& [. x9 Q5 D+ o: r Q1 z转帖 / ~7 D. L, B) S& }0 Z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- W+ E8 J, c/ d3 w" Q# q
v3 d* ^0 e% b5 ? e* F/ L. w m6 M' ?
例如: 5 r2 L, P7 G) Q" G 6 W* T1 \) g) A- K* AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ R) _7 k* J3 R) l) j. i3 ?
% P' g l" \/ K* y; f$ Y; E
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + F) {* j9 h; S, ` O- A9 t L, Z 1 T- H, q F" i) ~This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' n" T* X+ y' u4 k$ F! f4 e
/ p# w# v+ y+ S5 C4 V) p
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 e: S+ `: H4 y! s3 O
4 @ E3 U5 Y' h- H
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" a0 P$ W4 C! z( @1 i
" v: r8 S% S2 R/ V9 V. g4 E$ ~" s% tMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 G ]. V% h. v6 C
0 `& i2 d+ a' |5 b9 @6 v: LWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% M" C6 j6 I1 J4 ~$ }0 X
) [& R- Q; S- C# d9 G( D
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ r6 q+ f& w# f( N
( C& U i. |0 j1 ZWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 T3 {8 U! {1 A6 q6 @& G
1 t: D f a4 E0 GPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 l2 s; @* ?% D+ t2 e
1 X6 y6 b( I# y! {+ I这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 u0 d1 z8 N+ p' f2 I5 T% p# A5 X6 `9 c6 m/ |
$ i1 s+ a& [9 y9 z" L1 m, n) _4 c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* Q9 I, u/ r6 G0 U
. B+ T) [5 W& L' Y5 d$ w4 p5 f9 i例如: ( j$ f5 c2 |: H) M0 P# h U7 D! Q7 P, _& a I4 F4 j5 v( A* f8 Z
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % i. Z& W# g( L3 g8 G ! `7 D0 X) u. i; BDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" M4 K, J3 J" T6 e$ t
* O9 C' L& X1 @I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 ?! _! a) s: v/ S" }4 x 6 r: O4 Q v6 V- j0 _6 m0 `4 YHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 F2 |, P& E$ Z* ?6 g. S8 I: B9 k( m5 c1 {" P+ x* ^9 m( I; ~ k
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ X" k7 E/ M- G4 U2 v- q$ s
# O' e" s7 M2 m* O
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 ?# Q3 a: N- }7 L2 a/ O2 [0 m
$ e3 \2 k9 C m9 i' O6 h5 C5 Y, cI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : x5 G0 [& v ]& y% }: t 8 e# k1 S6 o3 c2 R- Q& F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) W% e: d. x. [6 W; v% t0 e
9 ^7 j% Q9 v, A1 CThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * W: X* J& l, c" n ; |# X" r+ m3 n: H/ h$ Z/ xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* Z! F/ ~% @. b5 ^6 ]' N- d' o5 \
. W7 v9 V: R+ i/ ]
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & v6 T |2 K/ I; w I( |, ] , W) Q; S6 f. f. r$ Q5 fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( t. t& Z) c0 i9 N* ?( C+ U / l: C& j5 y, |+ _" dWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 L% F4 H' S N. Z' V ] ! r Q0 p% i! L/ I8 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . F8 E* R3 A3 x; D' s) k 6 `* s# P" y/ s c5 D" m# ]4 J, P! R写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 [- V' L3 v w8 y% ^! M3 T ( S! Z( X/ M# \$ w) v9 d此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 F- ~( y b' D8 {. R5 E; T
4 s9 V2 x9 V; S$ _4 C( c/ c
7 h9 z. k& L, v5 @# L% E) ^3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( y) K: z0 f+ y0 X. J7 l
/ l* @) A; Z' u/ i" l1 R例如:1 P) Q2 L6 _) c" L. r, J
7 j9 J; i+ U+ X) Z) r( O& a
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 o' [0 e3 r) b* a2 v- R; ?5 h
0 w) r( M) N/ a
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & ]$ _* M G0 `3 h z9 F; h: w( S8 Z7 r0 w
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 z3 v: g3 z& {" g4 j" t
7 T$ J; A. r/ r; X" s6 {, N* u
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 A/ c- m& m% B T2 m8 R6 j, d* z7 r5 K- B
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * [: L& Y- w ^: g3 e9 M% F0 _9 f9 y. T, ~5 v
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- }: U# I* X9 R$ m& p) L( Y. E% L
0 @( w8 |0 H" g# X. I$ \
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " b% {" f5 e! r! t, ~* f! z4 b5 ~ R0 ] \5 R: T3 i
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % m! ~! w3 a0 U+ {+ Y) l& p, ~4 ~# Z9 U " c* X$ s3 I) f3 e# n5 G8 w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 `; W9 _" U9 w8 Z2 O. s+ T3 o% [0 n3 ^' e1 ^
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : a/ r; L& F! O6 t " C( z& b6 h3 x5 U7 y- I对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 W }7 ^) G1 T0 ~7 ]0 ?
" v1 F: }; ^* y v; O, M: I; \9 r; o
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 f- [2 }: w4 M3 [" ~
2 p+ h4 J$ L$ W2 l, Q& g
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # Z( ?2 N/ g2 O% L+ s$ F# o+ q 8 H! M- ]( y2 ?. m8 N对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 `% E) [! s( x- k
& e! r! z* z! ?+ m
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. t0 H2 i: c: K- V9 G
, `/ U0 y& i0 y1 p; I$ {; A
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 I6 t6 I; k. f; |; R
$ Q3 Z$ ~1 s5 _: p+ _+ q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" G" |, J* y g' O" U# u G