l; `; w
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; p7 s( h; E0 K1 w1 D
# U' C' l" p' H* H- {. _2 N. D1 jThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 E1 K/ O( I7 U b3 T6 E1 [0 z( i0 S8 `( n
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 C+ Y# Q3 F! C" | ! M1 Y$ E a8 a" i4 W; XHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), v. J/ |" ^4 z4 m+ O T
5 g+ F. J% G+ m( ZHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" G' d+ X, |. B& Q4 e
' Q! M; P, } u$ B4 q0 EWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " r# M; i. m, F, N- q. I! X. u$ k& M! p G0 I/ V& K& s! a
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( g) y. q$ Q T6 D [
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), J8 ^$ g, |* n' ]% K3 X6 I, f; R* D# `
3 w/ s7 V; H- y, K3 C2 d此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 O x5 w% k+ @: e 9 n6 T. R! j* h. m: _7 u* p4 y( m% r: H# S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, e& c6 L# x- K+ I; v
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) L& d5 ?" {5 |+ Z- o2 ~' g! c$ t# @8 G3 U# o0 M
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 b/ c0 T: C0 x3 U$ W( x! Z7 m
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( g7 b3 _4 [9 Y# D! Y- L$ _" C 8 C- j5 k- y. s xHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): a+ [" B& W% j$ r4 g) y
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 E* H) S2 t' J/ |% k; C0 ` P! }
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & t* O; m3 O: d e' M * I) U# A2 U) NCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( U3 m) q/ f- I% }& I* D- W* W! } D0 k* @: c
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) {/ ~- x# j4 w8 E( A
: p4 M4 J1 |- k X0 b/ O! w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 M9 E" d) V0 l% I9 ~- n8 O , X8 [* G8 k5 \( l* s: J) J( J当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " A2 K8 V+ O3 { ) I0 D# [2 K& d对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " I/ v- B5 I- g. D& w; b! w8 c/ v! a0 x) Q+ E
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 b/ S$ p& _( n2 P; f+ a) H" b+ G. B; a5 R7 M+ X. R
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- [8 r5 X8 E. Z
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ s3 }, w1 K/ d4 e f
: r" j+ X, K! i% Q# s至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 k7 h" L4 a/ |8 [! \2 J
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! n& v7 F6 n) z. p8 n5 \; A: u R5 A" e, o) T3 T6 D8 }3 j
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, N7 Y+ F2 e# S" v) X