本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ e0 }% o, v( f- M# z
+ v- {& L# y7 z7 g, c! y6 M$ F 转帖 4 W% s4 l/ O4 z: x1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( x, c: i3 t4 m% w" f( ]* C' _* M6 H N* U8 R$ [. p0 N
例如: 7 `! \1 h) a7 \& } o) Q 5 _ t* j8 k/ y3 Y$ @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - k5 D0 Q9 \8 k( I3 R , D% B# B0 i# ]9 ZThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 |7 S3 k/ I0 A7 M6 S6 J
$ r. n6 g9 Z9 |9 t) i. j" bThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 c I* t: V# G8 O
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 Y# V( O& i, g( ^2 j3 N3 D; B" @ Y& o4 _. ~
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 v, ~2 _. k& i$ W( x 9 d+ ^5 p1 m# N$ K/ \Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) k, _9 u' F5 l, {4 {: J. X: b. R% I, A% l
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( g5 ~9 s* Q3 s. x" K / g) S; x2 |) w* }2 }: hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ ~0 _; I m" i* S8 ?
0 F! E0 D: N) h+ U( oWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) t8 U1 e. t, U9 x' o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& ^1 H3 C6 `8 F& ?; l& D
5 ^2 K. N4 I+ f( x这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" ] t1 ]$ z3 s* v, u
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- s, G V( _ T5 I' V) ]0 x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 d" n, W1 u0 }( }- E
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例如: # W0 F J- C' {0 c1 o9 S9 j % Q" A& |, [3 U' ~( e! QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 e% @ c* b' u2 s/ y ) T6 j( l! w) h3 r. MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# O/ R& q2 _: y* H
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), Y$ M$ g3 K. R2 e" y
/ }) f# G; b6 ~He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / V. X' h0 {" M5 a8 A* O- b) `9 j% G+ Z) W; X5 S+ v2 V
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% P2 L% K, R3 b2 y- U
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # y$ \ e* { s; E, n+ \& a5 d3 R
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ S* h7 |& \& }
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 t- c* p( X; u; B" h& w/ A3 W8 @+ K$ k9 E7 |. E2 `
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . N3 [, b8 ^: k% ?# T% g9 P% ^4 a ' _* @* w2 I% W* j* ~0 kThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# r1 j- ^( y+ u) H; v$ ^ k
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - _1 M, R/ L. J+ }7 D. v8 w' c( w# e( ]5 g- h; Z! J% l
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; [' t( r3 E9 p) w4 d; d4 _+ _/ t3 x 0 k' o) m9 c4 S& I) u' h4 r8 NWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ Z6 T, P, I% w% A
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 k" w3 z8 J: @& a
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ {7 a: O6 L6 j- y" r3 O( F+ p: m/ d4 W
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ t1 u3 ]) q- Z; E" ?& N9 O/ ^
0 A7 ~# {5 g2 G+ x, h# M. | . n H4 O$ @, V- F, Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- x1 j6 J) U0 }5 b, n8 f
6 i& u4 Y. w6 K5 V- h5 R3 [Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 S0 s$ S3 ~+ {# R( ]/ B* ^6 `4 ^- X. p% p6 C, D
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 k$ U/ R- l Q: C' h" u6 u* r& g
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): N- ^- J, ~0 P- P8 A. ]( B: Y0 T
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- v% n) P* `7 o' z2 X8 d9 j& a
1 u5 Z. q: I/ P3 D2 X$ c3 x. pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 Z5 w8 Q7 v) d
) o8 v* [3 U2 u5 V& hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + {2 W9 t: t8 j% ?1 q % y+ i& y( U, |" s& {: GCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; y' Z7 K) {7 G/ H2 }7 ~# X& v 3 A% b% N) _1 {- ] {$ J5 ~1 F' uStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! ]6 ~+ x) q; _+ | ! \; Z1 e6 e6 @# ~5 g0 `! N同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. z2 c" ?% n* ^" U$ i" l$ N
) v( y! T% S n2 e5 p; z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:$ o& }0 k0 ~1 z
; g7 ~ l; l7 y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; {4 c) y# t* ?7 _
4 h6 O) B! O3 y( {9 m& Z3 }3 ~对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / w. H! D' B( L ]/ B2 f( o* |) y! ~4 d2 T% Z, c对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 N; m" O$ q- }8 G
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 W( g! P" t5 K" |' @0 f" X$ }" z, \ a5 u. A. p
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ i, y0 C8 D4 B; l
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) P) F# _0 m% H N4 d6 @
5 ]# V4 d4 T: a! K有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 y" X1 {1 e3 F" v