本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - v9 K1 q9 }$ K! S
- {( {# R; W3 A2 ?转帖 3 T, v4 o, M4 p2 v! l: S1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 W V$ g7 ]' j5 r7 |9 |
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例如:4 M* K- ]0 _2 v4 L1 u! j$ e
. {" S8 a. B, l$ ^- b J x1 oMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 H, z' O. i* I6 S" D7 L
& y3 i- }# T- O" r( wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ I- f* P* b% K+ T
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" a8 Q% g, {, U
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) T: m! R% p, k4 Q+ k0 s
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 i V5 n( t& o$ Q$ ~0 z( F 5 g) E$ w$ U5 z* ]+ \4 X: \7 Y( }Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 J+ ^. F8 }/ F$ U3 u& g! m H" A7 N& o& c' Q4 a
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " p4 }$ y) ~8 _; D; D0 Y$ w5 |- u9 T- A5 p# p4 H
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 `8 ~% X* V* k/ ^% o
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 O( [" \6 ^- V' x0 ~/ b+ h: U5 E * n0 N2 X; |! E3 z5 m5 h+ F, [( pPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). i9 i) T. V) W9 Q7 g
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 E# k& Q6 c: |3 _( B
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" ~4 Q0 ^* G: B9 f( f- B; U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 P/ u, b B1 D1 L" w' H6 ^6 i* q
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例如:3 ~9 f( V+ p' B7 X- L$ _2 [
0 h- `4 L8 l7 b* r$ y+ p tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) l0 A4 a6 J' R9 s0 E0 g( H- {+ K: Y7 S' Y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 Y+ ~& C4 \) F+ G/ R2 u8 g" t7 e6 V7 |
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' r" i. x/ }3 j2 \$ d , |. H* |5 w( F: d3 j; fHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 c" z3 W9 t2 A
* Z$ Z5 E6 h0 u FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 h# |# G- C. v( x e& I( _% d7 b5 T2 b/ _
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 k3 I( v& [+ s6 R: |. m) \
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), k* G8 [' Y/ W, U
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! i% {# B$ y* ~! x" b0 I& O
, m4 @- ?2 F; X" |* _& {' AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ u3 Y2 R4 e* H2 Q) U2 x
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , D5 ]: r$ r [+ E& j; b' O, J' w9 ^
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % u$ w8 B( u% ~/ u: n5 @, u 0 a. w( ^/ o' O4 y9 A ZHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). l& ~. ]5 r" d' m6 F# n; F
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( J/ A; `/ C4 g9 \2 U: t/ _9 W% e3 w' n& y9 O2 V) o$ P
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% {" K4 ]: Y3 V0 q$ L3 Q5 l
6 j* P6 Q" f, Y. M0 A4 j写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* t5 s& u# G8 Y' [7 n+ @
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 s4 t& A1 h& d
1 X4 ^3 y( D3 N n+ [% V1 ^& }, A0 l0 Z% O7 }; X 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ l. @- l: O3 W5 m( G: z
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例如: ^2 A; |; A8 s7 T/ V2 p1 ]- P9 I$ `; W. t) y1 n3 M: m
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% \, m5 o2 m" y; `
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) Y9 ?/ \6 x' m% x! w# }9 B6 O" ]3 }$ K
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' X; Z* Y# c. v: k! O
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & N( i! a% C: ^1 j9 K2 n. k! v5 m3 i+ u' D; c& T9 K: ?; m
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 N1 W# D' Q, L8 C4 F1 o% s 3 y* {, c; y8 [0 SPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ Q; G' u9 d" t5 y* y' @
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): o; g% \9 ^. l: `! x0 d+ K4 d
) O: ~. \' q: i$ r/ NStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 U+ w5 P, J! d8 _) u3 [: H) |' Z# s3 C# `4 O) z( N; D( v& k
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " n% Z/ w8 q* u" c( L( L6 x( C3 [; a1 i# n
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + ?8 } X% y& p* S/ B( [ 8 A o+ M- v- K对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ I5 m6 k l8 h; d+ ?. O7 j $ p) }. x; ]6 G; W+ M- O$ {$ W5 g/ _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* n+ G7 L9 _9 d; F6 q
" j. N& S, |# D+ q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; x: I7 W, v; p, k f3 X0 Z) l; [ I) l% ]4 w: u6 ~, Y. W
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( C& u; C8 S! {3 ~, S, L( d8 H
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & i3 ?2 e2 _* c# L0 L ; Y) l2 l! J& M! k( \8 X2 Q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 e- n1 v6 g' s n& G) I, t
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ V/ I' Y1 J( @- w9 [) E3 e! F