本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' u/ S* T- k+ F$ X+ K2 C( K
6 B' j5 Z/ z5 B( Q( I 转帖 & q7 k! U" p" r* E$ c9 V; [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! F" d# x* c6 m + J' U% C0 A) W8 k7 [ ]0 L例如:7 R9 x2 A# I \+ z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 F/ H6 S1 }6 G) f5 n% L
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 x+ D' E/ [# J% [3 ~1 q: Q# q' g9 c, ~" q' P/ y& p
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( o0 z6 p. P) [- T5 H
5 o) ]. z" R0 V. kThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# x3 w: L2 w- k
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* F- f6 I" C, n1 T4 D
: y! _9 M/ g/ V* Y2 dMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); r; V1 t0 Q3 K! G; Z: z
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! k y) P; l/ d$ C/ Q, E$ ^6 O. K; h3 C$ d! m) o. I& E
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 r. d% z# a K4 ]* h" ?& i, I9 W$ d
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) _5 S8 _* k) d
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* p, B; R# d" y1 d. l) }
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 K" t7 T2 w! D, u/ O" L( m 0 C8 S+ f9 @" L7 V" j 1 [5 W$ C# Z4 g: O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, U" q+ |' J0 F. q$ b
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例如:$ ~0 {( ]6 H$ ]# c$ ?$ a
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ Q: Q6 t5 I, J7 N0 Z! I) G8 D# x0 \
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 E- S; o5 f- r( A) f
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! X" \1 U5 \/ o+ _6 \
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 A& R/ }5 A" ^( Y
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 y! w2 K' k; `/ w3 }9 b8 O* G; d* ~8 e' ?+ ]9 D9 E5 q. g
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 ?- D4 G9 ?4 `; U2 a8 A' O
8 P: |+ {. u. l& a5 g, LI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). S+ Y; {% _- M& g' G0 B4 P' O: f
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; I% f9 h& h; q5 C" z- K. [ 7 r8 w* m9 }1 {1 wThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 h+ Q- Y) d' @, L5 S- v
8 J0 \! ~8 w& N! PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 |; ~4 e" Y8 r$ [" U
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' f+ K! B/ }8 |6 D! T
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" Z1 R1 P' U! }+ {. [* w! u; N
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& ?- {( F$ } Z6 F* z5 o
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( B/ g2 }( G K- D5 ?
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' t/ R6 k3 n( _! B* C) K " J8 q$ T* b" i& ]! ?+ X5 [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! c8 F' f2 B( y
. R4 ?# ^8 ^& [* g! `$ k2 @ ! ]9 b! Y, r; X+ H' c( z4 s: T3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# R- O6 y! l# p% }8 o) f
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例如: 1 U* B- U9 J* H$ Z9 }" d$ j; O0 O9 ~
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& t" @6 Y- @4 u0 J5 d9 W
[1 \- t3 F6 y; k- [- X4 ~, _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): u0 O" V3 j: N
& N" Z3 U( z$ ~ |* t0 BThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 h0 i# l8 k, |6 G4 d" u 8 A6 @% r1 Z0 N6 jHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). D0 I7 c [. k& G; }
0 p2 a) Q" P$ F2 j" Z$ D$ H9 O! SMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % m/ G0 _' n l, o: h$ j2 X & M) @8 L# @3 {1 B6 l) ~+ qPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 E* s7 q* N' X4 E$ C: ^6 o7 M! r. d3 v( l1 Q) {
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! ?( \2 u* @/ V' ^: t" L& ?. \& _
* C& r% y5 y9 F. O) ?Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( L" r7 N2 S& o ' ]: r1 e+ d5 l) X4 {同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 ?: v8 o0 U. n4 T * w j0 |: R' ]$ h1 z H( _9 q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( Q2 `8 L$ u, z- G& D, n
n e- H# M) e5 q. Q8 E( w+ X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 P% r" N3 z9 g5 ?0 M
; i9 m+ b; f. W' P( l Y* P0 J对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . p* Y* R m) L. J6 K9 O2 s( }4 x2 d
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ L8 g% R' T0 P2 L; \% s; a; U# y$ X: q' O
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 x, v8 x+ U( A& }* \8 _% I$ A, d' e$ a2 ~0 K
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! F+ _' Z0 u& S g